BIOLOGY 

LIBRARY 

G 


FLOEA 


OF 


LANCASTER  COUNTY 


BEING  DESCRIPTIONS  OF 

THE  SEED-PLANTS  GROWING  NATURALLY 

IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY,  PENNSYLVANIA 


BY 

JOHN  KUNKEL  SMALL 

AND 

JOEL  JACKSON  CARTER 


NEW  YORK 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHORS 
1913 


^    I  V   I    U 

56 

BIOLOGY 

LIBRARY 

G 


Copyright,  1913 
By  JOHN  KTJNKEL  SMALL 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY 
LANCASTtK,  PA. 


DEDICATED 
TO   THE   MEMORY   OF 

GOTTHILF    HEINRICH    ERNST    MUHLENBERG 

FIRST   PRESIDENT    OF    FRANKLIN    COLLEGE 

AND 
AUTHOR   OF   THE   FIRST   FLORA   LANCASTRIENSIS 


PUBLISHED   AS   A   JUBILEE   GIFT 
TO 

FRANKLIN  AND   MARSHALL   COLLEGE 

ON    HER   ONE    HUNDRED   AND   TWENTY-FIFTH 
ANNIVERSARY 


355160 


PREFACE. 

This  handbook  presents  short  descriptions  of  the  seed-plants  growing 
naturally  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  together  with  statements  of 
the  habitats  and  distribution  of  the  species,  and  also  their  flowering  sea- 
sons. Analytical  keys,  formed  by  contrasting  diagnostic  characters,  pre- 
cede the  descriptions  of  the  families,  genera,  and  species,  and  a  general  key 
to  the  orders  precedes  the  descriptive  flora. 

The  region  covered  by  this  flora  has  been  the  scene  of  almost  continuous 
botanical  exploration  and  study  for  nearly  a  century  and  a  half,  definitely 
beginning  with  the  observations  of  Gotthilf  Heinrich  Ernst  Muhlenberg  at 
Lancaster  in  the  year  1780.  However,  only  one  authentic  list1  of  the 
flowering  plants  known  to  grow  naturally  in  the  county  has  been  published. 
In  the  preface  to  this  catalogue  the  author  says : 

"  The  following  catalogue  is  based  upon  the  results  of  explorations 
made  during  a  residence  in  the  city  of  Lancaster  between  the  years  1853 
and  1866.  All  the  plants  contained  in  it  were  seen  and  examined  by  the 
author,  with  the  single  exception  of  Quercus  phellos,  L.,2  and  specimens  of 
the  rarer  species,  about  which  there  might  be  any  question,  are  at  hand  for 
reference  in  his  own  herbarium3  and  in  the  herbaria  of  the  Linnaean 
Society4  and  the  State  Normal  School  at  Millersville." 

"  In  the  annals  of  American  Botany,  Lancaster  county  is  classic 
ground.  It  was  the  home  of  the  distinguished  Muhlenberg,  who  probably 
collected  on  her  soil,  at  the  beginning  of  the  century,  many  of  the  species 
first  described  by  him  and  by  the  German  botanist  Willdenow,  with  whom 
he  carried  on  a  long  and  active  correspondence.  He  left  behind  him  in 
manuscript  a  Flora  Lancastriensis,  which  unfortunately  has  either  been 
lost,  or  is  no  longer  accessible."5 

"  The  aim  of  the  author  has  been  to  lay  a  good  foundation  upon  which 
any  one  who  may  wish  to  continue  the  work  hereafter  can  build  with  con- 
fidence, for  the  field  is  by  no  means  exhausted.  .  .  ." 

1  An  enumeration  of  the  indigenous  and  naturalized  plants  found  growing 
in  the  County  of  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  by  Thos.  C.  Porter,  published  in 
An  Authentic  History  of  Lancaster  County,  by  J.  I.  Mombert,  1869. 

2  This  species  is  not  uncommon  on  the  Martic  Hills  along  the  Pequea  Creek, 
s  Now  at  Lafayette  College,  Easton,  Pa. 

*  Linnaean  Society  of  Lancaster. 

s  The  manuscript  of  Muhlenberg 's  Flora  Lancastriensis,  and  seven  other 
manuscripts  relating  to  the  plants  of  Lancaster  County,  have  since  been  found 
in  the  library  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  at  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


VI  PREFACE. 

The  list  referred  to  above  forms  the  basis  of  the  present  flora. 
Numerous  additional  species  have  been  collected  in  the  county  by  the 
authors  of  this  volume  and  by  their  many  associates  and  correspondents. 
Specimens  of  these  species  have  been  widely  distributed,  but  the  more 
complete  sets  occur  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden, 
the  herbarium  of  Franklin  and  Marshall  College,  the  herbarium  of  J.  J. 
Carter,  the  herbarium  of  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  the  her- 
barium of  A.  A.  Heller,  and  the  herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia.  All  records  of  species  on  the  following  pages 
are  based  on  specimens  collected  in  the  county. 

Lancaster  County  comprises  almost  1000  square  miles.  Its  extreme 
width,  east  and  west  is  47  miles,  its  extreme  length,  north  and  south,  41 
miles.  It  lies  southeast  of  the  Appalachian  Mountain  System.  There  are 
no  considerable  altitudes  attained  by  its  hills,  but  the  surface  is  quite 
diversified.  Rolling  hills  and  winding  streams  are  numerous.  The  latter 
flow,  without  exception,  either  directly  or  indirectly  into  the  Susquehanna 
River.  The  Susquehanna  runs  along  the  western  boundary  of  the  county 
for  a  distance  of  more  than  40  miles,  and  for  over  half  of  this  distance  it 
passes  through  a  most  picturesque  canon  with  steep  sides  and  wild  lateral 
branches.  This  canon  has  a  southern  exposure,  and  plants  of  a  typically 
more  southern  flora  have  here  made  themselves  at  home.  On  the  other 
hand,  plants  of  a  typically  more  northern  flora  are  found  in  the  cool 
sphagnum  swamps  among  the  hills  of  both  the  northern  and  the  southern 
parts  of  the  county.  These  two  somewhat  extraneous  elements,  together 
with  the  plants  typical  of  the  greater  part  of  our  area  and  the  contiguous 
territory,  comprise  a  flora  of  more  than  ordinary  interest  and  diversity. 

The  county  is  divided  by  its  main  geological  formations  into  three 
topographical  or  geographical  belts  or  zones.  They  are:  (1)  a  northern 
belt  of  sandstones  and  shales,  (2)  a  middle  belt  of  limestones,  and  (3)  a 
southern  belt  of  schists.  On  the  one  hand,  all  three  belts  contain  trap-dikes 
or  outcrops  of  trap  rock.  On  the  other,  the  sandstones  and  shales  are 
uninterrupted,  except  for  a  bay  of  limestone  prolonged  northward  from  the 
middle  belt;  the  uniformity  of  the  limestones  is  broken  mainly  by  several 
small  outcrops  of  quartzite,  while  the  schists  contain  some  small  projections 
of  limestone  at  the  northern  edge  and  several  outcrops  of  serpentine  at  the 
southern  end. 

On  the  following  pages  when  a  species  is  confined  to  one  or  several 
parts  of  the  county  the  fact  is  indicated  by  N.  (northern),  M.  (middle), 
S.  (southern),  W.  (western),  E.  (eastern).  Likewise,  when  a  species  is 
confined  to  one  or  two  geological  formations  or  is  characteristic  of  such, 
the  fact  is  so  indicated.  When  a  species  is  generally  distributed  only  its 
habitat  is  mentioned.  Other  abbreviations  used  are  Spr.  (spring),  Sum. 
(summer),  Eu.  (Europe),  As.  (Asia),  Nat.  (native). 


PEEFACE.  Vll 

Joel  Jackson  Carter  was  a  native  and  a  resident  of  Lancaster  County. 
His  interest  in  its  flora  extended  over  a  period  of  more  than  fifty  years,  as 
did  his  father's,  which  began  about  the  beginning  of  the  last  century.  Mr. 
Carter  died  May  4,  1912,  shortly  after  the  first  galleys  of  this  flora  were 
received  from  the  printer.  However,  a  duplicate  copy  of  the  manuscript 
of  the  descriptive  part  of  the  work  had  been  in  his  hands  for  several  years. 

The  writer's  interest  in  the  plants  of  Lancaster  County  began  in  1888. 
During  a  residence  at  Lancaster,  from  1888  to  1892,  while  attending  Frank- 
lin and  Marshall  College,  nearly  all  parts  of  the  county  were  visited  and 
the  plants  collected;  this  exploration  has  since  been  supplemented  by  fre- 
quent visits  to  various  parts  of  the  county. 

J.  K.   SMALL. 

THE  NEW  YORK  BOTANICAL  GARDEN, 
September  3,  1913. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Key  to  the  Orders  xi-xvi 

Descriptive  Flora  318 

List  of  Genera  and  Species  published  in  this  Flora 319 

Index  .  320 


ix 


KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS. 

SUBKINGDOM   SPERMATOPHYTA. 

Ovules,  and  seeds,  borne  on  the  face  of  a  bract  or  a  scale :  stigmas  wanting. 

Class  1.  GYMNOSPERMAE. 
Ovules,  and  seeds,  in  a  closed  cavity,  the  ovary :  stigmas  present. 

Class  2.  ANGIOSPERMAE. 

CLASS  1.  Gymnospermae. 

Plants    growing  by    lateral    and   terminal   buds,   with   scale-like,   flat    or   needle-like 
leaves  :   embryo  with  2-several  cotyledons.  Order  FINALES. 

CLASS  2.  Angiospermae. 

Cotyledon  1  :  stem  endogenous.  Subclass  1.  MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Cotyledons  typically  2:  stem  exogenous   (with  rare  exceptions). 

Subclass  2.  DICOTYLEDONES. 

SUBCLASS   1.  MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Perianth  rudimentary  or  degenerate,  the  members  often  bristles  or  mere  scales,  not 

corolla-like,  or  wanting. 
Flowers  not  in  the  axils  of  dry  or  chaffy  bracts  (scales  or  glumes). 

Perianth  of  bristles  or  chaffy  scales.  Order  PANDANALES. 

Perianth  fleshy  or  herbaceous,  or  wanting. 

Fruit  baccate  :  endosperm  present.  Order  ARALES. 

Fruit  drupaceous  :  endosperm  wanting.  Order  NAIADALES. 

Flowers    in    the   axils    of   dry    or    chaffy,    usually    imbricated,    bracts    (scales    or 

glumes).  Order   POALES. 

Perianth  of  2  distinct  series,  the  inner  series  usually  corolloid. 

Gynoecium  of  distinct  carpels.  Order  ALISMALES. 

Gynoecium  of  united  carpels. 

Endosperm    mealy.  Order    XYRIDALES. 

Endosperm  fleshy,  horny  or  cartilaginous. 

A.  Ovary,  and  fruit,  superior. 

Inflorescence  not  a  fleshy  spadix.  Order  LILIALES. 

Inflorescence  a  fleshy  spadix  subtended  by  a  spathe.         Order  ARALES. 

B.  Ovary,  and  fruit,  wholly  inferior  or  half-inferior. 

Endosperm  present  and  usually  copious.  Order  AMARYLLIDALES. 

Endosperm  wanting. 

Flowers  regular,  monoecious  or  dioecious :  aquatic  plants. 

Order   HYDROCHARITALES. 
Flowers   irregular,   perfect :   terrestrial   or  epiphytic   plants. 

Order  ORCHIDALES. 

SUBCLASS  2.  DICOTYLEDONES. 

A.  Corolla  wanting,  except  in  the  pistillate  flowers  of  Juglans   (Juglandaceae). 
Calyx  wanting,  at  least  in  the  staminate  flowers. 
Herbs. 

Flowers  mainly  perfect. 

Seeds  solitary  in  each  carpel   or  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary :   endo- 
sperm  present. 
Flowers  spicate :  styles  wanting :  stigmas  sessile. 

Order   PIPERALES. 
Flowers  axillary :   styles  present. 

Callithichaceae  in  Order  EUPHORBIALES. 
Seeds  numerous  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary :  endosperm  wanting. 

Podostemaceae   in    Order   ROSALES. 

Flowers   monoecious   or   dioecious.  Order   EUPHORBIALES. 

Trees  or  shrubs  :  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  or  polygamous. 
Fruit  1-seeded  :  seeds  without  tufts  of  hairs. 

Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary  :  flowers  not  in  heads. 
Pistillate  flowers  without  a  calyx :  ovule  erect  and  orthotropous. 

Order  MYRICALES. 

Pistillate  flowers  with  a  calyx  :  ovule  pendulous  and  anatropous. 
Leaf-blades  simple. 

Fruit  a  nut  or  an  achene.  Corylaceae  in  Order  FAGALES. 

Fruit  a  drupe.  Oleaceae  in  Order  OLEALES. 


Xll  KEY  TO  THE  OKDEKS. 

Leaf -blades    compound :    fruit    a    samara. 

Oleaceae  in  Order  OLEALES. 
Ovules  many  :   flowers  aggregated  into  dense  heads. 

Altingiaceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 

Fruit  many-seeded  :  seeds  each  with  a  tuft  of  hairs.       Order  SALICALES. 
Calyx  present  at  least  in  the  staminate  or  in  the  perfect  flowers. 
Flowers,  at  least  the  staminate,  in  aments,  or  ament-like  spikes. 
Leaf-blades  simple  :  ovule  pendulous  and  anatropous. 

Pistillate  flowers  separate  at  maturity :  fruit  a  nut  or  an  achene. 

Order    FAGALES. 
Pistillate  flowers  forming  aggregate  fruits  :  fruit  drupe-like. 

Artocarpaceae  in  Order  URTICALES. 
Leaf -blades  pinnately  compound  :  ovule  erect  and  orthotropous. 

Order    JUGLANDALES. 

Flowers,  at  least  the  staminate,  not  in  aments. 
a.  Ovary  superior. 

Gynoecium    of   1    or   several    and    distinct   carpels :    stigma   and    style 

solitary. 
Carpel  solitary. 

Ovary  neither  enclosed  nor  seated  in  a  hypanthium  or  a  calyx- 
tube. 
Flowers  not  solitary  in  axils  :  land  plants. 

Urticaceae  in  Order  URTICALES. 
Flowers  solitary  in  axils  ;  aquatic  plants. 

Ceratophyllaceae   in   Order   RANALES. 
Ovary  enclosed  in  or  seated  in  a  hypanthium  or  a  calyx-tube. 

Order   THYMELEALES. 
Carpels  several : 

Stamens  inserted  below  the  ovary.     Families  in  Order  RANALES. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  edge  of  a  cup-shaped  hypanthium. 

Rosaceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 
Gynoecium    of   2    or   several    united   carpels :    stigmas    or   styles    2    or 

several. 
*  Ovary,  by  abortion,  1-celled  and  1-ovuled. 

Leaves  with  sheathing  stipules    (ocreae).      Order  POLYGONALES- 
Leaves    estipulate,    or    if    stipules    are    present    they    are    not 

sheathing. 
Trees   or  shrubs. 

Anthers    opening    by    slits :    ovary    not    seated    in    a    hy- 
panthium. Ulmaceae   in   Order   URTICALES.. 
Anthers   opening  by   hinged  valves :    ovary   seated   in   an- 
accrescent  hypanthium. 

Lauraceae  in  Order  THYMELEALES. 
Herbs  or  vines. 

t  Leaves  with  stipules. 

Stipules    herbaceous :    inflorescence   spicate   or   racem- 
ose :   leaf-blades   palmately   veined. 

Cannabinaceae  in  Order  URTICALES. 
Stipules    scarious    or    hyaline :    inflorescence    cymose : 
leaf-blades   pinnately  veined. 

Families  in  Order  CHENOPODIALES. 
ft  Leaves  without  stipules. 

Stigmas  entire.  Order   CHENOPODIALES.. 

Stigmas   2-cleft. 

Euphorbiaceae  in  Order  EUPHORBIALES. 

**  Ovary  several-celled,   or  with  several  placentae,  several-ovuled. 
Stamens  hypogynous,  inserted  under  the  gynoecium  in  the  per- 
fect flowers,  not  on  a  disk  in  the  pistillate  flowers. 
Herbs. 

Flowers  perfect. 

Ovary  several-celled. 

Fruit  baccate  or  nut-like,  or  a  circumscissile  cap- 
sule, the  carpels  terminal  on  the  receptacle. 

Families   in   Order   CHENOPODIALES.. 
Fruit  of  several  carpels,  lateral  on  the  receptacle,, 
each  carpel  circumscissile. 

Penthoraceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 
Ovary   1-2-celled. 

Stamens   not   tetradynamous,   4-8 :    ovary    1-celled. 
Order  CHENOPODIALES.. 
Stamens  tetradynamous  :  ovary  2-celled. 

Brassicaceae   in   Order  PAPAVERALES. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Euphorbiaceae   in   Order   EUPHORBIALES. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 

Ovary  4-celled :   fleshy  maritime  shrubs. 

Batidaceae   in    Order   CHENOPODIALES. 
Ovary  2-celled  :   plants  not  fleshy. 

Oleaceae  in  Order  OLEALES. 


KEY  TO  THE  OKDEKS.  Xlll 

Stamens  perigynous  or  epigynous,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  a 

hypanthium  or  a  disk. 

Fruit  a  samara.  Families  in  Order  SAPINDALES. 

Fruit  not  a  samara. 

Fruit  drupe-like  or  berry-like  :  shrubs  or  trees. 

Order  RHAMNALES. 

Fruit  a  capsule :  herbs.  Order  ARISTOLOCHIALES. 

b.  Ovary  inferior. 

Flowers  not  in  involucrate  heads. 

Fruit  a  berry  or  a  drupe,  or  nut-like. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  perianth-members  and  alternate  with 

them,   or  fewer. 

Herbs,   with   succulent   stems   and   leaves,    or   woody   below : 
flowers  perfect.      Tetragoniaceae  in  Order  CHENOPODIALES. 
Trees  or  shrubs  :   flowers  dioecious. 

Nyssaceae  in  Order  AMMIALES. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  perianth-members  and  opposite  them, 

or   twice   as   many. 
Styles  present. 

Ovules  mostly  on  basal  placentae,  sometimes  pendulous : 
cotyledons  not  convolute  :  tree-  or  root-parasites. 

Order  SANTALALES. 

Ovules  not  on  basal  placentae :  cotyledons  convolute  :  not 
parasitic  plants.  Families  in  Order  MYKTALES. 

Styles   wanting :   stigmas  sessile. 

Gunneraceae  in  Order  MYRTALES. 
Fruit  a  capsule. 

Sepals  as  many  as  the  ovary-cavities  or  one-half  as  many. 

Calyx  regular  and  the  sepals  half  as  many  as  the  cavities  in 

the  ovary,  or  irregular.  Order  ARISTOLOCHIALES. 

Calyx  regular  and  the  sepals  as  many  as  the  cavities  in  the 

ovary.  Order  MYRTALES. 

Sepals  (4-5)  at  least  twice  as  many  as  the  ovary-cavities  (2). 

Saxifragaceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 
Flowers,  at  least  the  staminate,  in  involucrate  heads. 

Ambrosiaceae  in  Order  CARDUALES. 
B.  Corolla  present. 

*  Petals  distinct,  at  least  at  the  base. 

Carpels  solitary,  or  several  and  distinct,  or  united  only  at  the  base. 
Stamens  at  the  base  of  the  receptacle,  i.  e.,  hypogynous. 

Flowers  in  monoecious  heads.  Platanaceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 

Flowers  not  in  monoecious  heads. 

Plants  with  relatively  firm  stems  and  leaves,  not  succulent. 

Order  RANALES. 
Plants  with  succulent  stems  and  leaves. 

Sedaceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 

Stamens  on  the  margin  of  a  hypanthium    (the  hypanthium  very  small  in 
some  Saxifragaceae).  Order  ROSALES. 

Carpels  several  and  united. 
t  Ovary  superior. 

$  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  or  receptacle. 
§  Stamens  numerous. 
Sepals  imbricated. 

Calyx  deciduous.  Order  PAPAVERALBS. 

Calyx  persistent. 

Styles  or  stigmas  distinct  or  united,  but  not  discoid. 
Leaves  glandular  or  pellucid-punctate. 

Rutaceae  in  Order  GERANIALES. 
Leaves  not  glandular. 

Capparidaceae  in  Order  PAPAVERALES. 
Styles  or  stigmas  united  into  a  disk. 

Petals  and  sepals  numerous  :  leaves  with  flat  blades : 
aquatic  plants.       Nymphaeaceae  in  Order  RANALES. 
Petals  and  sepals  few  :  leaves  with  pitcher-like  organs  : 
bog  plants. 

Sarraceniaceae  in  Order  SARRACENIALES. 
Sepals  valvate. 

Stamens  with   distinct  filaments. 

Ovary  1-celled  :  placentae  parietal. 

Capparidaceae  in  Order  PAPAVERALES. 
Ovary  2-several-celled  :  placentae  axile  or  central. 

Families  in  Order  MALVALES. 

Stamens  with  united  filaments.  Order  MALVALES. 

§§  Stamens  few,  not  over  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 
Anther-sacs  opening  by  hinged  valves. 

Podophyllaceae  in  Order  RANALES. 
Anther-sacs  opening  by  slits. 


XIV  KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS. 

Flowers  monoecious. 

Euphorbiaceae  in  Order  EUPHORBIALES. 

Flowers  perfect.     Portulacaceae  in  Order  CHENOPODIALES. 

Stamens   as   many  as   the  petals   and   alternate   with   them,   or 

more,   sometimes  twice  as  many. 
Stamens  6 :  petals  4  :  sepals  2  or  4. 

Families  in  Order  PAPAVERALES. 
Stamens,  petals  and  sepals  of  the  same  number,  or  stamens 

more,  usually  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  petals. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Ovules,  or  seeds,  on  basal  or  central  placentae. 

Families  in  Order  CHENOPODIALES. 
Ovules,  or  seeds,   on  parietal  placentae. 
Stigmas  2-cleft. 

Droseraceae  in  Order  SARRACENIALES. 
Stigmas  entire. 

Stamens   with   united  filaments   and   no  stami- 
nodia.  Families  in  Order  MALVALES. 

Stamens  with  distinct  filaments. 

Families  in  Order  HYPERICALES. 
Ovary  several-^Hed. 

Stamens  adnate  to  the  gynoecium. 

Asclepiadaceae  in  Order  ASCLEPIADALES. 
Stamens  not  adnate  to  the  gynoecium. 

Stamens  with  wholly  or  partly  united  filaments. 
Anthers   opening  lengthwise. 

Families  in  Order  GERANIALES. 
Anthers  opening  by  pores. 

Polygalaceae  in  Order  POLYGALALES. 
Stamens  with   distinct  filaments. 
Anthers  opening  by  pores. 

Families  in  Order   ERICALES. 
Anthers  opening  by  slits. 

Stigmas  or  styles  distinct  and  cleft,  or  foli- 
aceous,  or  united  by  pairs. 

Order  EDPHORBIALES. 
Stigmas  or  styles  all  distinct  or  all  united, 

neither  cleft  nor  foliaceous. 
Stamens  2.    Oleaceae  in  Order  OLEALES. 
Stamens  more  than  2. 

Leaves   with   compound  blades. 

Families  in  Order  GERANIALES. 
Leaves  with  simple  blades. 

Ovule  solitary  in  each  carpel. 
Styles    distinct :    ovule   pendu- 
lous. 

Families  in  Order  GERANIALES. 
Styles  united :   ovule   erect  or 

ascending. 

Limnanthaceae  in  Order  SAPINDALES. 
Ovules  2  or  more  in  each  carpel. 
Flowers     irregular :      stamens 
united    at    the    top     or 
converging. 
Placentae   axile. 
Balsaminaceae  in  Order  GERANIALES. 

Placentae    parietal. 
Violaceae  in  Order  HYPERICALES. 
Flowers       regular :       stamens 
neither    united    nor    con- 
verging at  the  top. 
Carpels    not    circumscissile 

at   maturity. 
Placentae    parietal. 
Cistaceae  in  Order  HYPERICALES. 
Placentae  axile  or  cen- 
tral. 

Tiliaceae  in  Order  MALVALES. 
Carpels     circumscissile     at 

maturity. 

Penthoraceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 
tt  Stamens  inserted  on  the  margin  of  a  disk  or  hypanthium  (perigynous 

or  hypogynous). 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 

Styles  and  upper  part  of  the  ovaries  distinct :  ovules  and  seeds 

many.  Saxifragaceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 

Styles  united.  Order  RHAMNALES. 


KEY  TO  THE  OKDEES.  XV 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  more 

or  many. 
Styles  distinct. 

Upper  part  of  the  ovaries  distinct,  at  least  at  maturity. 

Saxifragaceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 

Upper  part  of  the  ovaries  united.  Order  SAPINDALES. 

Styles  united. 

Hypanthium  flat  or  obsolete  :  disk  fleshy. 

Plants  without  secreting  glands  in  the  bark. 

Order  SAPINDALES. 
Plants  with  secreting  glands  in  the  bark. 

Families  in  Order  GERANIALES. 

Hypanthium    cup-shaped    or   campanulate :    disk   obsolete   or 
inconspicuous.  Order  MYRTALES. 

ttOvary  inferior. 

Stamens  numerous. 

Styles  and  stigmas   united  into  a  disk :   water-plants  with   endog- 
enous stems.  Nymphaeaceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 
Styles  distinct,  or  united,  but  not  forming  a  disk  with   radiating 

stigmas  :  land-plants  with  exogenous  stems. 
Styles  distinct.  Families  in  Order  ROSALES. 

Styles  united. 

Shrubs  or  trees ;  not  succulents,  sometimes  woody  vines. 
Hypanthium  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary. 

Escalloniaceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 
Hypanthium  produced  beyond  the  ovary. 

Families  in  Order  MYRTALES. 
Herbs,  or  shrub-like  or  tree-like  succulents. 

Order  OPTJNTIALES. 
Stamens  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 

Styles  wanting :  stigmas  sessile.      Gunneraceae  in  Order  MYRTALES. 
Styles  present. 
Styles  distinct. 

Ovules  several  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary  :  fruit  a  capsule 

or  a  fleshy  many-seeded  berry. 

Fruit,  if  dehiscent,  valvate.     Families  in  Order  ROSALES. 
Fruit  circumscissile. 

Portulacaceae  in  Order  CHENOPODIALES. 

Ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary :  fruit  a  drupe 
or  2-5  more  or  less  united  achenes.  Order  AMMIALES. 

Styles  united,  or  single. 
Plants  without  tendrils. 

Ovary   enclosed  in   or  surpassed   by   the  hypanthium   or 

adnate  to  it. 
Anther-sacs  opening  by  pores. 

Vacciniaceae  in  Order  ERICALES. 
Anther-sacs  opening  by  slits. 

Ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary. 

Order  AMMIALES. 
Ovules  several  in  each  cavity. 

Families  in  Order  MYRTALES. 
Ovary  exceeding  the  hypanthium,  the  top  free. 

Escalloniaceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 
Plants  with  tendrils. 

Herbs  :  fruit  a  pepo :  leaf -blades  palmately  veined. 

Cucurbitaceae  in  Order  CAMPANULALES. 
Shrubby  vines  :  fruit  drupaceous,  separating  into  nutlets  : 
leaf-blades  pinnately  veined. 

Rhamnaceae  in  Order  RHAMNALES. 
'*  Petals  more  or  less  united. 
Ovary  superior. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla. 

Gynoecium  of  a  single  carpel.  Families  in  Order  ROSALES. 

Gynoecium  of  several  united  carpels. 
Filaments  united. 

Stamens  diadelphous.  Fumariaceae  in  Order  PAPAVERALES. 

Stamens  monadelphous. 

Anther-sacs  opening  by  slits. 

Oxalidaceae  in  Order  GERANIALES. 
Anther-sacs  opening  by  pores. 

Calyx  and  corolla  very  irregular.       Order  POLYGALALES. 
Calyx  and  corolla  regular.     Families  in  Order  ERICALES, 
Filaments  distinct. 

Style  wanting  or  very  short :  stigma  sessile. 

Aquifoliaceae  in  Order  SAPINDALES. 

Styles  elongated.  Families  in  Order  ERICALES. 

Stamens  partially  adnate  to  the  corolla. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them,  or 
twice  as  many  or  more. 


XVI  KEY  TO  THE  OEDEES. 

Ovary  1-celled.  Order  PRIMDLALES. 

Ovary  several-celled. 

Upper  portion  of  the  ovaries  distinct. 

Sedaceae  in  Order  ROSALES. 

Upper  portion  of  the  ovaries  united.  Order  EBENALES. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them, 

or  fewer. 

Corolla  not  scarious,  veiny  :  fruit  various,  but  not  a  pyxis. 
Gynoecium  of  3-6  carpels. 

Shrubs  or  trees  :  ovules  and  seeds  few. 

Aquifoliaceae  in  Order  SAPINDALES. 

Herbs,    or   creeping   or   tufted   shrubby    plants :    ovules    and 
seeds  numerous.  Families  in  Order  POLEMONIALES. 

Gynoecium  of  2  carpels. 

Carpels  distinct,  except  sometimes  at  the  apex. 

Order  ASCLEPIADALLS. 
Carpels  united. 

Ovary  1-celled,  with  central  placentae. 

Order  GENTIAXAJ.ES. 
Ovary    2-celled,    or   falsely   4-celled,    or    if    1-celied    with 

parietal  placentae. 
Stamens  2  and  opposite  each  other,  or  3. 

Order   OLE  ALES. 
Stamens  usually  4  or  5,  if  2  by  reduction  not  opposite 

each  other. 

Leaves  with  stipules  or  stipular  lines  at  their  bases. 
Spigeliaceae   in  Order   GENTIANALES. 
Leaves  with  no  traces  of  stipules. 

Order  POLEMONIALES. 

Corolla  scarious,  veinless :  fruit  a  pyxis.         Order  PLANTAGINALES. 
Ovary  inferior. 

Stamens  with  the  filaments  free  from  the  corolla. 

Stamens  10  :  anther-sacs  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  chinks. 

Vacciniaceae  in  Order  ERICALES. 
Stamens  5  or  fewer :  anther-sacs  opening  by  longitudinal  slits. 

Order   CAMPANDLALES. 
Stamens  adnate  to  the  corolla. 

Ovary  with  2-many  fertile  cavities  and  2-many  ovules  :  calyx  unmodi- 
fied, at  least  not  a  pappus. 

Plants  tendril-bearing.          Cucurbitaceae  in  Order   CAMPANULALES. 
Plants  not  tendril-bearing. 

Ovules  mostly  on  basal  placentae :  plants  parasitic. 

Order   SANTALALES. 

Ovules  variously  borne,  but  not  on  a  basal  placenta  :  plants  not 
parasitic.  Order   RUBIALES. 

Ovary  with  one  fertile  cavity. 

Ovules  numerous  on  a  basal  placenta. 

Primulaceae  in  Order   PRIMULALES. 
Ovule  solitary,  the  placentae  not  basal. 

Flowers  not  in  heads,  often  in  head-like  spikes  or  racemes. 

Order  VALERIANALES. 
Flowers  in  involucrate  heads.  Order  CARDUALES. 


DESCRIPTIVE  FLORA. 


Subkingdom  SPERMATOPHYTA.     SEED  PLANTS. 
Plants  producing  flowers  and  seeds.    A  seed  contains  an  embryo 
consisting  of  a  short  stem  (radicle),  one,  two,  or  several  rudimentary 
leaves  (cotyledons)  and  a  terminal  bud  (plumule). 

Ovules,  and  seeds,  borne  on  the  face  of  a  bract  or  a  scale :  stigma  wanting. 

Class  1.  GYMNOSPERMAE. 
Ovules,  and  seeds,  borne  in  a  closed  cavity,  the  ovary : 

stigma  present.  Class  2.  ANGIOSPERMAE. 

CLASS  I.     GYMNOSPERMAE.     CONE  PLANTS. 

Carpel,  or  pistil,  represented  by  a  scale  upon  the  face  of  which 
the  ovules  are  borne  and  the  naked  seeds  are  matured. 

Order  PINALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  scale-like,  narrow,  or  needle-like  and  often 
in  bundles.  Flowers  mainly  monoecious,  the  cones  of  spirally  imbricate 
scales,  or  in  Taxaceae  the  ovulate  flowers  often  solitary.  Seeds  in  dry  or 
fleshy  cones,  or  sometimes  wholly  or  partially  naked. 

Carpellary  scales  with  bracts,  dry  at  maturity :  ovules  inverted :  buds  scaly. 

Fam.  1.  PINACEAE. 
Carpellary   scales    without    bracts,    fleshy    or    peltate    at 

maturity  :  ovules  erect :  buds  naked.  Fam.  2.  JUNIPERACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    PINACEAE.    PINE  FAMILY. 

Mostly  evergreen,  resiniferous  shrubs  or  trees,  typically  conic,  with 
flaky  or  brittle  bark.  Leaves  narrow  and  solitary,  or  needle-like  and 
usually  several  together,  each  group  with  a  sheath  at  the  base.  Ovulate 
aments  with  bracted  scales.  Ovules  inverted.  Cone  of  dry  scales.  Seeds 
samara-like. 

Leaves  borne  2-5  together  in  a  sheath,  half-terete  or  3-angled :  cones  maturing  the 

second  year. 
Cone-scales  with  dorsal  spine-armed  appendages  :  leaves  borne  in  2's  or  3's :  cones 

spreading.  1.  PINUS. 

Cone-scales  with  apical  inconspicuous  appendages :   leaves  borne 

in  5's  :  cones  drooping.  2.  STROBUS. 

Leaves  borne  singly  without  a  sheath,  flat :  cones  maturing  the  first 

year.  3.  TSUGA. 

1.  PINUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Leaves  needle-like,  in  2's  and  3's,  each  with  2 
iibro-vascular  bundlesv  Cones  spreading:  scales  at  length  woody  and  spreading 
or  recurved,  each  with  a  dorsal  usually  spine-armed  appendage.  Seeds  samara- 
like.  —  Spr.  —  PINE. 

Lancaster  County  Flora  1.  1 


2  JUNIPEEACEAE. 

Scales  of  the  ovulate  aments  stout,  each  with  a  short  tip  which  scarcely  equals  the 

body  in  length.  1.  P.  echinata. 

Scales  of  the  ovulate  aments  slender,  each  with  a  subulate  tip 

several  times  the  length  of  the  body. 

Cones  conic  when  closed,  ovoid  when  open :  twigs  glaucous.  2.  P.  virginiana. 

Cones   ovoid  when   closed,   globose-ovoid   or   depressed   when 

open  :  twigs  yellow. 
Scales  of  the  ovulate  aments  recurved  :  cone-scales  with 

rather  thin  appendages,  the  spines  recurved.  3.  P.  rigida. 

Scales  of  the  ovulate  aments  ascending :  cone-scales  with 

thick  appendages,  the  spines  incurved.  4.  P.  pungens. 

1.  P.  echinata  Mill.     A  tree  becoming  40  m.  tall,  the  bark  very  rough  and 
coarsely  furrowed.     Leaves  in  2  's  or  3  's,  deep-green,  8-12  cm.  long,  slender ; 
sheath  10-15  mm.  long:   cones  5-6.5  cm.  long,  ovoid  when  open,  each  scale- 
appendage  armed  with  a  slender  spine.  —  N.    Bare,  apparently  only  near  Man- 
heim.  —  Sandstones  and  shales.  —  SHORT-LEAF.     YELLOW-PINE. 

2.  P.  virginiana  Mill.    A  tree  becoming  36  m.  tall,  the  bark  rough,  flaky,  the 
twigs  glaucous.     Leaves  in  2  's,  deep-green,  4-7  cm.  long,  rather  stout ;  sheaths 
5-8  mm.  long:  cones  5-7  cm.  long,  ovoid  when  open,  each  scale-appendage  with 
a   curved  spine.  —  N.S.     Eather   common,   usually   in   poor   soil   on   ridges.  — 
Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. —  SCRUB-PINE.     JERSEY-PINE. 

3.  P.  rigida  Mill.    A  tree  becoming  25  m.  tall,  the  bark  very  rough,  the  twigs 
yellow.     Leaves  in  3's,  bright-green,  6-12  cm.  long;  sheaths  10-15  mm.  long: 
cones   4-7   cm.   long,   globose-ovoid   or   depressed   when    open.  —  N.S.     Rather 
rare,  usually  on  rocky  ridges.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists,  and  more  com- 
mon on  serpentine.  —  PITCH-PINE. 

4.  P.  pungens  Lamb.    A  tree  becoming  18  m.  tall,  the  bark  rather  smooth  but 
flaky.     Leaves  in  2  Js,  bright-green,  5-10  cm.  long,  stout ;   sheaths  less  than  1 
cm.  long:  cones  8-12  cm.  long,  very  persistent,  globose-ovoid  or  depressed  when 
open.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.    Bare,  confined  to  the  dry  precipitous  river 
banks  and  neighboring  islands.  —  Schists.  —  TABLE-MOUNTAIN-PINE. 

2.  STROBUS  Opiz.    Leaves  needle-like,  in  5  's,  mostly  with  1  fibro-vascular 
bundle  each.     Cones  drooping:  scales  leathery,  with  neither  dorsal  appendages 
nor  spines.     Seeds  samara-like. 

1.  S.  Strobus  (L.)  Small.  A  tree  becoming  52  m.  tall,  with  relatively  smooth 
bark  and  approximately  whorled  branches.  Leavest  5-10  cm.  long,  glaucous, 
very  slender:  cones  narrow,  1-2  dm.  long,  often  curved.  —  N.S.  Not  common, 
growing  generally  as  solitary  specimens  in  woodlands.  —  Sandstones  and  shales, 
schists.  —  Spr.  —  WHITE-PINE. 

3.  TSUGA  Carr.     Leaves  separate,  distichously  spreading:   blades  linear, 
glaucous   beneath.      Pollen-sacs    opening    transversely.      Ovulate    aments    with 
inconspicuous  bracts.    Cones  drooping. 

1.  T.  canadensis  (L.)  Carr.  A  tree  becoming  31  m.  tall.  Leaves  loosely 
spreading,  6-14  mm.  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex:  staminate  flowers  about  2  mm. 
in  diameter:  cones  18-23  mm.  long;  scales  suborbicular :  seed-wings  mainly 
less  than  1  cm.  long.  —  N.S.  Eather  common,  generally  in  ravines.  —  Sand- 
stones and  shales,  schists. —  Spr.  —  HEMLOCK.  SPRUCE-PINE. 

FAMILY  2.     JUNIPERACEAE.     JUNIPER  FAMILY. 

Mostly  evergreen,  often  resiniferous  shrubs  or  trees,  with  fibrous 
shreddy  bark.  Leaves  mainly  appressed  scales,  sometimes  subulate  and 
spreading.  Ovulate  aments  with  bractless  scales.  Ovules  erect.  Cone  of 
dry  often  peltate  scales,  or  baccate  or  drupaceous.  Seed  wingless,  or 
winged,  the  wing  a  portion  of  the  testa. 


TYPHACEAE.  3 

Aments  axillary,  the  ovulate  with  smaller  scales  at  the  top:  leaves  subulate  and 
spreading  on  mature  branches.  1.  JUNIPERUS. 

Aments  terminal,  the  ovulate  with  larger  scales  at  the  top :  leaves 

scale-like  and  appressed  on  mature  branches.  2.  SABINA. 

1.  JUNIPERUS   [Tourn.]   L.     Leaves  in  3's,  subulate,  neither  imbricate 
nor  appressed,  glandless.     Staminate  ament  axillary.     Ovulate  aments  with  the 
ovules  alternate  with  the  scales. 

1.  J.  communis  L.  An  erect  shrub,  or  small  tree.  Leaves  slender,  10-20  mm. 
long,  spreading:  cones  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Eare,  generally  on  creek  banks. 
Mostly  confined  to  a  grove  on  the  sJidles  and  sandstones  near  Keinholds  and  a 
few  trees  on  the  Conestoga  creek  below  Lancaster  on  limestone,  and  scattered  on 
the  serpentine  barrens.  —  Spr.  —  JUNIPER. 

2.  SABINA   Haller.     Leaves   scale-like,  except   sometimes  on   twigs,   ap- 
pressed, often  imbricate,  each  with  a  gland'  in  the  back.     Staminate  aments 
terminal  on  branchlets.     Ovulate  aments  with  ovules  opposite  the  scales. 

1.  S.  virginiana  (L.)  Antoine.  A  conic  tree  becoming  30  m.  tall.  Scale- 
like  leaves,  4-ranked,  1-4  mm.  long,  acute:  cones  ovoid,  5-6  mm.  long,  annual: 
seeds  3-4  mm.  long,  smooth.  —  Common,  most  abundant  in  hilly  districts.  — 
Spr.  —  CEDAR.  KED-CEDAR. 

CLASS  II.    ANGIOSPERMAE.    FRUIT  PLANTS. 

Carpel,  or  pistil,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  margins  of  one, 
or  of  several,  rudimentary  leaves;  within  the  cavity  thus  formed 
the  ovules  are  borne  and  the  seeds  matured. 

Cotyledon  1 :  leaf -blades  with  the  primary  or  lateral  veins  parallel :  stem  endogenous. 

Subclass  1.    MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Cotyledons  typically  2 :  leaf-blades  with  the  veins 

netted  :  stem  exogenous.  Subclass  2.  DICOTYLEDONES. 

SUBCLASS  1.    MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Stem  consisting  of  a  ground  mass  of  soft  tissue  in  which 
bundles  of  wood-cells  are  irregularly  placed.  Early  leaves  alternate. 

Order  PANDANALES. 

Perennial,  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  elongate  rootstocks.  Leaves 
with  narrow  blades.  Flowers  in  narrow  or  globular  spikes  or  racemes. 
Perianth  of  scales  or  bristles.  Androecium  of  2-7  stamens.  Gynoecium 
1-  or  2-carpellary.  Fruit  nut-like. 

Racemes  cylindric  :  perianth  of  bristles  :  gynoecium  stipitate.  Fam.  1.  TYPHACEAE. 
Spikes    (heads)    globular :    perianth    of    scales :    gynoecium 

sessile.  Pam.  2.  SPAKGANIACEAB. 

FAMILY  1.     TYPHACEAE.    CAT-TAIL  FAMILY. 

Raceme  solitary  and  terminal,  subtended  by  deciduous  bracts,  the 
staminate  portion  uppermost.  Perianth  of  bristles.  Pistil  stipitate: 
stigma  spatulate,  oblong  or  rhomboidal. 

1.  TYPHA  [Tourn.]  L.  Plants  growing  in  swamps.  Leaves  erect,  or 
rarely  floating,  narrowly  elongate.  Mature  pistillate  raceme  terminal,  cylindrie, 
compact.  —  Sum.  —  CAT-TAIL.  EEED-MACE. 


4  ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 

Pollen-grains  simple :  pistillate  part  of  the  rachis  with  persistent  pedicels  1  mm.  long 
or  less.  1.  T.  angustifolia. 

Pollen-grains  in  4's  :  pistillate  part  of  the  rachis  with  persistent 

pedicels  2-3  mm.  long.  2.  T.  latifolia. 

1.  T.  angustifolia  L.    Stem  slender,  1.5-3  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  5-15  mm.  wide: 
spike   brown,    the    pistillate    portion    0.5-1.5    cm.    thick,    separated    from    the 
staminate :  stigmas  narrow :  nutlets  terete.  —  Eare,  in  shallow  water  or  mud. 

2.  T.  latifolia  L.    Stem  stout,  1-2.5  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  10-25  mm.  wide:  spike 
dark-brown  or  black,  the  pistillate  portion  2.5-3  cm.  thick,  contiguous  to  the 
staminate :   stigmas  spatulate  or  rhomboidal :   nutlets  furrowed.  —  Common,  in 
ponds  and  still  water. 

FAMILY  2.     SPARGANIACEAE.    BUR-REED  FAMILY. 

Spikes  in  racemes  or  panicles,  or  spicate,  their  bracts  persistent. 
Perianth  of  scales.  Pistil  sessile :  stigma  subulate,  sometimes  oblique. 

1.  SPARGANITJM  [Tourn.]  L.  Plants  growing  in  low  grounds  or  deep 
water.  Leaves  erect  and  triangular-keeled  at  the  base  or  floating  and  flat.  — 
Sum.  —  BUR-REED. 

Achenes  fusiform,  the  body  stalked. 

Inflorescence  branched,  the  branches  geniculate  and  bearing  3  or  more  staminate 
spikes.  1.  S.  androcladum. 

Inflorescence  simple,  or  if  branched  the  branches  strict  and 

bearing  less  than  3  staminate  spikes.  2.  S.  americanum. 

Achenes  obovoid  or  obpyramidal,  sessile.  3.  S.  eurycarpum. 

1.  S.  androcladum  (Engelm.)  Morong.    Plants  2-7  dm.  tall,  branched:  stami- 
nate heads  mostly  less  than  1  cm.  thick:  fruit-heads  1-2  cm.  thick:  achene-body 
6-7  mm.  long,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex,  long-stipitate.  —  N.S.     Common, 
in  shallow  water.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

2.  S.  americanum  Nutt.     Plants  2-8'  dm.  tall,  simple,  the  lower  flower-heads 
sometimes  peduncled:  achene-body  about  5  mm.  long,  short-stipitate,  gradually 
narrowed  at  the  apex.  —  M.     Kare,  in  shallow  water.  —  Limestones. 

3.  S.  eurycarpum  Engelm.    Plants  8-20  dm.  tall:  staminate  heads  about  1  cm. 
thick:    fruit-heads   2.5-3   cm.   thick:    achene-body   7-8   mm.   long,   rounded   or 
depressed  at  the  apex,  sessile.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Rather  rare,  in  shallow 
water. 

Order  NAIADALES. 

Perennial,  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs.  Leaves  various,  sometimes  mere 

phyllodia.    Flowers  usually  symmetrical.  Perianth  wanting  or  imperfect. 

Androecium    usually    of    1-4    stamens.  Gynoecium    simple    or    several- 
carpellary. 

Gynoecium  of  distinct  carpels  :  anthers  with  petal-like  connectives  :  leaf-blades  not 
spiny-toothed.  Fam.  1.  ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 

Gynoecium  of  united  carpels :  anthers  with  inconspic- 
uous connectives  :  leaf -blades  spiny-toothed.  Fam.  2.  NAIADACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.     ZANNICHELLIACEAE,     PONDWEED  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  caulescent  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  filiform, _or  with  blades, 
entire.  Flowers  perfect  or  monoecious,  in  spikes  or  clusters  from  a  spathe. 
Androecium  of  1,  or  mostly  2-4,  distinct  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  several 
distinct  carpels.  Fruit  a  cluster  or  spike  of  drupelets. 

1.  POTAMOGETON  [Tourn.]  L.  Herbs  growing  mostly  in  fresh  water. 
Leaves  various,  the  submerged  and  the  floating  ones  usually  different.  Flowers 


ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 


perfect,  spicate.    Stamens  4,  with  appendaged  anthers, 
together,  spicate,  sessile.  —  PONDWEED. 

Stipules  axillary,  free  from  the  rest  of  the  leaf. 
Plants  with  both  submerged  and  floating  leaves. 
Submerged  leaves  without  blades. 
Submerged  leaves  with  blades. 

Submerged  leaves  with  linear  or  nearly  linear  blades. 
Leaf-blades  with  coarse  cellular  reticulation  in 

the  middle. 

Leaf-blades  with  inconspicuous  cellular  reticula- 
tion. 
Submerged  leaves  with  lanceolate,  oblong  or  oblance- 

olate  blades. 

Submerged  leaves  with  petioles,  the  blades  nar- 
rower than  those  of  the  floating  ones. 
Submerged  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  blades 

broader  than  those  of  the  upper. 
Plants  with  submerged  leaves  only. 
Leaf-blades  broad. 

Leaf-blades    perfoliate,    entire;    drupelets    abruptly 

short-beaked. 
Leaf-blades   sessile,   serrulate :    drupelets   gradually 

long-beaked. 
Leaf-blades  narrow,  linear  or  filiform. 

Leaf-blades    linear,    over    1    mm.    wide :    drupelets 

crested. 

Leaf -blades  3-veined :   plants   without,  propagat- 
ing buds. 

Leaf-blades  many-veined :  plants  with  propagat- 
ing buds. 
Leaf-blades  narrowly  linear  or  linear-filiform,   less 

than  1  mm.  wide :  drupelets  crestless. 

Stipules  adnate  to  the  blades,  or  to  the  petioles,  of  the  sub- 
merged leaves. 
Plants    with    submerged    and    floating    leaves:    drupelets 

crested. 

Plants  with  submerged  leaves  only :  drupelets  crestless. 
Leaf-blades    setaceous    or     filiform,     entire :     druplets 

obscurely  beaked. 

Leaf -blades    linear,    serrulate :    drupelets    prominently 
beaked. 


Carpels  4.    Drupelets  4 


1.  P.  natans. 


2.  P.  epihydrus. 

3.  P.  heterophyllus. 


4.  P.  americanus. 

5.  P.  alpinus. 

6.  P.  perfoliatus. 
1.  P.  crisp  us. 


8.  P.  compressus. 

9.  P.  obtusifolius. 
10.  P.  pusillus. 


11.  P.  diversifolius. 


12.  P.  pectinatus. 


13.  P.RobUnsii. 

1.  P.  natans  L.    Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  submerged  ones  phyllodia,  the  float- 
ing ones  with  ovate  to  oval  blades  4-9  cm.  long,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the 
base:   drupelets  obovoid,  4-4.5  mm.  long,  scarcely  keeled.  —  Susquehanna  and 
tributaries.     Eather  common,  in  still  water.  —  Sum. 

2.  P.  epihydms  Eaf.     Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  submerged  ones  with  linear 
5-nerved  blades,  the  floating  ones  with  oblong,  elliptic,  or  obovate  blades  3-8 
cm.  long:  drupelets  globose-obovoid,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  with  an  elevated  shoulder 
back    of    the    beak,    the    middle    keel    sharp.  — •  Susquehanna    and    tributaries. 
Eather  rare.  —  Sum. 

3.  P.  heterophyllus  Schreb.    Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  submerged  ones  narrowed 
upward,   the   floating  with  oval   or   elliptic   blades,   1.5-4   cm.   long,  abruptly 
pointed:  drupelets  2-3  mm.  long,  with  a  horizontal  shoulder  back  of  the  beak, 
indistinctly    3-keeled. —  Creeks    and    Susquehanna.      Eather    common,    in    still 
water.  —  Sum. 

4.  P.  americanus  Cham.  &  Schlecht.    Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  submerged  ones 
with  elongate  blades,  the  floating  ones  with   oblong  to   elliptic  long-petioled 
blades  4-15  cm.  long,  usually  acute:  mature  spikes  2.5  cm.  long,  terminating 
peduncles  5-8  cm.  long :  drupelets  3.5-4  mm.  long,  the  middle  keel  prominent.  — 
Susquehanna  and  tributaries.     Eather  common,  in  slow-flowing  water.  —  Sum. 
and  fall. 

5.  P.  alpinus  Balbis.     Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  submerged  ones  with  mostly 
linear-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate  blades,  the  floating  ones  with  mostly  spatu- 
late  to  oblanceolate  blades  2-12  cm.  long:   peduncles  thinner  than  the  stem: 
drupelets  about  2.5  mm.  long,  3-keeled,  the  middle  keel  sharp.  —  Susquehanna. 
Eather  rare,  in  still  water.  —  Sum. 


b  ALISMACEAE. 

6.  P.  perfoliatus  L.     Leaves  all  submerged;  blades  suborbicular  to  orbicular- 
ovate,  2-4  cm.  long,  usually  obtuse  and  serrulate  at  the  apex,  cordate-perfoliate, 
13-23-veined:  drupelets  2.5-3  mm.  long,  obscurely  3-keeled.  —  Susquehanna  and 
tributaries.     Bather  rare,  in  flowing  water.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

7.  P.  crispus  L.     Leaves  2-ranked;  blades  mainly  oblong  to  linear-oblong,  3-10 
cm.    long,    serrulate,    obtuse,    crisped,   sessile    or    partly    clasping,    3-7-veined: 
drupelets  5-6  mm.  long,  acuminate-beaked,  3-keeled,  the  prominent  even  middle 
keel  ending  in  a  spur  at  the  base.  —  Susquehanna  and  Conestoga  Creek.    Bare, 
in  slow-flowing  water.  —  Sum. 

8.  P.  foliosus  Baf.     Leaves  not  2-ranked;  blades  linear  or  filiform,  1.5-5  cm. 
long  and  3-veined,  acute:  drupelets  mostly  4  together,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  abruptly 
short-beaked,  the  middle  keel  crest-like,  sinuate-undulate  and  usually  extended 
into  a  shoulder  at  each  end.  —  Susquehanna.     Bare,  in  slow-flowing  water.  — 
Sum. 

9.  P.  obtusifolius  Mert.  &  Koch.     Leaves  5-8  cm.  long;  blades  linear,  obtuse, 
but  often  mucronate,  mostly  3-veined,  the  midrib  broad:    mature  spikes  con- 
tinuous: drupelets  about  3  mm.  long,  3-keeled,  the  middle  keel  often  undulate. 

—  Susquehanna  and  tributaries.     Bather  rare,  in  slow-flowing  water.  —  Sum. 

10.  P.  pusillus  L.    Leaves  2-8  cm.  long;  blades  very  narrowly  linear  or  linear- 
filiform,  3-veined,  acute:   spikes  globular,  not  interrupted:    drupelets  about  2 
mm.  long,  the  middle  keel  not  crest-like,  or  obsolete.  —  Susquehanna  and  tribu- 
taries.    Bather  rare,  in  slow-flowing  or  still  water.  —  Sum. 

11.  P.  diversifolius  Baf.     Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  submerged  ones  linear- 
setaceous   and  1-veined,   the   floating   ones   elliptic,   oval   or   oblong-lanceolate, 
1-2.5  cm.  long:   drupelets  about  1  mm.  long,  cochleate,  the  middle  keel  crest- 
like,   usually  with   7   or   8  teeth.  —  Susquehanna,   creeks   and  ponds.     Bather 
common,  in  slow-flowing  or  still  water.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

12.  P.  pectinatus  L.     Leaves  2.5-15  cm.  long;   blades  setaceous  or  filiform, 
attenuate,  1-veined,  sometimes  obscurely  so:  spikes  interrupted:   drupelets  3-4 
mm.  long,  crestless.  —  Susquehanna.     Bather  rare,  in  flowing  water.  —  Sum. 

13.  P.    Robbinsii    Oakes.      Leaves   7-13    cm.    long;    blades   linear,    acuminate, 
many-veined:   spikes  interrupted:   drupelets  about  4  mm.  long  and  fully  £  as 
wide,    narrowed    at    the    base,    prominently    beaked,    3-keeled.  —  Susquehanna. 
Bare,  in  flowing  water.  —  Sum,  and  fall. 

FAMILY  2.    NAIADACEAE.    NAIAS  FAMILY. 

Mostly  fresh- water  herbs.  Leaves  mainly  opposite:  blades  mostly 
toothed,  the  bases  dilated.  Flowers  dioecious,  axillary :  staminate,  a  double 
perianth  and  a  single  stamen:  pistillate,  a  gynoecium  consisting  of  an 
ovary,  a  style  and  2  or  3  stigmas.  Fruit  drupaceous. 

1.  NAIAS  L.  Submerged  plants  with  usually  much-branched  stems. 
Leaves  numerous,  the  margins  prominently  or  inconspicuously  toothed. 

1.  N.  flexilis  (Willd.)  Bostk.  &  Schmidt.     Stems  slender:  leaves  many;  blades 
linear,  mainly  acuminate,  minutely  serrulate:   drupelets  3-4  mm.  long,  oblong. 

—  Susquehanna  and  tributaries.     Bare,  in  slow-flowing  water.  —  Sum.  —  NAIAD. 

Order  ALISMALES. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  mere  phyllodia,  or  with 
dilated  blades.  Flowers  regular.  Perianth  of  sepals,  and  usually  also  of 
petals.  Androecium  of  3-6  stamens  or  more.  Gynoecium  of  3-many 
carpels. 


ALISMACEAE.  7 

FAMILY  1.    ALISMACEAE.    WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  basal,  the  blades  flat,  often  with 
basal  lobes,  or  mere  phyllodia.  Flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  or  dioecious, 
whorled.  Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  tender,  white  or  pink.  Gynoecium 
of  few  to  many  carpels.  Style  manifest.  Fruit  a  head  of  flattened  carpels. 

Carpels  borne  in  one  series  :  achenes  verticillate.  1.  ALISMA. 

Carpels  borne  in  several  series  :  achenes  capitate.  2.  SAGITTABIA. 

1.  AilSMA  L.     Leaves  without   basal  lobes.     Flowers  perfect,  in  com- 
pound panicles.     Stamens  mostly  6.     Achenes  in  1  whorl. 

1.  A.  subcordatum  Eaf.  Leaf -blades  ovate,  usually  broadly  so,  or  orbicular- 
ovate,  mostly  pointed:  sepals  suborbicular,  about  2.5  mm.  long  at  maturity: 
petals  2-4  -mm.  long:  fruit-heads  3-4  mm.  wide;  achenes  less  than  2.5  mm. 
wide,  the  beak  below  the  top.  —  Common,  in  shallow  water  and  swamps.  — 
Spr.-f  all.  —  WATER-PLANTAIN. 

2.  SAG-ITTAEJA  L.    Leaves  often  with  basal  lobes,  sometimes  lobeless  or 
mere    phyllodia.      Flowers    monoecious    or    dioecious,    the    upper    ones   usually 
staminate.     Stamens  mainly  numerous.     Achenes  numerous,  in  dense  heads.  — 
Sum.  and  fall.  —  ARROW-HEAD.     WAMPEE. 

Filaments  dilated,  pubescent. 

Pistillate  flowers  pedicelled  :  achene  with  a  minute  horizontal  beak  below  the  top 

of  the  body.  1.  8.  graminea. 

Pistillate  flowers  sessile  :  achene  with  a  large,  ascending  beak 

at  the  top  of  the  body.  2.  8.  rigida. 

Filaments  slender,  glabrous. 

Achenes  with  horizontal  or  nearly  horizontal  beaks. 

Inflorescence-rachis,  bracts,  pedicels,  and  sepals  glabrous.         3.  8.  latifolia. 

Inflorescence-rachis,  bracts,  pedicels,  and  sepals  pubescent.        4.  8.  pvtoescens. 
Achenes  with  erect  beaks.  5.  8.  longirostra. 

1.  S.  graminea  Michx.     Leaf -blades  linear,  lanceolate,  or  elliptic,   5-15   cm. 
long,  or  wanting:   scapes  1-6   dm.  tall,  with  few-many  flower-whorls:    bracts 
ovate,  united  to  about  the  middle:  fruit-heads  less  than  10  mm.  thick:  achenes 
1.5  mm.  long,  winged,  the  minute  beak  horizontal.  —  Susquehanna  valley  and 
adjacent  parts.     Bather  rare,  in  sand  or  shallow  water.     Chiefly  on  schists. 

2.  S.  rigida  Pursh.     Leaf -blades  linear  to  broadly  ovate,  sometimes  with  basal 
lobes,  5-20  cm.  long:  scapes  weak,  1-8  dm.  long,  with  5-9  flower- whorls :  fruit- 
heads  8-15  mm.  thick,  sessile  or  nearly  so:  achenes  3-4  mm.  long,  winged,  the 
beak  ascending.  —  Conestoga  Creek  and  tributaries.     Eather  rare,  usually  in 
shallow  water.  —  Limestones. 

3.  S.  latifolia  Willd.     Leaf -blades  broad,  15-40  cm.  long,  glabrous,  the  basal 
lobes  narrower  and  rather  shorter  than  the  terminal  one:  scapes  3-6  dm.  tall: 
pedicels  of  pistillate  flowers  much  longer  than  the  acute  bracts:    fruit-heads 
15-30  mm.  thick:  achenes  about  3  mm.  long,  the  beak  ascending  or  recurved. 
—  Common,  in  swamps,  ponds,  or  shallow  water  along  streams. 

4.  S.  pubescens  Muhl.    Leaf -blades  8-25  cm.  long,  with  the  terminal  lobe  more 
rounded  than  in  no.  3,  puberulent  or  hirsute:  scapes  3-6  dm.  tall:  pedicels  of 
pistillate  flowers  about  as  long  as  the  obtuse  bracts  or  slightly  longer:  fruit- 
heads  8-15  mm.  thick:  achenes  2-3  mm.  long,  the  beak  horizontal  or  somewhat 
declined.  —  M.S.    Eather  rare,  in  swamps  and  wet  places.  —  Limestones,  schists. 

5.  S.   longirostra    (Micheli)    J.   G.   Smith.     Leaf-blades   10-25  cm.  long,  the 
terminal  lobe  broadly  ovate,  the  basal  lobes  as  long  but  narrower:  scapes  4-8 
dm.  tall,  with  a  few  flower-whorls:   bracts  acuminate:   fruit-heads  12-18  mm. 
thick,  short-pedicelled :  achenes  4  mm.  long,  with  facial  wings,  the  dorsal  wing 
partially  crenate,  the  beak  erect.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     Eare,  usually 
in  shallow  water.  —  Schists. 


8  ELODEACEAE. 

Order  HYDRO CHARIT ALES. 

Perennial  aquatic  herbs  with  rootstocks.  Leaves  usually  with  blades. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  or  rarely  perfect,  from  spathes.  Perianth 
double,  or  corolla  wanting.  Androecium  of  1-12  stamens.  Gynoecium 
3-15-carpellary.  Ovary  inferior.  Fruit  capsular  or  baccate. 

FAMILY  1.    ELODEACEAE.    TAPE-GRASS  FAMILY. 

Plants  with  leafy  stems,  or  leaves  basal,  often  greatly  elongate. 
Gynoecium  2-5-carpellary,  the  ovary  1-celled. 

Acaulescent  herbs :  leaf-blades  greatly  elongate  :  staminate  flowers  with  1-3  stamens. 

1.  VALLISNBRIA. 
Caulescent  herbs  :  leaf-blades  relatively  short :  staminate  flowers 

with  9  stamens.  2.  PHILOTRIA. 

1.  VALLISNERIA    [Mich.]    L.     Fresh  water  herbs.     Leaves  basal,  with 
elongate    ribbon-like    blades.      Flowers    dioecious,    the    staminate    numerous, 
crowded  on  a  spadix,  the  pistillate  few,  each  solitary  at  the  end  of  an  elongate 
spiral  scape.     Fruit  subtended  by  the  spathe. 

1.  V.  spiralis  L.  Leaf -blades  narrowly  linear,  1-18  dm.  long:  staminate 
flowers  inconspicuous:  pistillate  flowers  floating:  spathe  1-2  cm.  long:  fruit 
cylindrie,  3-15  cm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  and  tributaries.  Common,  in  flowing 
water.  —  Sum.  —  EEL-GRASS.  TAPE-GRASS. 

2.  PHILOTRIA  Eaf.     Fresh  water  herbs.     Leaves   cauline,   opposite   or 
whorled.      Flowers    dioecious,   polygamous,    or    perfect,    the    staminate   with   9 
stamens,  the  perfect  with  3-6  stamens,  the  pistillate  slender-pedicelled.     Fruit 
subtended  by  the  spathe.  —  Sum.  —  WATER-WEED. 

Leaf -blades  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  mostly  1  cm.  long  or  less.  1.  P.  canadensis. 

Leaf-blades  linear,  mostly  over  1  cm.  long.  2.  P.  anyustifolia. 

1.  P.   canadensis    (Michx.)    Britton.     Leaf -blades   4-15   mm.   long,  relatively 
broad,  serrulate  to  the  base,  sometimes  obscurely  so:  spathes  10-18  mm.  long. 
—  N.S.     Eather  common,  in  still  or  slow-flowing  water. 

2.  P.  angustifolia  (Muhl.)  Britton.     Leaves  usually  less  crowded  than  those  of 
P.  canadensis,  the  upper  ones  mostly  1-2  cm.  long,  longer  and  narrower  than 
the  lower   ones;    blades   linear  to   linear-lanceolate,    entire   below   the   middle, 
remotely    toothed    above,    acuminate.  —  Susquehanna.      Eather    rare,    in    slow- 
flowing  or  still  water. 

Order  POALES. 

Mostly  perennial  caulescent  or  acaulescent  plants,  known  as  grasses 
and  sedges.  Stems  sometimes  conspicuously  jointed.  Leaves  alternate, 
mostly  sheathing  at  the  base :  blades  usually  narrow  and  elongate,  entire  or 
nearly  so.  Flowers  variously  disposed  in  a  simple  or  compound  inflores- 
cence, perfect  or  rarely  monoecious  or  dioecious,  incomplete,  inconspicu- 
ous, borne  in  the  axils  of  chaffy  bracts  or  scales  (glumes).  Fruit  a  cary- 
opsis  (grain)  or  an  achene,  or  rarely  a  nut,  or  baccate. 

Leaves  2-ranked,  their  sheaths  with  un-united  margins  :  stems  mostly  hollow :  fruit 
a  grain    (caryopsis).  Fam.  1.  POACEAE. 

Leaves  3-ranked,  their  sheaths  with  united  margins  :  stem 

solid:  fruit  an  achene.  Fam.  2.  CYPERACEAE. 


POACEAE. 


FAMILY  1.    POACEAE.    GRASS  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  rarely  shrub-like  or  tree-like  plants. 
Stems  (culms)  usually  hollow,  the  nodes  closed.  Leaves  with  a  scarious 
ring  (ligule)  at  the  sheath-orifice.  Inflorescence  of  spikes,  racemes,  or 
panicles.  Spikelets  of  2-many  2-ranked  imbricate  bracts  (scales),  the 
upper  ones  bearing  a  flower  surrounded  by  a  bract-like  organ  (palet) 
which  is  placed  with  its  back  to  the  axis  (rachilla),  which  is  often  thickened 
and  appears  as  a  hard  projection  (callus)  at  the  base  of  the  scale. 
Flowers  perfect,  staminate,  or  pistillate.  Stamens  1-6,  rarely  more, 
usually  3.  Fruit  sometimes  nut-like.— The  following  treatment  of  the 
grasses  is  based  on  that  published  in  my  Flora  of  the  Southeastern  United 
States.—/.  K.  S. 

A.  Spikelets  falling  from  the  pedicel  entire  (see  also  nos.  22,  27,  33  of  section  B), 

naked,    or   enclosed   in   bristles    or   a   bur-like   involucre,   or   immersed   in   the 
internodes  of  a  readily  disarticulating  rachis,  1-flowered,  or  if  2-flowered  the 
lower  flower  staminate ;  no  upper  empty  scales :  rachilla  not  extending  beyond 
the  uppermost  scale. 
Spikelets    terete    or    somewhat    dorsally    compressed ;    empty    scales    manifest : 

hilum   punctiform. 
Flowering  scale,   and  palet,   hyaline,  thin,  much  more  delicate  in  structure 

than  the  thick-membranous  to  coriaceous  empty  scales. 
Spikelets  unisexual,  the  pistillate  borne  in  the  lower,  the  staminate  in 

the  upper  part  of  the  same  spike.  Tribe         I.  MAYDEAE. 

Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  sessile,  the  other 
pedicellate,  the  former  perfect,  the  latter 
sometimes  perfect,  more  commonly  with 
a  staminate  flower,  often  empty  or  re- 
duced to  one  or  two  scales,  or  occasion- 
ally wanting. 

Flowering  scale,  at  least  that  of  the  perfect 
flower,  similar  in  texture  to  the  empty 
scales,  or  frequently  thicker  and  firmer, 
never  hyaline  and  thin. 

Spikelets     much     compressed     laterally ;      empty 
scales  none  or  rudimentary  :  hilum  linear. 

B.  Spikelets    with    the    empty    scales    persistent,    the 

rachilla  hence  articulated  above  them  (below 
them  in  nos.  22,  27,  33,  and  the  spikelet  falling 
entire),  1-many-flowered :  frequently  the  upper 
scales  are  empty :  rachilla  often  produced  be- 
yond the  uppermost  scale. 

Spikelets  borne  in   open  or  spike-like  panicles   or 
racemes,    usually    upon    distinct    and    often 
long  pedicels. 
Spikelets   1-flowered. 

Empty  scales  4  :  palet  1-nerved. 
Empty  scales  2   (rarely  1)  :  palet  2-nerved.     Tribe 
Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

Flowering  scales  usually  shorter  than  the 
empty  ones,  the  awn  dorsal  and  usually 
bent. 

Flowering   scales    usually    longer   than    the 
empty  ones,  the  awn  terminal  and  straight, 
rarely  dorsal,  sometimes  wanting. 
Spikelets  in  two  rows  : 

On   one  side   of  the   continuous   axis,   forming 

one-sided  spikes  or  racemes. 
On   opposite  sides   of  an   axis   which   is    often 
articulated,  forming  equilateral  spikes. 


Tribe        II.  ANDROPOGONEAB. 


Tribe      III.  PANICEAE. 
Tribe      IV.  ORYZEAE. 


Tribe 


V.  PHALARIDEAE. 
VI.  AGROSTIDEAE. 


Tribe    VII.  AVENEAE. 


Tribe      IX.  FESTUCEAE. 


Tribe  VIII.  CHLORIDEAE. 


Tribe        X.  HORDEAE. 


TRIBE  I.     MAYDEAE. 

Fertile  spikelets  imbedded  in  the  internodes  of  the  thick 
rachis. 

TRIBE  II.     ANDROPOGONEAE. 

Racemes  singly  disposed :  apex  of  the  rachis-internodes  a 
translucent  cup-shaped,  entire  or  irregularly  toothed  ap- 
pendage. 


1.  TRIPSACUM. 


2.    SCHIZACHYRIUM. 


10 


POACEAE. 


Racemes   disposed   in   pairs   or   more :    apex   of   the   rachis- 

internodes  not  appendaged. 

Inflorescence  of  spike-like  silky  racemes.  3.  ANDROPOGON. 

Inflorescence  paniculate.  4.  SORGHASTRUM. 


TRIBE  III.     PANICEAE. 

Spikelets  naked,  not  involucrate. 
Empty  scales  2. 

Spikelets   ovate   to    orbicular,    plano-convex,    usually 

obtuse,  rarely  acute. 

Spikelets  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate. 
Empty  scales  3. 

Empty  scales  not  awned. 

Spikelets  in  very  slender  one-sided  racemes  which 

are  usually  whorled  or  approximate. 
Spikelets    in    panicles    or    panicled    racemes,    the 

latter  never  whorled,  commonly  distant. 
Empty   scales   awned   or  awn-pointed. 
Spikelets  involucrate. 

Involucre  of  numerous  bristles. 
Involucre  of  two  spine-bearing  valves. 

TRIBE  IV.     ORYZEAE. 

Spikelets  monoecious  :  tall  reed-like  grasses. 
Spikelets  perfect. 

TRIBE  V.     PHALARIDEAE. 

Third  and  fourth  scales  awnless. 

Third  and  fourth  scales  awned  on  the  back. 


5.  PASPALUM. 

6.  SYNTHERISMA. 


6.  SYNTHERISMA. 

8.  PANICUM. 

7.  ECHIXOCHLOA. 

9.  CHAETOCHLOA. 
10.  CENCHRUS. 


11.  ZlZANIA, 

12.  HOMALOCENCHRUS. 


13.  PHALARIS. 

14.  ANTHOXANTHDM. 


TRIBE  VI.     AGROSTIDEAE. 

Flowering  scale  indurated  when  mature  and  very  closely 
embracing  the  grain,  or  at  least  firmer  than  the 
empty  scales. 

Rachilla  not  extending  beyond  the  palet. 
Flowering  scale  3-awned. 
Flowering  scale  1-awned. 
Awn  twisted. 
Awn  not  twisted. 

Flowering  scale  broad :  awn  deciduous. 
Flowering  scale   narrow :   awn   persistent. 
Rachilla  extending  beyond  the  palet. 

Flowering    scale    usually    hyaline    or    membranous    at    ma- 
turity, at  least  more  delicate  than  the  empty  ones  : 
grain  loosely  enclosed. 
Inflorescence  a  spike. 

Rachilla  of  the  spikelets  articulated  above  the  empty 

scales  which  are  therefore  persistent. 
Flowering  scale  slightly  exceeding  the  empty  ones. 
Flowering    scale   much    shorter    than    the    empty 

ones. 
Rachilla  of  the  spikelets  articulated  below  the  empty 

scales,   hence   deciduous,   entire. 
Inflorescence  an  open  or  spike-like  panicle. 

Grain    not    permanently    enclosed    in    the    flowering 
scale   and   palet :   pericarp    opening   readily   when 
mature. 
Grain   permanently   enclosed   in   the  flowering  scale 

and  palet :  pericarp  adherent. 
Palet  1-nerved  and  1-keeled  :  stamen  1. 
Palet  2-nerved  and  2-keeled :  stamens  3. 

Flowering  scale  with  long  hairs  at  the  base. 
Flowering  scales  naked  at  the  base. 

TRIBE  VII.     AVENEAE. 

Spikelets  readily  deciduous  as  a  whole. 

Spikelets  with   the   empty  scales   persistent,   the  flowering 

scales  deciduous. 

Flowering  scale  awned  below  the  teeth. 
Flowers  all  perfect. 

Grain  free,  unfurrowed :  spikelets  less  than  1  cm. 

long. 

Flowering  scales   erose-toothed   or   shortly   2- 
lobed  at  the  apex. 


15.  ARISTIDA. 

16.  STIPA. 

17.  ORYZOPSIS. 

18.  MUHLENBERGIA. 

19.  BRACHYELYTRUM. 


20.  HELEOCHLOA. 

21.  PHLEUM. 

22.  ALOPECDRUS. 

23.  SPOROBOLUS. 

24.  CINNA. 

25.  CALAMAGROSTIS. 

26.  AGROSTIS. 

27.  NOTHOHOLCUS. 


28.  DESCHAMPSIA. 


POACEAE. 


11 


Flowering     scales     cleft     or     2-toothed, 
teeth  extending  into  awns. 


the 


Grain  furrowed,  adherent  to  the  scale  :  spikelets 

exceeding  1  cm.  in  length. 
Flowers  various,  the  upper  perfect,  the  lower  stami- 

nate  and  with  the  scale  strongly  awned. 
Flowering   scales   awned   between   their   usually   awned 
teeth. 

TEIBE  VIII.     CHLORIDEAE. 

Spikelets  deciduous  as  a  whole. 

Spikelets  with  at  least  the  empty  scales  persistent. 

Spikelets  with  one  perfect  flower. 

Spikelets  with  2  or  3  perfect  flowers. 


29.  TEISETDM. 

30.  AVENA. 

31.  ARRHENATHERUM. 

32.  DANTHONIA. 


33.  SPARTINA. 

34.  ATHEROPOGON. 

35.  ELEUSINE. 


TRIBE  IX.     FESTUCEAE. 

Flowering  scale  1-3-nerved,  or  rarely  with  faint  additional 

intermediate  nerves. 

Lateral  nerves  of  the  flowering  scale  pilose.  36.  TRIDENS. 

Lateral  nerves  of  the  flowering  scale  glabrous. 

Second  empty  scale  similar  to  the  first.  37.  ERAGROSTIS. 

Second  empty  scale  very  dissimilar  to  the  first,  broad 

and  rounded  at  the  summit.  38.  SPHENOPHOLIS. 

Flowering  scales  5-many-nerved. 

Spikelets  with  two  or  more  of  the  upper  scales  empty, 

broad  and  enfolding  each  other.  39.  MELICA. 

Spikelets  with  the  upper  scales  flower-bearing,  or  smal- 
ler and  empty. 

Empty  basal  scales  3-6.  .          40.  UNIOLA. 

Empty  basal  scales  2. 

Spikelets  borne  in  fascicles  which  are  arranged 

in  a  glomerate  or  interrupted  panicle.  41.  DACTYLIS. 

Spikelets   borne   in  panicles   or  racemes  but  not 

in  fascicles. 
Stigmas  inserted  at  or  near  the  apex  of  the 

ovary :  spikelets  small. 

Flowering  scales  with  the  nerves  parallel.    43.  PANICULARIA. 
Flowering  scales  with   the   lateral  nerves 
converging    above    toward    the    mid- 
nerve. 

Flowering    scales    strongly    keeled    on 
the  back,  pubescent  on  some  or  all 
of  the  nerves  :  hilum  punctiform.          42.  POA. 
Flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back, 

at  least  below :  hilum  linear.  44.  FESTDCA. 

Stigmas   plainly   inserted   below   the   apex   of 

the  ovary  :  spikelets  large.  45.  BROMUS. 


TRIBE  X.     HORDEAE, 

Spikelets  singly  arranged  at  the  rachis-nodes. 

Spikelets   with    the   flowering   scales   with    their    backs 

to  the  rachis  :  empty  scale  1. 
Spikelets  with  the  flowering  scales  with  their  sides  to 

the  rachis  :  empty  scales  2. 
Spikelets  2-6  at  each  rachis-node. 

Empty  scales  usually  as  long  as  the  flowering  ones. 
Empty  scales  wanting  or  minute. 


46.  LOLIDM. 

47.  AGROPYRON. 


48.  ELYMTJS. 

49.  HYSTRIX. 


1.  TRIPSACUM  L.  Tall  perennial  monoecious  grasses,  with  stout  root- 
stocks,  and  spicate  inflorescence.  Spikes  articulated,  elongate.  Staminate  spike- 
lets  2-flowered,  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  axis,  of  4 
scales,  the  outer  2  empty,  coriaceous  and  shining,  the  inner  2  thinner,  each  en- 
closing a  hyaline  palet  and  a  flower  consisting  of  3  stamens.  Pistillate  spike- 
lets  1-flowered,  in  excavations  in  the  lower  internodes  of  the  raehis,  the  outer 
scale  very  hard,  thick  and  shining,  concealing  the  more  delicate  remaining  scales, 
the  fourth  scale  enclosing  a  flower  with  a  slender  style.  Stigmas  2,  exserted. 
Grain  enclosed  in  the  appressed  outer  scale  and  the  internode. 


12  POACEAE. 

1.  T.  dactyloides  L.  Steins  1-3  m.  tall :  leaf -blades  6  dm.  long  or  less,  1-4  cm. 
wide:  spikes  in  2's-4's,  1-3  dm.  long:  pistillate  spikelets  7-10  mm.  long;  stami- 
nate  spikelets  7-10  mm.  long. — Lower  Susquehanna  valley.  Bather  rare,  on 
river  banks  and  islands. — Schists. — Spr. — GAMA-GRASS  or  SESAME-GRASS. 

2.  SCHIZACHYRIUM  Nees.     Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  tufted,  or  from 
rootstocks7  with  flat  or  involute  leaf -blades,  and  spike-like  racemes,  singly  dis- 
posed, terminating  the  stem  or  its  branches.     Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of 
the  articulated  and  frequently  hairy  rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedicellate. 
Sessile  spikelet  of  4  scales,  the  outer  2  indurated,  sometimes  pubescent,  the 
remainder  of  the  scales  hyaline,  the  fourth  scale  entire  or  2 -toothed  at  the  apex, 
bearing  a  straight,  contorted  or  spiral  awn;  palet  small,  hyaline.     Pedicellate 
spikelet  sterile,  of  1  or  2  scales,  or  wanting.     Stamens  1-3.     Styles  distinct. 

1.  S.  scoparium  (Michx.)  Nash.  Plants  green  or  purplish,  sometimes  glaucous. 
Stems  tufted,  4.5-15  dm.  tall :  leaf -blades  5  dm.  long  or  less,  8  mm.  wide  or  less : 
racemes  3-6  cm.  long:  sessile  spikelet  5-7  mm.  long,  the  awn  geniculate,  8-15 
mm.  long;  pedicellate  spikelet  2-4.5  mm.  long. — Common,  in  old  fields  and  on 
roadsides. — -Sum.  and  fall.  —  BROOM-GRASS.  BEARD-GRASS. 

3.  ANDROPOGON  [Eoyen]  L.    Perennial  grasses,  tufted  or  from  elongate 
rootstocks,  with  flat  or  involute  leaf -blades,  and  spike-like  racemes,  disposed  in 
pairs  or  sometimes  in  3  's  or  more,  terminating  the  stem  or  its  branches,  and 
often  protruding  from  the  side  of  a  membranous  spathe-like  sheath.     Spikelets 
sometimes  with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  the  base,  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the 
articulated  and  frequently  hairy  rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedicellate.    Sessile 
spikelet  of  4  scales,  the  outer  2  indurated,  often  pubescent,  the  remainder  of  the 
scales  usually  hyaline,  the  fourth  scale  entire  or  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  a 
straight  contorted  or  spiral  awn,  or  sometimes  awnless;   palet  small,  hyaline. 
Pedicellate  spikelet  usually  sterile,  of  1  or  2  scales,  sometimes  of  four  scales  and 
enclosing  a  staminate  or  more  rarely  a  perfect  flower,  or  frequently  entirely 
wanting,    the    first    scale    rarely    short-awned.      Stamens    1-3.  —  BEARD-GRASS. 
BROOM-GRASS.    SAND-GRASS. 

Pedicellate  spikelet  much  smaller  tban  the  sessile  one,  sterile,  with  1  or  2  scales. 
Inflorescence   with   its   branches   many   times   divided,   the    lower   ones   elongate, 
thus  forming  a  corymbiform  mass   or  masses  :   upper  stem-leaves  usually   ex- 
ceeding the  inflorescence.  1.  A.  corymbosus. 
Inflorescence  with  its   branches   not   much   divided  and   the 
lower  branches  not  excessively   elongate,   hence   long   and 
narrow :    upper    steml-leaves    usually    shorter    than    the 
inflorescence.                                                                                        2.  A.  virginicus. 
Pedicellate  spikelet  as  large  as  the  sessile  one  or  larger,  con- 
sisting of  4  scales,  with  a  staminate  flower,  or  rarely  a  per- 
fect flower.                                                                                                    3.  A.  furcatus. 

1.  A.  corymbosus  (Chapm.)  Nash:     Stems  4-10  dm  tall:  stem-leaves  with  blades 
3  dm.  long  or  less,  5  mm.  wide  or  less,  rough:  spathes  very  rough,  tightly  en- 
rolled around  the  peduncle :  racemes  in  pairs,  2-3  cm.  long :  sessile  spikelet  4-5 
mm.  long,  the  awn  12-13  mm.  long;  pedicellate  spikelet  usually  present  as  a 
subulate  scale.  —  N.  M.     Eather  rare,  mostly  in  swamps.  —  Pall. 

2.  A.  virginicus  L.     Stems  tufted,  5-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  4  dm.  long  or  less, 
2-5  mm.  wide:  spathes  3-5  cm.  long,  extending  beyond  the  racemes:  racemes  in 
pairs,  2-3  cm.  long:  sessile  spikelet  3-4  mm.  long,  the  awn  straight,  10-15  mm. 
long;  pedicellate  spikelet  wanting,  or  rarely  present  as  a  minute  scale. — Eather 
common,  especially  in  old  fields.  —  Fall. 

3.  A.  furcatus  Muhl.     Stems  1-2  m.  tall :  leaf -blades  6  dm.  long  or  less,  12  mm. 
wide  or  less:  racemes  in  2*8^6*8,  5-10  cm.  long:  sessile  spikelet  7-10  mm.  long, 


POACEAE.  13 

the  awn  7-15  mm.  long,  geniculate,  twisted  at  the  base;  pedicellate  spikelet  as 
large  as  the  sessile,  staminate,  awnless.  —  Common,  generally  in  rather  moist 
soil.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

4.  SORGHASTRUM  Nash.     Usually  tall  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaf- 
blades  and  terminal  panicles  with  the  primary  branches  usually  solitary  and 
branched  from  the  base,  hence  appearing  as  if  whorled.     Sessile  spikelets  dor- 
sally  compressed,  of  4  scales,  the  outer  2  indurated,  often  hairy,  the  third  and 
fourth  scales  hyaline,  the  latter  long-awned,  the  awn  spiral  at  the  base.     Pedi- 
cellate spikelets  wanting,  or  very  rarely  present  as  a  minute  rudiment,  usually 
only  the  hairy  pedicels  present,  a  single  one  at  the  side  of  each  sessile  spikelet, 
or  2,  one  on  each  side,  at  the  end  of  the  branches.     Stamens  3. 

1.  S.  nutans  (L.)  Nash.  Stems  1-2.5  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  6  dm.  long  or  less,  13 
mm.  wide  or  less,  very  rough:  panicle  2-5  dm.  long,  loose,  the  apex  usually  nod- 
ding: spikelet  6-8  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  the  awn  1—1.5  cm.  long. — N.  S.  Com- 
mon, in  old  fields  and  on  roadsides.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  INDIAN- 
GRASS.  WOOD-GRASS. 

5.  PASPALUM  L.     Usually  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaf -blades  and  an 
inflorescence  composed  of  one  or  more  unilateral  racemes,  arranged  singly,  in 
pairs,  or  in  panicles.     Spikelets  1-flowered,  obtuse,  or  rarely  short-acuminate, 
nearly  sessile  or  short-pedicelled,  alternately  disposed,  singly  or  in  pairs,  in  2 
rows  on  one  side  of  a  narrow  and  usually  winged  rachis.     Scales  3,  rarely  4,  the 
2  outer,  rarely  3,  empty,  membranous,  usually  equal  in  length,  the  flowering 
scales  glabrous  and  shining,  more  or  less  convex,  with  its  back  turned  toward  the 
rachis,  at  length  indurated,  enfolding  a  shorter  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a 
perfect  flower.     Stamens  3. 

Plants  without  raceme-bearing  branches  from  the  uppermost  sheath. 
Spikelets  oval,  %  as  thick  as  broad  or  more,  the  outer  scales  firm. 

1.  P.  laeve. 
Spikelets    circular    or   nearly    so,    about    %    as    thick    as 

broad,  the  outer  scales  very  thin.  2.  P.  circulare. 

Plants    with    raceme-bearing    branches    from    the    uppermost 

sheath.  3.  P.  Muhlenbergii. 

1.  P.    laeve    Michx.     Stems    tufted,    3-6    dm.    tall:    leaf -sheaths    compressed, 
glabrous;  blades  short,  those  on  the  stem  usually  less  than  1.5  dm.  long,  5-8  mm. 
wide,  pubescent  above  near  the  base:  racemes  2  or  3,  spreading,  4-8  cm.  long: 
spikelets  glabrous,  oval,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  2-2.5  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  pas- 
tures and  fields  and  on  roadsides. 

2.  P.  circulare  Nash.     Stems  tufted,  4-8  dm.  tall:   leaf -sheaths  hirsute  with 
long  hairs,  compressed ;  blades  2  dm.  long  or  less,  5-8  mm.  wide,  glabrous  beneath 
or   hirsute   along   the   midnerve,   the   upper    surface   hirsute   with   long   hairs: 
racemes  2-4,  spreading  or  ascending,  4-6  cm.  long:   spikelets  glabrous,  about 
2.5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  S.     Eare,  in  moist  soil.  —  Schists. 

3.  P.  Muhlenbergii  Nash.     Stems  tufted,  at  first  erect,  finally  reclining,  4-8 
dm.  tall,  smooth  and  glabrous:  leaf -blades  0.5-2  dm.  long,  rarely  longer,  usually 
7-11  mm.  wide,  or  sometimes  narrower,  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  usually  long 
hairs,  more  or  less  pubescent  on  both  surfaces  with  long  hairs:  racemes  5-10  cm. 
long:  spikelets  glabrous,  about  2  mm.  long  and  1.8  mm.  wide,  oval  or  broadly 
obovate.  —  Bather  common,  in  fields  and  thickets. 

6.  SYNTHERISMA  Walt.     Annual  grasses,  with  flat  leaf -blades  and  an 
inflorescence  composed  of  spike-like  racemes  which  are  disposed  in  whorls,  or 
scattered  and  approximate,  at  the  summit  of  the  stems.    Spikelets  narrow,  acute, 


14  POACEAE. 

in  2  's  or  3  's  on  one  side  of  the  flat  and  winged  or  triangular  rachis,  one  of  the 
spikelets  generally  longer-pedicelled  than  the  rest.  Scales  3  or  4,  the  3  outer 
membranous,  the  first  small  or  wanting,  the  fourth  scale  ehartaceous,  glabrous 
and  shining,  at  length  indurated,  enclosing  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a 
perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  —  CRAB-GRASS. 
FINGER-GRASS. 

Rachis  of  the  racemes  merely  angled  :  first  scale  wanting  or  rarely  rudimentary. 

1.  8.  filifortne. 
Rachis  of  the  racemes  with  the  lateral  angles  winged. 

Foliage  glabrous  :  spikelets  usually  of  3  scales.  2.  8.  humifusum. 

Foliage  pubescent :  spikelets  of  4  scales.  3.  8.  sanguinale. 

1.  S.  filiforme  (L.)   Nash.     Stems  1.5-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  3-20  cm.  long, 
1-4  mm.  wide,  erect:  racemes  2-5,  2-10  cm.  long,  erect  or  ascending,  alternate: 
spikelets  about  1.8  mm.  long,  0.75  mm.  wide,  appressed-pubescent  with  long 

tlandular-tipped  hairs.     [Panicum  filiforme  L.]  —  Common,  on  roadsides  and  in 
elds.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

2.  S.  humifusum  (Pers.)   Eydb.     Stems  2-5  dm.  long:   leaf -blades  1.5-15  cm. 
long,  2.5-6  mm.  wide:  racemes  2-5,  2-8  cm.  long:  spikelets  slightly  exceeding  2 
mm.  long,  appressed-pubescent,  the  second  about  equalling  the  third,  the  fourth 
deep  chestnut-brown  when  mature.  —  Bather  rare,  in  waste  grounds  and  fields. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

3.  S.  sanguinale  (L.)  Dulac.    Stems  1  m.  long  or  less:  lower  leaf -sheaths  densely 
papillose-hirsute;  blades  4-20  cm.  wide,  more  or  less  papillose-hirsute:  racemes 
3-10,  5-18  cm.  long:  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long,  appressed-pubescent,  the  second 
scale  about  \  as  long  as  the  spikelets,  the  fourth  yellowish-white  when  mature. 
—  Common,  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

7.  ECHINOCHIiOA  Beauv.     Often  tall  grasses,  with  flat  leaf -blades,  the 
inflorescence  composed  of  several  to  many  unilateral  more  or  less  spreading 
spike-like  racemes.     Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  lanceolate  to   ovate  or  orbicular- 
ovate,  crowded  in  small  clusters  or  racemes  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the  flat 
rachis.     Scales  4,  the  3  outer  membranous,  spiny-hirsute  or  hispid  externally, 
the  first  much  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  often  awn-pointed,  the  second  and  third 
awn-pointed  or  awned  (rarely  awnless),  the  latter  bearing  the  longer  awn  and 
rarely  enclosing  a  palet  and  sometimes  also  a  staminate  flower;  fourth  scale 
ehartaceous,  glabrous   and  shining,   at  length  indurated,   acute  or  acuminate, 
enclosing  a  shorter  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower. 

1.  E.  Cms-galli  (L.)  Beauv.  Stems  6-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1.5-6  dm  long, 
6^25  mm.  wide:  panicle  of  5-15  branches:  spikelets  ovate,  about  4  mm.  long, 
exclusive  of  the  awn,  hispidulous,  hispid  on  the  nerves.  —  Common,  in  cultivated 
soil.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  BARNYARD-GRASS. 

8.  PANICUM  L.    Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  varying  much  in  habit,  with 
elongate  or  flat  and  broad  leaf -blades,  and  the  spikelets  in  open  or  contracted 
panicles.     Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  lanceolate,  oblong,  ovate  to  obovate  or  glo- 
bose, obtuse  to  acute  or  acuminate.     Scales  4,  the  3  outer  membranous,  the 
first  and  second  empty,  the  first  usually  much  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  some- 
times minute,  the  third  one  empty  or  enclosing  a  shorter  hyaline  palet  and 
often  also  a  staminate  flower;  fourth  scale  shorter  and  usually  more  obtuse  than 
the  others,  ehartaceous,  glabrous  and  shining,  at  length  indurated,  enclosing  a 
palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  —  PANIC-GRASS. 


POACEAE. 


15 


2.  P.  philadelphicum. 

3.  P.  flexile. 

4.  P.  miliaceum. 

5.  P.  dichotomiflorum. 

6.  P.  virgatum. 


7.  P.  agrostoides. 

8.  P.  longifolium. 

9.  P.  stipitatum. 
10.  P.  anceps. 


Leaves    elongate:    spikelets    lanceolate   to    ovate,    commonly    the   former,    acute    or 

acuminate. 
Lower  leaf-sheaths  terete  or  but  little  flattened,  not  keeled. 

Stems  finally  branched :  plants  without  long  rootstocks  or  stolons. 
Sheaths  very  pubescent. 

Spikelets  lanceolate,  3  mm.  long  or  less. 

Stems    stout :    panicle    usually    included    at    the    base,    its    many 
branches  repeatedly  divided  and  bearing  numerous  spikelets. 

1.  P.  capillare. 

Stems   slender :    panicle   exserted,   its  few 
branches  but  little  divided  and  bear- 
ing comparatively  few  spikelets. 
Spikelets  2  mm.  long,  acute. 
Spikelets  3  mm.  long,  acuminate. 
Spikelets  ovate,  5  mm.  long  or  more. 
Sheaths  glabrous. 

Stems  simple,  from  long  stout  rootstocks. 
Lower  leaf-sheaths  much  compressed,  broad,  keeled,  often 

equitant. 
Plants  with  no  long  rootstocks. 

Fourth  scale  of  the  spikelet  sessile. 

Ligule  naked  :  stems  finally  much  branched. 
Ligule  ciliate  :  stems  simple  or  nearly  so. 
Fourth  scale  of  the  spikelet  distinctly  stalked. 
Plants  with  long  scaly  rootstocks. 

Leaves  not  elongate,  except  in  nos.  11  and  12  :  rosulate  tufts 
of  leaves  often  present  in  the  fall :  spikelets  oval  to 
obovate  or  globose,  obtuse,  or  rarely  acutish  (acute 
in  no.  12). 

Middle  leaf-blades  of  the  main  stem  less  than  1.5  cm. 
broad,  usually  less  than  1  cm.,  the  base  rounded 
or  truncate,  rarely  subcordate,  sometimes  nar- 
rowed. 

Leaf-blades  elongate,  erect  or  nearly  so,  narrow,  dis- 
tinctly  narrowed   toward   the   base,   especially 
the  lower  ones. 
Spikelets     less     than     3     mm.     long,    obtuse     or 

acutish,  pubescent. 

Spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  acute,  glabrous. 
Leaf-blades  not  elongate,  lanceolate,  not  manifestly 

narrowed  toward  the  base. 

Stems,  leaf-blades   and  sheaths  glabrous,   or  the 
latter    two    parts    merely    ciliate    on    the 
margins. 
Spikelets  glabrous. 

Nodes  of  the  stem  naked. 
Nodes  of  the  stem  densely  barbed. 
Spikelets  pubescent. 
Stems,    leaf-blades,    or   sheaths,    or    all    of   them 

pubescent. 
Spikelets  2.5  mm.  long  or  less. 

Leaf-blades  glabrous,  or  sometimes  pubes- 
cent beneath. 

Spikelets  about  1.25  mm.  long :  stems 
glabrous. 


11.  P.  linearifolium. 

12.  P.  depauperatum. 


13.  P.  dichotomum. 

14.  P.  microcarpon. 
19.  P.  sphaerocarpon. 


Spikelets   about   2.5   mm.    long :   stems 

puberulent. 
Leaf-blades    strongly    pubescent    beneath, 

usually  also  above. 
Hairs   on  the  lower  surface  long  and 

stiff. 
Hairs   on   the   lower  surface   soft   and 

copious. 

Spikelets  exceeding  3  mm.  in  length. 
Middle  leaf-blades  of  the  main  stem  1.5  cm.  wide,  often 

3  cm.,  the  base  cordate  and  clasping. 
Spikelets  less  than  3  mm.  long. 

Spikelets    about    1.5    mm.    long :    panicle    oblong 

and  dense  :  stems  simple. 

Spikelets  more  than   2  mm.  long :  panicle  ovoid 
and  open  :  stems  branched. 


15.  P.  Lindheimeri. 
22.  P.  Ashei. 


16.  P.  Huachucae. 


17.  P.  tennesseense. 

18.  P.  Scribnerianum. 


20.  P.  polyanthes. 


Leaf-sheaths  glabrous. 

Leaf-sheaths    papillose-hispid,    especially 

short  terminal  ones  on  branches. 
Spikelets  3  mm.  long  or  more. 
Nodes  naked. 
Nodes  manifestly  and  copiously  barbed. 


the 


21.  P.  commutatum. 

24.  P.  clandestinum. 

23.  P.  latifolium. 

25.  P.Boscii. 


16  POACEAE. 

1.  P.  capillare  L.     Stems  3-6  dm.  tall,  simple,  or  branched  near  the  base,  stout : 
leaf -sheaths  usually  purplish,  papillose-hirsute ;  blades  1.5-8  dm.  long,  6-16  mm. 
wide,  pubescent:  primary  panicle  2-3.5  dm.  long,  the  lateral  panicles  smaller: 
spikelets  very  numerous,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate.  —  Common,  in 
waste  grounds  and  cultivated  soil.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

2.  P.  philadelphicum  Bernh.     Stems   erect,   2-6   dm.   tall,   slender,   somewhat 
branched  at  the  base:  leaf -sheaths  hirsute;  blades  5—10  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide, 
erect,  pubescent :  panicle  10-23  cm.  long :  spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long,  elliptic, 
acute.  —  S.     Rather  rare,  borders  of  woodland.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

3.  P.  flexile  (Gattinger)   Scribn.     Stems  erect,  1.5-4.5  dm.  tall,  slender:  leaf- 
sheaths  papillose-hirsute;   blades  10-23  cm.  long,  4—6  mm.  wide,  erect,  long- 
acuminate,  pubescent:    panicle   1-2.5   dm.   long:    spikelets  about   3   mm.  long, 
acuminate.  —  M.     Eare,  in  moist  soil,  Dillerville  swamp.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum. 
and  fall. 

4.  P.  miliaceum  L.     Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  3  dm.  tall  or  more :  leaf -sheaths 
papillose-hirsute;   blades  1-2.5  dm.  long,  8-25  mm.  wide,  pubescent:    panicle 
rather  dense,  1-2.5  dm.  long:   spikelets  5  mm.  long,  acuminate.  —  M.     Eather 
rare,  in  waste  or  cultivated  grounds.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  MILLET. 

5.  P.  dichotomiflorum  Michx.     Stems  at  first  erect,  3-6  dm.  tall,  simple,  later 
decumbent,  1-1.5  m.  long,  branched  at  all  the  upper  nodes:  leaf -sheaths  loose, 
glabrous,  somewhat  flattened;  blades  1.5-6  dm.  long,  4-20  mm.  wide:   panicle 
pyramidal,  1-4  dm.  long :  spikelets  2-3  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acute.  —  Common, 
on  roadsides  and  in  moist  soil.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

6.  P.  virgatum  L.     Glabrous.     Stems  erect,  9-15   dm.  tall:    leaf -blades  elon- 
gate, 3  dm.  long  or  more,  6-12  mm.  wide,  flat:  panicle  1.5-5  dm.  long:  spike- 
lets  ovate,  acuminate,  4—4.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  moist  pastures,  and  on 
roadsides  and  river  banks.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

7.  P.  agrostoides  Muhl.     Stems  4-8  dm.  tall,  much  branched,  compressed:  leaf- 
blades  3  dm.  long  or  more,  4-8  mm.  wide:  panicle  pyramidal,  1-3  dm.  long,  its 
branches  spreading:   spikelets  1.5-2'  mm.  long,  acute,  straight.  —  Frequent,  in 
moist  grounds.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

8.  P.  longifolium  Torr.     Stems  3-6.5  dm.  tall,  slender,  usually  simple:  leaf- 
blades  2-3  dm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide:  panicle  1-2.5  dm.  long:   spikelets  2  mm. 
long,  acuminate.  —  S.     Eare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

9.  P.   stipitatum  Nash.     Stems   erect,    9-15    dm,    tall,   much   branched:    leaf- 
blades  3  dm.  long  or  more,  4-8  mm.  wide,  acuminate :  panicle  pyramidal,  1-3  dm. 
long:   spikelets  about  2.5  mm.  long,  acuminate,  the  fourth  scale  on  a  delicate 
stalk  about  0.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  pastures  and  moist  soil.  —  Sum. 

10.  P.  anceps  Michx.     Stems  erect,  4-15  dm.  tall,  branched:  leaf -blades  3  dm. 
long  or  more,  4-10  mm.  wide:  panicles  1.5-3  dm.  long:   spikelets  2.5-3.5  mm. 
long,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  curved  at  the  apex.  —  Common,  in  meadows  and  low 
grounds.  —  Sum. 

11.  P.  linearifolium  Scribn.     Stems  tufted,  slender,  erect,  simple,  1.5-4  dm. 
tall:  leaf -blades  elongate,  7-25  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide:  primary  panicle  loose 
and  open,  4-10  cm.  long:  spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  aeutish,  pubescent 
with  spreading  hairs.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil,  mostly  on  banks.  —  Sum. 

12.  P.  depauperatum  Muhl.     Stems  erect,  3  dm.  tall  or  less,  simple :  leaf -blades 
8-15  cm.  long,  elongate,  1-4  mm.  wide:    primary  panicle  much  exserted,  2-8 
cm.  long,  usually  linear :  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  glabrous,  acute.  —  Common,  on 
dry  banks.  —  Sum. 

13.  P.  dichotomum  L.     Light  green,  glabrous,  or  the  lower  nodes  sometimes 
barbed.    Stems  tufted,  slender,  2-6  dm.  tall,  rarely  taller,  finally  much  branched 
about  the  middle:   leaf -blades  widely  spreading,  linear-lanceolate,  the  primary 


POACEAE.  17 

ones  4-8  cm.  long,  usually  4-8  mm.  wide,  rarely  wider,  those  on  the  branches 
much  smaller,  often  involute:  panicle  4-8  cm.  long,  broadly  ovate:  spikelets 
rather  few,  1.75-2  mm.  long  and  0.8-1  mm.  wide,  elliptic,  glabrous.  —  Common, 
on  roadsides  and  in  thickets.  —  Sum. 

14.  P.   microcarpon   Muhl.     Glabrous.     Stems   densely   tufted,   at   first   erect, 
finally  much  branched  and  decumbent,  the  nodes  strongly  barbed  with  silky  some- 
what reflexed  hairs:    primary  leaf -blades  spreading,   sometimes  somewhat   re- 
flexed,  usually  6-10  cm.  long,  8^15  mm.  wide,  lanceolate,  the  blades  on  the 
branches  much  smaller:    panicle  finally  much  exserted,   7—11  cm.   long,  oval: 
spikelets  1.5-1.8  mm.  long  and  about  0.8  mm.  broad,  elliptic,  glabrous.     [P. 
nitidum  var.  barbulatum  (Michx.)  Wood.] — Eather  common,  in  moist  grounds 
and  thickets.  —  Sum. 

15.  P.  Lindheimeri  Nash.     Stems  tufted,  4-8  dm.  tall,  glabrous,  finally  much 
branched:  leaf -blades  erect,  glabrous,  or  the  lower  surface  sometimes  minutely 
pubescent  with  short  hairs,  ciliate  at  'the  base,  the  primary  ones  2-8  cm.  long, 
3-8  mm.  wide,  lanceolate,  firm,  the  blades  on  the  branches  much  smaller :  panicle 
3-8  cm.  long,  broadly  ovoid:  spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long  and  0.8  mm.  wide, 
obovoid.  —  S.     Frequent,  on  dry  sandy  banks.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

16.  P.   Huachucae   Ashe.     Stems   at   first   erect    and   simple,   later   profusely 
branched  and  leaning  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  pubescent:  leaf -sheaths  hirsute, 
often  papillose;  blades  hirsute,  especially  beneath,  erect  or  spreading,  those  on 
the  main   stem  5-8  cm.   long,  those   on   the  branches  much   shorter:    primary 
panicle  less  than  8  cm.  long,  ovoid :  spikelets  hardly  2  mm.  long.     [P.  pubescens 
A.  Gray,  not  Lam.]  —  Common,  in  dry  soil.  —  Sum. 

17.  P.  tennesseense  Ashe.     Stems  tufted,  4-6  dm.  tall,  rather  weak  and  ascend- 
ing, papillose-hirsute   with  long   spreading  hairs,   finally   much  branched   and 
prostrate:    leaf -sheaths    densely   papillose-hirsute    with   long   spreading   hairs; 
blades  ascending,  lanceolate,  the  upper  surface  with  scattered  hairs,  the  primary 
blades  4-10  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide,  those  on  the  branches  much  shorter  and 
spreading  with  the  upper  surface  nearly  glabrous:  panicle  7-10  cm.  long,  ovoid, 
its  branches  ascending:  spikelets  1.7-2  mm.  long,  0.8^0.9  mm.  wide,  elliptic  or 
obovoid.  —  M.   S.     Eather  rare,  in   dry  soil.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum. 

18.  P.  Scribnerianum  Nash.     Stems  tufted,  erect,  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  simple,  finally 
dichotomously  branched  above:    leaf -sheaths   strongly   papillose-hispid;    blades 
5-10   cm.   long,   6-12   mm.  wide,  spreading,  glabrous:    primary  panicle  ovoid, 
4-8  cm.  long:   spikelets  turgid,  obovoid,  about  3  mm.  long,  glabrous,  or  some- 
times pubescent  with  short  spreading  hairs.  —  S.     Eather  rare,  in  dry  thickets. 
—  Schists.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

19.  P.  sphaerocarpon  Ell.     Stems  generally  erect,  simple  or  somewhat  branched 
at  the  base,  2.5-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  5-10  cm.  long,  4-14  mm.  wide,  rough 
above,  smooth  beneath,  the  margins  cartilaginous  and  minutely  serrulate,  ciliate 
toward  the  base:  panicle  ovoid,  5-10  cm.  long:  spikelets  less  than  2  mm.  long, 
nearly  spherical,  or  a  little  longer  than  thick,  obtuse.  —  M.   S.     Eather  rare, 
in  dry  woods  and  thickets.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum. 

20.  P.  polyanthes  Schult.     Stems  generally  erect,  6-9  dm.  tall,  simple,  gla- 
brous: leaf -blades  1-2  dm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide,  long-acuminate,  smooth,  cor- 
date-clasping and  sparingly  ciliate  at  the  base :  panicle  7-20  cm.  long,  ovoid  to 
oblong:  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  obovoid  to  nearly  spherical,  numerous,  puberu- 
lent.  —  Common,  along  the   Susquehanna.     In  dry  thickets  or  woods.  —  Lime- 
stones, schists.  —  Sum. 

21.  P.  commutatum  E.  &  S.     Stems  tufted,  glabrous,  erect,  3-6  dm.  tall,  finally 
rather  sparingly  branched :  leaf -blades  ciliate  on  the  margin,  otherwise  glabrous, 
cordate  and  clasping  at  the  base,  those  on  the  stem  larger  than  the  basal  ones, 
5-12  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  ovate-lanceolate:  panicle  5-10  cm.  long,  broadly 
ovoid:  spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long  and  about  1  mm.  wide,  elliptic,  obtuse  or  acutish, 

Lancaster  County  Flora  2. 


18  POACEAE. 

pubescent.  —  S.,  especially  along  the  Susquehanna.  Bather  rare  in  woods.  — 
Schists.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

22.  P.  Ashei  G.  Pearson.     Stems  tufted,  2-4  dm.  tall,  erect,  usually  sparingly 
branched,  rarely  much  branched  and  prostrate,  puberulent:  leaf -blades  lanceo- 
late, sparsely  ciliate  at  the  base,  with  long  hairs,  usually  5-8  cm.  long,  6-10  mm. 
wide,  a  little  cordate  at  the  base,  the  upper  blades  about  the  same  length,  the 
lower  ones  shorter,  the  early  basal  blades  ciliate:  panicle  5—7  cm.  long:  spike- 
lets  about  2.3  mm.  long  and  about  1  mm.  wide,  elliptic.  —  Lower  Susquehanna 
valley.     Eather  rare,  in  woods.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

23.  P.  latifolium  L.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  or  somewhat  branched 
above:  leaf -blades  7-18  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  cordate-clasping  at  the  base, 
acuminate,  ciliate:  panicle  8-15  cm.  long:  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  turgid,  oval 
to  obovoid,  pubescent.  —  Frequent,  in  woods.  —  Sum. 

24.  P.  clandestinum  L.     Stems  tufted,  6-14  dm.  tall,  the  branches  clothed  with 
the  papillose-hispid  overlapping  leaf -sheaths :  leaf -blades  ciliate  at  the  cordate 
and  clasping  base,  the  primary  ones  1—2  dm.  long,  1.5—2.5  cm.  wide,  acuminate, 
lanceolate,  those  on  the  branches  ovate-lanceolate  and  usually  less  than  1  dm. 
long:   primary  panicle  long-exserted,  9—12   cm.   long,  broadly  ovate,  the  later 
panicles  wholly  or  partially  concealed  in  the  sheaths:  spikelets  2.7—3  mm.  long 
and   about   1.3   mm.   wide,   elliptic,   pubescent   with   spreading  hairs.  —  M.    S. 
Eather  common,  in  moist  soil.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum. 

25.  P.  Boscii  Poir.     Stems  tufted,  erect,  pubescent  or  glabrous,  finally  branch- 
ing: leaf -sheaths  glabrous,  or  softly  pubescent;  blades  ovate-lanceolate,  cordate 
and  clasping  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  6-12  cm.  long,  2^4  cm.  wide: 
panicle  6-12  cm.  long:  spikelets  4-6  mm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  wide,  the  scales  dis- 
tant, pubescent  with  long  weak  hairs.  —  Eather  common,  in  woods.  —  Sum. 

9.  CHAETOCHItOA  Scribn.  Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  usually 
flat,  sometimes  complanate,  leaf -blades  and  dense  terminal  cylindric  spike-like 
or  narrowly  thyrsoid  panicles.  Spikelets  with  one  or  a  cluster  of  2-several 
sterile  barbed  bristle-like  persistent  branches.  Scales  4,  the  3  outer  membranous, 
the  first  often  very  short  and  together  with  the  larger  second  one  empty,  the 
third  scale  frequently  longer  than  the  second,  empty,  or  rarely  enclosing  a  palet 
and  also  sometimes  a  staminate  flower,  the  fourth  scale  usually  shorter  than  the 
spikelet,  chartaceous,  glabrous,  shining,  often  transversely  rugose,  finally  indu- 
rated, obtuse,  enclosing  a  shorter  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  elongate.  Stigmas  plumose.  [Setaria  Beauv., 
not  Achar.]  —  FOXTAIL.  FOXTAIL-GRASS. 

Inflorescence  with  the  spikelets  racemosely  arranged :  bristles  5-16  at  the  base  of 

each  spikelet,  involucrate.  1.  C.  glauca. 

Inflorescence    with    the    spikelets    in    clusters    or    on    branches : 

bristles  1-3  at  the  base  of  each  spikelet,  not  involucrate. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed.  2.  C.  verticillata. 

Bristles  upwardly  barbed. 

Panicle   usually   1   cm.   thick   or   less :   bristles   commonly 

green :  spikelets  about  a  mm.  long.  3.  C.  viridis. 

Panicle   usually   2-3   cm.    thick :   bristles   usually   purple : 

spikelets  2.5-3  mm.  long.  4.  C.  italica. 

1.  C.  glauca  (L.)  Scribn.  Stems  tufted,  3-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1.5  dm. 
long  or  less,  4-8  mm.  wide,  glaucous,  at  least  the  lower  ones  pilose  near  the 
base  on  the  upper  surface:  racemes  dense,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter,  2-10  cm. 
long:  spikelets  broadly  ovoid,  3  mm.  long  and  2  mm.  wide,  the  acute  flowering 
scale  striate,  coarsely  transversely  rugose.  —  Common,  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  PIGEON-GRASS. 


POACEAE.  19 

2.  C.  verticillata  (L.)   Scribn.     Steins  3-6  dm.  tall,  erect  or  ascending:  leaf- 
blades  7-18  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide:  bristles  flexuous,  3-6  mm.  long:  spikelets 
narrowly  elliptic-ovate,  acute,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scale  rounded  at 
the  shortly  apiculate  apex,  smooth,  or  with  very  fine  transverse  wrinkles  below 
the  middle.  —  M.     Eather  rare,  in  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds.     Nat. 
of  Eu.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum. 

3.  C.  viridis  (L.)  Scribn.     Stems  tufted,  2-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  3  dm.  long 
or  less,  4-10  mm.  wide:  panicles  2-10  cm.  long,  green:  bristles  1-1.5  cm.  long: 
spikelets  about  2  mm.  long,  elliptic.  —  Common,  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  BOTTLE-GRASS. 

4.  C.  italica  (L.)   Scribn.     Stems  simple,  or  branched  at  the  base:  leaf -blades 
long-acuminate,  2-4:  dm.  long,  1.5-3  cm.  wide,  rough:  panicles  dense,  xsylindrie, 
8^20  cm.  long,  2-3  em.  in  diameter,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  both  ends:  bristles 
1-3,  3-10  mm.  long,  often  shorter  than  the  spikelets  or  nearly  wanting:  spike- 
lets  elliptic,  2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  Eather  rare,  in  fields  and  waste  places.     Nat. 
of  Eu.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  HUNGARIAN-GRASS. 

10.  CENCHRTJS  L.     Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat,  convolute  or 
complanate  leaf-blades   and   terminal   spikes.     Spikelets   2-6,   in   an   ovate   or 
globose  involucre,  consisting  of  two  thick  hard  valves  which  are  exteriorly  armed 
with  stout  spines  and  sometimes  also  with  basal  bristles  which  are  thickened  at 
the  base,  the  involucres  articulated  to  the  rachis  and  readily  deciduous,  carry- 
ing the  persistent  spikelets  with  them.     Scales  4;  awnless,  the  first  and  second 
empty,  the  first  small  or  minute,  the  third  equalling  or  longer  than  the  second, 
enclosing   a   palet   and   also   sometimes   a   staminate   flower,   the   fourth   scale 
chartaceous,  firmer,  enclosing  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower. 
Stamens  3.    Styles  often  connate  at  the  very  base.     Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  C.  carolinianus  Walt.  Stems  at  first  erect,  later  prostrate  and  forming  mats, 
2-6  dm.  long,  branching:  leaf -blades  6-12  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide:  spikes  3-6 
cm.  long:  involucres  6-20,  3-5  mm.  broad,  enclosing  2  spikelets,  pubescent, 
the  spines  3-4  mm.  long:  spikelets  6-7  mm.  long.  —  Eather  common,  in  sandy 
soil.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  BUR-GRASS.  SAND-BUR.  SAND-SPUR.  COCKSPUR. 

11.  ZIZANIA  [Gronov.]  L.    Tall  robust  annual  monoecious  aquatic  grasses, 
with  broad  flat  leaf -blades  and  ample  terminal  panicles.    Spikelets  of  two  kinds, 
articulated  below  the  scales,  1-flowered,  each  with  a  more  or  less  prominent 
cartilaginous  ring  at  the  base,  narrow,  the  staminate  readily  deciduous,  on  the 
more  or  less  spreading  lower  branches,  the  pistillate  tardily  deciduous,  on  the 
erect  or  appressed  upper  branches  of  the  panicle.    Scales  2>,  the  first  empty,  the 
second  enclosing  a  flower  but  no  palet:  scales  of  the  staminate  spikelets  mem- 
branous, concave,  acute  or  awn-pointed;  those  of  the  pistillate  spikelets  linear, 
firmer,   involute,   the    first   long-awned,    longer    than   the    awn-pointed   second. 
Stamens  6.    Styles  nearly  distinct.    Stigmas  plumose  with  short  hairs. 

1.  Z.  aquatica  L.  Stems  1-3  m.  tall:  leaf -sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  blades 
1.5—8  dm.  long,  5-25  mm.  broad,  usually  rough:  panicle  2-3  dm.  long:  staminate 
spikelets  7-8  mm.  long:  pistillate  spikelets  12^20  mm.  long,  the  awn  2.5-5  cm. 
long.  — •  Susquehanna  valley.  On  the  shores  of  the  river  and  low  islands.  — 
Sum.  and  fall.  —  WILD-RICE.  INDIAN-RICE.  WATER-OATS. 

12.  HOMALOCENCKBUS    Mieg.     Grasses    of    wet   situations,    with   flat 
leaf -blades  and  usually  open,  rarely  contracted,  terminal  panicles,  the  branches 


20  POACEAE. 

of  which  are  slender.  Spikelets  often  with  a  cartilaginous  ring  at  the  base, 
articulated  below  the  scales,  compressed,  1-flowered.  Scales  2,  compressed- 
keeled,  somewhat  rigid,  awnless,  the  first  scale  empty,  usually  ciliate  on  the 
keel,  broader  than  the  second  which  encloses  a  perfect  flower  but  no  palet. 
Stamens  1-6.  Styles  short  or  slender,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose  with  branched 
hairs.  [Leersia  Sw.,  not  Hedw.]  —  CUT-GRASS. 

Panicle-branches  singly  disposed,  usually  less  than  8  :  stamens  1  or  2. 

1.  H.  virginicus. 

Panicle-branches,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  in  whorls   or  approxi- 
mate in  pairs,   usually  exceeding  15  :  stamens  3.  2.  H.  oryzoides. 

1.  H.  virginicus    (Willd.)   Britton.     Stems  6-13  dm.  tall,  slender,  pubescent 
at  the  nodes:   leaf -blades  erect  or  ascending,  3-20  cm.  long,  2—11  mm.  wide: 
panicle  6-20  cm.  long,  its  branches  finally   spreading,   slender :    stamens  2.  — 
Eather  common,  in  swamps  and  wet  places.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  WHITE-GRASS. 

2.  H.  oryzoides   (L.)   Poll.     Stems  8-15  dm.  tall,  often  rooting  at  the  lower 
nodes:  leaf -blades  6-20  cm.  long,  5—13  mm.  wide:  panicle  1-2  dm.  long:  spike- 
lets  4-4.5  mm.  long,  about  1.5  mm.  broad,  the  keels  aculeate,  the  surface  hispidu- 
lous :   stamens  3.  —  Rather  common,  in  swamps.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  RICE  CUT- 
GRASS. 

13.  PHAiARIS  L.     Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaf -blades  and 
terminal    panicles    which    are    cylindric    and    spike-like,    capitate,    or    densely 
thyrsoid   and   somewhat   interrupted.     Spikelets   articulated    above    the    empty 
scales,  compressed,  1-flowered,  crowded.     Scales  5,  the  2  lower  persistent,  larger 
than  the  rest,  thin-paleaceous,  compressed-keeled,  the  keel  usually  more  or  less 
winged,  sometimes'  wingless,  awnless;  third  and  fourth  scales  shorter,  very  thin 
and  narrowly  lanceolate,  sometimes  reduced  to  bristles,  or  rarely  one  of  them 
wanting;    a   fifth  scale   chartaceous,   at   length  indurated,   awnless,  sometimes 
pointed,   obscurely   3-5-nerved,   the   midnerve   sometimes   obsolete,   enclosing   a 
faintly  2-nerved  palet  of   similar  texture  and   a  perfect   flower.     Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelets  not  winged  :  panicle  elongate.  1.  P.  arundinacea. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelets  winged  :  panicle  short.  2.  P.  canariensis. 

1.  P.  arundinacea  L.     Stems  erect,  6-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1-2.5  dm.  long, 
6-14  mm.  wide,  smooth  or  rough:  panicle  7-20  cm.  long,  its  branches  erect  or 
ascending:  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long.     Rather  common,  in  wet  places.  —  Sum. — 
REED  CANARY-GRASS. 

2.  P.   canariensis  L.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect:   leaf -blades  5-30  cm.  long, 
4-12  mm.  wide,  very  rough:  panicle  ovoid  or  oblong,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  in 
diameter :  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  about  towns  and 
cities.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  CANARY-GRASS. 

14.  ANTHOXANTHUM  L.     Erect  aromatic  annual  or  perennial  grasses, 
with  flat  leaf -blades  and  terminal  usually  dense  spike-like  panicles.     Spikelets 
articulated   above   the   empty   scales,   1-flowered,   narrow,   a   little    compressed, 
crowded.     Scales  5,  the  2  outer  persistent,  empty,  acute,  mucronate,  or  short- 
awned,  the  second  longer  than  the  others,  the  third  and  fourth  scales  much 
shorter,  empty,  narrow,  keeled,  awned  at  the  middle  or  near  the  base,  the  fifth 
scale  shorter  than  the  remainder,  hyaline,  obtuse,  awnless,  enclosing  a  1 -nerved 
palet   and  a   perfect   flower.     Stamens   2.     Styles   distinct.     Stigmas   elongate, 
plumose. 


POACEAE.  21 

1.  A.  odoratum  L.  Steins  3-6  dm.  tall,  erect,  tufted:  leaf -blades  1-15  cm. 
long,  2-6  mm.  wide :  panicle  2-6  cm.  long :  spikelets  8  mm.  long. —  Common,  in 
fields  and  pastures.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  SWEET  VERNAL-GRASS. 

15.  ARISTIDA  L.     Tufted  grasses,  with  narrow  and  often  convolute  or 
setaceous  leaf -blades   and   contracted   or   open  panicles,  which   are   sometimes 
nearly  racemose.     Spikelets  1 -flowered,  narrow.     Scales  3,  the  outer  2  mem- 
branous, persistent,  empty,  narrow,  keeled,   awnless,  usually  longer  than  the 
third  scale  which  is  of  firmer  texture,  narrow,  rigid,  strongly  convolute  about 
the  2-nerved  palet  and  the  perfect  flower,  often  with  a  prominent  callus  at  the 
base,  3-awned  from  the  apex,  the  generally  spreading  awns  glabrous  to  plumose, 
the   central  awn   commonly   flexuous,   coiled,  or  bent,  the  lateral  awns   often 
shorter,  occasionally  very  short  and  erect,  the  3  awns  sometimes  more  or  less 
connate  at  the  base  and  the  column  thus  produced  articulated  to  the  scale. 
Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct.    Stigmas  plumose.  —  POVERTY-GRASS.    WIRE-GRASS. 

Central  awn  coiled  at  the  base.  1.  A.  dicUotoma. 
Central  awn  not  coiled  at  the  base. 

First  scale  shorter  than  the  second.  2.  A.  gracilis. 

First  scale  longer  than  the  second.  3.  A.  purpurascens. 

1.  A.  dichotoma  Michx.    Stems  2-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  2-9  cm.  long,  1.5  mm. 
wide  or  less:    panicle  3.5-7  cm.  long,  the  branches  erect:    spikelets  7-9  mm. 
long,  the  2  outer  scales  about  equal  in  length,  or  the  first  a  little  the  shorter, 
usually  awn-pointed,  the  flowering  scale  5-7  mm.  long,  the  lateral  awns  very 
short,  erect,  the  central  awn  spreading,  the  straight  portion  2-5  mm.  long,  rarely 
longer.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

2.  A.  gracilis  Ell.     Stems  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  slender:   leaf -blades  3-12  cm.  long, 
1  mm.  wide  or  less :  panicle  5-15  cm.  long,  its  short  branches  appressed :  spike- 
lets  5-7  mm.  long,  the  2  outer  scales  usually  awn-pointed,  the  flowering  scale 
5—6  mm.  long,  more  or  less  hispidulous,  especially  on  the  keel,  the  central  awn 
spreading,  6-10  mm.  long,  the  lateral  awns  erect,  1-3  mm.  long. — N.     Bare, 
in  sandy  soil.  —  Sandstones  and  shales.  —  Sum. 

3.  A.  purpurascens  Poir.     Stems  3-8>  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  0.5-2  dm.  long,  1-2 
mm.  wide,  flat,  long-acuminate:  panicle  1.5-3  dm,  long,  its  branches  appressed: 
spikelets  9-12  mm.  long,  the  2  outer  scales  1-nerved,  the  first  one  usually  exceed- 
ing the  second,  occasionally  equalling  it,  the  flowering  scale  6—8  mm.  long,  the 
awns  more  or  less  spreading,  especially  the  central  one  which  ia  1.5-2.5  cm. 
long,  the  lateral  awns  from  |  as  long  to  nearly  equalling  it.  —  Lower  Susque- 
hanna  valley.    Bather  rare,  on  the  banks  of  the  river.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

16.  STIPA  L.     Tufted   grasses,   with   convolute   or   flat   leaf -blades   and 
terminal    contracted    or    open,    often    slender,    panicles.     Spikelets   narrow,    1- 
flowered,  usually  few  and  large,  or  sometimes  smaller  and  numerous.     Scales 
3,  the  2  outer  empty,  persistent,  narrow,  keeled,  acute,  rarely  awned,  the  third 
scale  tightly  convolute  about  the  2-nerved  or  2-keeled  palet  and  the  perfect 
flower,  rigid,  narrow,  the  apex  usually  attenuated  into  a  more  or  less  geniculate 
awn   (or  rarely  2-toothed  or  shortly  2-cleft,  with  the  awn  strict  and  arising 
between  the  teeth)  which  is  often  spiral  or  twisted  at  the  base,  and  generally 
deciduous  at  the  articulation  to  the  scale,  rarely  not  articulated  and  persistent. 
Stamens  3,  or  rarely  fewer,  the  anthers  very  often  barbellate  at  the  apex.    Styles 
short,  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose.  —  FEATHER-GRASS. 

1.  S.  avenacea  L.  Stems  3-8  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  involute -filif  or  m :  panicle 
1-2  dm.  long,  its  branches  lax  and  finally  spreading:  empty  scales  of  the 


22  POACEAE. 

spikelet  8—12  mm.  long;  flowering  scale  shorter,  black,  hairy  at  the  base,  and 
with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  the  top,  the  awn  4-7  cm.  long,  bent,  loosely  spiral 
below.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  Rather  rare,  on  dry  banks.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  — 
BLACK  OAT-GRASS. 

17.  ORYZOPSIS  Miehx.     Sparingly  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute 
leaf -blades  and  narrow,  often  contracted,  panicles.     Spikelets  broad,  1-flowered. 
Scales  3,  the  2  outer  ones  nearly  equal,  awnless,  the  third  scale  broad,  shorter 
or  longer  than  the  outer  ones  and  terminating  in  a  deciduous  awn.     Stamens 
3.     Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  O.  melanocarpa  Muhl.  Plant  glabrous,  the  stems  4—12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades 
1-3.5  dm.  long,  4-15  mm.  wide:  panicle  7.5-30  cm.  long:  spikelets,  excluding 
the  awns,  7-9  mm.  long,  the  awn  about  twice  or  thrice  as  long:  body  of  the 
third  scale  shorter  than  the  outer  scales,  becoming  dark-colored.  —  M.  Eare, 
on  shaded  creek  banks.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum.  —  MOUNTAIN-RICE. 

18.  MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb.     Perennial  or  rarely  annual  grasses,  vari- 
ous in  habit,  with  flat  or  often  involute  leaf -blades,  and  terminal  contracted  or 
open  panicles,  which  are  often  slender,  densely  thyrsoid,  or  almost  spike-like,  or 
diffuse  with  long  capillary  branches.    Spikelets  1-flowered,  small.    Scales  3  (or 
rarely  4),  the  outer  2  empty,  persistent,  membranous  or  hyaline,  from  minute 
to  almost  equalling  the  third  scale,  keeled,  acute,  mucronate  or  rarely  short- 
awned,  the  second  occasionally  3-toothed,  the  third  scale  somewhat  rigid,  convo- 
lute about  the  2-keeled  hyaline  palet  and  the  perfect  flower,  at  the  apex  entire 
or  rarely  2-toothed,  obtuse,  acute,  mucronate  to  long-awned,  the  awn  Very  often 
capillary,  a  fourth  awned  scale  very  rarely  present.     Stamens  usually  3,  rarely 
fewer.     Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose. 

Panicle  contracted,  its  branches  erect  or  nearly  so :  spikelets  on  short  pedicels. 
Empty  scales  at  least  %  as  long  as  the  spikelet. 

Flowering  scale  not  awned,  but  sometimes  awn-pointed. 

Empty  scales  not  awned,  about  %  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale,  acute. 

1.  M.  sobolifera. 

Empty  scales  long-acuminate,  awn-pointed  or  awned. 
Empty  scales  about  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale, 

sharp-pointed,  about  3  mm.  long.  2.  M.  mexicana. 

Empty  scales  exceeding  the  flowering  scale,  usually 

twice  as  long,  awned,  about  5  mm.  long.  3.  M.  racemosa. 

Flowering  scale  long-awned,  the  awn  usually  twice  as  long 

as  the  scale. 

Empty  scales  about  equalling  the  flowering  scale.  4.  M.  umbrosa. 

Empty  scales  %-%   as  long  as  the  flowering  scale.  5.  M.  tenuiflora. 

Empty  scales  minute,  the  first  one  often  wanting.  6.  M.  Schrebcri. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  filiform,  spreading  or  ascending :  spike- 
lets  on  very  long  capillary  pedicels.  7.  M.  capillaris. 

1.  M.  sobolifera  (Muhl.)  Trin.    'Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  slender:  leaf -blades 
rough,  those  on  the  stem  1—1.5  dm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  those  on  the  branches 
2-8  cm.  long  and  about  2  mm.  wide:   panicle  7—15  cm.  long,  slender:   empty 
scales  about  1  mm.  long,  the  flowering  one  obtuse,  scabrous,  the  midnerve  usually 
excurrent   as   a   short   tip.  —  M.     Rather   rare,   in   woods.  —  Limestones,   sand- 
stones and  shales.  —  Sum. 

2.  M.  mexicana   (L.)   Trin.     Stems  6-12  dm.  long,  erect,  or  often  prostrate, 
much  branched:  leaf -blades  rough,  those  on  the  stem  1-1.5  dm.  long,  2-6  mm. 
wide,  the  branch  blades  smaller:  panicle  5—15  cm.  long,  contracted:   spikelets 
2.5-3  mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  somewhat  unequal,  acuminate  or  short-awned, 
rough,  especially  on  the  keel,  the  third  scale  acuminate,  rough.  —  Rather  com- 
mon, in  fields  and  fence  rows.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 


POACEAE.  23 

3.  M.   racemosa    (Michx.)    B.S.P.     Stems  3-9   dm.   tall,   erect,  usually  much 
branched:   leaf -blades  5-13  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  rough:  panicle  5-12  cm. 
long,  usually  dense  and  interrupted:  spikelets  much  crowded,  the  empty  scales 
acuminate,  4-6  mm.  long,  including  the  awn,  the  flowering  scale  £-§  as  long, 
acuminate,  the  strongly  scabrous  midnerve   excurrent   as  a   short  point.     [M. 
glomerata  Trin.] — S.     Eare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

4.  M.  umbrosa  Scribn.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  branched:  leaf -blades  5-18 
cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  rough:  panicle  7—18  cm.  long:   empty  scales  of  the 
spikelet  2.5-3  mm.  long,  awn-pointed,  rough,  the  third  scale  equalling  or  some- 
what exceeding  the  outer  ones,  very  rough,  attenuate  into  a  slender  awn  2-4 
times  its  length.  —  S.     Eather  rare,  in  moist  soil.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

5.  M.  tenuiflora    (Willd.)    B.S.P.     Stems  '6-9   dm.  tall,  erect,  slender:    leaf- 
blades  6-18  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide,  rough:  panicle  1-2.5  dm.  long,  slender: 
empty  scales  of  the  spikelet  unequal,  i-§  the  length  of  the  flowering  scale,  awn- 
pointed,  rough,  the  flowering  one  2.5-3  mm.  long,  rough,  bearing  an  awn  2—4 
times  its  length.     [M.  Willdenovii  Trin.]  —  M.     Eare,  in  woods  and  thickets. 
— •  Limestones.  — •  Sum. 

6.  M.  Schreberi  Gmel.     Stems  3-9  dm.  long,  decumbent,  diffusely  branched: 
leaf -blades  4-9  cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide,  rough:  panicle  5-20  cm.  long,  slender: 
empty  scales  of  the  spikelet  minute,  the  lower  one  often  wanting,  the  flowering 
scale,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  about  2  mm.  long,  the  awn  1-4  mm.  long.  —  S. 
Eather  rare,  in  dry  soil.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

7.  M.  capillaris  (Lam.)  Trin.     Stems  erect,  wiry;>  tufted,  5-12  dm.  tall:  leaf- 
blades  long,  often  involute  when  dry,  1-3  mm.  wide:  panicle  1.5-4  dm.  long: 
spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  3.5-4  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  empty 
scales  usually  i  as  long  as  the  spikelet  or  less,  commonly  bearing  a  short  awn, 
the  flowering  scale  bearing  an  awn  longer  than  its  body,  sometimes  2  cm.  long. 
[M.  caespitosa  Chapm.]  —  S.     Eather  rare,  in  rocky  or  sandy  soil.  —  Schists. 
—  Fall. 

19.  BRACHYELYTRUM    Beauv.     Tall    perennial    grasses,    with    rather 
broad  flat  leaf -blades  and  a  terminal  narrow  panicle,  its  branches  few,  erect  and 
filiform.     Spikelets  1-flowered,  narrow,  the  rachilla  produced  beyond  the  flower 
into  a  long  glabrous  stipe  which  sometimes  bears  a  small  scale  at  its  apex. 
Scales  3    (or  rarely  4),  the  2  outer  empty,  persistent,  very  small,  the  first 
minute,    sometimes    almost    wanting,    the    third    scale    elongate,    rather    rigid, 
acuminate  into  a  long  erect  awn  and  enclosing  a  somewhat  short  dorsally  suleate 
2-nerved  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower,  a  fourth  scale  some- 
times terminating  the  rachilla-prolongation.    Stamens  2.     Styles  short,  distinct. 
Stigmas  elongate,  plumose. 

1.  B.  erectum  (Schreb.)  Beauv.  Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  5-13  cm. 
long,  6-18  mm.  wide,  rough:  panicle  5-15  cm.  long,  slender:  flowering  scale 
exclusive  of  the  awn,  9-12  mm.  long,  rough,  the  awn  erect,  2-2.5  cm.  long. — 
Eather  common,  in  woods  and  on  moist  banks. —  Sum. 

20.  HELEOCHLOA  Host.     Tufted  or   creeping,  perennial  grasses,  with 
flat  leaf -blades  and  usually  contracted  panicles.     Spikelets  flattened,  1-flowered. 
Scales  3,  awnless,  the  2  outer  ones  unequal,  empty,  ciliate-keeled,  acute,  the 
third  scale  fully  as  long  as  the  outer  scales,  otherwise  similar.     Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  H.  schoenoides  (L.)  Host.  Plant  glabrous,  the  stem  and  branches  pros- 
trate or  nearly  so,  1-5  dm.  long:  leaf -blades  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide: 
panicle  spike-like,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  partially  enclosed  in  a  leaf -sheath:  spikelets 


24  POACEAE. 

crowded,  2.5  mm.  long ;  scales  1 -nerved,  acute.  —  M.  Kather  rare,  in  waste 
places.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum. 

21.  PHLETJM  L.     Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaf -blades  and 
terminal,    often   long-pedunculate,    dense    spike-like   panicles,   which   are   from 
elongate,  narrow  and  cylindric,  to   short,  oblong   or   nearly   ovoid.     Spikelets 
crowded,  1-flowered,  compressed.     Scales  3,  the  2  outer  empty,  persistent,  mem- 
branous, compressed-keeled,  obliquely  truncate  at  the  summit,  awned,  the  third 
scale  much  shorter,  hyaline,  truncate  and  denticulate  at  the  apex,  enclosing  a 
narrow  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.     Stamens  3.     Styles  dis- 
tinct, rather  long.     Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  P.  pratense  L.  Stems  3-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  7-23  cm.  long,  4-6  mm. 
wide:  spike  cylindric,  3-18  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter:  empty  scales  of  the 
spikelet,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  2.5  mm.  long,  the  awn  less  than  |  their  length.  — 
Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.  —  Sum.  —  TIMOTHY. 

22.  ALOPECTTRUS  L.     Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  erect,  or  decumbent 
at  the  base,  with  flat  and  lax  or  rather  rigid  or  convolute  leaf -blades,  and  dense 
terminal  spike-like  cylindric  panicles.     Spikelets  articulated  below  the  empty 
scales,   readily    deciduous,   1-flowered,   compressed,   crowded.      Scales   3,    the    2 
outer  empty,  acute,  sometimes  short-awned,  usually  more  or  less  united  at  the 
base,  compressed-keeled,  the  keel  ciliolate  or  somewhat  winged,  the  third  scale 
broad,  hyaline,  obtuse,  bearing  a  short  awn  or  point  on  the  back,  the  margins 
sometimes  united  into  a  short  tube  at  the  base,  enclosing  a  perfect  flower  and 
sometimes  also  a  hyaline  keeled  palet.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct,  or  rarely 
more  or  less  united  at  the  base.     Stigmas  elongate,  somewhat  plumose  with 
short  hairs. 

1.  A.  myosuroides  Huds.  Stems  3-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  4-18  cm.  long,  2-6 
mm.  wide:  spike  4-10  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  in  diameter:  empty  scales  of  the 
spikelet  narrowly  winged,  4-5  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scale  equalling  or  slightly 
exceeding  the  empty  ones,  the  awn  inserted  near  the  base  and  about  twice  its 
length,  bent.  —  S.  Eare,  in  fields  near  Pleasant  Grove.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum. 
—  FOXTAIL. 

23.  SPOROBOLUS  E.  Br.     Perennial   or  rarely  annual   grasses,  varying 
much  in  habit,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaf -blades  and  terminal  panicles,  which 
are  contracted,  sometimes  cylindric  and  spike-like,  often  elongate,  or  open  and 
diffuse.     Spikelets   small,    sometimes   minute,    1-flowered,   or  very   rarely   2—4- 
flowered.      Scales   3,   rarely   4-6,   membranous,    acute   or   obtuse,    rarely    awn- 
pointed  or  short-awned,  the  2  outer  empty,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second, 
the  remaining  scale  or  scales  longer  or  about  equalling  the  second  scale,  enclos- 
ing a  perfect  flower,  and  a  2-nerved,  often  deeply  2-cleft  or  2-parted,  palet 
which  is  equal  in  length  to,  or  a  little  shorter  than,  the  scale,  rarely  awned  and 
exceeding  it.    Stamens  2  or  3.    Styles  short,  distinct.    Stigmas  plumose.  —  Sum. 
and  fall.  —  EUSH-GRASS.    DROPSEED. 

Upper   leaf-sheaths   enclosing   panicles   which   are   usually   concealed   or   sometimes 
partially  protruding :  terminal  panicle  contracted,  narrow.    1.  8.  clandestinus. 

Flowering  scale  appressed-pubescent  below  with  long  hairs. 

Flowering  scale  glabrous.  2.  S.  asper. 

Upper  leaf-sheaths  not  enclosing  panicles.  3.  S.  heterolepis. 

1.  S.  clandestinus  (Sprang.)  A.  Hitchc.  Stems  6-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  7-35 
cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  involute  tip :  panicle  5-13 


POACEAE.  25 

cm.  long:  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long,  the  empty  scales  unequal,  acute,  the  flowering 
scale  appressed-pubeseent  below,  much  longer  than  the  second  one  and  much 
exceeded  by  the  long-acuminate  palet.  —  M.  Bare,  in  dry  soil.  —  Limestones. 

2.  S.  asper  (Michx.)  Kunth.     Stems  4-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  5  dm.  long  or 
less,  2-5  mm.  wide:  panicle  2-3  dm.  long,  usually  more  or  less  included  in  the 
upper  leaf -sheath:  spikelets  5-6  mm.  long,  the  scales  obtuse,  the  first  about  § 
as  long  as  the  second,  the  flowering  scale  glabrous,  considerably  exceeding  the 
second  one,  about  equalling  the  palet  or  a  little  shorter  or  longer  than  it.  —  M. 
Rare,  in  sandy  soil.  —  Limestones. 

3.  S.  heterolepis  A.  Gray.     Stems  3-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  involute-setaceous: 
panicle  7-25  cm.   long:    spikelets  4-5.5  mm.   long,  the  empty  scales  unequal, 
acuminate,  the  lower  subulate,  about  i  as  long  as  the  broad  second  one,  some- 
times awn-pointed,  the  flowering  scale  obtuse   or   acute.  —  S.     Very   rare,   on 
dry  banks.  —  Schists. 

24.  CINNA   L.     Tall   perennial   grasses,   with   flat    leaf -blades    and   long 
terminal  contracted  or  open  panicles,  often  nodding,  its  branches  slender  and 
usually  drooping.     Spikelets  numerous,  flattened,  1 -flowered,  the  rachilla  articu- 
lated below  the  empty  scales.     Scales  3,  the  2  outer  empty,  persistent,  keeled, 
acute,  the  third  one  similar  in  texture,  stalked,  bearing  just  below  the  some- 
what obtuse  apex  a  short  awn  or  awn-like  point,  the  scale  enclosing  a  slightly 
smaller  1-nerved  keeled  palet,  the  keel  minutely  ciliate,  and  a  perfect  flower. 
Stamen  1.     Styles  short,  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  C.  arundinacea  L.  Stems  6-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1.5-3  dm.  long,  4-14 
mm.  wide:  panicle  1.5-3  dm.  long:  scales  of  the  spikelet  acute,  rough,  the 
flowering  scale  slightly  exceeded  or  equalled  by  the  second,  usually  bearing  an 
awn  about  0.5  mm.  long  from  the  2-toothed  apex.  —  Rather  common,  in  moist 
woods  and  along  streams.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  WOOD  REED-GRASS. 

25.  CALAMAGROSTIS  Adans.     Erect  usually  perennial  grasses,  with  gen- 
erally flat,   sometimes  involute  leaf -blades,   and  terminal   contracted   or   open 
panicles.     Spikelets  numerous,  1-flowered,  commonly  small,  the  rachilla  usually 
prolonged  beyond  the   flower,  the  prolongation   either  pilose  throughout,   the 
usual  state,  or  with  a  terminal  tuft  of  long  hairs.    Scales  3,  the  2  outer  empty, 
persistent,  narrow,  keeled,   acute  or  acuminate,  the  third  scale  much  shorter 
than  the  others,  very  thickly  hyaline,  with  a  basal  ring  of  hairs  which  are  from 
one-half  as  long  as  the  scale  to  somewhat  exceeding  it,  rarely  very  short  or 
almost  wanting,  bearing  a  usually  delicate  dorsal  awn  which  is  rarely  twisted 
at  the  base,  and  enclosing  a  small  narrow  thinly  hyaline  palet  and  a  perfect 
flower.     Stamens   3i.     Styles   short,   distinct.     Stigmas  plumose.  —  REED   BENT- 
GRASS. 

Rachilla  with  its  prolongation  hairy  the  whole  length.  1.  C.  canadensis. 

Rachilla  with  its  prolongation  hairy  only  at  the  top.  2.  C.  cinnoides. 

1.  C.  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.     Sterna  6-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1-3  dm. 
long  or  more,  2-8  mm.  wide:   panicle  1-2   dm.  long,   open,  usually  purplish, 
naked  at  the  base:   spikelets  3-3.5  mm.  long;   flowering  scale  with  a  delicate 
awn,  the  basal  hairs  equalling  or  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale.  —  N.  S.     Fre- 
quent,   in    swamps.  —  Sandstones    and    schales,    schists.  —  Sum.  —  BLUE-JOINT 
GRASS. 

2.  C.  cinnoides  (Muhl.)  Scribn.    Stems  9-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1-3  dm.  long 
or  more,  4-10  mm.  wide:  panicle  7-18  cm.  long,  contracted:  spikelets  6-8  mm. 


26  POACEAE. 

long,  the  scales  very  hispidulous,  the  outer  ones  about  equal,  acuminate  and  awn- 
pointed,  the  flowering  scale  obtuse,  the  basal  hairs  from  ^-§  its  length,  the  awn 
stout,  exceeding  or  equalling  the  scale.  [C.  Nuttalliana  Steud.] — S.  Bather 
rare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

26.  AGROSTIS  L.     Annual  or  perennial  usually  tufted  grasses,  with  flat 
or  setaceous  leaf -blades  and  terminal  often  slender  contracted  or  open  panicles 
with  numerous  branches.    Spikelets  very  numerous,  small,  1-flowered,  the  rachilla 
articulated  above  the  empty  scales.     Scales  3,  the  2  outer  empty,  persistent, 
membranous,  keeled,  acute,  awnless,  the  third  one  shorter,  thin-hyaline,  awnless, 
or  sometimes  bearing  a  slender  dorsal  often  geniculate  awn,  enclosing  a  perfect 
flower  and  frequently  also  a  short  very  thin  hyaline  palet  rarely  more  than 
£  as  long  as  the   scale,   sometimes  minute   or  wanting.      Stamens  usually   3. 
Styles  distinct,  very  short.     Stigmas  plumose.  —  BENT-GRASS. 

Palet  of  the  spikelet  conspicuous,  at  least  %  as  long  as  the  scale. 

1.  A.  alba. 
Palet  inconspicuous,  minute,  or  wanting. 

Stems  weak,  usually  decumbent  and  often  prostrate  at  the 
base :  leaf -blades  lax :  panicle  oblong,  the  spikelets  about 

1.5  mm.  long.  2.  A.  Schweinitzii. 

Stems,  and  usually  also  the  leaf-blades,  erect. 

Branches    of   the    panicle   capillary,    elongate,    commonly 

dividing  above  the  middle.  3.  A.  hyemalis. 

Branches   of   the   panicle  not   elongate,   dividing   at   the 

middle  or  below  It.  4.  A.  perennans. 

1.  A.  alba  L.     Stems  2-8  dm.  tall,  often  stolonif  erous :  leaf -blades  5-20  cm. 
long,  2-6  mm.  wide:   panicle  5-23  cm.  long,  usually  open,  or  sometimes  con- 
tracted after  flowering,  green  or  purplish:  spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long,  the  empty 
scales  about  equal,  acute,  hispidulous  on  the  keel.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  on 
roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  BED-TOP. 

2.  A.  Schweinitzii  Trin.     Stems  3-8  dm.  long  from  a  decumbent  or  prostrate 
base,  weak:   leaf -blades  5-15  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  lax:   panicle  1-2   dm. 
long,  open,  oblong,  its  branches  widely  spreading,  the  branchlets  and  pedicels 
divergent:  spikelets  1.5-2  mm.  long,  the  empty  scales  hispidulons  on  the  keel. — 
S.     Frequent,  in  woods  and  low  grounds.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  THIN- 
GRASS.  M    i 

3.  A.  hyemalis  (Walt.)  B.S.P.     Stems  3-6  dm.  tall,  slender:  leaf -blades  5-13 
cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide,  usually  erect,  roughish:  panicle  1.5-6  dm.  long,  usually 
purplish,  the  very  rough  capillary  branches  ascending  or  spreading,  often  droop- 
ing, the  lower  ones  7-15  cm.  long:  spikelets  1.5-2  mm.  long.     [A.  scdbra  Willd.] 
—  Common,  on  dry  banks.  —  Sum.  —  HAIR-GRASS. 

4.  A.  perennans  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  tufted,  rather  slender: 
leaf -blades  1-2.5  dm.  long,  2—6  mm.  wide,  rough:  panicle  1—2.5  dm.  long,  its 
ascending  branches  3.5-8  cm.  long:   spikelets  about  2  mm.  long,  on  appressed 
pedicels.     [Agrostis    intermedia  '  Scribn.,    not    Balb.] — M.     Bather    rare,    in 
woods.  —  Quartzite.  —  Sum. 

27.  NOTHOHOLCUS  Nash.     Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  usually 
flat  leaf-blades  and  terminal  spike-like  contracted  or  open  often  interrupted 
panicles.     Spikelets  crowded,  2 -flowered,  the  lower  flower  perfect,  the  upper 
one  staminate,  the  rachilla  articulated  below  the  empty  scales.     Scales  4,  the 
2  outer  empty,  keeled,  the  first  1-nerved,  acute,  the  second  broader,  3 -nerved, 
acute  or  short -awned,  the  third  and  fourth  scales  shorter  than  the  second,  mem- 
branous, at  length  rigid,  enclosing  flowers,  the  former  awnless,  the  latter  bear- 
ing a  slender  dorsal  awn  which  is  often  hooked  when  dry;   palet  narrow,  2- 
keeled.     Stamens  3,  styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose. 


POACEAE.  27 

1.  N.  lanatus  (L.)  Nash.  Softly  and  densely  pubescent.  Stems  4-9  dm.  tall: 
leaf -blades  2.5-15  cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide:  spikelets  4  mm.  long;  the  upper  one 
awn-pointed,  the  flowering  scales  2  mm.  long,  glabrous,  shining,  the  upper  one 
2-toothed  and  bearing  a  finally  hooked  awn  just  below  the  apex.  —  Common, 
in  moist  fields  and  meadows.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  VELVET-GRASS. 

28.  DESCHAMPSIA   Beauv.     Perennial   grasses,   with   narrow   convolute 
or   flat   leaf-blades  and   terminal   contracted   or   open  panicles.     Spikelets   2- 
flowered,  the  rachilla  articulated  above  the  empty  scales  and  prolonged  beyond 
the  flowers.     Scales  4,  the  2  outer  empty,  persistent,  keeled,  acute,  membranous, 
usually  somewhat  shining,  the  flowering  scales  thin-membranous,  almost  hyaline, 
entire  or  toothed,  acute,  obtuse,  or  truncate  and  denticulate  at  the  apex,  each 
bearing  a  slender  dorsal  straight  or  geniculate  awn  which  is  twisted  at  the 
base;  palet  narrow,  2-nerved.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose. 
—  HAIR-GRASS. 

Flowering  scales  about  2.5  mm.  long,  erose-truncate :  leaf-blades  flat. 

1.  D.  caespitosa. 
Flowering  scales  about  4  mm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse :  leaf-blades 

involute.  2.  D.  flexuosa. 

1.  D.  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.     Stems  6-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  2-3  mm.  wide, 
the  basal  ones  numerous,  those  on  the  stem  5-15  cm.  long:  panicle  open,  7—23 
cm.  long,  naked  at  the  base:    spikelets  3.5-4  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales 
about  2.5  mm.  long,  erose-truncate  at  the  apex,  the  awns  somewhat  shorter  or 
a    little    longer    than    the    scale.  —  M.    S.     Eare,    in    swamps.  —  Limestones, 
schists.  — •  Sum. 

2.  D.  flexuosa  (L.)   Trin.     Stems  3-8  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  involute-setaceous, 
the  basal  very  numerous:  panicle  open,  5-20  cm.  long,  flexuous:  spikelets  4.5-5 
mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  about  4  mm.  long,  acutely  toothed  at  the  apex, 
the  awns  bent  and  twisted,  much  exceeding  the  scale. — Susquehanna  valley. 
Common,  on  dry  or  rocky  hills.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum. 

29.  TR-ISETUM  Pers.     Annual  or  perennial  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  leaf- 
blades  and  terminal  spike-like  contracted  or  open  panicles.     Spikelets  usually 
2 -flowered,  rarely  3-6-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect,  or  the  upper  one  staminate, 
the  rachilla  glabrous  or  pilose,  articulated  between  the  flowering  scales  and 
prolonged  beyond  them.    Scales  4,  rarely  5—8,  keeled,  the  2  outer  empty,  membra- 
nous, unequal,  acute,  entire  at  the  apex,  awnless,  persistent,  the  flowering  scales 
usually  shorter,  sometimes  longer,  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  teeth  acuminate 
and  often  terminating  in  a  bristle  or  slender  awn,  awned,  or  the  lower  flower- 
ing scale  rarely  awnless,  the  awn  often  twisted,  inserted  below  the  apex  and 
arising  between  the  teeth;  palet  hyaline,  2-toothed.    Stamens  3.    Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  T.  pennsylvanicum  (L.)  B.S.P.  Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1  dm.  long 
or  less,  1-4  mm.  wide:  panicle  6-15  cm.  long,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending: 
spikelets  of  four  scales,  the  empty  ones  about  equal,  the  flowering  scales  4-5 
mm.  long,  the  second  one  hispidulous  or  nearly  glabrous.  —  M.  S.  Bather  rare, 
in  swamps  and  wet  places.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum. 

30.  A  VENA  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  varying  in  habit, 
with  usually  flat  leaf -blades  and  terminal  contracted  or  open  panicles.    Spikelets 
generally  large,  erect  or  pendulous,  usually  2-several-flowered,  rarely  1-flowered, 
the  rachilla  articulated  between  the  fertile  flowers,  the  lower  flowers  perfect, 


28  POACEAE. 

the  upper  ones  often  staminate  or  wanting.  Scales  4-several,  rarely  3,  the 
2  outer  empty,  membranous,  exceeding  or  shorter  than  the  flowering  scales, 
persistent,  the  flowering  scales  5-9-nerved,  rounded  on  the  back,  the  apex  fre- 
quently shortly  2-toothed,  the  scales  enclosing  perfect  flowers  and  bearing  a 
dorsal  twisted  geniculate  awn,  the  upper  empty  ones  or  those  infolding  stami- 
nate flowers  awnless;  palet  2-cleft  or  2-toothed,  narrow.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.  Grain  deeply  furrowed,  usually  pubescent. 

1.  A.  sativa  L.  Annual.  Stems  8-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  flat,  2.5  dm.  long 
or  less,  5—10  mm.  wide  or  more:  panicle  usually  1.5—4  dm.  long:  empty  scales 
of  the  spikelet  2-3  cm.  long,  acuminate,  the  flowering  ones  shorter,  awned  or 
awnless.  —  Common  in  fields  and  waste  places  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu. 
—  Sum.  —  OAT. 

31.  AIMIHENATHERUM  Beauv.     Tall  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaf- 
blades  and  terminal   open   or  contracted  panicles.      Spikelets   2-flowered,   the 
lower  flower  staminate,  the  upper  one  perfect  or  pistillate,  the  rachilla  articu- 
lated above  the  empty  scales  and  prolonged  beyond  the  flowers.     Scales  4,  the 
2  outer  empty,  persistent,  thin-membranous,  keeled,  the  flowering  scales  more 
rigid,  somewhat  toothed  at  the  apex,  the  lower  one  bearing  near  the  base  a 
long   dorsal  twisted   and   geniculate   awn,   the   upper   scale  awnless,   or   short- 
awned  below  the  apex;   palet  2-keeled,  hyaline,  narrow.     Stamens  3.     Styles 
short,  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose.     Grain  hardly  sulcate. 

1.  A,  elatius  (L.)  Beauv.  Stems  6-12  dm.  tall,  leaf -blades  6-30  cm.  long, 
2-8  mm.  wide:  panicle  1-3  dm.  long:  empty  scales  of  the  spikelet  unequal, 
the  flowering  scales  about  8  mm.  long.  [A.  avenaceum  Beauv.] — M.  Rather 
common,  in  fields  and  waste  places.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  TALL  OAT-GRASS. 

32.  DANTHONIA  DC.     Usually  perennial  grasses,  various  in  habit,  with 
flat  or  convolute  leaf -blades  and  terminal  dense  and  contracted  or  open  diffuse 
panicles.     Spikelets   2-many-flowered,   the   flowers  perfect   or  the   upper   ones 
staminate,  the  rachilla  pilose,   articulated  between   the   scales  and  prolonged 
beyond  them.     Scales  5-many,  the  2  outer  empty,  persistent,  usually  extending 
beyond  the  flowering  scales,  rarely  shorter,  keeled,  acute  or  acuminate,  the 
flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  the  margins  often  ciliate,  2-toothed  at 
the  apex,  the  teeth  often  awned,  with  an  awn  arising  between  the  teeth  which 
is  more  or  less  flattened  and  very  often  twisted  at  the  base  and  frequently 
geniculate,  the  remaining  scales  often   small  and  enclosing  a  palet   only,   or 
empty;  palet  obtuse  or  2-toothed,  2-keeled,  hyaline.    Stamens  3.    Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  D.  spicata  (L.)  Beauv.  Stems  3-8  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  2  mm.  wide  or  less, 
usually  involute,  the  lower  ones  1-1.5  dm.  long:  panicle  2-5  cm.  long:  spikelets 
5-8-flowered,  the  empty  scales  8—10  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  broadly 
oblong,  sparingly  appressed-pubescent  with  silky  hairs.  —  Bather  common,  in 
dry  soil,  especially  in  pastures  and  on  dry  hills.  —  Sum.  —  WILD  OAT-GRASS. 

33.  SPARTINA  Schreb.     Often  tall  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaf- 
blades    and   spicate   inflorescence,   the   spikes   one-sided,   the   rachis   extending 
beyond  the  spikelets.     Spikelets  1 -flowered,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  much  crowded 
and   imbricated   in   2   rows.     Scales   3,   firm-membranous,   the   2    outer   empty, 
narrow,  very  unequal,  keeled,  the  flowering  scale  equalling  or  a  little  longer  and 


POACEAE.  29 

broader  than  the  second  scale;  palet  thin  or  almost  hyaline,  enclosing  a  perfect 
flower,  obscurely  2-nerved,  scarcely  included  in  the  scale  which  it  often  slightly 
exceeds.  Stamens  3.  Styles  elongate.  Stigmas  2,  thread-like,  papillose  or 
shortly  plumose. 

1.  S.  Michauxiana  A.  Hitche.  Stems  6-18  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  3  dm.  long  or 
more,  6-14  mm.  wide:  spikes  5-30,  5-13  cm.  long:  spikelets  strongly  imbri- 
cated, 12-14  mm.  long,  the  empty  scales  strongly  hispid  on  the  keel.  —  Susque- 
hanna  valley.  Common,  in  wet  ground.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum.  and 
fall.  —  SLOUGH-GRASS.  MARSH-GRASS. 

34.  ATHEROPOGON    Muhl.     Perennial    grasses,    with   narrow   flat    leaf- 
blades  and  an  inflorescence  composed  of  numerous  scattered  short  few-flowered 
spikes.     Spikelets  1-flowered,  sessile,  crowded  in  2  rows,  imbricated,  the  rachilla 
extending  beyond  the  flower,  its  summit  bearing  scales  or  awns.     Scales  3  or 
more,  the  2  lower  empty,  unequal,  narrow,  acute,  keeled,  the  third  scale  thinner 
and  broader,  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  teeth  more  or  less  awned,  enclosing  a 
narrow  hyaline  2-toothed  palet  and  a  perfect  flower,  the  small  upper  scales 
empty,  awned.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  A.  curtipendulus  (Michx.)  Fourn.  Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  5-30 
cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide  or  less:  spikes  6—16  mm.  long,  widely  spreading  or  re- 
flexed:  spikelets  4-12,  diverging  from  the  rachis,  7-10  mm.  long.  [Bouteloua 
racemosa  Lag.] — Conestoga  and  lower  Susquehanna  valleys.  Bare,  on  dry 
banks.  — •  Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum. 

35.  ELEUSINE  Gaertn.     Annual,  or  perennial  and  creeping,  grasses,  with 
flat  leaf -blades,  and  an  inflorescence  composed  of  normally  several  spikes  ar- 
ranged digitately  or  approximately  with  sometimes  an  additional  single  spike 
below.     Spikelets  numerous,  much  crowded,  imbricated,  sessile,  alternate  in  2 
rows,  several-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect,  or  the  upper  ones  staminate.     Scales 
several,  obtuse  or  acute,   flattened,  keeled,  thin,  the   2  lower   empty,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  others,  the  remaining  scales  usually  more  obtuse,  each  of  the 
lower  ones  enclosing  a  scarcely  shorter  compressed  2-keeled  palet  and  a  flower, 
the  terminal  scales  empty.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  E.  indica  (L.)  Gaertn.  Stems  1.5-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  7-30  cm.  long, 
2-6  mm.  wide:  spikes  2-10,  2-8  cm.  long:  spikelets  3^t  mm.  long,  3-6-flowered. 
—  Common,  in  waste  places  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  the  Old  World. 
Sum.  —  GOOSE-GRASS.  YARD-GRASS. 

36.  TEIDENS  E.  &  S.     Usually  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  involute 
leaf-blades  and  the  inflorescence  composed  of  open  or  contracted  and  some- 
times spike-like  panicles.     Spikelets  3-many-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the 
upper  ones  staminate.     Scales  5-many,  membranous,  sometimes  firmer,  the  2 
lower  empty,  keeled,  obtuse  to  acuminate,  usually  shorter  than  the  rest,  some- 
times longer :  flowering  scales  3-nerved,  the  midnerve  or  all  the  nerves  excurrent, 
the  midnerve  and  the  lateral  nerves  or  the  margins  pilose,  the  apex  entire  or 
shortly  2-toothed,  the  teeth  obtuse  to  acute,  the  callus  short  and  obtuse;  palet 
shorter  than  the-  scale,  compressed,  2-keeled.     Stamens   3.     Styles  short,   dis- 
tinct.    Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  T.  flava  (L.)  A.  Hitche.  Stems  5-16  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  elongate,  the 
basal  and  lower  ones  2-6  dm.  long,  5-15  mm.  wide,  the  uppermost  one  6-20  cm. 


30  POACEAE. 

long:  panicle  loose  and  open,  1.5-4  dm.  long:  spikelets  numerous,  5-8-flowered, 
7-10  mm.  long;  empty  scales  acute,  1-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  4  mm. 
long,  the  apex  2-toothed  between  the  excurrent  nerves.  [Triodia  cuprea  Jacq.] 
—  Common,  on  roadsides,  and  in  fields  and  fence  rows.  —  Sum.  —  TALL  RED-TOP. 

37.  ERAG-ROSTIS  Beauv.  Low  or  tall  annual  or  perennial  tufted  rarely 
dioecious  grasses,  the  stems  sometimes  prostrate  or  creeping,  with  flat  or  convo- 
lute leaf -blades  and  open  or  contracted  panicles.  Spikelets  numerous,  arranged 
singly  or  in  fascicles,  2-many-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect  or  unisexual.  Scales 
4-many,  membranous,  compressed,  keeled,  the  2  lower  empty,  unequal,  the 
remaining  scales  larger,  3 -nerved,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex;  palet  shorter 
than  the  scale,  prominently  2-nerved  or  2-keeled,  often  incurved  and  persistent 
on  the  rachilla  after  the  fall  of  the  scale.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  distinct, 
short.  Stigmas  plumose. 

Stems  not  creeping :  flowers  perfect. 
Annuals. 

Spikelets  2-5-flowered. 

Pedicels  and  branches  of  the  panicle  short :  stems  usually  branched  above. 

1.  E.  Frankii. 
Pedicels    and    branches    of    the    diffuse    panicle    long 

and  capillary :  stems  branched  only  at  the  base.  2.  E.  capillaris. 

Spikelets  more  than  5-flowered. 

Spikelets  1.5  mm.  wide  or  less :  palets  remaining 
attached  to  the  continuous  rachis  for  some  time 
after  the  flowering  scales  have  fallen. 
Flowering  scales  thin,  usually  bright  purplish, 
the  lateral  nerves  faint  or  wanting :  spikelets 
about  1  mm.  wide.  3.  E.  pilosa. 

Flowering  scales  firm,  usually  dull  purple  or  green, 
the  lateral  nerves  very  prominent :  spikelets 
about  1.5  mm.  wide.  4.  E.  Purshii. 

Spikelets  exceeding  2  mm.  wide :  palets  falling  with 
the  flowering  scales  and  the  internodes  of  the 
rachis.  5.  E.  major. 

Perennial!  6.  E.  pectinacea. 

Stems  creeping,  rooting  at  the  nodes.  7.  E.  hypnoides. 

1.  E.  Frankii  Steud.     Stems  1.5-4  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  5-13  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
wide:  panicle  5-15  cm.  long,  open:  spikelets  ovate,  2-3  mm.  long,  3-5-flowered, 
the  flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower  ones  1.5  mm.  long,  their  lateral  nerves 
obscure.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     Bare,  on  sandy  shores  and  islands.  — 
Pall. 

2.  E.  capillaris  (L.)  Nees.     Stems  2-5  dm.  tall,  slender:  leaf -blades  7-25  cm. 
long,  2-4  mm.  wide:   panicle  diffuse,  1-4  dm.  long:   spikelets  ovate,  2-3  mm. 
long,  2-4-flowered,  the  flowering  scales  acute,  1.5  mm.  long,  their  lateral  nerves 
obscure.  —  Bather  common,  in  dry  soil.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

3.  E.  pilosa   (L.)   Beauv.     Stems  1.5-5  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  2-13  cm.  long, 
2  mm.  wide  or  less:  panicle  5-15  cm.  long,  its  branches  finally  spreading,  often 
hairy  in  the  axils:   spikelets  5-12 -flowered,  3-6  mm.  long,  about  1  mm.  wide, 
the  flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower  ones  1.5  mm.  long,  thin.  —  Bather  com- 
mon, in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

4.  E.  Purshii  Schrad.     Stems  1.5-5  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  3-9  cm.  long,  2  mm. 
wide  or  less:   panicle  7-20  cm.  long,  open,  naked  in  the  axils:  spikelets  5-15- 
flowered,  3-8  mm.  long,  about  1.5  mm.  wide,  the  flowering  scales  acute,  firm, 
the  lower  ones  1.5  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Bather  rare,  on  the  river 
shore.  —  Sum. 

5.  E.  major  Host.     Ill-scented.     Stems  1.5-6  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  5-18  cm. 
long,  2-6  mm.  wide:  panicle  5—15  cm.  long:  spikelets  8-35-flowered,  5—16  mm. 
long  and  about  3  mm.  wide,  the  flowering  scales  obtuse,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  the 
lateral  nerves  prominent.     [E.  megastachya  Link.]  —  Common,  in  waste  places 
and  cultivated  grounds.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 


POACEAE.  31 

6.  E.  pectinacea  (Michx.)  Steud.     Steins  3-8  dm.  tall,  rigid:  leaf -blades  1-3 
dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide:  panicle  1.5-6  dm.  long,  strongly  bearded  in  the  axils: 
spikelets  5-15-flowered,  3-8'  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  about  1.75  mm.  long, 
their  lateral  nerves  very  prominent.  —  S.     Bather  rare,  in  dry  soil.  —  Schists. 
—  Sum. 

7.  E.  hypnoides   (Lam.)   B.S.P.     Stems  2-5  dm.  long,  creeping  and  rooting 
at  the  nodes:  leaf -blades  commonly  1-4  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide:  panicle  1.5- 
5  cm.  long:  spikelets  10-35-flowered,  4—16  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  L5-2 
mm.  long,  glabrous,  those  of  the  pistillate  spikelets  more  sharply  acute  than 
those  of  the   staminate. —  Susquehanna  valley.     Eather  rare,  in  wet  sand  on 
the  river  shore  and  islands.  —  Sum. 

38.  SPHENOPHOLIS    Scribn.     Tufted    perennial    grasses,    with    flat    or 
convolute  leaf-blades  and  usually  narrow  and  contracted,   or  sometimes  open 
panicles.     Spikelets  numerous,  2-3-flowered,  shining.     Scales  4  or  5,  membra- 
nous, the  2  outer  empty,  the  first  very  narrow,  1-nerved,  acuminate,  the  second 
much  broader,  obovate  when  spread  out,  obtuse,  truncate,  and  sometimes  apicu- 
late  at  the  apex,  3-nerved,  the  remaining  scales  narrower,  obtuse  or  somewhat 
acute;    palet  narrow,  2-nerved.     Stamens  3.     Styles   distinct,  short.     Stigmas 
plumose.     [Eatonia  Endl.     Not  Raf.] 

Empty  scales  usually  unequal,  the  first  commonly  shorter  and  not  more  than    |    as 

wide  as  the  second. 

Second  scale  obovate  in  side  view,  rounded  at  the  summit.  1.  8.  obtusata. 

Second  scale  oblanceolate  in  side  view,  acute  or  acutish  at  the 

apex.  2.  S.  pollens. 

Empty  scales  usually  equal,  the  first  at  least    £    as  broad  as  the 

second.  3.  8.  nitida. 

1.  S.  obtusata  (Michx.)   Scribn.     Stems  3-8  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  pubescent: 
leaf -sheaths  and  blades  usually  rough,  the  latter  2.5-23  cm.  long,  1-5  mm.  wide, 
rarely  wider:   panicle  5^-15'  cm.  long,  dense  and  usually  spike-like,  sometimes 
purple:    spikelets   crowded,    2.5-3    mm.    long. —  S.     Rather   rare,   in   woods. — 
Schists.  —  Sum. 

2.  S.  pallens  (Spreng.)  Scribn..     Stems  3^9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  6-18  cm.  long, 
2-6  mm.  wide,  rough:    panicle  7-18  cm.  long,  often  nodding  at  the  summit, 
lax:  spikelets  3-3.5  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  narrow,  acute.  —  M.     Rare, 
on  dry  banks.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum. 

3.  S.  nitida  (Spreng.)  Scribn.     Stems  tufted,  slender,  3-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades 
1—8  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less:   panicle  5-15  cm.  long,  lax,  its  branches 
spreading  at  flowering  time,  finally  erect:   spikelets  3  mm.  long.     [E.  Dudleyi 
Vasey.]  —  Rather  rare,  in  woods.  —  Sum. 

39.  MELICA  L.     Perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaf -blades  and 
contracted  or  open  panicles  which  are  sometimes  almost  racemose.     Spikelets 
few-many,  erect  or  nodding,  1-several-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper 
ones  staminate.     Scales  3-several,  the  2  lower  empty,  membranous,  or  hyaline, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  unequal  in  length,  the  flowering  scales  larger,  membranous, 
the  lateral  nerves  vanishing  at  the  broad  hyaline  margin,  acute  or  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  the  remaining  scales  empty,  gradually  smaller,  convolute  and  involving 
each  other  and  forming  a  clavate  to  obovoid  mass;  palet  shorter  than  the  scale, 
2-keeled.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  M.  mutica  Walt.  Stems  3-9  dm.  tall :  leaf -blades  1-2.5  dm.  long,  2-10  mm. 
wide:  panicle  1-2.5  dm.  long,  its  branches  spreading  or  ascending:  spike- 
lets  7-9  mm.  long,  about  2-flowered,  nodding,  on  flexuous  pubescent  pedicels, 
the  flowering  scales  6-8  mm.  long,  usually  very  obtuse.  —  Lower  Susquehanna 
valley.  Rather  rare,  on  the  river  hills.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 


32  POACEAE. 

40.  UNIOLA  L.     Usually   tall  perennial  grasses,  with  flat   or   convolute 
leaf -blades  and  contracted  or  open  panicles,  the  branches  sometimes  nodding. 
Spikelets  many,  erect,  or  sometimes  nodding,  laterally  compressed,  2-edged,  3— 
many-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  ones  staminate.     Scales  6-many, 
compressed-keeled,  sometimes  winged,  the  lower  3-6  empty,  gradually  enlarging, 
the  flowering  scales  many-nerved,  similar  to  the  upper  ones  of  the  lower  empty 
scales  but  larger,  the  remaining  scales,  if  any,  empty;   palet  somewhat  rigid, 
2-keeled,  the  keels  narrowly  winged.     Stamens  1-3.     Styles  distinct.     Stigmas 
plumose. 

1.  U.  latifolia  Michx.  Stems  6-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1-2.5  dm.  long,  6-25 
mm.  wide:  panicle  lax,  1.5-2.5  dm.  long:  spikelets  many-flowered,  oval  to  ovate, 
much  flattened,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  on  long  capillary  pendulous  pedicels,  the  flower- 
ing scales  9-12  mm.  long,  ciliate-hispid  on  the  winged  keel.  —  Susquehanna 
valley.  Bather  rare,  on  the  river  shore  and  islands.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  SPIKE- 
GRASS. 

41.  DACTYLIS  L.     Perennial  usually  tall  grasses,  with  flat   leaf-blades 
and   open   or  contracted   panicles.      Spikelets   in   head-like   clusters   which   are 
unilaterally  arranged  and  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  3-5-flowered, 
the  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  ones  staminate.    Scales  5-7,  keeled,  the  2  lower 
empty,  unequal,  mucronate,  the  second  the  larger,  the  flowering  scales  larger, 
more  rigid,  the  keel  ciliate  and  excurrent  as  a  mucro  or  short  awn;  palet  nearly 
as  long  as  the  scale,  2-keeled.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose. 

1.  D.  glomerata  L.  Stems  6-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  7-23  cm.  long,  2-6  mm. 
wide:  panicle  7-20  cm.  long:  spikelets  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  3-5-flowered, 
the  flowering  scales  4-6  mm.  long,  rough,  pointed  or  short-awned,  ciliate  on 
the  keel. —  Common,  on  roadsides  and  in  fields  and  orchards.  Nat.  of  Eu. — 
Sum.  —  ORCHARD-GRASS. 

42.  POA  L.     Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  rarely  dioecious^  with  flat  leaf- 
blades  and  open  sometimes  contracted  panicles,  the  branches  often  drooping. 
Spikelets  2-6-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect,  or  rarely  unisexual,  the  glabrous  or 
rarely  somewhat  pilose  rachilla  articulated  between  the  flowers.     Scales  4-8, 
membranous,  keeled,  acute  or  obtuse,  awuless,  the  2  lower  empty,  persistent,  the 
flowering  scales  usually  longer,  frequently  pubescent  on  the  callus  and  the  mid- 
nerve  and  marginal  nerves,  the  hairs  often  long  and  curled;  palet  shorter  than 
the  scale,  2-nerved  or  2-keeled.     Stamens  3.     Styles  short,  distinct.     Stigmas 
plumose.  —  MEADOW-GRASS.     SPEAR-GRASS.     BLUE-GRASS. 

Annuals  or  biennials  :  stems  densely  tufted,  low,  usually  less  than  3  dm.  long. 

1.  P.  annua. 

Perennials  :  stems  usually  exceeding  3  dm.  tall. 
Plants  green  with  no  long  rootstocks. 

Flowering  scales  with  long  crimped  hairs  at  the  base. 

Flowering  scales  with  only  the  midnerve  pubescent.      2.  P.  trivialis. 
Flowering   scales    with    the    midnerve    and    lateral 

nerves    pubescent. 
Midnerve  of  the  flowering  scale  pubescent  only 

below  the  middle. 
Flowering  scales  2-3  mm.  long :  basal  leaves 

usually    relatively   short.  3.  P.  pratensis. 

Flowering     scales     4-5     mm.     long :     basal 
leaves    very     long,     often    equalling    the 

stem  or  nearly  so.  4.  P.  bracUyphylla. 

Midnerve  of  the  flowering  scale  pubescent   the 

whole  length,  or  nearly  so.  5.  P.  sylvestris. 


POACEAE.  33 

Flowering  scales  with  no  crimped  hairs  at  the  base.          6.  P.  autumnalis. 
Plants   dull   bluish  green,   with   long  stout  often   branch- 
ing rootstocks  :   stems  much  compressed.  7.  P.  compressa. 

1.  P.  annua  L.    Stems  5-30  cm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1-10  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide: 
panicle  1-10  em.  long,  it  branches  spreading:  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  3-5  mm. 
long,  the  flowering  scales  2.5-3   mm.  long.  —  Common,  in   cultivated   grounds 
and  fields.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.-f all.  —  Low  SPEAR-GRASS. 

2.  P.  trivialis  L.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:   leaf -sheaths  very  rough;  blades  5-18 
cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  rough:  panicle  1-1.5  dm.  long:  spikelets  2-3-flowered, 
3  mm.  long,  the  scales  acute,  the  flowering  scales  2-3  mm.  long,  5-nerved,  the 
intermediate   nerves   prominent.  —  Occasional,   in   waste   places   and   meadows. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum. 

3.  P.  pratensis  L.     Stems  3-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1-6  mm.  wide,  those  on 
the  stem  5-15  cm.  long,  the  basal  much  longer:  panicle  6-20  cm.  long,  usually 
pyramidal:  spikelets  3— 5-flowered,  4-5  mm.  long,  the  scales  acute,  the  flowering 
scales  3  mm.  long,  5-nerved.  —  Common,  in  fields,  pastures  and  woods.    Nat.  of 
Eu.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  KENTUCKY  BLUE-GRASS. 

4.  P.  brachyphylla  Schult.     Stems   3-9   dm.   tall:    leaf -blades  2-4  mm.  wide, 
abruptly  acute,  those  on  the  stem  1-10  cm.  long:   panicle  6—13  cm.  long,  its 
branches  widely  spreading  or  often  reflexed,  spikelet-bearing  at  the  ends :  spike- 
lets  3-6-flowered,  5—7  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  4-5  mm.  long,  obtuse,  the 
intermediate  nerves  prominent.  —  M.  S.     Bather  rare,  on  rocky  banks.  —  Lime- 
stones, schists.  —  Spr. 

5.  P.  sylvestris  A.  Gray.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  2-5  mm.  wide,  those 
on  the  stem  4-15  cm.  long,  the  basal  much  longer:  panicle  7-18  cm.  long,  the 
branches  spreading  or  ascending,  sometimes  reflexed  when  old,  spikelet-bearing 
at  the  ends:   spikelets  2-4-flowered,  2-4  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  about 
2.5   mm.   long,   obtuse.  —  M.    S.     Eather   rare,  in   damp   woods. — Limestones, 
schists.  —  Sum. 

6.  P.  autumnalis  Muhl.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  2  mm.  wide  or  less, 
those  on  the  stem  4-15  cm.  long,  the  basal  much  longer:  panicle  7-22  cm.  long, 
the  branches  long  and  slender  and  spikelet-bearing  at  the  ends:  spikelets  3—5- 
flowered,  5-6  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  3-4 
mm.  long,  pubescent  on  the  lower  part  of  the  internerves.  —  S.     Bare,  in  woods. 
—  Schists.  —  Spr. 

7.  P.  compressa  L.     Stems  1.5-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  2-10  cm.  long,  about  2 
mm.  wide:  panicle  usually  contracted:  spikelets  3-9 -flowered,  3-6  mm.  long,  the 
flowering  scales  2-2.5  mm.  long,  obscurely  3-nerved.  —  Common,  in  cultivated 
grounds,  waste  places,  and  woods.     Nat.   of  Eu.  —  Sum.   and  fall.  —  CANADA 

BLUE-GRASS. 

43.  PANICTJLABJA  Fabr.  Usually  perennial,  rarely  annual,  sometimes 
aquatic  grasses,  with  commonly  flat  leaf -blades  and  open  or  contracted  panicles, 
the  branches  sometimes  drooping.  Spikelets  usually  numerous,  ovate  to  linear, 
few-many-flowered,  the  glabrous  rachilla  articulated  between  the  perfect  flowers, 
the  upper  flowers  sometimes  imperfect.  Scales  few-many,  awnless,  the  2  lower 
empty,  obtuse  or  acute,  unequal,  the  flowering  scales  longer,  obtuse  to  truncate 
and  denticulate,  rarely  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  more  or  less  hyaline  apex, 
convex  on  the  back  but  not  keeled,  usually  prominently  nerved,  the  nerves 
vanishing  at  the  hyaline  margin;  palet  2-keeled,  equalling  or  shorter  than, 
rarely  exceeding,  the  scale.  Stamens  3.  Style  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. — •  MANNA-GRASS. 

Lancaster  County  Flora  3. 


34  POACEAE. 

Spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  8  mm.  long  or  less. 

Flowering  scales  very  broad,  obscurely  or  at  least  not  sharply  nerved. 

1.  P.  canadensis. 
Flowering  scales  narrow,  sharply  and  distinctly  7-nerved. 

Panicle  elongate,  its  branches  erect  or  appressed.  2.  P.  Torreyana. 

Panicle  not  elongate,   its  branches  usually  spreading  or 

ascending,  sometimes  drooping. 
Spikelets  3  mm.  long  or  less  :  branches  of  the  panicle 

often  drooping.  3.  P.  nervata. 

Spikelets  4-6  mm.   long :  branches   of  the   panicle   as- 
cending or  spreading.  4.  P.  grandis. 
Spikelets  linear,  12  mm.  long  or  more.  5.  P.  fluitans. 

1.  P.  canadensis  (Michx.)  Kuntze.     Steins  6-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1.5-3.5 
dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide:   panicle  1.5-3  dm.  long,  open,  the  slender  branches 
drooping:    spikelets  5-12-flowered,  5-8  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  broad, 
3-4  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed.  —  N.  S.     Rather  rare,  in  swamps.  — 
Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum.  —  RATTLESNAKE-GRASS. 

2.  P.  Torreyana  (Spreng.)  Merrill.     Stems  6-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1.5-3  dm. 
long,  3-6  mm.  wide:    panicle  elongate,  usually  nodding  at  the  summit,  1.5-3 
dm.  long :  spikelets  3-4-flowered,  3-4  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  about  2  mm. 
long,  obtuse  or  acutish.  —  N.     Rare,  in  swamps.  —  Sandstones  and  shales.  — 
Sum.  and  fall. 

3.  P.  nervata    (Willd.)    Kuntze.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  1.5-3  dm. 
long,  4-10  mm.  wide:  panicle  7—20  cm.  long,  often  purple,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, ascending,  or  often  drooping:    spikelets  3-7 -flowered,  2-3  mm.  long,  the 
flowering  scales  about  1.5  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  rounded.  —  Rather  common,  in 
swamps  and  low  woods.  —  Sum.  —  FOWL  MEADOW-GRASS. 

4.  P.  grandis  (S.  Wats.)  Nash.     Stems  9-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  2-3  dm.  long 
or  more,  6-16  mm.  wide:  panicle  2-4  dm.  long,  the  lower  branches  1-2  dm.  long: 
spikelets  4-7-flowered,  4-6  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  about  2  mm.  long.  — 

5.  Rare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  REED  MEADOW-GRASS. 

5.  P.  fluitans  (L.)  Kuntze.  Stems  1-1.5  m.  long:  leaf -blades  1-3  dm.  long  or 
more,  4-12  mm.  wide,  rough,  often  floating :  panicle  2-4.5  dm.  long,  its  branches 
finally  ascending:  spikelets  7-13-flowered,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  the  flowering  scales 
4-5  mm.  long,  thick,  oblong,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  erose  apex,  hispidulous. 
—  N.  S.  Rare,  in  swamps.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum. 

44.  FESTUCA  L.  Usually  perennial,  rarely  annual,  tufted  grasses,  with 
flat  or  convolute  sometimes  setaceous  leaf -blades  and  contracted  often  spike- 
like  or  open  panicles  which  are  sometimes  nearly  racemose.  Spikelets  2-several- 
flowered,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  ones  staminate,  the  rachilla  articulated 
between  the  flowers.  Scales  4-several,  membranous,  the  2  lower  empty,  unequal, 
acute,  keeled,  the  flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below,  acute 
or  rarely  obtuse,  usually  more  or  less  awned,  occasionally  awnless,  the  remaining 
scales  if  any,  empty;  palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled.  Stamens 
1-3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct,  terminal  or  nearly  so.  Stigmas  plumose. — 
FESCUE-GRASS. 

Plants  annual :  stamens  1  or  2.  1.  P.  octo flora. 

Plants  perennial :  stamens  3. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  at  maturity  ascending  or  spreading : 

spikelets   usually   less   than   6-flowered. 
Panicle   branches    elongate,    spikelet-bearing    toward    the 

end.  2.  F.  nutans. 

Panicle  branches  not  elongate,  spikelet-bearing  from   at 

or  below  the  middle.  3.  F.  Shortii. 

Panicle  contracted,  its  branches  erect  or  appressed  :  spikelets 

often  10-flowered.  4.  F.  elatior. 


POACEAE.  35 

1.  F.  octoflora  Walt.     Stems  1-5  dm.  tail;  leaf -blades  4-8  cm.  long,  involute: 
panicle  or  raceme  often  one-sided,  2.5—15  cm.  long,  contracted:  spikelets  6—13- 
flowered,  6-10  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  3-5  mm. 
long,  acuminate  into  an  awn  nearly  as  long  as  itself  or  shorter,  or  sometimes 
awnless.  —  Eather  common,  in  dry  soil.  —  Sum. 

2.  F.  nutans  Willd.     Stems  6-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1-3  dm.  long,  4-6  mm. 
wide:  panicle  1-2.5  dm.  long:  spikelets  lanceolate,  3-5-flowered,  5-6  mm.  long, 
the  flowering  scales  3-4  mm.  long.  —  Kather  rare,  in  woods.  —  Sum. 

3.  F.  Shortii  Kunth.     Stems  6-12   dm.  tall:    leaf -blades  1-2.5  dm.  long,  2-6 
mm.  wide:  panicle  7-18-  cm.  long:  spikelets  broadly  obovate  when  mature,  3-6- 
flowered,  5-6  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  4-5  mm.  long.  —  M.  S.     Kather 
rare,  in  swamps.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum. 

4.  F.  elatior  L.     Stems  6-15  dm.  tall :  leaf -blades  1-4  dm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide : 
panicle  1-4  dm.  long:    spikelets  5-10-flowered,  9-12  mm.  long,  the  flowering 
scales  acute  or  short -pointed,  5-6  mm.  long,  indistinctly  5-nerved.  —  Common,  in 
fields  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  MEADOW-FESCUE. 

45.  BROMUS  L.  Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  usually  closed  leaf- 
sheaths,  flat  blades  and  contracted  or  open  sometimes  almost  racemose  panicles, 
the  branches  often  nodding.  Spikelets  usually  large,  often  drooping,  few-many- 
flowered,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  ones  imperfect.  Scales  few-many, 
membranous,  the  2  lower  empty,  persistent,  narrow,  unequal,  acute  or  the  second 
sometimes  short-awned;  flowering  scales  longer  and  often  broader,  rounded  on 
the  back,  at  least  below,  usually  awned,  rarely  awnless,  the  straight  or  rarely 
recurved  awn  dorsal  and  inserted  just  below  the  2-toothed  or  shortly  2-cleft 
apex;  palet  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3,  rarely  fewer.  Ovary 
crowned  by  a  villous  appendange,  at  the  base  of  which  arise  the  very  short  but 
distinct  styles.  Stigmas  plumose.  —  BROME-GBASS.  CHESS.  CHEAT. 

Lower  empty  scale  1-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved. 

Flowering  scales  glabrous,  or  pubescent  on  the  margins.  1.  B.  ciliatus. 

Flowering  scales  densely  pubescent  all  over  the  back.  2.  B.  purgans. 

Lower  empty  scale  3-nerved,  the  upper  5-9-nerved. 
Flowering  scales  awned. 

Flowering  scales  pubescent.  3.  B.  Kalmii. 

Flowering  scales  glabrous,  sometimes  slightly  roughened. 
Leaf-sheaths  glabrous  :  nerves  of  the  turgid  fruiting 

scales  obscure.  4.  B.  secalinus. 

Leaf-sheaths   softly   and   densely   pubescent   with   re- 
flexed  hairs  :  nerves  of  the  flowering  scales  promi- 
nent. 5.  B.  racemosus. 
Flowering  scales  not  awned,  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  6.  B.  T)rizaeformis. 

1.  B.  ciliatus  L.     Stems  7-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -sheaths  retrorsely  short-pilose  or 
almost  glabrous ;  blades  lax,  2.5-4  dm.  long  and  about  1  cm.  wide :  panicle  1.5-3 
dm.  long,  the  lower  branches  drooping:  spikelets  5-9 -flowered,  15-22  mm.  long, 
the  flowering  scales  10-12  mm.  long,  pubescent  on  each  side  for  about  f  the 
length,  the  awn  straight,  slender,  3-5  mm.  long.  —  S.     Eather  rare,  in  thickets. 

—  Schists.  —  Sum. 

2.  B.  purgans  L.     Stems  7-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -sheaths  usually  coarsely  retrorsely 
pubescent;  blades  1.5-3  dm.  long,  5-15  mm.  wide:  panicle  lax,  nodding,  1.5-3 
dm.  long:  spikelets  7-11-flowered,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  10-12  mm. 
long,  pubescent  all  over  the  back,  the  awn   straight,  4-6  mm.  long.  —  M.   S. 
Eather  common,  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum. 

3.  B.  Kalmii  A.  Gray.     Stems  4.5-10  dm.  tall :  leaf -sheaths  villous ;  blades  0.5- 
1.8  dm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide:   panicle  5-15  cm.  long:   spikelets  6-10-flowered, 
1.2-2.5  cm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  about  8  mm.  long,  densely  silky,  the  awn 
2-3  mm.  long.  —  W.    Eare,  in  woods,  near  Conewago.  —  Sandstones  and  shales. 

—  Sum.  —  WILD-CHESS. 


36  POACEAE. 

4.  B.  secalinus  L.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -sheaths  commonly  glabrous;  blades 
5-23  cm.  long,  2-6*  mm.  wide:  panicle  5-10  cm.  long:  spikelets  turgid  when  in 
fruit,  6-10-flowered,  the  flowering  scales  6-8  mm.  long,  rough  toward  the  apex, 
awnless,  or  bearing  a  straight  awn  8  mm.  long  or  less  between  the  obtuse  short 
teeth.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  waste  places.     Nat.   of   Eu.  —  Sum.  —  CHEAT. 
CHESS. 

5.  B.  racemosus  L.     Stems  3-7  dm.  tall,  commonly  puberulent  just  below  the 
panicle:  leaf -sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  rather  densely  pubescent;  blades 
7-14  cm.  long,  pubescent,  or  sometimes  glabrous  above :  spikelets  1.5—2  cm.  long, 
acute,  5-9-flowered,  the  flowering  scales  elliptic,  6-8  mm.  long,  smooth  or  rough, 
the  awn  5-8  mm.  long,  arising  just  below  the  apex. —  Common,  in  thickets, 
fields  and  waste  places,  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum. 

6.  B.  brizaeformis  Fisch.   &  Mey.     Stems   1-6   dm.   tall:    leaf -sheaths   softly 
villous;  blades  0.3-1.8  dm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide:   panicle  3.5-20  cm.  long,  the 
branches  drooping:   spikelets  few,  1.3-2.5  cm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  very 
broad,  6-8  mm.  long,  awnless.  —  S.     Bare,  in  fields  and  thickets  near  Smithville. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum. 

46.  LOLIUM  L.     Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaf -blades  and 
terminal  simple  usually  elongate  spikes.     Spikelets  with  the  edge    (backs  of 
the  scales)  to  the  rachis,  scattered,  erect,  alternate,  sessile  and  solitary  in  the 
rachis-excavations,    compressed,   several-many-flowered,   the   flowers   perfect    or 
the  upper  ones  imperfect,  the  rachilla  articulated  between  the  flowers.     Scales 
rigid,  rounded  on  the  back,  obtuse  to  acuminate,  awned  or  awnless,  the  nerves 
connivent  above  or  confluent  into  the  awn,  the  lower  scale  of  the  lateral  spike- 
lets  and  the  2  lower  scales  of  the  terminal  spikelet  empty,  narrow,  longer  than 
the  remaining  scales,  thin;  flowering  scales  short,  imbricate;  palet  shorter  than 
the  scale,  2 -keeled.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct,  very  short.     Stigmas  plumose. 

—  DARNEL.    BYE-GRASS. 

Empty  scale  shorter  than  the  spikelet. 

Flowering  scales  awnless.  1.  L.  perenne. 

Flowering  scales  awned.  2.  L.  nvultiflorum. 

Empty  scale  equalling  or  extending  beyond  the  flowering  scales.  3.  L.  temulentum. 

1.  L.  perenne  L.     Stems  1.5-8  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  5-13  cm.  long,  2-4  mm. 
wide:  spike  7-20  cm.  long:  spikelets  5-10-flowered,  8-12  mm.  long,  the  empty 
scale  strongly  nerved,  the  flowering  scales  4-6  mm.  long,  acuminate,  awnless. 

—  Bather  common,   in  fields  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.    of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  COM- 
MON-DARNEL. 

2.  L.  multiflorum  Lam.     Stems  6-10  dm.  tall:   leaf -sheaths  glabrous;  blades 
1-2  dm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide:  spikes  2-3  dm.  long:  spikelets  20-30,  1.5-2  cm. 
long,  the  flowering  scales  bearing  an  awn  equalling  or  a  little  shorter  than  the 
body.  —  Bather  rare,  in  fields  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  ITALIAN 

RYE-GRASS. 

3.  L.  temulentum  L.     Stems  6-12  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  1-2.5  dm.  long,  2-6 
mm.  wide:  spike  1-3  dm.  long:  spikelets  4-8-flowered,  1-2  cm.  long,  the  empty 
scale  strongly  nerved,  the  flowering  scales  awned  or  awnless.  —  Bare,  in  fields 
and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  BEARDED-DARNEL. 

47.  AGBOPYBON  J.  Gaertn.     Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or 
convolute  leaf-blades   and  terminal  usually  rigid   2-4-sided   spikes.     Spikelets 
compressed,  with  the  side  (edge  of  the  scales)  toward  the  continuous  or  rarely 
articulated    rachis,    sessile,    alternate,    single    in    the    rachis-excavations,    ap- 
pressed  or  oblique  to  the  rachis,  several-many-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect  or 


POACEAE.  37 

the  upper  ones  imperfect,  the  rachilla  articulated  between  the  flowers.  Scales 
several-many,  the  2  lower  empty,  the  flowering  ones  broader,  rigid,  rounded  on 
the  back,  obtuse  to  acuminate,  awned  or  awnless,  the  nerves  connivent  at  the 
apex  or  confluent  into  the  awn,  the  remaining  scales,  if  any,  empty ;  palet  shorter 
than  the  scale,  2-keeled,  the  keels  usually  ciliate.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short, 
distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  —  WHEAT-GRASS. 

1.  A.  repens*  (L.)  Beauv.  Stems  3-12  dm.  tall,  from  a  long  rootstoek:  leaf -blades 
7—30  cm.  long,  2-10  mm.  wide:  spike  5-20  cm.  long:  spikelets  3— 7 -flowered, 
the  empty  scales  strongly  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute  or  awn-pointed,  sometimes 
obtuse,  the  flowering  scales  glabrous,  acute  or  short-awned.  —  Bather  common 
in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  COUCH-GRASS. 
QUITCH-GRASS.  QUICK-GRASS. 

48.  ELYMTJS  L.  Usually  tall  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute 
often  rigid  leaf -blades  and  a  terminal  cylindric  dense  spike  which  is  sometimes 
interrupted  and  usually  covered  with  long  awns.  Spikelets  numerous,  sessile, 
crowded,  usually  in  alternate  pairs,  sometimes  in  3  's  or  more,  at  each  node  of 
the  continuous  rachis,  2-several-flowered  (rarely  1-flowered).  Scales  4-several 
(rarely  3),  the  2  lower  empty,  rigid,  awn -like,  subulate,  or  linear,  persistent, 
awn-pointed  or  awned,  those  at  each  node  forming  an  apperent  involucre,  the 
flowering,  usually  in  pairs,  rarely  in  3  's,  sessile,  the  clusters  alternate  or  opposite, 
acute,  usually  awned,  rarely  awnless,  the  remaining  scales  if  any  smaller  and 
empty;  palet  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short, 
distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  —  LYME-GRASS.  WILD-RYE. 

Empty  scales  narrowly  subulate :  spike  relatively  slender.          1.  E.  striatus. 
Empty    scales    linear    or    linear-lanceolate :    spike    relatively 

stout. 

Flowering  scales  glabrous.  2.  E.  virginicus. 

Flowering  scales  pubescent. 

Empty   scales   linear,   thick,   the   awn   usually  shorter 

than  the  body.  3.  E.  hirsutiglumis. 

Empty   scales   narrowly   lanceolate,   thin,   the   awn   as 

long  as  the  body  or  longer. 

Flowering  scales  hirsute.  4.  E.  canadensis. 

Flowering  scales  minutely  hispidulous.  5.  E.  glabriflorus . 

1.  E.  striatus  Willd.     Stems  3-9   dm.  tall:   leaf -sheaths  glabrous  or  hirsute; 
blades  1-2.5  dm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide:   spike  6-12  cm.  loner,  often  nodding, 
slender:  spikelets  1-3-flowered,  the  empty  scales  2-2.5  cm.  long,  including  the 
slender  rough  awn,  1-3-nerved,  the  nerves,  and  often  the  whole  scale,  hirsute, 
the  flowering  scales  about  6  mm.  long,  hispid,  each  bearing  a  slender  awn  1.5- 
3  cm.  long.  —  S.     Eather  rare,  on  roadsides  and  in  woods.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

2.  E.  virginicus  L.     Stems  6-9   dm.  tall:    leaf -sheaths  sometimes  pubescent, 
the  uppermost  usually  inflated  and  enclosing  the  base  of  the  spike;  blades  1-3.5 
dm.  long,  4-16  mm.  wide:  spike  5-18  cm.  long,  broad,  stout,  upright:  spikelets 
2-3-flowered,  the  empty  scales  very  thick  and  rigid,  lanceolate,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long, 
including  the  short  awn,  5-7-nerved,  the  flowering  scales  6-8  mm.  long,  each 
bearing  a  rough  awn  4-18  mm.  long,  or  rarely  awnless. — Rather  common,  in 
moist  thickets  or  on  banks.  —  Sum. 

3.  E.  hirsutiglumis  Scribn.  &  Sm.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  blades  2-3  dm.  long, 
8-18  mm.  wide:   spike  6-15  cm.  long,  stout:  spikelets  2-5-flowered,  the  empty- 
scales  linear,  10-12  mm.  long,  thick,  3-5-nerved,  the  nerves  hirsute,  each  acumi- 
nate into  an  awn  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  scale,  the  flowering 
scales  lanceolate,  8-10  mm.  long,  each  acuminate  into  a  rough  awn  12-16  mm. 
long.  —  Lower    Susquehanna    valley.     Eather    rare,    on    the    river    shores    and 
islands.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 


38  CYPERACEAE. 

4.  E.  canadensis  L.     Stems  6-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1-3  dm.  long  or  more, 
4-20   mm.    wide:    spike    1-3    dm.    long,    nodding:    spikelets    3-5-flowered,    the 
empty    scales   awl-shaped,   rigid,    3-5-nerved,   16-32    mm.    long,    including   the 
slender  rough  long  awn,  the  flowering  scales  8-14  mm.  long,  nearly  glabrous  to 
hirsute  and  each  bearing  a  slender  rough  awn  2-5   em.  long.  —  Susquehanna 
valley.     Eather  common,  on  river  banks.  —  Sum. 

5.  E,  glabriflorus   (Vasey)    Scribn.  &  Ball.     Stems  5-10  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades 
1.5-3  dm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide:  spike  erect  or  nodding,  1-1.5  dm:  long,  some- 
times glaucous:  spikelets  crowded,  the  empty  scales  11-15  mm.  long,  each  bear- 
ing an  awn  about  2  cm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  9-12  mm.  long,  hispidulous, 
each  bearing  an  awn   2-3   cm.   long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Rather   rare,   in 
rich  woods  and  thickets.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

49.  HYSTBIX  Moench.  Usually  tall  grasses,  with  simple  stems,  flat  leaf- 
blades  and  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  numerous,  at  length  spreading,  2-several- 
flowered,  usually  in  pairs,  rarely  in  3  's,  sessile,  the  clusters  alternate  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  continuous  rachis,  the  rachilla  articulated  below  the  flowering  scales. 
Scales  2-several,  the  2  lower  empty,  subulate,  wanting  in  all  but  the  lowest 
spikelets,  the  flowering  scales  lanceolate,  rigid,  convolute,  rounded  on  the  back, 
the  nerves  confluent  into  the  long  awn;  palet  somewhat  shorter  than  the  scale, 
2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
oblong,  adherent  to  the  palet  when  dry. 

1.  H.  Hystrix  (L.)  Millsp.  Stems  6-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1-2.5  dm.  long, 
6—12  mm.  wide:  spike  7-18  cm.  long:  spikelets  8-12  mm.  long,  exclusive  of  the 
awn,  the  flowering  scales  8-12  mm.  long,  each  acuminate  into  an  awn  about 
2.5  cm.  long.  — •  Rather  common,  on  wooded  banks  and  in  rocky  thickets.  — 
Sum.  —  BOTTLE-BRUSH. 

FAMILY  2.     CYPERACEAE.     SEDGE  FAMILY. 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  caulescent  or  sckpose  herbs,  often  perennial 
by  long  rootstocks.  Stems  or  scapes  (culms)  slender,  solid  or  rarely 
hollow,  triangular,  quadrangular,  terete  or  flattened.  Leaves  3-ranked, 
with  closed  sheaths:  blades  narrow.  Flowers  perfect  or  imperfect,  ar- 
ranged in  spikelets,  one  (rarely  2)  in  the  axil  of  each  scale  (glume,  bract), 
the  spikelets  solitary  or  clustered,  1-many-flowered.  Scales  2-ranked  or 
spirally  imbricate,  persistent  or  deciduous.  Perianth  hypogynous,  com- 
posed of  bristles,  or  scale-like  parts,  rarely  calyx-like,  or  wanting.  Androe- 
cium  of  1-3  stamens,  or  rarely  more.  Filaments  slender  or  filiform. 
Anthers  2-celled.  Gynoecium  of  2  or  3  united  carpels.  Ovary  1-celled. 
Styles,  or  stigmas,  2  or  3,  the  former  often  more  or  less  united.  Fruit  a 
lenticular,  plano-convex,  or  3-angled  achene. 

Spikelets  with  at  least  1  perfect  flower. 
Spikelets  perfect. 

Scales  of  the  spikelets  2-ranked. 

Perianth  present,  the  members  bristle-like  :   achene 

beaked.  1.  DULICHIUM. 

Perianth  wanting  :  achene  beakless.  2.  CYPEKUS. 

Scales  of  the  spikelets  spirally  imbricate. 

Style-base  not   at   all    or    only    slightly    thickened, 

deciduous. 

Perianth-members  conspicuously  elongate.  3.  BBIOPHOKUM. 

Perianth-members  not  conspicuously  elongate.  4.  SCIEPUS. 

Style-base  markedly  swollen,  peristent  as  a  tubercle, 

or  deciduous. 
Perianth  present.  5.  ELEOCHARIS. 


CYPEEACEAE.  39 

Perianth  wanting. 

Achenes  tuberculate  at  the  apex.  6.  FIMBRISTYLIS. 

Achenes  not  tuberculate.  7.  STENOPHYLLUS. 
Spikelets  polygamous. 

Stigmas  3  :  style  deciduous.  8.  MAKISCUS. 

Stigmas  2  :  style  persistent.  9.  RYNCHOSPOKA. 
Spikelets  with  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers. 

Achene  not  enclosed  in  a  utricle  (perigynium).  10.  SCLERIA. 

Achene  enclosed  in  a  utricle  (perigynium).  11.  CAREX. 

1.  DULICHIUM  L.    C.   Eich.      Perennial   caulescent   herbs,  with   terete, 
hollow,  conspicuously  jointed  stems.     Lower  leaves  mere  sheaths.     Spikes  axil- 
lary, peduncled.     Spikelets  2-ranked,  flat,  very  narrow,  6-10-flowered.     Scales 
2-ranked,  carinate,  decurrent.     Perianth  of  6-9  retrorsely  barbed  bristles.     Sta- 
mens 3.    Style  persistent.     Stigmas  2.    Achenes  narrow,  beaked. 

1.  D.  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britton.  Stems  3-10  dm.  tall:  leaves  numerous; 
blades  flat,  2-8  cm.  long,  spreading  or  ascending:  spikelets  narrowly  linear, 
spreading,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  strongly  several-nerved, 
appressed,  brownish:  bristles  rigid,  longer  than  the  achene:  achenes'  linear- 
oblong.  [D.  spathaceum  (L.)  Pers.] — Occasional  in  swamps.  —  Sum. 

2.  CYPERUS    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual  or  perennial  scapose  herbs.     Leaves 
basal:   blades  narrow.     Scapes  simple,  triangular,  with  one  or  more  bracts  at 
the  summit  forming  an  involucre  to  the  simple  or  compound,  umbellate  or  capi- 
tate inflorescence.    Eays  of  the  umbel  sheathed  at  the  base,  usually  very  unequal. 
Spikelets  flat  or  nearly  terete,  the  scales  falling  away  from  the  rachis  as  they 
mature  or  persistent  and  the  spikelets  falling  away  from  the  axis  of  the  head 
or  spike  with  the  scales  attached.      Scales  2-ranked,  all  flower-bearing,  or  the 
lower  ones  empty.     Perianth  none.     Stamens  1-3.     Style  deciduous.     Stigmas 
2  or  3.    Achene  beakless.  —  GALINGALE. 

Style-branches  or  stigmas  2 :  achene  lenticular. 

Achenes  suborbicular,  the  superficial  cells  oblong.  1.  C.  flavescens. 

Achenes  oblong  to  obovoid,  the  superficial  cells  quadrate. 
Spikelet-scales  dull :  style-branches   or  stigmas   con- 
spicuously exserted :  stamens  2.  2.  C.  diandrus. 
Spikelet-scales    shining :    style-branches    or    stigmas 

scarcely  exserted :  stamens  3.  3.  C.  rivularis. 

Style-branches  or  stigmas  3  :  achenes  three-angled. 

Scales  falling  away  from  the  persistent  rachis   of  the 

flattened  spikelets. 

Spikelet-scales   with   recurved   awn-tips :    plants   an- 
nual. 4.  C.  inflexus. 
Spikelet-scales  acute  or  mucronate :  plants  perennial. 
Spikelets  mainly  reddish-brown  ;  scales  with  lax 

mucronate  tips.  5.  C,  dentattts. 

Spikelets    mainly    straw-colored    or    pale-brown ; 

scales  with  acute  tips.  6.  C.  esculentus. 

Scales  and  rachis  of  the  spikelets  falling  away. 

Achenes  narrowly  linear-oblong,  2^-4  times  as  long 

as  thick. 

Spikelets   decidedly   flattened,    several-many-flow- 
ered. 7.  C.  strigosus. 
Spikelets  nearly  terete,  1-few-flowered. 

Spikelets  borne  in  a  loose  spike.  8.  C.  refractus. 

Spikelets  borne  in  a  dense  or  head-like  spike. 

Spikes  globular :  spikelets  spreading.  9.  C.  ovularis. 

Spikes     cylindric     to     oval     or     obovoid : 

spikelets  becoming  refracted.  10.  C.  lancastriensis. 

Achenes  oblong  or  obovoid,  less  than  twice  as  long 

as  thick.  11.  C.  filiculmis. 

1.  C.  flavescens  L.  Annual.  Leaves  yellowish-green:  scapes  very  slender, 
tufted,  7-30  cm.  tall:  spikelets  linear,  yellow,  many-flowered,  flat,  8-1&  mm. 
long,  the  clusters  terminal  and  sessile,  or  on  1-4  short  rays:  scales  short, 


40  CYPEKACEAE. 

appressed,  twice  as  long  as  the  aehene :  stigmas  2 :  achenes  orbicular  or  orbieular- 
obovoid,  black,  obtuse,  shining.  —  Common,  in  low  grounds.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

2.  C.  diandrus  Torr.     Annual.     Leaves  deep-green :  scapes  tufted,  slender,  5-40 
cm.  tall:    spikelets  8^18   mm.  long,  linear-oblong,  acute,  flat,  many-flowered: 
scales  short,  green  or  brown,  or  with  brown  margins,  obtuse,  1-nerved,  thin,  dull : 
stigmas  2,  much  exserted :   achenes  lenticular,  oblong,  dull.  —  Bather  rare,  in 
swampy  places.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

3.  C.  rivularis  Kunth.     Similar  to  the  next  preceding  species:  scapes  slender, 
tufted:   spikelets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  aeutish,  8-20  mm.  long:  scales  dark- 
green   or   brown,   or  with  brown   margins,   appressed,   thick,    shining,    obtuse: 
stigmas  2,  scarcely  exserted:  achenes  oblong  or  oblong-obovoid,  lenticular,  dull. 
—  M.  S.    Bather  common,  in  low  grounds. — Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

4.  C.  inflexus  Muhl.    Annual,  fragrant  in  drying.     Leaves  bright-green:  scapes 
slender  or  almost  filiform,  tufted :  umbel  sessile,  capitate  or  1-3-rayed :  spikelets 
linear-oblong,    6-10-flowered,    4-6    mm.    long:    scales    light -brown,    lanceolate, 
several-nerved,  each  tapering  into  a  long,  recurved  awn :   stigmas  3 :  aehene  3- 
angled,   narrowly  obovoid,  mucronate,   brown.  —  Susquehanna   valley.     Bather 
rare,  in  wet  sandy  soil.  —  Schists. 

5.  C.   dentatus   Torr.     Perennial.     Leaves   light-green:    scapes   2-5   dm.   tall: 
umbel  somewhat  compound:  spikelets  few,  light  reddish-brown,  linear,  very  flat, 
many-flowered,  mostly  blunt,  10-20  mm.  long,  nearly  "4  mm.  wide:  scales  thin, 
keeled,  5-7-nerved,  mucronate:  aehene  3-angled,  obovoid,  less  than  1  mm.  long, 
mucronate,   light-brown,   much   shorter  than   the   scale.  —  Susquehanna   valley. 
Bather  common,  in  sand,  on  the  river  shore  and  low  islands.  —  Sum. 

6.  C.  esculentus  L.    Perennial.    Leaves  light-green :  scapes  3-8  dm.  tall :  umbel 
4-10-rayed,  often  compound:  spikelets  numerous  in  loose  spikes,  straw-color  or 
yellowish-brown,   flat,    spreading,   1-2.5    cm.   long,   about   3   mm.   wide,  many- 
flowered:   scales  rather  acute,  3-5-nerved:    aehene  obovoid,  fully  1  mm.  long, 
obtuse,  3-angled.  —  Common  in  moist  fields;   a  troublesome  weed  in  places. — 
Sum. 

7.  C.   strigosus  L.     Perennial.     Leaf -blades  rough-margined,   4-6   mm.   wide: 
scapes  rather  stout,  3-9  dm.  tall:  umbel  several-rayed,  some  of  the  primary  rays 
often  10-15  cm.  long,  their  sheaths  terminating  in  two  bristles:   spikes  oblong 
or  ovoid :  spikelets  flat,  linear,  8-19  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  7-15-flowered : 
scales  straw-colored,  strongly  several-nerved,  appressed:   achenes  linear-oblong, 
3-angled,  about  2  mm.  long,  acute,  about  £  as  long  as  the  scale.  —  Common,  in 
swamps  and  waste  places.  —  Sum. 

8.  C.  refractus  Engelm.     Perennial.     Leaf -blades  5-8   mm.  wide,   rough-mar- 
gined: scapes  stout,  smooth,  3-9  dm.  tall:  umbel  6-13-rayed,  usually  compound, 
the  longer  rays  sometimes  20  cm.  long,  their  sheaths  terminating  in  1  or  2  short 
teeth:  spikes  lax:  spikelets  very  narrowly  linear,  loosely  spicate,  acute,  1-2  cm. 
long,  1  mm.  thick,  3-6 -flowered,  the  upper  spreading,  the  lower  reflexed:  scales 
yellowish-green,  closely  appressed,   ^-ll-nerved:    achenes  linear,  about  3   mm. 
long,  obtuse  and  apiculate,  about  5  times  as  long  as  thick,  and  £  as  long  as  the 
scale.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Bather  rare,  on  dry  banks.  —  Sum. 

9.  C.  ovularis  (Michx.)   Torr.     Perennial.    Leaf -blades  smooth:   scape  usually 
strict,  smooth,  2-8  dm.  tall,  longer  than  the  leaves:   umbel  simple,  few-rayed: 
spikes  globose,  8^-14  mm.  in  diameter,  very  dense,  the  spikelets  radiating  in  all 
directions:    spikelets  4-7  mm.  long,  usually  3-flowered:    scales  green,  several- 
nerved:  achenes  linear-oblong,  3-angled,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  1-3  times  as  long 
as  thick.  —  S.     Bather  rare,  in  old  fields  and  on  dry  banks.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

10.  C.   lancastriensis  Porter.     Perennial.     Leaf -blades    1    cm.   wide   or   less: 
scapes  slender,  smooth,  3-8  dm.  tall:  umbel  5-9-rayed:  spikes  oval,  obtuse,  1-2.5 
cm.  long:  spikelets  densely  clustered,  8-10  mm.  long,  linear,  nearly  terete,  2-6- 


CYPEEACEAE.  41 

flowered,  the  lower  reflexed,  the  middle  ones  spreading,  all  separating  from  the 
axis  at  maturity:  scales  green,  several-nerved:  achenes  linear,  2.5-3  mm.  long, 
apiculate,  2-3  times  as  long  as  thick,  §  as  long  as  the  scale.  —  Susquehanna 
valley.  Common,  on  the  dry  river  shores  and  islands.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 
11.  O.  filiculmis  Vahl.  Perennial.  Leaf -blades  2-4  mm.  wide:  scape  smooth, 
slender,  often  wiry,  ascending  or  reclined,  1.5  dm.  long:  spikelets  densely 
clustered  in  a  sessile  head,  or  in  1-7  peduncled  heads,  linear,  acute,  5-11- 
flowered,  subterete  or  compressed,  5-12  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less:  scales 
pale-green,  7-11-nerved,  appressed:  achenes  oblong  or  obovoid,  fully  2  mm. 
long,  3-angled,  dull  gray,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick.  —  S.  Occasional,  in 
sand  near  Peach  Bottom. 

3.  EBIOPHORUM  L.     Bog  herbs,  perennial  by  rootstocks.     Stems  erect, 
triangular  or  nearly  terete.    Leaves  with  linear  blades,  or  1  or  2  of  the  upper 
mere   bladeless  sheaths.     Spikelets  terminal,   solitary,   capitate,   or  in  umbels, 
subtended  by  an  involucre  of  1-several  bracts,  or  naked.     Scales  spirally  imbri- 
cate, usually  all  flower-bearing.     Perianth  of  6  or  many,  filiform  smooth  soft 
bristles,  white  or  brown,  the  bristles  straight  or  crisped,  much  exserted.     Sta- 
mens 1-3.     Style  deciduous.     Stigmas  3.     Achene  3-angled,  often  broad. 

1.  E.  virginicum  L.  Stems  stiff,  smooth,  4-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  narrowly 
elongate-linear,  flat:  bracts  of  the  involucre  spreading  or  deflexed:  spikelets 
several  or  numerous  in  a  dense  terminal  cluster,  erect,  or  the  outer  spreading: 
scales  acute,  brown  with  a  green  center:  perianth-bristles  numerous,  dingy- 
brown  or  copper-colored,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  scale:  achenes  linear- 
oblong,  acute,  apiculate,  brown.  —  E.  S.  Common  in  swamps.  —  Quartzite, 
schists.  —  Sum.  —  COTTON-GRASS. 

4.  SCIE.PUS   [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  or  perennial  small  or  large  caulescent 
or  scapose  herbs,  the  leaves  sometimes  reduced  to  basal  sheaths.     Spikelets  few- 
many-flowered,  terete  or  flattened,  solitary,  capitate,  spicate,  or  umbellate,  often 
subtended  by  an  involucre.     Scales  spirally  imbricate  or  nearly  2-ranked,  the 
1-3  lower  sometimes  empty.    Perianth  of  1-6  slender  or  rigid  bristles  or  rarely 
wanting.     Stamens  2  or  3.     Style  not  swollen  at  the  base,  wholly  deciduous 
from  the  achene,  or  its  base  persistent.     Stigmas  2  or  3.     Aehene  triangular, 
lenticular  or  plano-convex.  —  BULRUSH.     CLUB-RUSH. 

Involucre  of  a  single  bract,  or  wanting. 

Spikelets   solitary,   terminal.  1.  8.  planifolius. 

Spikelets  typically  several  or  numerous,  often  apparently 

lateral. 
Spikelets  few,   1-12,  appearing  lateral. 

Scapes  bluntly  3-angled :  plants  annual.  2.  S.  debills. 

Scapes  acutely  3-angled  :  plants  perennial.  3.  8.  americanus 

Spikelets    several    or   numerous,    in   umbels    or    umbel- 
like  clusters.  4.  8.  validus. 
Involucre  of  2  or  more  bracts  with  flat  blades. 

Spikelets  relatively  large,  few-several,  capitate  or  umbel- 
late. 5.  S.  fluviatilis. 
Spikelets  relatively  small,  very  numerous,  umbellate. 

Perianthl-bristles     downwardly     barbed,     or    wanting : 

spikelets  in  umbellate  heads. 
Perianth-bristles    equalling   the   achene   or   slightly 

exceeding  it :  leaf-blades  6-16  mm.  wide. 
Spikelet-scales   obtuse :    perianth-bristles   barbed 

throughout.  6.  S.  sylvaticus. 

Spikelet-scales    acute :    perianth-bristles    barbed 

above.  7.  8.  atrovirens. 

Perianth-bristles    twice    as    long    as    the    achene : 

leaf-blades  4-6  mm.  wide.  8.  8.  polyphyllua. 

Perianth-bristles   smooth   or  merely   pubescent :   umbel 

decompound. 

Spikelets  sessile,  borne  in  small  heads.  9.  8.  cyperinus. 

Spikelets,  or  some  of  them,  distinctly  peduncled.  10.  8.  Eriovhorum. 


42  CYPEKACEAE. 

1.  S.  planifolius  Muhl.     Perennial.     Scapes  tufted,  slender,  3-angled,  1.5-4  dm. 
tall:  leaves  various,  the  lower  sheaths  with  short  blades,  the  upper  terminating 
in  a  flat  narrowly  linear  blade  as  tall  as  the  scape:  spikelet  solitary,  ovoid  or 
oblong,  5-7  mm.  long,  several-flowered,  the  involucral  bract  usually  overtopping 
it:  scales  yellowish-brown,  except  the  green  midvein,  ovate-lanceolate:  perianth- 
bristles  4-6,  upwardly  barbed,  usually  about  as  long  as  the  achene:  stigmas  3: 
achene  broadly  oblong,  3-angled,   1.5-2  mm.   long,   smooth,   light-brown.  —  M. 
Occasional,  in  woods.  —  Quartzite.  —  Spr. 

2.  S.  debilis  Pursh.     Annual.     Scapes  slender,  tufted,  terete  or  nearly  so,  1.5 
-5  dm.  high :  sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  the  upper  ones  rarely  bearing  short  subu- 
late blades:  spikelets  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  2-12,  ovoid-oblong,  many-flowered, 
appearing  lateral:   scales  light  yellowish-brown  with  a  green  midvein,  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse  or  acute:  perianth-bristles  4-6,  downwardly  barbed,  fully  as  long 
as  the  achene:  stigmas  2  or  rarely  3:  achenes  plano-convex,  broadly  obovoid  or 
orbicular,  1.5—2  mm.  long,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened,  dark-brown,  shining, 
mucronulate.  —  M.   S.     Rare,  in  swamps,  on  river   shores  and  low  islands.  — 
Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

3.  S.   americanus   Pers.      Perennial.      Scapes    stout,   sharply   triangular,    stiff, 
3-11  dm.  tall:  sheaths  bearing  1-3  linear,  keeled  blades,  shorter  than  the  scape: 
spikelets  oblong-ovoid,  8-12  mm.  long,  in  clusters  of  2-7,  appearing  lateral: 
scales  broadly  ovate,  brown,  often  emarginate  or  2-cleft,  the  midvein  extended 
into  a  subulate  awn:  perianth-bristles  2-6,  downwardly  barbed,  shorter  than  the 
achene:  achenes  obovoid,  plano-convex,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  smooth,  dark-brown. 

—  M.  S.     Eather  rare,  in  swamps  or  low  grounds.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum. 

4.  S.  validus  Vahl.     Perennial.     Scapes  stout,  light-green,  terete,  1-3  m.  tall: 
sheaths  bladeless  or  nearly  so:  involucral  bract  shorter  than  the  umbel:  umbel 
compound,  appearing  lateral,  its  primary  rays  3-10  cm.  long:  spikelets  becoming 
oblong-cylindric,  in  mostly  capitate  clusters  of  2-5,  5-16  mm.  long:  scales  sub- 
orbicular,  ciliate,  mucronate:   perianth-bristles  4-6,  downwardly  barbed,  equal- 
ling or  longer  than  the  achene :  stigmas  2 :  achenes  plano-convex,  obovoid,  mostly 
2  mm.  long  or  less,  black  or  nearly  so,  mucronate.  —  Common,  in  swamps.  —  Sum. 

5.  S.  fluviatilis  (Torr.)  A.  Gray.   Perennial,  1-2  m.  tall.  Leaves  elongate;  blades 
8^20  mm.  wide,  long-attenuate:  umbel  terminal,  compound,  the  rays  mostly  re- 
curved-spreading:  spikelets  oblong,  ovoid,  or  oblong-cylindric,  15-25  mm.  long, 
solitary  or  clustered :  scales  terminating  in  a  curved  tip :  perianth-bristles  6,  rigid, 
as  long  as  the  achene  or  somewhat  shorter :  stigmas  3 :  achenes  3-angled,  obovoid, 
dull.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     Eather  rare,  on  river  shores  and  islands. 

—  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  EIVER-BULRUSH. 

6.  S.  sylvaticus  L.     Perennial,  1-2  m.  tall.     Leaves  elongate;  blades  1-1.6  cm. 
wide,  rough-margined:   umbel  terminal,  sometimes  3  dm.  broad,  about  3  times 
compound,  the  rays  ascending  or  recurved:  spikelets  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  3-5 
mm.  long,  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  raylets:   scales  obtuse,  brown  with  a 
green  center:    perianth-bristles   6,   downwardly   barbed,  slightly   exceeding  the 
achene:  achenes  broadly  oblong  or,  obovoid,  fully  1  mm.  long,  3-angled,  nearly 
white.  —  E.  S.     Eare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists,  quartzite.  —  Sum. 

7.  S.  atrovirens  Muhl.    Perennial,  leafy,  5-12  dm.  high.    Leaf -blades  elongate, 
bright-green,  6-15  mm.  wide,  rough-margined:  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  3.5-9  mm. 
long,  densely  capitate  at  the  ends  of  the  rays  or  raylets:  scales  greenish-brown, 
1.5-2  mm.  long,  the  midvein  excurrent:  perianth-bristles  usually  6,  downwardly 
barbed  above,  about  as  long  as  the  achene :  achenes  oblong-obovoid,  1  mm.  long, 
3-angled,  pale-brown,  dull.  —  Common,  in  swamps.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

8.  S.  polyphyllus  Vahl.    Perennial,  very  leafy,  3-11  dm.  tall.    Leaf -blades  pale- 
green,  4-6  mm.  wide,  rough-margined:  spikelets  ovoid,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  capitate 
at  the  ends  of  the  raylets:  scales  1-1.5  mm.  long,  bright-brown,  mostly  obtuse  and 
mucronulate:  perianth-bristles  6,  downwardly  barbed  above  the  middle,  twice  as 


CYPEEACEAE.  43 

long  as  the  achene:  achenes  obovoid,  fully  1  mm.  long,  3-angled,  with  a  broad 
face  and  narrower  sides,  dull.  —  N.  Bather  rare,  in  swamps.  —  Sandstones  and 
shales.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

9.  S.  cyperinus  (L.)  Kunth.    Perennial.    Stems  smooth,  stiff,  2  m.  tall  or  less: 
leaves  elongate;  blades  stiff,  3-6  mm.  wide,  rough-margined:   umbel  terminal, 
decompound,  the  rays  at  length  somewhat  drooping:  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  3-5 
mm.  long,  in  capitate  clusters  of  3-15:    perianth-bristles   6,  entangled,  much 
longer  than  the  achene,  conspicuously  exserted  beyond  the  scales,  and  grayish- 
brown  at  maturity :  achenes  3-angled,  barely  1  mm.  long,  nearly  white.  —  Com- 
mon, in  swamps.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

10.  S.  Eriophorum  Michx.     Similar  to  the  next  preceding  species  in  habit. 
Involucre  more  ferruginous  at  the  base;  umbel  with  laxer  branches,  the  rays 
elongate  and  drooping  at  the  ends:  spikelets  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  3.5-6  mm. 
mostly  4.5  mm.  long,  more  deeply  colored,  at  least  some  of  them  distinctly 
peduncled.  —  Lower   Susquehanna  valley.     Bather   rare,   in   swamps.  —  Schists. 
—  Sum.  and  fall. 

5.  ELEOCHARIS  B.  Br.  Annual  or  perennial  scapose  herbs.  Leaves 
reduced  to  sheaths,  or  the  lowest  very  rarely  blade-bearing.  Scapes  simple, 
terete,  flattened,  variously  angled,  or  fluted.  Spikelets  solitary,  terminal,  erect, 
several-many-flowered,  without  an  involucre,  or  rarely  with  2  small  bracts. 
Scales  spirally  imbricate.  Perianth  of  1-12  bristles,  usually  retrorsely  barbed, 
or  wanting.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Achene  lenticular  or  biconvex,  or 
3-angled,  but  sometimes  with  very  obtuse  angles  and  appearing  turgid,  each 
tubercled  by  the  persistent  style-base.  —  SPIKE-RUSH. 

Style-branches,  or  stigmas,  2  :  achene  lenticular  or  biconvex. 
Annual  plants  with  fibrous  roots. 

Spikelets  twice  as  long  as  thick  or  less  :  perianth-bristles  much  longer  than 

the  achene :  tubercle   %   as  long  as  the  achene.  1.  E.  obtus-a. 

Spikelets    elongate :    perianth-bristles    as    long    as    the 

achene  or  shorter:  tubercle  %  as  long  as  the  achene.    2.  E.  Engelmannii. 
Perennial  plants  with  horizontal  rootstocks. 
Tubercle  of  the  achene  flat-conic  or  ovate. 

Scape  and  spike  stout :  tubercle  ovate.  3.  E.  palustris. 

Scape  and  spike  slender  :  tubercle  conic.  4.  E.  glaucescens. 

Tubercle  of  the  achene  swollen,  bulb-like.  5.  E.  Smallii. 

Style-branches,  or  stigmas,  3  :  achene  3-angled,  or  turgid. 

Achene  cancellate,  narrow.  6.  E.  acicularis. 

Achene  papillose  or  nearly  smooth,  broad. 

Tubercle  depressed :   perianth-bristles   y2   as  long  as  the 

achene,   or  wanting.  7.  E.  tenuis. 

Tubercle    subulate:    perianth-bristles    longer    than    the 

achene.  8-  &•  intermedia, 

1.  E.  obtusa  Schult.    Annual.    Scapes  tufted,  relatively  stout,  rather  deep-green, 
nearly  terete,  0.5-5  dm.  tall:  spikelet  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  obtuse,  many-flowered, 
3-13  mm.  long:    scales  obovate,  oblong-obovate,  or  oblong-orbicular,  rounded, 
brown,  each  with  a  broad  green  midvein  and  scarious  margins;  perianth-bristles 
6-8,  deciduous,  longer  than  the  achene:  achenes  pale-brown,  shining,  lenticular, 
obovoid-oblong,   smooth,   1   mm.   long   or  more;    tubercle   deltoid,  acute,   com- 
pressed, scarcely  constricted  at  the  base,  about  |  as  long  as  the  achene.  —  Com- 
mon, in  wet  soil.  —  Sum. 

2.  E.  Engelmannii  Steud.     Annual,  similar  to  the  next  preceding  species,  but 
commonly  taller,  sometimes  5  dm.  high.     Spikelet  cylindric,  obtuse  or  rather 
acute,  4-20  mm.  long,  many-flowered:    scales  ovate,  pale-brown  with  a  green 
midvein  and  narrow  scarious  margins,  obtuse:    perianth-bristles  about   6,  not 
longer  than  the  achene,  or  very  short  or  wanting:    achenes  obovoid  or  cune- 
ate-obovoid,  fully  1  mm.  long,  brown,  smooth,  lenticular;  tubercle  broad,  low, 
covering  the  top  of  the  achene,  less  than  J  its  length.  —  W.     Bather  rare,  in  wet 
soil.  —  Sandstones  and  shales.  —  Sum. 


44  CYPEEACEAE. 

3.  E.  palustris   (L.)   E.  &  S.     Perennial.     Scapes  not  tufted,  3-15  dm.  tall, 
stout,  striate:  spikelet  conic-cylindric,  1O-25  mm.  long,  thicker  than  the  scape, 
acute:   scales  ovate-oblong,  reddish-brown,  except  the  whitish  margin  and  the 
greenish  midvein,  or  pale-green:  perianth-bristles  usually  4,  much  longer  than 
the  achene,  downwardly  barbed,  or  wanting:  achenes  obovoid,  lenticular,  about  2 
mm.  long,  yellowish,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  tubercle.  —  Susquehanna 
valley.     Frequent,  on  the  river  shore  and  low  islands.  —  Sum. 

4.  E.  glaucescens  (Willd.)  Schult.     Perennial.     Scapes  tufted,  slender,  1-9  dm. 
long,  bright-  or  deep-green:    spikelet  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  0.5-1.5  cm. 
long,  acute  or  rather  obtuse :  scales  brown  or  dark-green,  blunt,  or  acute  in  age : 
perianth-bristles  usually  4,  about  as  long  as  the  achene  or  shorter,  or  nearly 
wanting:  achenes  lenticular,  obovoid,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  excluding  the  narrow 
conic  tubercle,  brown.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.    Bather  rare,  in  wet  sandy 
places.  —  Sum. 

5.  E.  Smallii  Britton.     Perennial     Scapes  slightly  tufted,  rather  stout,  4-7  dm. 
tall:  spikelet  cylindric,  about  1.5  cm.  long,  about  as  thick  as  the  scape,  acute: 
scales    oblong-lanceolate,   acuminate:    perianth-bristles    usually   4,    downwardly 
barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achene,  including  the  tubercle:   achenes  obovoid, 
lenticular,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  dark-brown;   tubercle  bulb-like,  one  fourth  as 
long  as  the  achene-body  and  about  one  half  as  wide,  constricted  at  the  base.  • — 
Susquehanna  valley.     Frequent,  in  shallow  water  about  sandy  islands  and  shores. 
— Sum.  and  fall. 

6.  E.  acicularis    (L.)   E.  &  S.     Perennial.     Scapes  tufted,  filiform,  capillary, 
or  setaceous,  obscurely  4-angled   and   grooved,   5-20   cm.   long:    spikelet  com- 
pressed, narrowly  ovate  or  linear-oblong,  acute,  3-10-flowered,  3-10  mm.  long, 
1  mm.  wide:  scales  thin,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  acutish,  pale-green,  usually  with  a 
narrow  brown  line  on  each  side  of  the  midvein:  perianth-bristles  3-4,  fugacious, 
shorter  than  the  achene:  achenes  obovoid-oblong,  0.5  mm.  long,  pale,  3-angled 
with  a  rib  on  each  angle  and  6-9  lower  facial  ribs  connected  by  the  fine  ridges ; 
tubercle  conic,  acute,  \  as  long  as  the  achene-body.  —  Eather  rare,  in  swamps 
and  low  grassy  places.  —  Sum. 

7.  E.  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schult.     Perennial  by  rootstocks.     Scapes  tufted,  filiform, 
mostly  erect,  4-angled,  2-4  dm.  tall:   spikelet  oblong,  acutish,  many-flowered, 
6—10  mm.  long*  about  2  mm.  in  diameter:   scales  thin,  obtuse,  chestnut-purple, 
except  the  greenish  midvein,  the  margins  scarious:  perianth-bristles  2-4,  shorter 
than  the  achene,  fugacious,  or  wanting:   achenes  obovoid,  about  1  mm.  long, 
obtusely  3-angled,  yellow  to  brown,  irregularly  ridged-reticulate  or  papillose, 
more  or  less  persistent  on  the  rachis  of  the  spikelet  after  the  scales  have  fallen; 
tubercle  depressed-conic.  —  M.  S.     Eather  rare,  in  swamps  or  low  grounds. — 
Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum. 

8.  E.  intermedia    (Muhl.)    Schult.      Annual.      Scapes   very   slender,    densely 
tufted,  diffusely  spreading   and  partially  decumbent,  1-4   dm.  long:    spikelet 
ovoid-oblong,  acutish,  8-20-flowered,  3-7  mm.  long:  scales  purple-brown,  except 
the  greenish  midvein,  tardily  deciduous:    perianth-bristles  6,  longer  than  the 
achene,   downwardly  barbed,   persistent:    achenes   obovoid,   fully   1   mm.   long, 
3-angled,  light-brown,  finally  reticulate,  fully  twice  as  long  as  the  conic-subulate, 
tubercle.  —  M.  S.     Eare,  in  the  Dillerville  swamp  and  near  Quarryville.  —  Sum. 

6.  FIMBEISTYLIS  Vahl.  Annual  or  perennial  scapose  herbs.  Spikeleta 
umbellate  or  capitate,  several-many-flowered,  terete,  involucrate.  Scales  spirally 
imbricate,  mostly  deciduous,  all  flower-bearing.  Perianth  wanting.  Stamens 
1-3.  Style  pubescent  or  glabrous,  with  its  base  dilated  or  swollen,  wholly 
deciduous  at  maturity.  Stigmas  2-3.  Achenes  lenticular,  or  2-angled,  reticu- 
late, cancellate,  striate  or  ribbed.  —  Fall. 


CYPEKACEAE.  45 

Style-branches,  or  stigmas,  2  :  achene  lenticular. 

Plants  perennial :  leaf -blades  involute :  stamens  2  or  3 :  spikelets  obtuse. 

1.  F.  puberula. 
Plants    annual :    leaf-blades    flat    or   nearly    so :    stamen    1 : 

spikelets   acute.  2.  F.  Baldwiniana. 

Style-branches,  or  stigmas,  3  :  achene  3-angled. 

Umbel  simple  or  sparingly  branched :  spikelets  stout,  ovoid 

or  oval,  obtuse.  3.  F.  geminata. 

Umbels    much    branched :    spikelets    narrow,    often    linear- 
oblong,    acute.  4.  F.  autumnalis. 

1.  F.  puberula  (Michx.)  Vahl.    Plant  thickened  at  the  base.    Leaves  erect ;  blades 
involute,  thus  often  very  slender,  their  sheaths  green  or  purple-tinged,  pubes- 
cent: scapes  slender,  3-6  dm.  tall:  bracts  of  the  involucre  mostly  2-4,  minutely 
pubescent,  stiff:   umbel  with  the  central  spikelet  sessile:   spikelets  ovoid,  5-10 
mm.  long:  scales  thinnish,  brown,  with  pale  keel-like  excurrent  midribs,  broad, 
minutely  pubescent:   achenes  obovoid,  about  1  mm.  long,  cancellate,  brownish. 

—  S.     Eare,  in  low  grounds.  —  Schists. 

2.  F.  Baldwiniana  Torr.    Plant  tufted.    Leaves  pale-green;  blades  flat,  1  mm. 
wide:  scapes  slender,  flattened,  striate,  5-40  cm.  long:  spikelets  ovoid  or  ovoid- 
oblong,  6-12  mm.  long :  scales  ovate,  pale  greenish-brown :  stigmas  2 :  achenes 
lenticular,  obovoid,  fully  1  mm.  long,  brown,  longitudinally  ribbed,  the  tubereled 
ribs  connected  by  fine  cross-lines.  —  S.     Eare,  in  moist  soil.  —  Serpentine. 

3.  F.  geminata  (Nees)  Kunth.     Plant  lower  than  in  the  following  species,  leaves 
often  shorter:   umbel  mostly  simple:   spikelets,  or  most  of  them,  capitate  and 
sessile,  ovoid  or  oval,  obtuse:  achenes  fully  0.5  mm.  long,  markedly  reticulate. 

—  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.    In  wet  ground,  on  an  island,  near  Peach  Bottom. 

4.  F.  autumnalis  (L.)  E.  &  S.    Plants  0.7-4  dm.  tall.    Leaves  glabrous;  blades 
narrowly  linear,  flat,  1-2  mm.  wide :  scapes  densely  tufted,  flat :  spikelets  linear- 
oblong,  acute,  6-40  mm.  long:  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish,  strongly  mucro- 
nate,  greenish-brown:  stigmas  3:   achenes  obovoid,  about  0.5  mm.  long,  nearly 
white,  smooth  or  indistinctly  reticulate,  the  3  angles  ridged.  —  Eather  common, 
in  moist  soil. 

7.  STKNOPHYLLUS  Eaf.     Annual  scapose  herbs.     Leaves  basal:  blades 
narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  the  sheaths  ciliate  or  pubescent.     Spikelets  umbel- 
late, capitate,  or  solitary,  involucrate.     Scales  spirally  imbricate,  mostly  decidu- 
ous.   Perianth  wanting.     Stamens  2  or  3.     Style  glabrous,  the  swollen  base  per- 
sistent as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene.     Stigmas  2   or  3.     Achene  lenticular  or 
3-angled. 

1.  S.  capillaris  (L.)  Britton.  Leaves  shorter  than  the  scape,  their  sheaths  with 
long  hairs:  scapes  filiform,  densely  tufted,  5-40  cm.  tall:  involucral  bracts 
setaceous:  spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  5-8  mm.  long,  several  in  a  terminal  umbel: 
scales  puberulent,  dark-brown  except  the  green  keel :  stigmas  3 :  aehenes  obovoid, 
yellow-brown,  rounded  or  truncate,  nearly  1  mm.  long,  transverse-wrinkled; 
tubercle  depressed.  —  Common,  in  wet  soil  and  on  roadsides.  —  Sum. 

8.  MAEISCUS   [Hall.]   Zinn.      Perennial  herbs,  similar  to  Eynchosporae 
in  habit.     Spikelets   oblong  or  ovoid,  few-flowered,  few  together  in  clusters. 
Scales  imbricate,  the  lower  empty,  the  middle  ones  mostly  subtending  imperfect 
flowers,  the  upper  one  with  a  perfect  flower.    Perianth  wanting.     Stamens  2  or 
sometimes  3.     Style  deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the  achene.     Stigmas  2-3. 
Achene  ovoid  to  globose,  smooth  or  longitudinally  striate:  tubercle  wanting. 

1.  M.  mariscoides  (Muhl.)  Kuntze.  Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  stiff,  smooth,  obscurely 
3-angled:  leaves  very  narrow,  with  long  compressed  tips:  umbels  2-4,  com- 
pound: spikelets  oblong,  5  mm.  long,  clustered  on  the  stiff  raylets:  scales  chest- 


46  CYPEBACEAE. 

nut-brown,  acute :  achenes  ovoid,  about  2  mm.  long,  acute,  longitudinally  striate. 
— M.     Bare,  mostly  in  the  Dillerville  swamp.  —  Sum.  —  TWIG-RUSH. 

9.  RYNCHOSPORA  Vahl.      Caulescent  herbs,  mostly  perennial  by  root- 
stocks.     Leaves  few:  blades  narrow,  flat  or  involute.     Spikelets  ovoid,  oblong, 
or  fusiform,  variously  clustered.     Scales  thin,  1-nerved,  imbricate,  usually  mucro- 
nate  by  the  excurrent  midvein,   the  lower  empty.     Upper  flowers  imperfect. 
Perianth  of  1-24  (mostly  6)  barbed  or  scabrous  bristles,  or  wanting.     Stamens 
commonly  3.     Stigmas  2.     Achene  lenticular,  often  turgid,  smooth,  cancellate 
or  transversely  wrinkled,  crowned  with  the  base  of  the  style   (tubercle),  or  in 
some  species  with  the  whole  style.  —  BEAK-RUSH. 

Perianth-bristles  retrorsely  barbed. 

Spikelet-scales  white  or  pale:   perianth-bristles  9-15.  1.  R.  alba. 

Spikelet-scales  brown :  perianth-bristles  6. 

Achene    oblong    or    oblong-ovoid :     leaves    with    filiform 

blades.  2.  R.  capillacea. 

Achene  obovoid :  leaves  with  flat  linear  blades.  3.  R.  glomerata. 

Perianth-bristles  upwardly  barbed.  4.  R.  cymosa. 

1.  R.  alba  (L.)  Vahl.     Pale-green:  stems  slender,  1.5-6  dm.  tall:  leaves  much 
shorter  than  the  stem;  blades  very  slender:  spikelets  whitish  or  pale-green,  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  lanceolate,  in  1-4  dense  clusters,  4-6  mm.  long:  scales  acute: 
perianth-bristles  9-15,  about  as  long  as  the  achene  and  tubercle:  achenes  obo- 
void-oblong,  fully  1.5  mm.  long,  smooth,  pale-brown;  tubercle  lanceolate,  fully 
•J  as  long  as  the  achene-body.  —  Eather  common,  in  swamps.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

2.  R.  capillacea  Torr.     Deep-green:  stems  slender,  1-4.5  dm.  tall:  leaves  much 
shorter  than  the  stems;  blades  filiform:   spikelets  few,  chestnut-brown,  oblong 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  in  1-3  lax  clusters,  4-6  mm.  long:  scales  mucronate:  peri- 
anth-bristles 6,  or  rarely  12,  stout:  achenes  oblong  to  oblong-ovoid,  1.5-2  mm. 
long,  minutely  wrinkled,  brown,  short-stipitate ;  tubercle  lanceolate,  about  1  the 
length  of  the  aehene-body.  —  M.     Bare,  in  the  Dillerville  swamp.  —  Sum. 

3.  R.  glomerata  (L.)  Vahl.    Deep-green:  stems  3-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  flat, 
rough-margined:   spikelets  oblong,  narrow  at  both  ends,  3-4  mm.  long,  in  3-7 
corymbose-capitate    axillary    clusters:    scales   lanceolate,    dark-brown:    aehenes 
obovoid,  above   the   slender  base,   about    1.5   mm.   long,   smooth,   dark-brown; 
tubercle  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  achene.  —  Bather  rare,  in  swamps.  — 
Sum.  and  fall. 

4.  R.  cymosa  Ell.     Light-green:   stems  tufted,  3-11  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  flat, 
smooth:  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  3  mm.  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  capitate 
in  2's-T's  on  the  ultimate  axillary  and  terminal  branches:   scales  dark-brown, 
broadly   ovate:    achenes  broadly   obovoid   or   orbicular-obovoid,   1.5  mm.   long, 
transversely  wrinkled;   tubercle  conic,  about  as  high  as  wide,  |-£  as  long  as 
the  achene. — S.     Bather  rare,  in  swamps. — Schists,  serpentine. — Sum.  and  fall. 

10.  SCLERIA  Berg.    Perennial  or  rarely  annual,  caulescent  herbs.     Spike- 
lets   small,   in   terminal,   or   terminal   and   axillary   fascicles,   or   rarely   inter- 
ruptedly glomerate-spicate.     Flowers  monoecious,  the  fertile  spikelets  1-flowered, 
the  staminate  many-flowered.     Scales  loosely  imbricate,  the  1-3  lower  ones,  and 
sometimes  also  the  upper  ones  of  the  pistillate  spikelets  empty.    Perianth  want- 
ing.    Stamens  1-3.     Stigmas  3.     Ovary  often  supported  by  a  disk   (hypogy- 
nium).     Achenes  globose  or  ovoid,  crustaceous,  enamel-like,  or  bony,  white. — 
NUT-RUSH. 

Inflorescence  of  a  single  terminal  cluster,  or  of  several  terminal  and  lateral  clusters. 
Achene  smooth.  1.  8.  triglomerata. 

Achene  ridged,  reticulate,  or  papillose. 
Achene  irregularly  ridged  or  reticulate. 


CYPEEACEAE.  47 

Spikelet-clusters   sessile    or   nearly   so :    achene   gla- 
brous. 2.  8.  reticularis. 
Spikelet-clusters,   at  least   the   lower   ones,   filiform- 

peduncled  :  achene  pubescent.  3.  8.  setacea. 

Achene  papillose.  4.  8.  pauciflora. 

Inflorescence  interruptedly  glomerate-spicate.  5.  8.  verticillata. 

1.  S.  triglomerata  Michx.     Perennial.     Stems  4-10  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  flat, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  roughish,  3-9  mm.  wide:   spikelets  terminal,  and  usually 
also  1  or  2  lower  peduncled  ones:    achenes  ovoid  or  ovoid-globose,  above  the 
hypogynium,  obtuse,  bony,  smooth,  bright-white,  shining,  2-3  mm.  high;  hypogy- 
nium  low,  papillose-crustaceous.  —  S.     Bather  rare,  in  woods  and  swamps.  — 
Schists,  serpentine.  —  Sum. 

2.  S.  reticularis  Michx.     Perennial.     Stems  3-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  narrowly 
linear,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  2-3  mm.  wide:  spikelets  in  a  terminal  cluster  and 
also  in  1-3  remote  axillary  sessile  or  nearly  sessile  clusters:   achenes  globose, 
dull-white,  reticulate,  1  mm.  in  diameter,  glabrous.  —  S.     Bare,  in  swamps.  — 
Serpentine.  —  Sum. 

3.  S.  setacea  Poir.      Perennial.      Stems  spreading  or  diffuse,  3-6  dm.  long: 
leaf -blades  linear,  nearly  flat,   glabrous,   3-8>  mm.  wide:    spikelets  in   a  loose 
terminal  cluster,  and  also  in  1-3  filiform-stalked  drooping  axillary  ones:  achenes 
globose  above  the  hypogynium,  somewhat  pointed,  2-2.5  mm.  in  diameter,  irreg- 
ularly rugose-reticulate  with  low  ridges,  the  ridges  pubescent.  —  S.     Bare  in 
low  grounds.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

4.  S.  pauciflora  Muhl.     Perennial,  pubescent.     Stems  slender,  usually  tufted, 
2-5   dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  narrowly  linear,  less  than  2   mm.  wide,  the  upper 
elongate  and  often  overtopping  the  stem:  spikelets  in  a  small  terminal  cluster 
and  also  in  1  or  2  axillary  ones:    achenes  globular,  1.5-2  mm.  in  diameter, 
papillose,  the  lower  papillae  elongate  and  reflexed:   hypogynium  obtusely  tri- 
angular,   supporting   6    distinct   tubercles.  —  S.      Bather   rare,   in    dry   soil.  — 
Schists,  serpentine.  —  Sum. 

5.  S.   verticillata   Muhl.     Annual.      Stems  very   slender   or  filiform,    1-5   dm. 
tall:    leaf -blades  very  narrowly  linear,   0.5-1  mm.   wide,  erect,  weak,  shorter 
than  the  stem:    spikelets  in  several  separated  clusters:   achenes  globose,  fully 
1    mm.    in    diameter,   with    short    transverse    ridges    or    somewhat    reticulate: 
hypogynium  none.  —  M.     Bare,  in  swamps.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

11.  CAEEX  L.1  Perennial  grass-like  herbs.  Culms  (stems  or  scapes) 
mostly  3-angled  and  tufted.  Leaves  3-ranked.  Bracts  elongate  or  very  short, 
subtending  the  spikes,  or  wanting.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  solitary 
in  the  axils  of  small  bracts  (scales).  Spikes  either  wholly  pistillate,  wholly 
staminate,  or  sometimes  bearing  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers.  Peri- 
anth wanting.  Staminate  flowers  of  3  stamens:  filaments  filiform.  Pistillate 
flowers  of  a  single  pistil  with  a  style  and  2  or  3  stigmas,  borne  on  a  very  short 
axis  in  the  axil  of  a  sac-like  bractlet  or  second  bract  called  the  perigynium 
(utricle),  which  completely  encloses  the  achene.  Achene  3-angled  or  lenticular. 
—  SEDGE. 

A.  Achenes  lenticular  and  stigmas  2  :  lateral  spikes  sessile ;  terminal  spike  partly 
pistillate,  or  if  staminate,  the  lateral  spikes  short  or  heads  dioecious.     Vignea. 
Spikes  always  with  staminate  flowers  at  apex. 

Perigynia  2-5  mm.  long,  the  beak  not  exceeding  the  body. 

Spikes  usually  ten  or  less,  green  or  reddish-brown  tinged  :  sheaths  loose,  or 
if  tight  neither  red-dotted  nor  transversely  rugulose.  I.  MUHLEXBERGIANAE. 
Spikes    numerous,    yellow    or    brown :    sheaths 
tight,   the   opaque   part    either    red-dotted 
or  transversely  rugulose. 

1  Contributed  by  Mr.  Kenneth  K.  Mackenzie. 


48 


CYPEEACEAE. 


Perigynia    plano-convex,    yellowish :    opaque 

part  of  leaf-sheath  transversely  rugulose. 

Perigynia    thick,    much    rounded    on    outer 

surface,    brownish :    opaque    part    of    leaf 

sheath  not  transversely  rugulose. 

Perigynia  4-9   mm.   long,   spongy   at   base :   beak 

exceeding  the  body. 

Spikes  with  staminate  flowers  at  base,   rarely  en- 
tirely staminate  or  pistillate. 
Perigynia   spongy   at   base,    the   body   not   wing- 
margined. 

Perigynia   not   spongy   at   base,    the   body   wing- 
margined. 

B.    Achenes    triangular    or    lenticular ;    if    lenticular 
the   lateral   spikes   elongate   and   peduncled,    and 
terminal  spike  staminate.     Eucarex. 
Scales   bract-like :   achenes   strongly   constricted   at 

the  base. 

Scales    not    bract-like :    achenes    not   strongly    con- 
stricted at  the  base. 

Spike  solitary,  the  perigynia  rounded  and  beak- 
less  at  the  apex. 
Spikes  one  to  many ;  when  one,  the  perigynia  not 

as  above. 

Perigynia  triangular,  membranous,  closely  en- 
veloping the  achene,  nerveless,  or  2-ribbed, 
pubescent  or  puberulent,  stipitate  :  bracts 
sheathless  or  nearly  so. 
Perigynia    obtusely    triangular :    foliage    not 

pubescent. 

Perigynia  acutely  triangular :  foliage  pubes- 
cent. 
Perigynia    not    as    above,    or    if    so,    bracts 

strongly   sheathing. 

Lowest  bract  strongly  sheathing :  perigynia 
beakless  to  beaked,  entire,  oblique  or 
emarginate  at  the  apex ;  or  long-beaked 
and  apex  hyaline,  becoming  bidentate, 
teeth  weak. 
Bracts  with  obsolete  or  rudimentary 

blades. 
Bracts  with  well-developed  blades. 

Pistillate  spikes  short-oblong  to  linear, 
erect,    or    if    drooping    the    spikes 
short  and  the  perigynia  acutely  tri- 
angular :  terminal  spike  staminate. 
Perigynia   with   few   to   many   strong 

nerves,   or  nerveless. 
Perigynia  tapering  at  the  base,  tri- 
angular, closely  enveloping  the 
achene. 

Rootstock  long-creeping. 
Rootstock  not  long-creeping. 
Perigynia  rounded  at  the  base,  sub- 
orbicular  in  cross-section,  loosely 
enveloping  the  achene. 
Perigynia  finely  many-striate. 

Perigynia    tapering    at    the    base, 

constricted  at  the  apex,  obtusely 

triangular,      closely      enveloping 

achene. 

Perigynia  rounded  at  both  ends,  in 

cross-section  suborbicular. 
Pistillate  spikes  elongate-linear  to  cylin- 
dric,    slender-peduncled,    the    lower 
ones  drooping. 

Perigynia  beakless  or  short-beaked. 
Perigynia    conspicuously    or    strongly 

beaked. 

Lowest  bract  sheathless,  or  if  sheathing, 
perigynia  with  strongly  bidentate  non- 
hyaline  apex,  and  stiff  teeth. 
Perigynia  or  foliage  (at  least  lower 
sheaths)  pubescent;  perigynia  beakless, 
or  beak  not  strongly  bidentate. 


II.    MULTIFLORAE. 

III.  PANICULATAE. 

IV.  STENOBHYNCHAE. 

V.  ELONGATAE. 
VI.  OVALES. 


VII.  PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 


VIII.    POLYTRICHOIDEAB. 


IX.    MONTANAE. 

X.  TRIQUETRAE. 


XI.  PEDDNCULATAE. 


XII.  PANICEAE. 
XIII.  LAXIFLORAE. 


XIV.  GRANULARES. 

XV.  OLIGOCARPAE. 
XVI.  GRISEAE. 

XVII.  GRACILLIMAE. 
XVIII.  DEBILES. 

XIX.    VlRESCENTES. 


CYPEEACEAE. 


49 


Perigynia    and    foliage     glabrous,     or     if 
pubescent    the    beak    of    perigynium 
strongly  bidentate. 
Perigynia  rough  papillose,  conspicuously 

beaked. 
Perigynia  not  rough-papillose. 

Achenes  lenticular  :  stigmas  two. 
Scales    obtuse    to    acuminate,    not 

long-aristate. 

Scales  broad,  long-aristate. 
Achenes  triangular  :  stigmas  three. 
Perigynia    beakless    or    very    short- 
beaked. 

Scales   dark-tinged. 
Scales  not  dark-tinged. 
Perigynia    with    strongly    bidentate 

beaks. 

Perigynia  coriaceous,  little  if  any 
inflated,  often  pubescent :  bracts 
sheathless. 

Perigynia  membranous  or  papery, 
from  little  to  much  inflated, 
never  pubescent  (rarely  his- 
pidulous). 

Perigynia      lanceolate,      many- 
nerved,  tapering  to  the  beak. 
Perigynia     broader,      strongly- 
ribbed,  abruptly  contracted 
into  the  beak. 
Perigynia  less  than  10  mm. 

long. 

Perigynium-body    ovoid    or 
globose,  not  truncately 
contracted. 
Perigynia    coarsely    rib-. 

bed. 
Perigynia      finely      and 

closely  ribbed. 
Perigynium-body      obovoid 
or     obconic,     truncately 
contracted       into       the 
prominent  beak. 
Perigynia    10    mm.    long    or 
longer. 


XX.  ANOMALAE. 


XXI.  RIGIDAE. 
XXII.  CBYPTOCARPAE. 


XXIII.  ATRATAE. 

XXIV.  SHORTIANAE. 


XXV.  HIRTAE. 


XXVI.    FOLLICDLATAE. 


XXVII.  PHYSOCARPAE. 
XXVIII.  PSEUDO-CYPEREAE. 

XXIX.  SQUARROSAE. 
XXX.  LUPULINAE. 


I.       MUHLENBERGIANAE. 

Sheaths  tight,  inconspicuously  Jf  at  all  septate-nodulose. 

Perigynia  corky-thickened  at  the  base,  usually  widely  radiating  or  reflexed  at 

maturity. 

Perigynium-beak    smooth :    scales    acuminate,    deciduous :    spikes    mostly    ap- 
proximate. 1.  C.  retroflexa. 
Perigynium-beak  minutely  roughened :  scales  obtuse 

or  acutish,  persistent.  2.  C.  rosea. 

Perigynia   not   corky-thickened    at   the   base,    spreading 

or  ascending. 

Head  15-36  mm.  long,  the  lower  spikes  distinct.  3.  G.  Muhleribergii. 

Head  8-20  mm.  long,  the  spikes  densely  capitate.  4.  C,  cephalophora. 

Sheaths  loose  and  membranous,  easily  breaking,  conspicu- 
ously septate-nodulose. 


A  single  species  in  our  range. 


II.       MULTIFLORAE. 


III.     PANICTJLATAE. 


A  single  species  in  our  range. 


IV.     STENORHYNCHAE. 


Opaque  part  of  sheaths  conspicuously  transversely  rugulose. 
Opaque  part  of  sheaths  not  transversely  rugulose. 


V.     ELONGATAE. 

Perigynia    4-5.5    mm.    long,    ascending    or    appressed, 
body  not  margined. 

Lancaster  County  Flora  4. 


the 


5.  C.  sparganioides. 

6.  C.  vulpinoidea. 

7.  C.  prairea. 


8.  C.  stipata. 

9.  C.  laevi-vaginata. 


10.  C.  bromoides. 


50 


CYPEKACEAE. 


Perigynia    shorter,    usually    spreading    at    maturity,    thin- 
margined. 
Perigynia  little  exceeding  the  scales :  entirely  staminate 

spikes  numerous. 

Perigynia  much  exceeding  the  scales  :  entirely  staminate 
spikes  normally  absent. 

Perigynia  beak  1/6-1/4  the  length  of  the  scarcely  ser- 
rulate body,  the  teeth  very  short,  the  suture  on 
inner  side  inconspicuous :  scales  very  obtuse  to 
acutish. 

Perigynia    beak    %    to    nearly    the    length    of    the 
strongly  serrulate  body,  strongly  bidentate,  the 
suture  conspicuous  :  scales  often  sharper. 
Perigynium-body    lanceolate    to    broadly    ovate, 
narrowed    into    a    beak    more    than    half    its 
length,  inconspicuously  nerved  on  inner  face. 
Perigynium-body      suborbicular,      abruptly      con- 
tracted into  a  beak  less  than  half  its  length, 
conspicuously  nerved  on  inner  face. 

VI.       O  VALES. 

Perigynia  narrowly  to  broadly  lanceolate,  at  least  2%  times 

as  long  as  wide. 
Leaf-blades  at  most  3  mm.  wide,  those  of  sterile  shoots 

few,  ascending. 
Leaf-blades  broader,  those  of  sterile  shoots  numerous, 

widely   spreading. 
Tips    of   perigynia    appressed    or    ascending :    spikes 

7-12  mm.  long. 
Tips    of    perigynia    widely    spreading    or    recurved : 

spikes  4-8  mm.  long. 
Perigynia  ovate-lanceolate  or  broader,  at  most  twice  as  long 

as  wide. 
Perigynia  strongly  exceeding  the  scales. 

Perigynia  narrowly  to  broadly  ovate,  3-4  mm.  long. 
Perigynia  ovate  to  reniform,  4  mm.  or  more  long. 
Spikes  approximate  or  scattered,  the  head  stiff : 

scales  obtuse  or  acutish. 
Spikes    in    a    moniliform    flexuous    head :    scales 

long-pointed. 
Perigynia  equalled  by  the  scales. 

VII.  PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 

Body  of  perigynium  oblong :  pistillate  flowers  usually  3-10. 
Body  of  perigynium  globose :  pistillate  flowers  usually  2-3. 

VIII.  POLYTRICHOIDBAB. 

A  single  species  in  our  range. 

IX.     MONTANAE. 

None  of  the  culms  short  and  hidden  among  the  bases  of  the 

leaves. 
Lower    leaves   reduced   to   sheaths :    lower   sheaths   but 

little  flbrillose :  plants  not  stoloniferous. 
Lower    leaves    blade-bearing :     lower    sheaths    usually 

strongly  flbrillose  :  plants  stoloniferous. 
Plants    long-stoloniferous :    staminate    spike    12-24 

mm.    long. 
Plants    little    stoloniferous :    staminate    spikes    4-12 

mm.  long. 

Many  of  the  culms  short  and  hidden  among  the  bases  of 
the  leaves. 


A  single  species  in  our  range. 


X.     TRIQUETKAE. 


XI.     PEDUNCULATAE. 


A  single  species  in  our  range. 


11.  C.  sterilis. 

12.  C.  interior. 

13.  C.  Leersii. 

14.  C.  incomperta. 

15.  (7.  scoparia. 

16.  (7.  tribuloides. 

17.  C.  cristatella. 

18.  C.  straminea. 

19.  (7.  festucacea. 

20.  C.  hormathodes. 

21.  C.  foenea. 


22.  C.  Willdenovii. 

23.  O.  Jamesii. 


24.  C.  leptalea. 


25.  (7.  communis. 

26.  C.  pennsylvanica. 

27.  C.  varia. 

28.  C.  umbellata. 

29.  C.  Mrtifolia. 

30.  C.  pedunculata. 


XII.     PANICEAE. 


Perigynium-beak  none  or  very  short,  often  bent. 

Fertile  culm-blades  6-10,  3-7  mm.  wide  :  perigynia  more 


CYPEEACEAE. 


51 


than  3  mm.  long :  spikes  oblong  or  linear-oblong. 
Fertile  culm-blades  usually  3-5,  2-3.5  mm.  wide :   peri- 

gynia  less  than  3  mm.  long:  spikes  linear. 
Perigynium-beak  straight,  prominent,  %-%   length  of  body. 

XIII.  LAXIFLORAE. 

Perigynia  acutely  triangular,  short-tapering  at  the  base. 
Leaf-blades  very  smooth  (except  edges),  the  larger  ones 
12   mm.    wide   or   more,   those   of   fertile   culm   much 
smaller  than  those  of  the  sterile :  perigynia  smooth. 
Leaf -blades  hispidulpus  on  veins,  10  mm.  wide  or  less  ; 
those    of    fertile    culm    moderately    smaller    than 
those  of  the  sterile  :  perigynia  minutely  roughened. 
Perigynia    short-beaked :    second    bract    and    leaves 
usually   exceeding  culm :    blades   2.5-5   mm.    wide, 
erect. 

Perigynia  beakless  or  nearly  so;   second  bract  and 
leaves  usually  exceeded  by  the  culm  ;   blades  4-8 
mm.   wide,  spreading. 
Perigynia   obtusely   triangular,    long-tapering   at   the   base, 

smooth. 
Pistillate    scales    very    truncate ;    larger    blades    15-40 

mm.  wide. 
Pistillate  scales  acuminate  to  strongly  cuspidate :  larger 

blades  narrower. 

Spikes   elongate,   8-20-flowered,   the   lower  ones  nor- 
mally on  erect,  stiff  peduncles. 
Perigynia   obovoid ;   beak   abruptly  bent,  minute : 
sterile  shoots  developing  conspicuous  culms. 
Culms    stout :     sheaths     loose,     the    margins 
crisped :    staminate    spike    short-stalked    or 
sessile. 

Culms  slender:  sheaths  rather  tight,  the 
margins  little  if  at  all  crisped:  staminate 
spike  long-  or  rarely  short-stalked. 
Perigynia  obovoid  or  fusiform,  with  straight  or 
oblique  conspicuous  beaks :  sterile  shoots 
reduced  to  tufts  of  leaves. 

Spikes  short,  5-10-flowered,  the  lower  ones  on  capil- 
lary, spreading  or  drooping  peduncles. 

XIV.  GBANULARES. 
A  single  species  in  our  range. 

XV.  OLIGOCARPAE. 

Sheaths   smooth :   perigynia  2.5-4   mm.   long. 
Sheaths  rough-pubescent :  perigynia  4.5-5  mm.  long. 


31.  C.  MeadU. 

32.  O.  tetanica. 

33.  C.  polymorpha. 


34.  C.  platyphylla. 

35.  C.  digitalis. 

36.  C.  laxiculmis. 

37.  C,  albursina. 


38.  C.  Uanda. 

39.  C.  laxiflora. 

40.  C.  anceps. 

41.  C.  styloflexa. 

42.  C.  granularis. 


43.  C.  oligocarpa. 

44.  C.  HitchcocJciana. 


XVI.     GRISEAE. 

Perigynia  elliptic,   1.5  mm.  wide :   leaf-blades  4  mm.  wide 

or  less  :  bract-sheaths  rough,  and  peduncles  very  rough.         45.  C.  conoidea. 
Perigynia  oblong,  2  mm.  wide  :  leaf-blades  3-7  mm.  wide : 

bract-sheaths  smooth,   and  peduncles  nearly  so. 
Leaf -blades    not    glaucous :    larger    spikes    usually    less 
than     12-flowered :     lower     scales     usually    equalling 
perigynia.  46.  C.  grisea. 

Leaf-blades  glaucous :  larger  spikes  more  than  12- 
flowered  :  lower  scales  shorter  than  perigynia.  47.  C.  glaucodea. 

XVII.     GRACILLIMAE. 

Plants  glabrous  :  perigynia  4  mm.  long  or  less. 

Perigynia  rounded  at  the  apex,  beakless.  48.  C.  gracillima. 

Perigynia  sharp-pointed  at  the  apex,  short-beaked.  49.  C.  prasina. 

Sheaths,  and  often  foliage,  pubescent :   perigynia  4-5  mm. 

long.  50.  C.  Davisii. 

XVIII.     DEBILES. 
A  single  species  in  our  range.  51.  C.  flexuosa. 

XIX.       VlRESCENTES. 

Perigynia  densely  pubescent. 

Leaves  exceeding  the  culms :  lowest  bract  setaceous, 
0.5  mm.  wide :  pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric : 
perigynia  obovoid.  52.  C.  Swanii. 


52 


CYPEEACEAE. 


Culms    exceeding  the   leaves :    lowest   bract   leaflet-like, 
0.5-3    mm.    wide :    pistillate    spikes    linear-cylindric : 
perigynia  elliptic. 
Perigynia  glabrous  at  least  at  maturity. 

Perigynia  much  flattened,  rounded  at  the  apex,  lightly 

nerved. 
Perigynia    swollen,    nearly    orbicular    in    cross-section, 

pointed  at  the  apex,  coarsely  nerved. 
Perigynia   2   mm.    long,   brownish-green :    scales   not 

rough-cuspidate. 
Perigynia  longer,  green :  scales  rough-cuspidate. 


A  single  species  in  our  range. 


XX.     ANOMALAE. 


XXI.       RlGIDAE. 


Culms    very    strongly   tufted,    slender,    very    rough    above : 

perigynium-beak  very  short,  not  twisted. 
Culms    tufted    and   short-stoloniferous,    stout   at   the   base, 

smooth  above :  perigynium-beak  prominent,  twisted  when 

dry. 

XXII.     CRYPTOCAEPAE. 

Sheaths  rough-hispid :  lower  pistillate  scales  tapering  into 

awn. 
Sheaths  smooth  :  lower  pistillate  scales  abruptly  contracted 

into  awn. 


A  single  species  in  our  range. 


A  single  species  in  our  range. 


XXIII.     ATEATAE. 


XXIV.     SHORTIANAE. 


XXV.     HIRTAE. 


Perigynium-beak  much  shorter  than  body,  the  teeth  1  mm. 

long  or  less. 
Perigynia  glabrous. 
Perigynia  densely  pubescent. 

Perigynium-beak  with  hyaline  orifice  at  length  some- 
what bidentate :  staminate  spike  usually  one,  ses- 
sile or  short-stalked. 

Perigynium-beak  with  non-hyaline  strongly  bidentate 
orifice :  staminate  spike  long-stalked. 
Leaf-blades  flat,  more  than  2  mm.   wide. 
Leaf-blades  involute,  2  mm.  wide  or  less. 
Perigynium-beak,    including   teeth,    nearly    as    long  .as    the 
body,  the  teeth  1.5  mm.  long  or  more. 


53.  C.  virescens. 

54.  C.  complanata. 


55.  C.  caroliniana. 

56.  C.  Bushii. 


57.  C.  scabrata. 

58.  C.  stricta. 

59.  C.  torta. 

60.  C.  gynandra. 

61.  C.  crinita. 

62.  C.  Buxbaumii, 

63.  C.  Shortiana. 

64.  G.  lacustris. 

65.  C.  vestita. 


66.  C.  lanuginosa. 

67.  C.  lasiocarpa. 

68.  C.  trichocarpa. 


XXVI.       FOLLICULATAE. 


A  single  species  in  our  range. 

XXVII.     PHYSOCARPAE. 

Pistillate    scales    (except    rarely    the    lowest)    not    rough- 
awned. 

Beak  of  perigynium  smooth. 

Beak  of  perigynium  rough. 
Pistillate   scales    rough-awned. 


69.  C.  folliculata. 


70.  G.  monile. 

71.  G.  bullata. 

72.  G.  lurida. 


XXVIII.     PSEDDO-CYPEREAE. 

Perigynia  suborbicular  in  cross-section,  more  or  less  in- 
flated. 73.  G.  Tiystricina. 

Perigynia  obtusely  triangular,  scarcely  inflated,  closely 

enveloping  achene.  74.  C.  comosa. 

XXIX.     SQUARROSAE. 

Scales  exceeding  perigynia  :  terminal  spike  small,  normally 

staminate.  75.  G.  FranJcii. 

Scales  much  shorter  than  perigynia :  terminal  spike  stami- 
nate at  base,  pistillate  above.  76.  G.  squarrosa. 


CYPEEACEAE.  53 

XXX.       LUPULINAE. 

Pistillate  spikes  globose  or  subglobose :  style  straight. 

Scales  strongly  awned :   pistillate  spikes   1-12-flowered : 

leaf -blades   2.5-7   mm.    wide.  77.  C.  intumescens. 

Scales    obtuse    to    slightly    cuspidate:    pistillate    spikes 

6-30-flowered  :   leaf -blades  5-9  mm.  wide.  78.  C.  Asa-Grayi. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong  or  cylindric :  style  abruptly  bent.        79.  C.  lupulina. 

1.  C.  retroflexa  Muhl.    Leaves  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm;  blades  1-2.5  mm. 
in  width:   culms  slender,  2-5  dm.  tall:   lower  bract  bristle-form:   spikes  4-8, 
subglobose,  4-10-flowered,  the  upper  all  close  together:  staminate  flowers  termi- 
nal: scales  ovate,  acuminate,  deciduous,  about  £  as  long  as  the  perigynia:  peri- 
gynia   ovate,   radiating   or   reflexed  at  maturity,   about   3   mm.   long,  smooth, 
compressed,  but  biconvex,  corky-thickened  at  base,  each  tapering  upwardly  into 
a  2-toothed  beak  about  J  the  length  of  the  body.  —  M.    Rather  rare,  in  thickets. 
—  Limestones.  —  Spr. 

2.  C.  rosea  Schk.     Leaves  soft;   blades  flat,  1-2.5  mm.  wide  or  less,  shorter 
than  the  culm:  culms  slender  or  filiform,  rough  above,  3-7  dm.  long:  lower  bract 
1-6  cm.   long:    spikes  2-8,   subglobose,   3-8   mm.  in   diameter,   2-15-flowered: 
scales  ovate-oblong,  white-hyaline,  obtuse  or  acutish,  persistent,  £  as  long  as  the 
perigynia:    perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  flattish,  bright-green,  radiately  spread- 
ing, nerveless,  shining,   2-4  mm.  long,   each  narrowed  into   a  stout   2-toothed 
roughened  beak  about  i  the  length  of  the  body.  —  Common,  in  woods.  —  Sum. 

3.  C.  Muhlenbergii  Schk.     Leaves  usually  shorter  than  the  culm;  blades  2-5 
mm.  wide,  somewhat  involute  in  drying:  culms  slender,  erect,  3-angled,  rough, 
at  least  above,  3-9  dm.  tall:  bracts  bristle-form,  very  short:  spikes  4-10,  ovoid 
or  subglobose,  close  together  in  an  oblong  head,  the  lower  distinct :  scales  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rough-cuspidate  or  short-awned,  narrower  and  about  length  of  the 
perigynia:  perigynia  broadly  ovate-oval,  3  mm.  long,  strongly  nerved  to  nearly 
nerveless,  ascending  or  spreading,  each  with  a  short  2-toothed  beak.  —  N.  M. 
Rather    rare,    on    dry    hillsides.  —  Sandstones    and    shales,    limestones.  —  Spr. 
and  sum. 

4.  C.  cephalophora  Muhl.     Leaf -blades   2-4  mm.  wide:    culms  slender,  rough 
above,  2.5-7  dm.  tall:  bracts  of  the  lower  spikes  bristle-form:  spikes  few,  sub- 
globose,  clustered  in  a  short-oblong  head  8-20  mm.  long:   scales  ovate,  rough- 
cuspidate  or  awned,  the  body  strongly  exceeded  by  perigynia:  perigynia  ovate, 
2.5  mm.  long,  pale,  nerveless  or  very  faintly  few-nerved,  each  tipped  with  a 
2-toothed  beak  about  i  the  length  of  the  body. — M.     Rather  common,  on  dry 
hillsides.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

5.  C.  sparganioides  Muhl.     Leaf -blades  flat,  2.5-10  mm.  wide,  the  lower  very 
short;  sheaths  white  or  pale:  culms  rough,  3-angled,  5-9  dm.  tall:  spikes  6-12, 
oblong  or  subglobose,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter,  the  upper  aggregated,  the  2-4  lower 
ones  commonly  separated:  lower  bracts  developed:  scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspi- 
date, at  least  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  perigynia :  perigynia  flat,  ovate,  3  mm. 
long,  spreading  or  radiating,  pale,  narrowly  wing-margined,  usually  few-nerved 
on  the  outer  face,  the  rough  2-toothed  beak  £  the  length  of  the  body.  —  Rather 
rare,  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  Sum. 

6.  C.  vulpinoidea  Michx.     Many  leaves  exceeding  the  culm;   blades  2-5  mm. 
wide:    culms  stiff,   3-angled,   rough   above,   3-12   dm.   tall:    bracts  bristle-like, 
numerous:  spikes  ovoid-oblong,  4-8  mm.  long,  very  numerous  in  a  cluster,  3—13 
cm.  long:  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  awned,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia, 
but  narrower:   perigynia  ovate,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  greenish-yellow,  flat,  several- 
nerved  on  the  outer  face,  nerveless  or  faintly  1-3-nerved  on  the  inner,  each 
tipped  with  a  lanceolate  2-toothed  beak  about  I  as  long  as  the  body.  —  Common, 
in  low  meadows  or  swamps.  —  Sum. 

7.  C.  prairea  Dewey.     Leaves  light-green,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm;  blades 
plicate,  1-3  mm.  wide:   culms  3-10  dm.  tall,  very  rough  near  the  top:   spikes 


54  CYPEKACEAE. 

mainly  brown,  strongly  separate  and  forming  a  flexuous  head,  4-8  dm.  long: 
bracts  small  or  obsolete:  scales  ovate,  thin,  acute  or  short-awned:  perigynia 
ovoid,  light-brown,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  hard,  plump,  nearly  flat  on  inner  face, 
usually  exceeded  by  the  scales,  the  beak  rather  shorter  than  the  body.  —  M. 
Bare,  in  the  Dillerville  swamp.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum. 

8.  C.  stipata  Muhl.     Leaves  green;  blades  flat,  4-8  mm.  wide;  sheaths  strongly 
septate,  the  opaque  part  thin,  strongly  transeversely  rugulose,  easily  breaking: 
culms  stout  at  base,  sharply  3-angled,  4-12   dm.  tall:    bracts  bristle-form  or 
wanting:   spikes  numerous,  yellowish-brown,  in  a  terminal  oblong  cluster  3-10 
cm.  long,  the  staminate  flowers  few,  always  terminal :  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  much  shorter  than  the  perigynia:    perigynia   lanceolate,  4-5   mm. 
long,  each  tapering  into  a  rough  flattened  2-toothed  beak  1-2  times  as  long  as 
the  body.  —  Common,  in  meadows  and  swamps.  —  Sum. 

9.  C.   laevi-vaginata    (Kiiken.)    Mackenzie.     Leaves   light-green;    blades   flat, 
3-6  mm.  wide;    sheaths  sparingly  septate,  the   opaque  part  thickened  at  the 
mouth,  not  transversely  rugulose,  not  easily  breaking:  culms  little  thickened  at 
the  base,  sharply  3-angled,  4-8  dm.  tall:  bracts  inconspicuous:  spikes  numerous, 
yellowish-green,  in  a  terminal  linear-oblong  or  oblong  cluster,  2.5-6  cm.  long, 
the  staminate  flowers  few,  always  terminal:   scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, much  shorter  than  the  perigynia:   perigynia  lanceolate,  4.5—5  mm.  long, 
each  tapering  into  a  rough  flattened  2-toothed  beak  longer  than  the  body.  —  M. 
Frequent,  in  meadows  and  swamps.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum. 

10.  C.  bromoides  Schk.     Leaves  soft;  blades  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  flat:   culms 
slender,  very  rough  above,  2-6  dm.  long:   bracts  subulate  or  bristle-form,  the 
lowest  commonly  elongated:    spikes  3—7,  narrowly  oblong-cylindric,  7-18  mm. 
long,  erect  or  ascending,  mostly  close  together,   the  staminate   flowers  either 
basal,  basal  and  terminal,  or  both:    scales  oblong-lanceolate,  green,  brownish 
tinged,  obtusish  to   acuminate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia:    perigynia   linear- 
lanceolate,  pale,  little  margined  above,  strongly  several-nerved,  4-5.5  mm.  long, 
the  inner  face  flat,  the  tapering  rough  2-toothed  beak  at  least  i  as  long  as  the 
body.  —  M.     Rare,  in  wet  woods.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum. 

11.  C.  sterilis  Willd.     Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm;   blades   1-2  mm.  wide: 
culms  slender,  2-4.5  dm.  tall,  rough,  at  least  above:   spikes  3-8,  subglobose  or 
short-oblong,  about  5  mm.  thick:    staminate  flowers  usually  numerous  at  the 
bottom  of  the  upper  spike,  or  whole  spikes  staminate,  or  plants  occasionally 
quite  dioecious:    scales  ovate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia,  obtuse   or  acutish: 
perigynia  ovate,  compressed,  appressed  or  ascending,  or  in  extreme  age  spread- 
ing, little  exceeding  scales,  rough  edged  above,  the  teeth  short  and  suture  on 
inner  face  little  developed,  2.5  mm.  long,  1  mm.  wide,  several-nerved  on  outer 
face,  obsoletely  nerved  on  inner  face,  each  tapering  into  a  sharp-edged  2-toothed 
rough  beak  not  1  as  long  as  the  body.  —  M.     Bare,  in  swamps.  —  Limestones. 
—  Early  sum. 

12.  C.  interior  Bailey.     Similar  to  C.  Leersii  in  habit.     Leaves  shorter  than  the 
culm;   blades  1-2  mm.  wide:    culms  slender,  wiry,  2-6   dm.  tall:    spikes   2-4, 
nearly  globular,  4  mm.  in  diameter:   scales  ovate,  obtuse  to  acutish,  conspicu- 
ously shorter  than  the  perigynia:    perigynia  soon  spreading,  ovate,  2.25  mm. 
long  or  less,  faintly  few-nerved  on  the  outer  face,  nearly  nerveless  on  the  inner, 
plump,  each  abruptly  contracted  into  a  roughened  2-toothed  beak  ^  to  i  as  long 
as  the  very  sparingly  serrulate  body,  the  teeth  very  short  and  suture  on  inner 
face  not  conspicuous.  —  M.     Bather  rare,  in  wet  places.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum. 

13.  C.  Leersii  Willd.     Light-green:  leaves  usually  exceeding  culm;  blades  0.5- 
1   mm.   wide:    culms  very   slender,   1.5-3    dm.   tall,   smooth   or  very   nearly   so 
throughout:  spikes  2-5,  2-8-flowered,  more  or  less  strongly  separate:  staminate 
flowers  at   base   of  terminal   spike  conspicuous:    scales   ovate,  acute  or  short- 
cuspidate,  much  shorter  than  perigynia:  perigynia  light-green,  3-3.5  mm.  long, 
plano-convex,  obscurely  nerved   on  inner  face,  widely  spreading,  tapering   or 


CYPEKACEAE.  55 

narrowed  into  a  rough  beak  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  body,  the  teeth 
and  suture  on  inner  face  conspicuous.  Our  plant  is  C.  Leersii  angustata 
(Carey)  Mackenzie.  —  N.  Occasional,  in  boggy  meadows.  —  Sandstones  and 
shales.  —  Sum. 

14.  C,  incomperta  Bickn.     Deep-green:  leaves  usually  exceeding  culm;  blades 
1-2  mm.  wide:   culms  slender,  2-3  dm.  tall,  rough  at  least  above:   spikes  3-6, 
subglobose,  5-15-flowered,  approximate  or  a  little  separate,  about  5  mm.  thick: 
staminate  flowers  at  base  of  terminal  spike  conspicuous:  scales  ovate,  acute  or 
short-acuminate,  much  shorter  and  narrower  than  perigynia:   perigynia  deep- 
green,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  plano-convex,  many-nerved  on  inner  face,  widely  spread- 
ing or  reflexed,  the  body  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-orbicular,  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  rough  beak,  half  the  length  of  the  body,  the  teeth  and  suture  on  inner 
face  conspicuous.  —  Occasional,  in  swamps  and  swampy  woods.  —  Spr. 

15.  C.  scoparia  Schk.     Culms  slender,  1.5-7.5  dm.  tall,  roughish  above:   leaf- 
blades  less  than  3  mm.  wide,  those  of  sterile  shoots  few,  ascending :  spikes  3-10, 
oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  bright-brown,  6-16  mm.  long,  aggregated  into 
an  ovoid  head  or  separated:  scales  thin,  brown,  acute  or  acuminate,  shorter  than 
the  perigynia:   perigynia  lanceolate,  4-6.5  mm.  long,  rather  less  than  2  mm. 
wide,  narrowly  wing-margined,  several-nerved  on  both  faces,  each  tapering  into 
a  serrulate  2-toothed  beak.  —  Eather  common,  in  moist  soil.  —  Sum. 

16.  C.  tribuloides  Wahl.     Culms  2-9  dm.  tall,  roughish  above:  leaf -blades  flat, 
3-8  mm.  wide,  those  of  sterile  shoots  numerous,  widely  spreading:  lower  bract 
bristle-form:  spikes  6-20,  obovoid  or  top-shaped,  varying  to  suborbicular,  blunt, 
7-12  mm.  long:  scales  lanceolate,  whitish,  acute,  about  \  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynia :  perigynia  lanceolate,  greenish-brown,  flat,  3.5-5  mm.  long,  1.5  mm.  wide, 
appressed  or  ascending,  several-nerved  on  both  faces,  each  with  a  sharply  2- 
toothed  rough  wing-margined  beak.  —  Eather  common,  in  moist  soil.  —  Sum. 

17.  C.  cristatella  Britton.     Culms  2.5-7.5  dm.  tall,  roughish  above,  overtopping 
the  leaves:    leaf -blades  flat,  3-7  mm.  wide,  those  of  sterile  shoots  numerous, 
widely   spreading:    spikes  6-15,   globose  or   subglobose,   greenish   or   brownish, 
4-8  mm.  long,  aggregated  into  a  cylindric  or  oblong  head:   scales  lanceolate, 
whitish,  much  shorter  than  the  perigynia:  perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 3-4  mm.  long,  squarrose  at  maturity,  narrowly  wing-margined,  several- 
nerved  on  both  faces,  each  tapering  into  a  serrulate  2-toothed  beak.  —  Occa- 
sional, especially  in  the  Susquehanna  valley.  —  Sum. 

18.  C.  straminea  Willd.     Culms  slender,  3-7.5   dm.   tall,   roughish  above,  the 
top  commonly  nodding :  leaves  shorter  than  the  culm ;  blades  2  mm.  wide  or  less, 
long-pointed:   bracts  short  or  the  lower  bristle-form  and  exceeding  its  spike: 
spikes  3-8>,  slightly  longer  than  thick,  narrowed  at  the  base,  slightly  obovoid, 
4-5  mm.  thick:   scales  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  peri- 
gynia :  perigynia  ascending  or  spreading,  ovate,  3-4  mm.  long,  green,  strongly 
several-nerved    on    the    outer   face,    fewer-nerved    or    nerveless,    on    the    inner, 
wing-margined,  the  tapering  rough   2-toothed  beak  shorter  than  the  body. — 
Eather  rare,  in  meadows.  —  Sum. 

19.  C.  festucacea  Schk.     Culms  slender  or  stoutish,  3-12  dm.  tall,  erect,  rough- 
ened beneath  head:  leaves  shorter  than  the  culm;  blades  2-4  mm.  wide:  bracts 
short  or  wanting:   spikes  3-10,  in  a  stiff  head,  approximate  or  separate,  7-15 
mm.  long,  4-9  mm.  wide,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  base:  scales  ovate-lanceolate, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  perigynia:  perigynia  spreading 
or  ascending,  orbicular  to  broadly  ovate,  4— 4.5  mm.  long,  2.5-3.5  mm.  wide, 
thickish,  strongly  nerved  on  outer  face,  nerveless  or  nearly  so  on  inner  face, 
green,  strongly  wing-margined,  the  rough  bidentate  beak  one-third  the  length 
of  the  body.  —  Occasional,  in  low  woods  and  swamps.  —  Sum. 

20.  C.  hormathodes  Fernald.     Culms  very  slender,  3-9  dm.  tall,  the  summit 
often  nodding,  usually  strongly  roughened  above:   leaves  shorter  than  culm; 


56  CYPEBACEAE. 

blades  usually  less  than  2  mm.  wide:  sheaths  without  conspicuous  white  band: 
bracts  narrow  and  bristle-form:  spikes  in  a  moniliform  flexuous  head,  3-9, 
ovoid,  7-16  mm.  long,  commonly  clavate  at  base:  scales  lanceolate,  long-acumi- 
nate or  aristate,  narrower  than  but  nearly  equalling  perigynia :  perigynia  ascend- 
ing, narrowly  to  broadly  ovate,  4-6  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  thin,  strongly 
about  10-nerved  on  each  face,  brownish  at  maturity,  strongly  wing-margined, 
the  rough  bidentate  beak  half  length  of  body.  —  S.  Occasional,  in  wet  meadows 
and  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Spr. 

21.  C.  foenea  Willd.     Culms  3-10  dm.  tall,  erect  or  nodding,  little  roughened 
above,  exceeding  leaves:   leaf -blades  2^  mm.  wide:   sheaths  with  conspicuous 
white  band:  bracts  short  or  wanting:  spikes  4-15,  in  a  moniliform  or  flexuous 
head,   subglobose,   narrowed  at   base,   6-18'  mm.   long,   5—6   mm.   wide:    scales 
Bilvery-hyaline,  ovate,  acute  to  acuminate,  about  equalling  perigynia  and  con- 
cealing them:  perigynia  ovate,  appressed  or  loosely  ascending  in  age,  3-4.5  mm. 
long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  narrowly  wing-margined,  strongly  several-nerved  on 
both  faces,  tapering  into  a  short  rough  2-toothed  beak  half  length  of  body.  — 
S.     Frequent,  in  rocky  woods.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

22.  C.  Willdenovii  Schk.     Leaves  glabrous  and  pale-green,  often  3-6  dm.  long, 
much  overtopping  the   spikes;    blades   2-3   mm.   wide,   the  lowest   reduced  to 
sheaths:  culms  2—25  cm.  high:  spikes  1-5,  androgynous,  or  sometimes  completely 
staminate   (the  pistillate  flowers  usually  3-10),  about  1.2  cm.  long,  appearing 
nearly  basal,  one  of  them  or  more  on  long  filiform  stalks:    scales  lanceolate, 
acute,  acuminate  or  awned,  hyaline-margined,  finely  several-nerved,  the  lower 
1  or  2  commonly  bract-like:  body  of  the  perigynium  oblong,  smooth,  2-3  mm. 
long,  narrowed  into  a  2-edged  rough  beak  of  about  its  own  length.  —  M.     Eare, 
in  thickets.  —  Limestones.  —  Spr. 

23.  C.  Jamesii  Schwein.     Similar  to  the  next  preceding  species,  but  the  leaf- 
blades  rather  narrower,  soft,  spreading  or  ascending:   spikes  androgynous,  the 
terminal  staminate  portion  slender,  the  pistillate  flowers  only  1-4  and  slightly 
separated :  lower  scales  bract-like,  the  upper  shorter  and  sometimes  not  exceeding 
the  perigynia:   body  of  the  perigynium  globose,  2  mm.  in  diameter,  abruptly 
tipped  by  a  subulate  rough  beak  of  more  than  its  own  length.  —  M.     Rather 
rare,  on  dry  banks  and  in  thickets.  —  Limestones.  —  Spr. 

24.  C.  leptalea  Wahl.     Leaves  light-green  and  glabrous;   blades  not  over  0.5 
mm.  wide:    culms  filiform,  smooth,   1.5-6  dm.  long:    spike  solitary,  terminal, 
androgynous,  linear,  4—16  mm.  long:   stigmas  3:   perigynia  few,  linear-oblong, 
3.5-5  mm.  long,  light-green,  many-nerved,   obtuse   and  beakless:    scales  mem- 
branous, the  lowest  sometimes  becoming  bract-like.  —  M.  E.     Bare,  in  swamps 
and  low  grounds.  —  Limestones,  quartzite.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

25.  C.  communis  Bailey.     Plants  not  stoloniferous.     Leaves  light-green,  shorter 
than  the  culms,  the  lower  reduced  to  scarcely  fibrillous  sheaths;  blades  2-4  mm. 
wide:   culms  slender,  roughish  above,  1.5-5  dm.  long:   lower  bract  0.6—5  cm. 
long:  staminate  spike  short-stalked,  4—25  mm.  long:  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  short- 
oblong,   3-10-flowered :    scales  green,   ovate,  mostly   acute:    perigynia   obovoid, 
rather  less  than  2  mm.  long,  pale,  pubescent,  each  with  a  subulate  2-toothed 
beak  i  the  length  of  the  body.     [C.  pedicellate   (Dewey)  Britton.] — Bather 
rare,  in  dry  soil.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

26.  C.  pennsylvanica  Lam.     Plants  stoloniferous.     Leaves  dark-green  or  dull- 
green,  the  lower  blade-bearing;  blades  1-3  mm.  wide,  the  old  sheaths  persistent 
and   fibrillose:    culms   1.5-6   dm.   tall:    lower  bract    rarely   over   1    cm.   long: 
staminate  spike  sessile  or  very  short-stalked,  12-24  cm.  long:  pistillate  spikes 
1-4,  short-oblong,  4-20-flowered,  sessile:   scales  ovate,  purplish,  acute  or  cuspi- 
date:  perigynia  obovoid,  about  2  mm.  long,  pubescent,  1-ribbed  on  each  side, 
each  with  a  2-toothed  beak  about  i  the  length  of  the  body  or  in  some  forms 
longer.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil.  —  Spr. 


CYPEEACEAE.  57 

27.  C.  varia  Muhl.     Plants  cespitose  and  scarcely  stoloniferous.     Leaf-bladea 
1-2.5  mm.  wide,  shorter  or  longer  than  the  culm:  culms  filiform,  erect  or  some- 
what spreading,  1-4  dm.  long:  lower  bract  scale-like  or  subulate,  rarely  2  cm. 
long :  staminate  spike  4-12  mm.  long,  sessile,  usually  rather  prominent :  pistillate 
spikes  1-4,  3-7  mm.  long:   scales  ovate,  green  or  purplish- tinged,  cuspidate: 
perigynia   oblong-ovoid,  pubescent,  about  2  mm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
each  with  a  subulate  minutely  2-toothed  beak  commonly  ^  the  length  of  the 
body.  —  Eather  common,  on  hillsides  and  in  woods.  —  Spr. 

28.  C.  umbellata  Schk.     Plants  short-stoloniferous.    Leaves  light-green,  usually 
much  exceeding  the  culms;   blades  1-3  mm.  wide,  slender,  ascending,  the  old 
sheaths  fibrillose:  culms  tufted  and  matted,  filiform,  2.5—15  cm.  long:  staminate 
spike   commonly  conspicuous:    pistillate   spikes   1-3,   filiform-stalked  from  the 
basal  sheaths  or  1  or  2  of  them  sessile  or  very  nearly  so  at  the  base  of  the  stami- 
nate spike,  ovoid-oblong,  4-12  mm.  long:  scales  acuminate  or  short-awned,  the 
lower  hiding  the  perigynia:  perigynia  oval,  pubescent,  3-angled,  the  body  1.5- 
2.5  mm.  long,  tipped  with  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  of  nearly  its  length  or 
much   shorter.  —  M.     Bare,   in   dry   soil.  —  Quartzite.  —  Spr. 

29.  C.  hirtifolia  Mackenzie.     Plants  stoloniferous,  pubescent  all  over.     Leaves 
light-green,  usually  shorter  than  the  culms;  blades  flat,  3-9  mm.  wide:  culms 
tufted  from  matted  bases:  staminate  spike  narrow,  sessile  or  nearly  so:  pistil- 
late spikes  2-4,  oblong-cylindric,  6-22  mm.  long,  the  lower  short -stalked,  the 
upper  sessile    or  nearly   so:    scales   obovate,   thin,   rough-cuspidate:    perigynia 
oblong-obovoid,  sharply  triangular,  about  4  mm.  long,  densely  pubescent,  more 
slender  at  the  narrowed  apex  than  at  less  narrowed  base,  about  as  long  as  the 
scales. —  [C.  pubescens  Muhl.]  —  M.     Occasional,  in  meadows  and  ravines. — 
Limestones.  —  Spr. 

30.  C.  pedunculata  Muhl.     Plants  forming  dense  mats.     Leaves  bright-green, 
mostly  longer  than  the  culms;  blades  flat,  2-4  mm.  wide:  culms  0.5-3  dm.  tall, 
strongly  purplish-tinged  at  base:  upper  bracts  with  reduced  blades:  staminate 
spike  cialked,  commonly  1-1.5  cm.  long,  often  with  few  pistillate  flowers  at 
the   base:    pistillate    spikes   2-4,    remote,    3-8-flowered,    slender-stalked,    often 
staminate  at  apex :  scales  obovate,  cuspidate,  purplish-tinged :  perigynia  obovoid, 
sharply  triangular  above,  about  4  mm.  long,  obscurely  obliquely  beaked,  spar- 
ingly puberulent  or  becoming  glabrous,  the  lower  surpassed  by  the  scales.  — 
M.     Bare,  in  woods.  —  Limestones.  —  Spr. 

31.  C.  Meadii  Dewey.     Similar  to  the  following  species.     Culms  stouter,  very 
rough,    2-4.5    dm.   tall,    usually   with    6-10   developed   leaf-blades,    3.5-7    mm. 
wide:  bracts  short,  not  overtopping  the  spikes:   staminate  spike  long-stalked: 
pistillate  spikes  1-3,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  8-30-flowered,  dense,   1-2.5  cm. 
long,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  erect,  stalked  or  the  upper  one  sessile:   scales 
ovate,  green  with  purple-brown  margins:  perigynia  obovoid,  many-nerved,  more 
than  3  mm.  long,  each  tipped  with  a  minute  slightly  bent  beak.  —  S.     Kare,  in 
swamps.  —  Serpentine.  —  Sum. 

32.  C.  tetanica  Schk.     Light-green  and  glabrous.    Eootstocks  deep-seated,  elon- 
gate.     Culms  slender,  rough  above,  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  usually  with  3-5  developed 
leaves:  leaf -blades  2-3.5  mm.  wide:   bracts  narrow,  elongate:   staminate  spike 
stalked:   pistillate  spikes  1  to  3,  erect,  distant,  linear,  6-20-flowered,  2.5  cm. 
long  or  less,  or  the  lower  filiform-stalked  and  drooping :   scales  ovate-  oblong : 
perigynia  oblong,  obovoid,  many-nerved,  less  than  3  mm.  long,  tapering  to  an 
entire  orifice,  beakless  or  minutely  beaked.  —  Eather  rare,  in  low  woods  and 
meadows.  —  Sum. 

33.  C.    polymorpha   Muhl.       Eather    dark-green    from    matted    elongate    stout 
rootstocks.     Culms  stiff,  3-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  3-4  mm.  wide,  nearly  erect: 
bracts  usually  little  longer  than  the  pistillate  spike :  staminate  spikes  1  or  rarely 
2,   long-stalked:    pistillate   spikes   one   or   two,   erect,   short-stalked   or   sessile, 
densely  12-25-flowered,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  8  mm.  thick:   scales  red-brown,  some- 


58  CYPERACEAE. 

what  shorter  than  the  perigynia:  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  obscurely  3-angled, 
5  mm.  long  and  2.5  mm.  in  diameter,  the  beak  \  as  long  as  the  body,  straight, 
conspicuous,  the  orifice  oblique.  —  S.  Eare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Spr.  and 
sum. 

34.  C.  platyphylla  Carey.    Leaves  pale-green  and  glaucous,  those  of  sterile  culms 
much  larger  than  those  of  fertile  culms;  blades  elongate,  9-25  mm.  wide,  very 
smooth  (except  edges):  culms  1-4  dm.  long,  spreading  or  reclining:  staminate 
spike  peduncled:  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  all  but  the  upper  one  slender-peduncled, 
erect,   distant,  loosely   4— 10 -flowered:    scales   acute   to   short-awned:    perigynia 
acutely   triangular,   short-tapering   at   base,   oblong,   2.5-3.5   mm.   long,   many- 
nerved,  smooth,  abruptly  bent  at  the  apex.  —  M.     Rare,  in  thickets.  —  Lime- 
stones.—  Spr.  and  sum. 

35.  C.  digitalis  Willd.     Leaves  bright-green;  blades  2.5-5  mm.  wide,  hispidu- 
lous  on  veins,   erect:    culms  weak,   slender,   1-4.5   dm.  long,   usually  exceeded 
by   second   bract   and   leaves:    staminate   spike   stalked:    pistillate   spikes   2-4, 
linear,  loosely  alternately  3-12-flowered,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  lower  filiform-stalked, 
spreading    or    drooping:    scales    acute,    acuminate    or    short-awned:    perigynia 
oblong,  minutely  roughened,  sharply  triangular,  many-nerved,  3  mm.  long,  more 
than  1  mm.  thick,  the  short  beak  slightly  oblique.  —  M.   S.     Rather  rare,  in 
woods.  —  Schists,  quartzite.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

36.  C.  laxiculmis  Schwein.     Leaves  glaucous  or  at  times  green,  spreading,  his- 
pidulous  on  veins;  blades  elongate,  4-12  mm.  wide:   culms  slender,  ascending 
or  diffuse,  1.5-6  dm.  long,  usually  exceeding  second  bract  and  leaves:  staminate 
spike  long-stalked:  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong,  5-10-flowered,  6-12  mm.  long, 
about  4   mm.   thick,   drooping  from  long  hair-like  stalks  or  the  upper  short- 
stalked:    perigynia    ovoid-oblong,    sharply    3-angled,    short-tapering    at    base, 
many-nerved,  minutely  roughened,  3-4  mm.  long,  scarcely  beaked,  longer  than 
the  ovate  green  cuspidate  or  short-awnel  scales.  —  M.     Rather  rare,  in  woods 
and  thickets.  —  Spr. 

37.  C.   albursina   Sheldon.     Leaves  deep-green;    blades   7-40  mm.  wide,   soft: 
culms   1-5    dm.    long,   strongly   flattened   and   winged   above:    staminate   spike 
sessile  or  nearly  so:  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  the  lower  peduncled  and  distant,  the 
upper  approximate  and  sessile  or  nearly  so:    scales  broadly  oblong,  half  the 
length  of  the  perigynia,  very  truncate,  white,  except  the  green  midrib:   peri- 
gynia obtusely  triangular,  long-tapering  at  base,  obovoid,  3-4  mm.  long,  many- 
nerved,  the  beak  abruptly  bent.  —  S.     Rare,  in  woods.  —  Schists.  —  Spr. 

38.  C.  blanda  Dewey.     Leaf -blades  3-14  mm.  wide,  soft:   culms  loosely  erect, 
coarsely  cellular,  nearly  smooth,  flattened,  1.5-6  dm.  tall:  sterile  shoots  develop- 
ing conspicuous  culms:   bract -sheaths  loose,  the  margins  much  crisped:    stami- 
nate spike  usually  short-stalked  or  sessile:  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  the  upper  two 
contiguous,  the  lower  more  or  less  remote,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  erect,  6-16 
mm.  long,  rather  closely  8-25-flowered :    perigynia  as  in  C.   laxiflora  Lam.  — 
Frequent,  in  rich  woods  and  thickets.  —  Spr. 

39.  C.  laxiflora  Lam.     Leaf -blades  3-7  mm.  wide,  soft :  culms  slender,  roughish 
above,  1.5-6  dm.  long,  the  sterile  shoots  developing  conspicuous  culms:   bract- 
sheaths    tight,    the    margins    little    crisped:    staminate    spike    usually    stalked: 
pistillate  spikes  2-4,  distant,  linear-cylindric,  3-4  mm.  thick,  all  slender-stalked, 
spreading  or  the  upper  erect  and  sessile,  loosely  several-many-flowered:   scales 
ovate  with  broad  white  scarious  margins,  acute,  cuspidate  or  awned:  perigynia 
obovoid,  obtusely  triangular,  long-tapering  at  base,  more  or  less  oblique,  2.5-3 
mm.  long,   strongly  many-nerved,   each  tapering  into   a   short   outwardly  bent 
entire  beak.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  Spr. 

40.  C.  anceps  Muhl.     Plants  similar  to  C.  laxiflora  in  habit,  but  usually  larger, 
deep-green,  the  sterile  shoots  not  developing  conspicuous  culms:  leaf -blades,  at 
least  those  of  the  lower  leaves,  5-20  mm.  wide,  usually  less  than  3  dm.  long: 


CYPEExlCEAE.  59 

culms  nearly  smooth,  densely  cespitose,  slightly  winged:  staminate  spike  con- 
spicuous, usually  stalked:  pistillate  spikes  few,  remote,  usually  2.5-4.5  cm. 
long,  loosely  flowered:  scales  ovate  to  obovate,  with  wide  scarious  margins, 
abruptly  short-awned:  perigynia  appressed- ascending,  obtusely  triangular, 
narrowly  obovoid  or  ellipsoid,  3.5  mm.  long,  more  or  less  striate,  narrowed  at 
each  end,  the  beak  straight  or  slightly  curved.  —  Common,  in  woods  and 
thickets.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

41.  C.  styloflexa  Buckl.     Leaf -blades  3-5  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm: 
culms  slender,  smooth,  3—8   dm.  long,  usually  loosely  cespitose:   bracts  short: 
staminate  spike  usually  long-stalked:  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  distant,  loosely  5-10- 
flowered,  10-20  mm.  long,  the  lower  drooping  on  filiform  stalks:   scales  ovate 
or    ovate-lanceolate,    acute,    cuspidate    or    short-awned,    usually    reddish-brown 
tinged,  shorter  than  the  perigynia:  perigynia  elliptic-fusiform,  3-angled,  many- 
nerved,  4-5  mm.  long,  1.5  mm.  thick,  tapering  into  the  slender  beak.  —  Bare,  in 
thickets.  —  Schists.  —  Spr.   and  sum. 

42.  C.   granularis   Muhl.     Culms   tufted,   slender,   smooth   or  nearly   so,   1.5-7 
dm.  long:  leaves  slightly  glaucous;  blades  3-9  mm.  wide,  the  basal  shorter  than 
the  culm:   bracts  overtopping  spikes:   staminate  spike  sessile  or  short-stalked: 
pistillate  spikes  3-5,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  1-3  cm.  long,  5  mm.  thick, 
many-flowered,  stalked  or  the  upper  sessile:   scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate: 
perigynia  ovoid  or   obovoid,  strongly  many-nerved,   2-3   mm.   long,  each  with 
a    short,   bent    or    nearly    straight    beak.  —  Common,    in    moist    meadows    and 
woods.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

43.  C.  oligocarpa  Schk.     Culms  slender,  roughish,  1.5-5  dm.  long:   leaf -blades 
2.5-3.5  mm.  wide,  soft:  sheaths  smooth:  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves:  staminate 
spike  long-stalked  or  nearly  sessile:    pistillate  spikes  2-4,  erect  or  nearly  so, 
distant,  loosely  2-8'-flowered,  8-24  mm.  long,  less  than  4  mm.  thick,  the  lower 
filiform-stalked:  scales  ovate,  cuspidate  or  short-awned:  perigynia  obovoid,  pale, 
2.5-4  mm.  long,  each  narrowed  into  a  short  entire  beak.  —  M.     Bare,  in  woods 
and  thickets.  —  Limestones.  —  Spr. 

44.  C.   Hitchcockiana  Dewey.     Culms   slender,   3-7   dm.   tall:    leaf -blades   3-7 
mm.  wide:  bracts  foliaceous,  overtopping  the  spikes,  the  sheaths  rough  pubes- 
cent:  staminate  spike  commonly  solitary,  stalked:   pistillate  spikes  2-4,  erect, 
loosely  1-6-flowered,  1-2.5  mm.  long:   scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  longer 
than  the  perigynia,  rough  awned:    perigynia  obovoid,  green,  4.5-5  mm.  long, 
obliquely  short-beaked.  —  M.     Occasional,  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  Limestones. 
—  Spr. 

45.  C.  conoidea  Schk.     Culms  slender,  5-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  2-4  mm.  wide: 
lower  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  their  sheaths  rough:   staminate  spike  long- 
stalked:  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  distant,  erect,  oblong,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  5  mm.  thick, 
the  lower  long-stalked:  peduncles  very  rough:   scales  broadly  ovate,  each  con- 
tracted into  a  rough  awn,  the  lower  longer  than  the  perigynia,  the  upper  shorter 
than  or  equalling  them:   perigynia  oblong,  obtusely  3-angled,  acute,  beakless, 
3  mm.  long,  1.5  mm.  thick,  the  orifice  entire.  —  Bather  rare,  in  swamps  and 
meadows.  —  Sum. 

46.  C.  grisea  Wahl.     Culms  smooth  or  nearly  so,  3-7.5  dm.  long:  leaves  light1 
green,  rarely  slightly  glaucous,  4-7  mm.  wide :  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  much 
overtopping  the  spikes,  their  sheaths  smooth:  staminate  spike  sessile,  or  nearly 
so:  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  oblong,  8-25  mm.  long,  about  4  mm.  thick,  the  lower 
slender-stalked  and  distant :  scales  cuspidate  or  awned,  the  lower  usually  equal- 
ling perigynia :    perigynia  5  mm.  long,  2   mm.  thick,  beakless.  —  Common,  in 
thickets  and  woods.  —  Sum. 

47.  C.   glaucodea   Tuckerm.      Similar  to   C.  grisea.,  but  pale  and  very  glau- 
cous.    Culms  1.5-6  dm.  long:   leaf -blades  4-10  mm.  wide:   bracts  foliaceous: 
staminate  spike  sessile  or  nearly  so :  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  erect,  densely  flowered, 


60  CYPEEACEAE. 

the  larger  usually  more  than  12-flowered,  the  lower  slender-stalked:  perigynia 
oblong,  3—4  mm.  long,  beakless,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  scales.  —  S.  Not 
common,  in  dry  fields  and  banks.  —  Schists,  serpentine.  —  Sum. 

48.  C.  gracillima  Schwein.     Culms  glabrous,  3-10  dm.  long:  leaves  dark-green, 
glabrous;  blades  3-9  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm:  lower  bract  -foliaceous: 
spikes  3-5,  2-6  cm.  long,  nearly  4  mm.   thick,  filiform-stalked  and  drooping, 
the  upper  one  partly  or  wholly  staminate:   scales  ovate-oblong,  pale,  mostly  i 
as  long  as  the  perigynia:    perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  rounded  at  apex,  beakless, 
few-nerved,  glabrous,  3  mm.  long  or  less.  —  S.     Eather  rare,  in  meadows.  — 
Serpentine.  —  Spr. 

49.  C.  prasina  Wahl.     Leaves  light-green;  blades  flaccid,  roughish,  2.5-5  mm. 
wide:    culms  glabrous,    slender,   slightly   roughened   above,   3-angled,   3-7    dm. 
long :  lower  bract  similar  to  the  leaves,  commonly  overtopping  the  spikes :  stami- 
nate spike  short-stalked,  often  partly  pistillate :  pistillate  spikes  2  to  4,  narrowly 
linear-cylindric,   drooping,  the  lower  filiform-stalked,  2—6  cm.  long,  4  mm.  in 
diameter,  rather  loosely  many-flowered:  scales  ovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  short- 
awned,   pale-green,    shorter   than   the  perigynia:    stigmas   3:    perigynia   light- 
green,  ovate-lanceolate,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  3-4  mm.  long,  each  tapering  into 
a  slender,  minutely  2-toothed  beak.  —  N.  S.     Bare,  in  rich  woods  and  meadows. 
—  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.' — Sum. 

50.  C.  Davisii  Schwein.  &  Torr.    Culms  3-9  dm.  long :  sheaths  and  often  foliage 
pubescent.     Leaves  pubescent;   blades  3-6  mm.  wide:   lower  bract  foliaceous: 
spikes  3-5,  clustered,  or  the  lower  one  distant,  6  mm.  in  diameter,  1-3.5  cm. 
long,  at  length  spreading  or  drooping,  the  terminal  one  staminate  at  the  base: 
scales  ovate-lanceolate,  long-awned,  shorter  or  longer  than  the  perigynia:  peri- 
gynia much  swollen,  strongly  several-nerved,  4-5  mm.  long,  each  with  a  short 
minutely  2-toothed  beak.  —  M.     Eare,  in  moist  meadows  and  thickets.  —  Lime- 
stones. —  Spr.  and  sum. 

51.  C.   flexuosa  Muhl.     Culms   rough   above,    1-9    dm.   long:    blades  2-5   mm. 
wide:    staminate    spike    short-stalked,    sometimes    partly    pistillate:    pistillate 
spikes  2-4}  linear,  3-4  mm.  thick,  filiform-stalked  and  spreading  or  drooping: 
scales  ovate  or  oblong,  \  as  long  as  the  perigynia  or  longer,  usually  tawny- 
tinged,    obtuse    to    short    cuspidate:    perigynia    spindle-shaped,    membranous, 
sessile,  glabrous,  faintly  few-nerved,  obtusely  3-angled,  4.5^6.5  mm.  long,  less 
than   2    mm.    thick,    each   tapering   into    a   short   2-toothed   beak.     [C.   tennis 
Eudge.]  —  S.     Eather  rare,  in  woods.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

52.  C.  Swanii  (Fernald)  Mackenzie.    Culms  slender,  rough  above,  1.5-5  dm  tall: 
leaves   light-green,    pubescent,   especially    the    sheaths;    blades   2.5    mm.    wide, 
narrowly  linear-elongate:  lower  bract  setaceous,  0.5  mm.  wide,  much  exceeding 
spikes:  spikes  2-5,  short-stalked,  oblong-cylindric,  erect  or  nearly  so,  6-20  mm. 
long,  3-5  mm.  in  diameter,  the  terminal  one  staminate  below:   scales  oblong- 
ovate,  cuspidate,  slightly  shorter  than  the  perigynia:  perigynia  3-sided,  2  mm. 
long,    obovoid,    pubescent,    green,    beakless,    the    orifice    entire.     [C.    virescens 
authors,  not  Muhl.] — Common,  in  thickets.  —  Sum. 

53.  C.  virescens  Muhl.     Similar  to  the  next  preceding  species,  but  taller  and 
more  spreading.     Lower  sheaths  strongly  reddened:    culms   exceeding  leaves: 
lowest  bract  leaf-like,   0.5-3  mm.  wide,  somewhat  exceeding   spikes.      Leaves 
pubescent ;  blades  3-4  mm.  wide :  spikes  2-5,  linear-cylindrie,  rather  loose,  3  mm. 
in  diameter,  the  terminal  one  staminate  below,  the  lower  one  commonly  filiform- 
stalked:   scales  ovate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia:    perigynia  elliptic,  strongly 
several-ribbed,  narrowed  at  each  end,  2  mm.  long,  rather  more  than  1  mm.  thick. 
[C.  costata  Schwein;  C.  costellata  Brit.]  — S.     Eather  rare,  on  moist  banks. — 
Schists.  —  Sum. 

54.  C.  complanata  Torr.     Culms  rough  above,  1.5-9  dm.  long:  leaves  bright- 
green  or  light-green,  pubescent;  blades  2—4  mm.  wide:  spikes  2-5,  dense,  erect, 


CYPEEACEAE.  61 

sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  6—20  mm.  long,  usually  clustered,  the  terminal  one 
staminate  at  the  base:  scales  ovate,  short-cuspidate  or  obtuse:  perigynia  oval 
or  obovoid,  flattened,  not  inflated,  imbricate,  rounded  at  apex,  green  or  green- 
ish-brown, few-nerved,  slightly  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  when  mature, 
1-2  mm.  long,  the  orifice  entire:  achene  elliptic-obovoid,  its  summit  not  bent. 
[<7.  hirsuta  Muhl.] — Common,  in  meadows  and  thickets.  —  Sum.  . 

65.  C.  caroliniana  Schw.  Culms  slender,  rough  above,  3-8'  dm.  tall:  leaves 
glabrous  except  on  sheaths;  blades  2-3  mm.  wide:  spikes  2-4,  dense,  erect, 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  8-18  mm.  long,  4  mm.  in  diameter,  clustered,  the  termi- 
nal one  staminate  at  base:  scales  ovate,  brown,  mucronate:  perigynia  obovoid, 
squarrose,  swollen,  orbicular  in  cross-section,  pointed  at  apex,  brown,  coarsely 
nerved,  glabrous  at  maturity,  2  mm.  long,  1  mm.  in  diameter,  the  orifice  entire 
or  emarginate :  achenes  pyrif orm.  —  N.  Frequent,  in  meadows  and  woodlands. 
—  Sandstones  and  shales.  —  Sum. 

56.  C.  Bushii  Mackenzie.     Culms  slender,  roughish  above,  4-8  dm,  tall:  sheaths 
pubescent;  blades  2-3  mm.  wide,  glabrous  or  pubescent  beneath:   spikes  2-3, 
dense,  erect,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  6-20  mm.  long,  5-8'  mm.  in  diameter, 
clustered,    the    terminal    one    staminate    at    base:    scales    lanceolate,    strongly 
rough-cuspidate:    perigynia    obovoid,    ascending,    swollen,    orbicular    in    cross- 
section,  pointed  at  apex,  green,  coarsely  nerved,  glabrous  at  maturity,  2.5-3 
mm.  long,  1.5  mm.  in  diameter,  the  orifice  entire  or  emarginate:  achenes  obo- 
void, tipped  with  a  bent  style.  —  S.     Frequent,  in  swamp,  meadows,  and  rich 
woods.  —  Schists,  serpentine.  —  Spr. 

57.  C.  scalbrata  Schwein.    Culms  rough  above,  3-10  dm.  tall:  leaves  very  rough 
above;   blades  much  elongate,  5-1  &  mm.  wide:    bracts  similar  but  narrower: 
staminate  spike  short-stalked :  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  erect,  the  upper  short-stalked, 
the  lower  sometimes  spreading  or  drooping,  all  linear-cylindric,  densely  many- 
flowered,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  5-9  mm.  in  diameter:  scales  lanceolate,  acute  or  short- 
awned,   prominently  nerved,   shorter   than  the  perigynia:    perigynia   greenish- 
brown,  ovoid,  somewhat  inflated,  3-4  mm.  long,  strongly  several-nerved,  papil- 
lose,  each  tipped  by  a   long  minutely  2-toothed  or   obliquely  cut  beak.  —  N. 
Bather  rare,  in  moist  woods.  —  Sandstones  and  shales.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

58..  C.  stricta  Lam.  Leaves  rarely  overtopping  the  culm;  blades  very  rough- 
margined,  2-4  mm.  wide:  basal  sheaths  prominently  filamentose:  culms  slender, 
stiff,  in  dense  clumps,  sharply  3-angled,  very  rough  above,  3-11  dm.  tall:  lower 
bract  similar  to  the  leaves:  staminate  spikes  solitary  or  sometimes  2,  stalked: 
pistillate  spikes  2-5,  linear-cylindric,  often  staminate  at  the  top,  densely 
flowered,  or  loose  at  the  base,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  thick,  sessile  or  the 
lower  stalked:  scales  dark,  with  green  margins  and  midvein,  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, appressed:  stigmas  2:  perigynia  ovate-elliptic,  acute,  faintly  few-nerved, 
2.5  mm.  long,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire  or  nearly  so.  —  Common,  in 
swamps.  —  Spr. 

59.  C.  torta  Boott.     Leaf -blades  about  4  mm.  wide;   sheaths  not  filamentose: 
culms  stout  at  base,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous  above,  4-10  dm.  long,  short- 
stoloniferous :   lower  bract  commonly  foliaceous:    staminate  spike  usually  one, 
stalked:   pistillate  spikes  3-5,  erect,  spreading  or  drooping,  linear,  2-7.5  cm. 
long,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter,  often  loosely  flowered  toward  the  base:  scales 
ovate-oblong,  dark  with  green  midvein,  shorter  and  mostly  narrower  than  the 
perigynia:    stigmas  2:    perigynia   oblong  or  narrowly  ovate,   green,  nerveless, 
narrowed  and  more  or  less  twisted  above  when  dry,  2-3  mm.  long.  —  Bather 
rare,  creek-beds.  —  Sum. 

60.  C.  gynandra  Schwein.     Similar  to  the  following  species  in  habit.     Leaves 
glabrous,  the  sheaths  finely  roughened,  not  glaucous;   blades  4-12  mm.  wide: 
pistillate  spikes  2-10  cm.  long,  narrowly  cylindric:   scales  lanceolate,  tapering 
into  awn,  rough,  ascending,  strongly  3-ribbed,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynia:   perigynia    oblong    or    elliptic,    faintly    few-nerved    or    nerveless,    com- 


62  CYPEEACEAE. 

pressed,  little  inflated,  3-4  mm.  long,  and  about  \  as  broad,  each  tapering  to 
an  acute  entire  orifice.  —  W.  S.  Rather  rare,  in  low  grounds.  —  Sandstones 
and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum. 

61.  C.    crinita   Lam.     Culms    3-angled,    5-13    dm.    tall:    leaves   not    glaucous; 
sheaths  smooth;  blades  rough-margined,  3-10  mm.  wide,  the  lowest  very  short 
and  sheathing:  staminate  spikes  1  or  2,  stalked:  pistillate  spikes  2-6,  narrowly 
cylindric,  2-11  cm.  long,  6-12  mm.  in  diameter,  stalked,  drooping:  scales  green, 
abruptly  contracted  intp  a  rough  awn,  spreading,  2-6  times  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynia:  stigmas  2:  perigynia  broadly  obovoid,  obtuse,  2-3.5  mm.  long,  1-2  mm. 
thick,  nerveless,  inflated,  the  walls  thin,  each  abruptly  tipped  by  a  short  entire 
beak.  —  Bather  common,  in  wet  places.  —  Sum. 

62.  C.  Buxbaumii  Wahl.     Culms  slender,  stiff,  sharp-angled,  rough  above,  3-9 
dm.  tall:  leaves  rough;  basal  sheaths  strongly  filamentose ;  blades  erect,  2-4  mm. 
wide:  spikes  2-7,  oblong  or  cylindric,  erect,  all  sessile  and  close  together,  or  the 
lowest   sometimes  distant  and  short-stalked,   8-40  mm.  long,  about  8  mm.  in 
diameter,  the  terminal  one  staminate  at  the  base  or  rarely  throughout:   scales 
ovate,  awn-tipped,  black  or  dark-brown  with  a  green  midvein,  longer  than  the 
perigynia:   perigynia  elliptic  or  obovate,  flat,  ascending,  3-4  mm.  long,  light- 
green,    faintly    few-nerved,    beakless,    the    apex    minutely    2-toothed.  —  M.    S. 
Bather  rare,  in  swamps.  —  Limestones,  schists,  serpentine.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

63.  C.  Shortiana  Dewey.     Culms  slender,  rough  above,  3-10  dm.  tall,  usually 
overtopped  by  the  upper  leaves:  leaves  roughish;  blades  elongate,  4-8  mm.  wide: 
bracts  short,   narrow,   rarely   much   exceeding   the   spikes:    spikes  3-7,   linear- 
cylindric,  densely  many-flowered,  1-3  cm.  long,  4-5  mm.  in  diameter,  erect,  the 
lower  stalked,  uppermost  staminate  at  base:  stigmas  3:  perigynia  dark-brown, 
compressed,  2-edged,  orbicular  or  obovoid,  nerveless,  2  mm.  long,  ridged  at  apex, 
each  abruptly  minutely  beaked,  equalling  or  shorter  than  its  scale,  which  is 
hyaline,  scarious-margined,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  persistent,  the  orifice  of 
the  perigynium  entire  or  very  nearly  so.  —  W.     On  moist  banks  near  Conewago. 
— •  Sandstones  and  shales.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

64.  C.    lacustris   Willd.      Culms   smooth,    5-10    dm.    tall,    purplish-tinged   and 
filamentose  at  base,  the  lower  sheaths  of  fertile  culms  not  blade-bearing:  leaf- 
blades  elongate,  5-12  mm.  wide,  usually  exceeding  the  culm:   staminate  spikes 
1-5,  linear:   pistillate  spikes  2-5,  cylindric,  3-10  cm.  long,  about  10  mm.  in 
diameter,  the  upper  erect,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  stalked:  scales  lanceo- 
late or  oblanceolate,  long  aristate  or  acute,  purplish-tinged,  the  lower  longer,  the 
upper  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  perigynia :  perigynia  narrowly  ovoid,  6  mm. 
long,  2.5  mm.  wide,  firm,  scarcely  inflated,   strongly  nerved,  ascending,  each 
tapering   into    a   short   2-toothed   beak,   the   teeth   usually   erect.     [C.   riparia 
authors.]  —  S.    Bare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

65.  C.  vestita  Willd.     Strongly  stoloniferous.     Culms  strict  and  slender,  4-8 
dm.  tall,  rough  above:  leaves  not  overtopping  the  culm;  blades  3-5  mm.  wide: 
bracts  similar,  but  narrower,   short,  rough:    staminate  spike  usually   solitary, 
sessile  or  short-stalked:  pistillate  spikes  1-5,  oblong,  1-2  cm.  long,  6^8  mm.  in 
diameter,  erect,  commonly  staminate  at  the  summit,  sessile,  or  the  lower  ones 
short-stalked:  perigynia  ovoid,  densely  pubescent,  less  than  2  mm.  in  diameter, 
prominently  few-ribbed,  each  tapering  gradually  into  a  short  conic  somewhat 
2-toothed  beak,  white-hyaline  at  orifice,  slightly  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
ovate,  mostly  acute,  membranous  scales.  —  E.  S.     Bare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists, 
quartzite.  • —  Sum. 

66.  C.  lanuginosa  Michx.     Culms  slender,  but  usually  rather  stouter  than  those 
of  C.  lasiocarpa,  sharp-angled  and  rough  above.     Leaves  and  the  lower  bracts 
elongate;  blades  not  involute,  2-4  mm.  wide,  sometimes  overtopping  the  culms: 
staminate  spikes  1-3,  long-stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  base:   pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  usually  distant,  sessile  or  the  lower  slender-stalked,  cylindric,  5-7 
mm.  in  diameter :  scales  acuminate  or  aristate.  —  M.  S.     Bather  rare,  in  swamps. 
—  Limestones,  schists,  serpentine.  —  Sum. 


CYPEEACEAE.  63 

67.  C.  lasiocarpa  Ehrh.     Culms  very  slender,  erect,  smooth,  obtusely  angled, 
5-9  dm.  long.     Leaf -blades  very  narrow,  involute,  2  mm.  wide  or  less,  rough- 
margined,  not  overtopping  the  culm:  lower  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  upper 
bracts  filiform:    staminate  spikes  1-3,  commonly  2}  stalked:    pistillate  spikes 
1-3,  cylindric,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  erect,  sessile  or  the 
lower  distant  and  short-peduncled:    scales  ovate,  membranous,  acute  or  short- 
awned,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia:  perigynia  green,  ascending,  oval- 
ovoid,  densely  pubescent,  faintly  nerved,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  each  tapering 
into  a  short  2-toothed  beak.     [C.  filiformis  authors.     Not  L.] — M.     Bare,  in 
swamps.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum. 

68.  C.  trichocarpa  Muhl.     Culms  usually  6-8  dm.  tall,  smooth  below,  very  rough 
above:   leaf -blades  elongate,  rough-margined,  3-6  mm.  wide:   staminate  spikes 
2-6,  long-stalked:  pistillate  spikes  cylindric,  densely  flowered  except  at  the  base, 
2-10  cm.  long,  1-1.6  cm.  in  diameter,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  erect, 
the  lower  slender-stalked:    scales  hyaline,  acute  to  aristate:    stigmas  3:   peri- 
gynia ovoid,  pubescent  in  our  form,  many-ribbed,  8-10  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide, 
each  tapering  into  a  long  conspicuously  2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  somewhat 
spreading.  —  M.     Eare,  in  wet  meadows  near  Lancaster.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum. 

69.  C.  folliculata  L.     Yellow  or  yellowish.     Culms  erect  or  reclining,  4-10  dm. 
long:    leaf -blades  4-16   mm.   wide:    pistillate   spikes   2-5,   usually   distant,   all 
except  the  uppermost  slender-stalked,  the  lower  often  nodding:  bracts  commonly 
overtopping  the  spikes :  stigmas  3 :  perigynia  lanceolate,  slightly  inflated,  rather 
prominently  many-nerved,  12-16  mm.  long,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter  near  the 
base,  each  tapering  from  below  the  middle  into  a  slender  2-toothed  beak,  longer 
than  the  awned  scarious-margined  persistent   scale,  the  teeth  nearly  erect.  — 
Eather  rare,  in  swamps.  —  Sum. 

70.  C.  monile  Tuckerm.     Culms  4-9  dm.  tall,  not  spongy  at  base,  acutely  angled 
and  very  rough  above:  leaves  and  bracts  narrow  and  elongate;  blades  3-6  mm. 
wide :  staminate  spikes  1-4,  usually  2  or  3,  slender-stalked :  pistillate  spikes  1-3, 
2.5-25  cm.  long,  7  mm.  wide,  cylindric:  stigmas  3:  perigynia  inflated,  broadly 
ovoid,  5-8  mm.  long,  8-10-nerved,  each  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  2- 
toothed  smooth  beak,  longer  than  the  scale.  —  S.     Bare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists. 
— Sum. 

71.  C.   bullata   Schk.     Culms  slender,   3-9    dm.   high,   roughish  above:    leaves 
and  bracts  very  narrow  and  elongate;   blades  rarely  more  than  4  mm.  wide, 
rough-margined:  staminate  spikes  mostly  2,  long-stalked:  pistillate  spikes  1-3, 
light-green,  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  many-flowered,  2-5  cm.  long,  9-18  mm. 
in  diameter :   stigmas  3 :   perigynia  much  inflated,  ovoid,  5—8  mm.  long,  each 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  rough  2-toothed  beak,  dull  or  shining,  strongly 
nerved,  longer  than  the  acuminate  to  obtusish  scale.  —  S.     Eare,  in  swamps. 

—  Spr. 

72.  C.  lurida  Wahl.     Culms  slender,  2-9  dm.  tall :  leaves  elongate,  rough ;  blades 
4-7  mm.  wide:    staminate  spike  short-  or  long-stalked:    pistillate   spikes  1-4, 
mostly  oblong-cylindric,  2-6  cm.  long,  14-20  mm.  in  diameter,  the  upper  sessile, 
the  lower  peduncled :  perigynia  inflated,  ovoid,  each  tapering  into  a  long  slender 
beak,  ascending  or  the  lower  spreading,  6-9  mm.  long,  thin,  yellowish-green, 
conspicuously    ribbed,    longer    than    the    rough-awned    scale.     [C.    tentaculata 
Muhl.]  —  Common,  in  swamps.  —  Sum. 

73.  C.   hystricina   Muhl.     Culms   3-8'   dm.    tall:    leaf -blades   3-8    mm.    wide: 
staminate  spike  slender-stalked:    pistillate  spikes  1-4,  oblong-cylindric,  .dense, 
1-6  cm.  long,  10-14  mm.  in  diameter,  the  lower  slender-stalked  and  drooping: 
stigmas  3 :  perigynia  ascending,  somewhat  inflated,  ovoid-conic,  5-7  mm.  long, 
strongly  15-2<0-nerved,  each  tapering  into  a  slender  2-toothed  beak,  equalling  or 
the  upper  longer  than  the  narrow  rough-awned  scales.  —  Common,  in  swamps. 

—  Sum. 


64  CYPEKACEAE. 

74.  C.  comosa  Boott.     Culms  commonly  stout,  3-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  6-14 
mm.  wide:   staminate  spikes  short-stalked:  pistillate  spikes  2-6,  all  spreading 
or  drooping,  3-7  cm.  long,  bristly,  12-14  mm.  in  diameter:  scales  mostly  shorter 
than  the  perigynia,  rough-awned:    stigmas   3:    perigynia  lanceolate,   little  in- 
flated, strongly  reflexed  when  mature,  each  tapering  into  a  slender  prominently 
2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  subulate  and  recurved-spreading.  —  Susquehanna  valley. 
Bare,  in  wet  places.  —  Sum. 

75.  C.  Frankii  Kunth.     Culms  stout,  smooth,  leafy,  3-7  dm.  tall:  leaves  rough- 
ish ;  blades  and  similar  bracts  elongate,  overtopping  culm,  3-8  mm,  wide :  stami- 
nate spike  usually  small  and  inconspicuous:   pistillate  spikes  3-6,  exceedingly 
dense,  cylindrie,  erect,  1-4  dm.  long,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter,  the  upper  nearly 
or  quite  sessile,  the  lower  slender-stalked:  scales  linear-subulate,  longer  than  the 
perigynia:  stigmas  3:  perigynia  green,  slightly  inflated,  4  inm.  long,  2  mm.  in 
diameter,  few-nerved,  obconie  with  a  depressed  summit  from  which  arises  the 
subulate  2-toothed  beak.  —  Bather  common,  in  swamps  and  meadows.  —  Sum. 
and  fall. 

76.  C.  squarrosa  L.     Culms  slender,  rough  above  on  the  angles,  6-9  dm.  tall: 
leaf -blades  elongate,  3—6  mm.  wide,  rough-margined:  spikes  1-3,  erect,  stalked, 
oval,  exceedingly  dense,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  in  diameter,  the  upper  one 
club-shaped,   staminate  at  the  base  or  sometimes  for  \  its  length   or  more : 
stigmas    3:    perigynia    yellowish-green,    becoming    tawny,    the    lower    reflexed, 
somewhat  inflated  but  firm,  obovoid,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter,  few-nerved,  each 
truncately  contracted  into  a  subulate  minutely  2-toothed  beak,  twice  as  long 
as  the  lanceolate-acuminate  or  awn-tipped  scale.  —  Bather  rare,  in  wet  places. 
—  Sum. 

77.  C.  intumescens  Budge.     Deep-green.     Culms  slender,  4-9-  dm.  high:   leaf- 
blades  elongate,  roughish,  2.5-7  mm.  wide :  bracts  similar,  overtopping  the  culm : 
staminate    spike   mostly   long-stalked:    pistillate   spikes    1-3,    sessile    or    short- 
stalked,  globose  or  nearly  so:  scales  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  aristate, 
about  \  as  long  as  the  perigynia:   stigmas  3:   style  straight:   perigynia  1-12, 
spreading  or  the  upper  erect,  10-20  mm.  long,  much  inflated,  about  5  mm.  in 
diameter  above  the  base,  many-nerved,  each  tapering  into  a  subulate  2-toothed 
beak,  the  teeth  somewhat  spreading.  —  Bather  rare,  in  swamps.  —  Sum. 

78.  C.  Asa-Grayi  Bailey.     Deep-green.     Culms  5-9  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  elon- 
gate, dark-green,  5-9  mm.  wide:   bracts  similar  to  the  upper  leaves,  usually 
much   overtopping   the  culm:    staminate   spike   mostly   long-stalked:    pistillate 
spikes  1  or  2,  dense,  about  2.5  cm.  in  diameter,  6— 30-flowered:   scales  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  slightly  cuspidate,  scarious,  about  £  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynia: stigmas  3:  style  straight:  perigynia  ovoid,  glabrous  or  hispidulous,  much 
inflated,  many-nerved,  about  7  mm.  in  diameter,  each  tapering  to  a  sharp  2- 
toothed  beak.     [C.  Grayi  Carey.] — M.  S.     Bare,  on  wet  banks.  —  Sandstones 
and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum. 

79.  C.  lupulina  Muhl.     Culms  stout,  3-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  elongate,  nodu- 
lose, 5-16  mm.  wide,  the  upper  ones,  and  the  similar  bracts  much  overtopping 
the   culm:    staminate   spikes  solitary   or   rarely   several:    pistillate   spikes   2-5, 
densely  many-flowered,  oblong,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  2.5  cm.  or  more  in  diameter: 
scales  acuminate  or  aristate,  £  as  long  as  the  perigynia:   stigmas  3:   style  ab- 
ruptly bent:  perigynia  ascending,  much  inflated,  many -nerved,  10-20  mm.  long, 
4-7  mm.  in  diameter  above  the  base,  each  tapering  from  below  the  middle  into 
a  subulate  2-toothed  beak.  —  Bather  common,  in  swamps.  —  Sum. 

Order  ARALES. 

Perennial,  frequently  bog  or  aquatic  herbs;  in  Lemnaceae,  mere  float- 
ing thalloid  bodies.     Leaves  mainly  basal.     Flowers  complete  or  incom- 


AKACEAE.  65 

plete,  borne  on  a  spadix  accompanied  by  a  spathe,  or  in  Lemnaceae  1  or 
few  in  a  pouch  in  the  plant-body.  Perianth  inconspicuous  or  wanting. 
Fruit  baccate  or  utricular. 

Plants  normal,  with  the  flowers  on  a  spadix,  this  sometimes  subtended  by  or  partly 
enclosed  in  a  spathe.  Fam.  1.  ABACEAE. 

Plants  reduced  to  small  floating  thalloid  structures,  with  one 

or  few  flowers.  Fam.  2.  LEMNACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    ARACEAE.    ARUM  FAMILY. 

Fleshy  mostly  acaulescent  plants.  Leaves  with  simple  or  divided 
blades.  Flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  or  dioecious.  Perianth  of  4^6  scale- 
like  members,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  4-10  stamens.  Gynoecium  of 
1  carpel,  or  of  several  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  berry  or  a  utricle. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious :  perianth  wanting. 

Leaf -blades    palmately    divided :    spathe    involute    below,    hooded    above :    spadix 

included,  terete  or  obscurely  angled.  1.  AEISAEMA. 

Leaf-blades    pedately    divided :    spathe    convolute    throughout : 

spadix  exserted,  more  or  less  flattened  or  2-edged.  2.  MDEICADDA. 

Flowers  perfect :  perianth  of  several  scale-like  members. 

Spadix  surrounded  by  a  spathe.  3.  SPATHYEMA. 

Spadix  naked,  merely  subtended  by  a  spathe. 

Spadix  terminating  the  club-shaped  scape.  4.  ORONTIUM. 

Spadix  borne  somewhat  laterally  on  the  leaf-like  scape.  5.  ACOKUS. 

1.  AKISAEMA  Mart.     Herbs  of  swamps  or  woods,  with  corms.     Leaf- 
blades    palmate,    3-5-divided.     Scape    permanently    erect.     Spadix    clavate    or 
cylindric,  the  fertile  portion  partially  flower-bearing.     Spathe  cornucopia-like. 
Fruits  red.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT.     INDIAN-TURNIP. 

Hood  of  the  spathe  brown  with  light  stripes  :  naked  portion  of  the  spadix  clavate : 
fruits  8-12  mm.  in  diameter.  1.  A.  triphyllum. 

Hood  of  the  spathe  black  or  red-brown  :  naked  portion  of  the 

spadix  cylindric  :  fruits  4-5  mm.  in  diameter.  2.  A.  pusillum. 

1.  A,  triphyllum    (L.)    Torr.     Plants  mostly  over  4  dm.  tall:   leaf  -segments 
8-30  cm.  long;  blades  dull,  rather  abruptly  short-acuminate:  spathe-blade  short- 
acuminate,  often  striped  with  purple  or  brown  and  green  within:   fruits  8-12 
mm.  thick.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and  on  moist  hillsides. 

2.  A.  pusillum  (Peck)  Nash.     Plants  mostly  less  than  3  dm.  tall:  leaf -segments 
5-12  cm.  long :  spathe-blade  short-acuminate,  red-brown  or  almost  black  within : 
fruits  4-5  mm.  thick.  —  E.   S.     Bather  rare,  in  swamps.  —  Quartzite,  schists. 

2.  MURICAUDA   Small.     Herbs  with   corms:    leaf -blades   pedate,    5-17- 
divided.     Scapes    permanently    erect.     Spadix    whip-like,    the    fertile    portion 
covered  with  flowers.     Stamens  4.     Spathe  wholly  convolute.    Fruits  red. 

1.  M.  Dracontium  (L.)  Small.  Leaf -segments  cuneate  to  oblanceolate,  1-3  dm. 
long:  spathe  3-10  cm.  long:  fruits  6-8  mm.  thick.  —  Common  in  low  alluvial 
grounds.  —  Spr.  —  GREEN-DRAGON.  DRAGON-ROOT. 

3.  SPATHYEMA  Eaf.     Coarse  swamp  herbs  with  cordate  leaf -blades,  the 
petioles,  and  the  scapes  partially  underground.     Spadix   oblong   or   globular, 
enclosed  in  the  thick  cochleate,  colored  spathe,  the  scape  rigid.     Flowers  perfect. 
Perianth  of  4  hooded  members.     Fruits  immersed  in  the  spadix. 

1.  S.  foetida  (L.)  Eaf.  Plant  garlic-scented,  glabrous:  leaf -blades  2-5  dm. 
long,  often  3  dm.  broad:  scapes  erect,  mainly  subterranean:  spathe  preceding 
the  leaves,  8-15  cm.  long,  beaked,  mottled:  fruit-head  persistent,  9-15  cm.  in 

Lancaster  County  Flora  5. 


66  LEMNACEAE. 

diameter,  the  berries  green.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and  low  meadows.  —  Spr. 
—  SKUNK- CABBAGE. 

4.  OE.ONTIUM  L.     Swamp  herbs.     Leaves  with  relatively  narrow  blades. 
Spadix  terminal,  elongate,  subtended  by  the  thin  spathe,  the  scape  pliable,  soon 
weak.     Flowers  perfect.    Perianth  of  4-6  scale-like  members  (6  below,  4  above). 
Fruits  not  immersed. 

1.  O.  aquaticum  L.  Eootstock  deeply  buried.  Leaf -blades  oblong  or  elliptic, 
1-3  dm.  long:  spadix  golden-yellow,  2-6  cm.  long.  —  Eather  rare,  in  swamps, 
ponds  or  streams.  —  Spr.  —  GOLDEN-CLUB.  BOG-TORCHES.  FIRE-LEAF. 

5.  ACORTJS  L.    Swamp  or  meadow  herbs  with  aromatic  rootstocks.    Leaves 
with  linear  blades.     Spadix  lateral,  elongate,  at  the  base  of  the  linear  spathe. 
Flowers  perfect.     Perianth  of  6  concave  members.     Fruits  crowded. 

1.  A.  Calamus  L.  Eootstock  horizontal:  leaves  5-20'  dm.  tall:  scape  resembling 
the  leaves:  spathe  erect:  spadix  yellowish,  3-8  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  low 
grounds  and  swamps.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  CALAMUS.  SWEET-FLAG. 

FAMILY  2.     LEMNACEAE.     DUCKWEED  FAMILY. 

Floating  herbs,  consisting  chiefly  of  very  small,  often  minute,  fleshy 
structures,  sometimes  with  1  or  several  roots.  Propagative  pouches  1  or 
2  in  each  body.  Flowers  monoecious,  one  or  two  staminate  and  one 
pistillate  in  a  propagative  pouch.  Staminate  flowers  consist  of  1  stamen. 
Pistillate  flowers  consist  of  1  carpel.  Fruit  a  utricle. 

Root  solitary,  without  a  fibro-vascular  bundle :   plant-body  inconspicuously  nerved. 

1.  LEMNA. 

Roots  several,  each  with  a  fibro-vascular  bundle :   plant-body  con- 
spicuously nerved.  2.  SPIRODELA. 

1.  LEMNA  L.     Plant-body  disk-like,  inconspicuously  nerved.     Anther-sacs 
opening    transversely.     Utricle    somewhat    flattened,    often    ribbed.  —  Sum.  — 
DUCKWEED. 

Plants  growing  in  large  submerged  masses ;  bodies  long-stipitate.  1.  L.  trisulca. 

Plants  floating,  more  or  less  detached ;  bodies  sessile.  2.  L.  minor. 

1.  L.  trisulca  L.     Eoot-sheath  acute:  plant-bodies  both  submerged  and  aerial, 
often  falcate,  5— 10  mm.  long,  acute:  aerial  plants  smaller  than  the  submerged 
and  short-stalked,  cavernous ;  submerged  plants  with  twisted  stipes.  —  M.     Eare, 
in  ponds.  —  Limestones. 

2.  L.   minor  L.     Eoot-sheath    obtuse:    plant -bodies   elliptic,    obovate,    or   sub- 
orbicular,  2-4  mm.  long,  mostly  3-nerved,  commonly  keeled  on  the  back  and 
papillose   on   the   midrib:    seeds   12-15-ribbed.  —  Susquehanna    valley.     Eather 
rare,  in  ponds. 

2.  SPIBODELA    Schleid.      Plant-body    disk-like,    conspicuously    several- 
nerved.     Anther-sacs     opening    lengthwise.     Utricle    lenticular,     with    winged 
margins. 

1.  S.  polyrhiza  (L.)  Schleid.  Plants  mostly  sterile  and  perennial.  Eoots  4-16: 
plant -body  obovate  or  suborbicular,  2.5-8  mm.  long,  5-15-nerved:  seeds  smooth. 
—  N.  M.  Eather  common,  in  ponds  and  along  streams.  —  Sandstones  and 
shales,  limestones.  —  Sum. 


COMMELINACEAE.  67 

Order  XYRIDALES. 

Terrestrial,  commonly  bog  herbs,  or  epiphytes.  Leaves  often  basal: 
blades  prevailingly  narrow.  Inflorescence  usually  not  a  spadix,  but  often 
with  a  spathe-like  bract  or  a  spathe.  Flowers  mostly  complete.  Corolla 
regular  or  nearly  so  (except  in  some  genera  of  Commelinaceae  and 
Pontederiaceae).  Gynoecium  compound,  superior  or  rarely  inferior. 
Fruit  a  capsule  or  utricle,  or  baccate.  Seed  with  mealy  endosperm. 

Inflorescence  without  a  spathe :  ovary  1-celled,  with  parietal  placentae. 

Fam.  1.  XTEIDACEAE. 

Inflorescence  with  a  spathe :  ovary  mostly  3-celled. 
Calyx  and  corolla  of  very  different  members  :   sta- 
mens free.  Fam.  2.  COMMELINACEAE. 
Calyx   and   corolla    of   quite   similar   members    and 
partially  united  :  stamens  partially  adnate  to  the 
perianth.                                                                               Fam.  3.  PONTEDERIACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    XYRIDACEAE.     YELLOW-EYED  GRASS   FAMILY. 

Leaves  basal :  blades  thickish.  Flowers  perfect,  in  a  compact  termi- 
nal spike.  Sepals  3,  the  two  lateral  firm,  keeled  and  often  appendaged, 
persistent,  the  third  larger,  deciduous.  Petals  3,  fugacious.  Androecium 
of  3  stamens  usually  alternating  with  3  staminodia:  anthers  linear. 
Gynoecium  3-carpellary.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

1.  XYBIS  [Gronov.]  L.  Eigid  herbs  of  bogs,  swamps,  and  pinelands. 
Leaves  not  forked  at  the  tip,  imbricate  at  the  base  of  the  scape.  Flowers 
aggregated  in  a  spike  with  closely  imbricate  scale-like  bracts.  Corolla  yellow 
or  white.  Anthers  narrow,  the  sacs  opening  lengthwise.  —  Sum.  —  YELLOW- 
EYED  GRASS. 

Lateral  sepals  wingless,   ciliate.  1.  X.  flexuosa. 

Lateral   sepals   winged,   the  wing  incised   or   eroded   above  the 

middle.  2.  X.  caroliniana. 

1.  X.  flexuosa  Muhl.     Leaves  narrowly  linear,  5-30  cm.  long,  acute,  straight 
or  spirally  twisted:  scapes  2—6  dm.  tall,  more  or  less  spirally  twisted,  nearly 
terete  below,  2-edged  above,  smooth:  spikes  oval  or  subglobose,  5-10  mm.  long: 
lateral  sepals  margined,  4-5  mm.  long;  keel  ciliate  and  bearded  at  the  apex. 
—  S.     Frequent  in  swamps.  —  Serpentine. 

2.  X.   caroliniana   Walt.     Leaves  linear,  attenuate,   smooth,  the  longer   fully 
\  as  long  as  the  scape:  scapes  1-6  dm.  tall,  flattened  and  2  edged  above,  the 
edges  smooth:  spikes  oval  or  ovoid,  6-9  mm.  long,  obtuse;  bracts  loosely  imbri- 
cate in  few  series  and  splitting  in  age:   lateral  sepals  4—5  mm.  long:    wing 
narrower  than  the  sepal-body  incised-toothed  or  eroded  beyond  the  middle.  — 
S.     Rare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists. 

FAMILY  2.    COMMELINACEAE.     SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 

Annual,  or  ours  perennial,  caulescent,  succulent  herbs.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  perfect,  the  mostly  umbel-like  cymes 
involucrate.  Calyx  of  3  persistent  herbaceous  sepals.  Corolla  of  3  equal 
or  unequal  delicate  petals.  Androecium  of  5-6  stamens,  sometimes  2  or 

3.  mere  staminodia.    Gynoecium  2-  or  3-carpellary.    Styles  united.    Fruit 
a  loculicidal  2-  or  3-valved  capsule. 

Petals  alike  in  shape :  polliniferous  stamens  6,  or  rarely  5.  1.  TRADESCANTIA. 

Petals  unequal   in   size  and  shape :   polliniferous   stamens  3,   or 

rarely  2.  2.  COMMELINA. 


68  PONTEDEKIACEAE. 

1.  TRADESCANTIA  [Rupp.]  L.    Plants  mostly  erect.    Leaf -blades  usually 
relatively  long  and  narrow.     Cymes  in  involucres  of  1-3  leaf -like  bracts.    Petals 
nearly  equal.     Capsules  sessile. 

1.  T.  virginiana  L.  Stems  2-4  dm.  tall,  green:  leaf -blades  mostly  2-7  dm. 
long,  nearly  flat:  bracts  usually  much  shorter  than  the  leaves:  pedicels  2.5-5.6 
cm.  long,  villous:  sepals  12-18  mm.  long,  villous,  thin  in  age:  petals  blue:  cap- 
sule 5-7  mm.  long.  —  Frequent  in  moist  soil,  commonly  on  the  banks  of 
streams.  —  Spr.  —  SPIDERWORT. 

2.  COMMELINA  [Plum.]  L.     Plants  mostly  spreading.     Leaf -blades  rela- 
tively short.     Cymes  borne  in  a  specialized  folded  involucre.    Perianth  irregular. 
Corolla  blue.     Stamens  3  or  rarely  2.     Capsules  hidden  in  the  spathe.  —  Sum. 

—  DAY-FLOWER.    DEW-FLOWER. 

Spathes  not  united  at  the  base.  1.  C.  oomrmmis. 

Spathes  united  at  the  base. 

Each  cavity  of  the  ovary  with  2  ovules.  2.  C.  virginica. 

Ventral   cavities  of  the  ovary  with   2   ovules ;   dorsal   cavity 

with  1  ovule.  3.  G.  hirtella. 

1.  C.  communis  L.     Stem  or  branches  3-10  dm.  long:  leaf -blades  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  4-12  cm.  long,  acute   or  acuminate:    spathes  2-4  cm.  long, 
mainly  about  twice  as  long  as  wide:  capsules  6-7  mm.  long.     In  waste  grounds 
and  about  gardens ;  becoming  a  nuisance  in  some  places.  —  Nat.  o£  the  tropics. 

2.  C.   virginica  L.     Stem   or  branches   3-9    dm.   long:    leaf -blades   lanceolate, 
sometimes  narrowly  so,  3-10  cm.  long,  mostly  acuminate :  spathes  2-3  cm.  long, 
acuminate:    capsules  4-5   mm.   long. — Lower   Susquehanna   valley.     Frequent, 
on  open  banks.  —  Schists. 

3.  C.  hirtella  Vahl.     Stem  2-12  dm.  tall,  simple  or  sparingly  branched:  leaf- 
blades  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  10-20  cm.  long,  often  scabrous:  spathes 
usually  clustered,  triangular  or  ovate-triangular,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  acute:  capsules 
7-8  mm.  long.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     In  rich  mud  along  the  river  shore. 

—  Schists. 

FAMILY  3.     PONTEDEEIACEAE.     PICKEREL-WEED  FAMILY. 

Bog  or  aquatic  herbs  with  rootstocks.  Leaves  alternate:  blades 
dilated,  narrow,  or  mere  phyllodia.  Flowers  1  or  several  from  a  bract- 
like  spathe.  Calyx  and  corolla  of  rather  similar  partially  united  members. 
Androecium  of  3-6  stamens :  filaments  unequally  adnate  to  the  perianth- 
tube.  Gynoecium  3-carpellary  but  sometimes  with  a  1-celled  ovary.  Fruit 
a  1-seeded  utricle  or  a  many-seeded  capsule. 

Stamens  3  :  flowers  few :  perianth  salverform. 

Stamens  equal :   anthers  narrow',   erect :   leaf-blades  narrow.  1.  ZOSTERELLA. 

Stamens  unequal :  anthers  broad,  versatile  :  leaf-blades  broad.  2.  HETERANTHERA. 

Stamens  6  :  flowers  many  :  perianth  2-lipped.  3.  PONTEDERIA. 

1.  ZOSTERELLA  Small.  Aquatic  plants  with  regularly  leafy  stems. 
Spadix  1-flowered.  Perianth  yellow,  regular,  the  lobes  narrow,  nearly  equal. 
Stamens  3,  equal:  anthers  narrow,  erect.  Ovary  3 -celled:  style  conspicuously 
swollen  under  the  stigma.  Ovules  numerous.  Capsule  many-seeded. 

1.  Z.  dubia  (Jacq.)  Small.  Stem  and  branches  elongate:  leaf -blades  mainly 
4-11  cm.  long :  perianth-lobes  linear,  8-12  mm.  long :  capsules  4-6  mm.  long.  — 
Susquehanna  and  tributaries.  Eather  rare,  in  still  shallow  water.  —  Sum.  — 
WATER  STAR-GRASS. 


MELANTHACEAE.  69 

V 

2.  HETEKANTHERA  E.  &  P.     Plants  of  muddy  places,  with  rootstocks 
from  which  arise  short  branches  bearing  a  cluster  of  leaves  and  a  peduncle 
with  a  bract.     Spadix  1-few-flowered.     Perianth  white  or  blue,  the  calyx-lobes 
narrower  than  the  corolla-lobes.     Stamens  3,  unequal,  1  of  them  with  a  longer 
filament  and  a  larger  anther  than  the  others :  anthers  versatile.     Ovary  3-celled : 
styles  barely  if  at  all  thickened  under  the  stigma.     Ovules  numerous.     Capsule 
many-seeded. 

1.  H.  reniformis  E.  &  P.  Leaf -blades  reniform  or  orbicular-reniform,  1.5-6 
cm.  broad:  spadix  2-5-flowered:  perianth  white  or  blue;  tube  7-10  mm.  long: 
capsules  mostly  1  cm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  Common,  in  shallow  places 
in  the  river.  —  Sum.  —  MUD-PLANTAIN. 

3.  PONTEDERIA  L.     Bog  herbs.     Leaf -blades  narrow  or  broad,  on  taper- 
ing petioles.     Spadix  many-flowered.     Perianth  2-lipped,  the  lobes  nearly  equal. 
Anthers  versatile.     Ovary  1-celled.     Seed  solitary. 

1.  P.  cordata  L.  Leaves  with  tapering  petioles  and  deltoid  to  ovate  blades 
10-20  cm.  long:  perianth  bright-blue  or  white;  tube  7-10  mm.  long;  limb  3-5 
mm.  broad,  the  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  the  upper  one  with  2  yellow  spots.  — 
Susquehanna  valley.  Common,  in  shallow  water.  —  Sum.  —  PICKEREL-WEED. 

Order  LILIALES. 

Relatively  fleshy,  grass-  or  sedge-like  herbs,  rarely  vines  or  trees. 
Leaves  various,  mostly  with  flat  blades,  sometimes  scale-like  or  terete. 
Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious,  complete,  vregular  or  in  few 
cases  irregular.  Perianth  of  3  or  6  members,  or  rarely  of  4,  these  more  or 
less  readily  distinguished  into  calyx  and  corolla,  sometimes  partially 
united.  Gynoecium  of  3,  or  rarely  2,  united  carpels.  Ovary  superior  or 
nearly  so.  Fruit  various,  commonly  a  capsule  or  a  berry,  sometimes 
berry-like. 

Styles   present,   distinct   or   united :    stigmas   terminal. 

Styles  distinct :  capsule  septicidal  and  rarely  also  loculicidal. 

Fam.  1.  MELANTHACEAE. 
Styles  united,   often  very  short  or  obsolete  during 

anthesis  :  capsule  primarily  loculicidal. 

Sepals  or  petals  chaffy.  Fam.  2.  JUNCACEAE. 

Sepals   and   petals   not   chaffy. 

Herbs  with  bulbs,  conns  or  rootstocks. 
Plants  with  bulbs  or  corms. 

Flowers   in   umbels,   at   first   included 
in  and  later  subtended  by  a  scari- 

ous  involucre.  Fam.  3.  ALLJACEAE. 

Flowers  solitary  or  racemose  without 

an  involucre.  Fam.  4.  LILIACEAE. 

Plants  with  elongate  rootstocks.  Fam.  5.  CONVALLAKIACEAE. 

Shrubby    plants    with    woody    caudices,    or 

trees.  Fam.  6.  DRACAENACEAE. 

Styles  wanting :  stigmas  introse,  sometimes  elongate. 

Flowers  perfect :  bracts  whorled.  Fam.  7.  TRILLIACEAE. 

Flowers  dioecious  :  bracts  alternate.  Fam.  8.  SMILACACEAE. 

FAMILY   1.    MELANTHACEAE.    BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  with  long  or  short  rootstocks.  Leaves  alternate, 
sometimes  all  basal:  blades  flat  or  plicate.  Flowers  borne  in  a  terminal 
simple  or  branched  inflorescence,  or  solitary.  Perianth  of  3  sepals  and 


70  MELANTHACEAE. 

3  petals.  Androecium  of  6,  or  rarely  9-12  stamens.  Gynoeeium  3-carpel- 
lary:  styles  distinct.  Fruit  capsular,  septicidal  and  rarely  also  loculicidal. 

Plants  with  dioecious  flowers  :   anthers  oblong  or  ovoid.  1.  CHAMAELIRIUM. 

Plants  with  perfect  or  polygamo-monoecious  flowers  :   anthers 

cordate  or  reniform. 
Sepals  and  petals  glandless. 

Inflorescence  racemose :  flowers  perfect.  2.  CHROSPERMA. 

Inflorescence  paniculate :  flowers  polygamo-monoecious. 

Ovary  wholly  superior :  styles  slender  :  petals  obtuse.       3.  VERATRUM. 
Ovary   inferior   at   the   base :    styles   very    short   and 

stout:  petals  acuminate.  4.  STENANTHIUM. 

Sepals  and  petals  with  glands  at  or  near  the  base.  5.  MELANTHIUM. 

1.  CHAMAELIBIUM  Willcl.     Fleshy  caulescent  herbs.     Leaves  relatively 
few,  the  cauline  much  narrower  than  the  basal.    Flowers  dioecious,  in  a  bracted 
spike  or  raceme.     Sepals  and  petals  clavate-spatulate,  those  of  the  staminate 
flowers  much  longer  than  those  of  the  pistillate,  all  1-nerved.     Ovules  6-12  in 
each  cavity. 

1.  C.  luteum  (L.)  A.  Gray.  Stem  2-12  dm.  tall,  simple:  basal  leaves  spread- 
ing; blades  spatulate  to  oblong-spatulate,  5-20  cm.  long:  staminate  perianth 
white ;  pistillate  green :  capsules  7—10  mm.  long.  —  Common  in  moist  thickets. 
—  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  BLAZING-STAR.  DEVIL  'S-BIT. 

2.  CHROSPERMA  Eaf .    Stout  caulescent  herbs.    Leaves  many  at  the  base 
of  the  stem,  few  and  small  above;  blades  elongate,  flat.     Flowers  perfect  in  a 
thick  raceme.     Sepals  and  petals  white,  glandless.     Carpels  united  below  the 
middle.     Capsule  with  3  spreading  lobes. 

1.  C.  muscaetoxicum  (Walt.)  Kuntze.  Stem  3-14  dm.  tall,  sparingly  leafy: 
leaf -blades  linear:  raceme  5-15  cm.  long,  about  ^  as  thick:  sepals  oval  or  sub- 
orbicular,  3-3.5  mm.  long:  petals  oblong,  4-5  mm.  long:  capsules  .broader  than 
high,  the  carpels  turgid,  4-6  mm.  long.  —  N.  S.  Not  common,  in  thickets  and 
woods.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum.  —  CROW-POISON. 

3.  VERATRUM    [Tourn.]    L.     Coarse    herbs.      Leaves    mainly    cauline; 
blades  broad,  plicate.     Flowers  polygamous  or  monoecious,  paniculate,  the  pan- 
icle-branches pubescent.     Sepals  and  petals  glandless,  greenish,  yellow,  brown, 
or  purple,  the  latter  larger  than  the  former.     Capsule  narrow.     Seeds  winged. 

1.  V.  viride  Ait.  Stem  6-25  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval,  or  narrower  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  stem:  panicle-branches  ascending:  sepals  and  petals  yellowish- 
green:  petals  11-14  mm.  long.  —  N.  S.  Common,  in  swamps.  —  Sandstones  and 
shales,  schists.  —  Spr.  —  INDIAN -POKE.  AMERICAN  WHITE-HELLEBORE. 

4.  STENANTHIUM  Kunth.     Graceful  caulescent   herbs.     Leaves  mainly 
basal:  blades  elongate,  channeled.     Flowers  polygamous  or  monoecious,  panicu- 
late, the  panicle-branches  glabrous.'    Sepals  and  petals  white  or  green,  glandless. 
Seeds  angled. 

1.  S.  robustum  S.  Wats.  Stem  10-20  dm.  tall,  stout:  blades  of  the  lower 
leaves  over  10  mm.  wide:  panicle  plume-like:  petals  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
7-8  mm.  long:  capsules  fully  10  mm.  long,  erect.  —  Extreme  S.  Bare,  in  swamps 
near  Pleasant  Grove  and  New  Texas.  —  Serpentine.  —  Sum. 

5.  MELANTHIUM  L.      Coarse  caulescent  herbs.      Leaves  mainly  basal: 
blades  linear  or  slightly  dilated.     Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  panicu- 
late, the  panicle-branches  pubescent.     Sepals  and  petals  white,  cream-colored, 
or   greenish,   each  with   2   glands    above   the    claw.     Seeds   winged.  —  Sum.  — 
BUNCH-FLOWER. 


JUNCACEAE.  71 

Blades  of  the  sepals  and  petals  oblong,  entire,  the  filaments  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  claws  :   leaf-blades  linear  or  nearly  so.  1.  M.  virginioum. 

Blades  of  the  sepals  and  petals  suborbicular  or  reniform,  un- 
dulate to  crisped,  the  filaments  adnate  the  whole  length  of 
the  claws  :  leaf-blades  manifestly  broadest  above  the  middle.  2.  M.  latifolium. 

1.  M.  virginicum  L.     Stem  7-17  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  linear,  attenuate:  pan- 
icle narrow,   1—5  dm.  long:    perianth  greenish-yellow:    sepals  and  petals  with 
claws  about  1  as  long  as  the  blades.  —  N.  S.     Eather  common,  in  moist  woods. 
—  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

2.  M.  latifolium  Desv.     Stem  5-12  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  broadened  above  the 
middle,  acute  or  acuminate:   panicle  2-6  dm.  long:    perianth  whitish:    sepals 
and  petals  with  claws  nearly  as  long  as  the  blades.  —  S.     Kare,  in  woods.  — 
Serpentine. 

FAMILY  2.    JUNCACEAE.    RUSH   FAMILY. 

Perennial  or  sometimes  annual  herbs,  usually  grass-like  in  habit. 
Leaves  with  flat  blades,  or  terete.  Flowers  scattered  along  the  inflores- 
cence-branches, or  in  dense  heads.  Calyx  of  3  chaffy  sepals.  Corolla  of 
3  petals  nearly  or  quite  similar  to  the  sepals.  Androecium  of  3  or  6,  or 
rarely  4  or  5  stamens.  Gynoecium  3-carpellary.  Ovary  1-3-celled.  Fruit 
a  loculicidal  capsule,  or  opening  irregularly.  Seeds  sometimes  appendaged. 

Leaf -sheaths   open :   capsule  1-  or  3-celled  with  axial  or  parietal   placentae :   seeds 

many.  1.  JDNCUS. 

Leaf-sheaths  closed  :  capsules  1-celled  with  basal  placentae  :  seeds  3.     2.  JTJNCOIDES. 

1.  JUNCUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Glabrous  or  merely  scabrous  herbs.  Leaves 
terete  or  with  flat  but  thick  blades.  Bracts  subtending  the  flowers,  mostly  en- 
tire. —  Sum.  —  EUSH. 

Lower  bract  of  the  inflorescence  terete,  not  markedly  channeled,   erect,   appearing 
like  a  continuation  of  the  scape,  the  inflorescence  thus  appearing  lateral. 

I.  EFFUSI. 

Lower  bract  of  the  inflorescence  not  appearing  like  a  continuation 
of  the  scape,  the  inflorescence  therefore  usually  appearing 
terminal. 
Leaf-blades  with  their  flat  surface  facing  the  stem,  or  terete 

or  channeled,  not  provided  with  node-like  septa. 
Flowers    bracteolate,    borne    singly    on    the    inflorescence- 
branches,  or  sometimes  clustered,  but  never  capitate.  II.  BDFONII. 
Flowers    not    bracteolate,    capitate    on    the    inflorescence- 
branches.                                                                                       III.  MABGINATI. 
Leaf-blades   either   terete  and  not  flattened,   or   flattened   or 
compressed,  with  the  flat  surfaces  not  facing  the  stem, 
hollow  and  provided  with  septa. 

Stamens  6,  one  facing  each  sepal  and  each  petal.  IV.  ARTICULATI. 

Stamens  3,  one  facing  each  sepal.  V.  ACDMINATI. 

I.     EFFUSI. 
Sepals    and    petals    green    or    straw-colored :    stamens    3 ; 

anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments.  1.  J.  effusi. 

Sepals   and   petals   chestnut-brown    on   either   side   of   the 

midrib  :  stamens  6  ;  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments.          2.  J.  Italticus. 

II.     BUFONII. 

Annual  plants.  3.  /.  bufonius. 

Perennial  plants. 

Auricles   of  the  leaf-sheaths   membranous   or  scarious, 

whitish. 

Primary    bracts    shorter    than    the    inflorescence : 
leaf-auricles    membranous,    rarely    if    at   all   pro- 
longed beyond  the  insertion.  4.  J.  secundus. 
Primary    bracts     longer    than    the    inflorescence : 
leaf-auricles  scarious,  markedly  prolonged  beyond 
the   insertion.  5.  J.  tennis. 
Auricles    of   the   leaf-sheaths    cartilaginous,    yellow    or 

yellow-brown.  6.  J.  Dudleyi. 


72  JUNCACEAE. 

III.  MARGINATI. 

Plants  erect :   inflorescence  commonly  5-15,  usually  5-10- 

flowered.  7.  J.  marginatus. 

IV.  ARTICULATI. 

Plants    with    globose    heads :    sepals    shorter    than    the 

petals :   capsules  subulate.  8.  J.  nodosus. 

V.     ACUMINATI. 

Capsules  subulate.  9.  J.  scirpoides. 

Capsules  oblong  to  ovoid. 

Seeds  tapering  at  both  ends  and  caudate. 

Petals  less  than  3  mm.   long :   heads  2-7-flowered  : 

capsule  usually  much  longer  than  the  petals.  10.  J.  brachycephalus. 

Petals  3  mm.  long  or  more  :  heads  many-flowered  : 

capsule  about  as  long  as  the  petals.  11.  J.  canadensis. 

Seeds    abruptly    narrowed    at    both    ends    and    merely 

apiculate. 

Sepals  and  petals  2.5-3.5  mm.  long :  capsule  ovoid- 
lanceolate  in  outline,  broadly  acute  and  mucro- 

nate,  about  as  long  as  the  perianth.  12.  J.  acuminatus. 

Sepals  and  petals  2-2.5  mm.  long :  capsule  linear- 
lanceolate  in  outline,  obtuse  and  merely  apiculate, 
exceeding  the  perianth.  13.  J.  debilis. 

1.  J.  effusus  L.    Scapes  5-12  dm.  tall,  striate  near  the  top :  leaf -blades  obsolete, 
or  mere  acicular  rudiments:  inflorescence  open:   flowers  perfect:   mature  peri- 
anth 2.5-3  mm.  long:   sepals  and  petals  lanceolate:    capsules  obovoid,  readily 
dehiscent,  rounded  at  the  apex.  —  Common,  in  swamps. 

2.  J.  balticus  Willd.     Scapes  2-11   dm.  tall:   leaves  mere  bladeless  sheaths: 
panicle  mostly  narrow :  flowers  perfect :  sepals  lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long :  petals 
similar  to  the  sepals  but  slightly  shorter:  capsules  3.5-4  mm.  long,  about  equal- 
ling the  sepals,  beaked.  —  M.  Eare,  in  the  Dillerville  swamp.  —  Limestones. 

3.  J.  bufonius  L.     Stems  mostly  less  than  2  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  flat,  or  invo- 
lute on  small  plants:  panicle  diffuse:   sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  4-6  mm.  long, 
acuminate:   petals  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  sepals:   stamens  less 
than  £  as  long  as  the  perianth :   capsules  oblong.  —  Rather  rare,  on  roadsides. 

4.  J.  secundus  Beauv.     Scapes  1-4  dm.  tall:  flowers  permanently  approximate: 
sepals  becoming  3.5  mm.  long:  petals  green,  longer  than  the  sepals,  about  as 
long  as  the  capsule.  —  S.     Rare,  in  swamps  and  on  muddy  banks.  —  Schists. 

5.  J.  tenuis  Willd.     Scapes  2-9  dm.  tall:  auricles  of  the  leaf -sheath  scarious: 
sepals  lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long,  acuminate:   petals  slightly  broader  than  the 
sepals,  much  longer  than  the  ovoid  or  obovoid  capsule:   anthers  much  shorter 
than  the  filaments.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and  low  grounds. 

6.  J.  Dudley!  Wiegand.     Scapes  3-10   dm.   tall:    auricles   of  the  leaf -sheaths 
cartilaginous:    sepals   4—5   mm.   long,   lanceolate,   becoming   very   firm:    petals 
shorter  than  the  sepals,  acuminate,  slightly  longer  than  the  oval  capsule:  sta- 
mens 6;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments.  —  N.     Rare,  on  hillsides  near  Mt. 
Hope.  —  Sandstones  and  shales. 

7.  J.  marginatus  Rostk.     Stems  1.5-5  dm.  tall,  somewhat  bulbous  at  the  base: 
blades  of  the  basal  leaves  1-3  mm.  wide:  heads  relatively  large,  commonly  5-15 
together:  sepals  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  acute:  petals  obovate 
or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals,  slightly  longer  than 
the  obovoid  capsule :   stamens  3.  —  S.     Rare,  in  moist  grounds.  —  Schists. 

8.  J.  nodosus  L.     Stems  1-6  dm.  tall,  borne  singly  on  the  rootstock:   cauline 
leaves  2-4;   blades  slender,   conspicuously   septate:    sepals   lanceolate-subulate, 
3-3.5  mm.  long:  petals  longer  than  the  sepals,  acuminate:  capsules  manifestly 
surpassing  the  perianth,  short-beaked.  —  M.     Rare,  in  the  Dillerville  swamp.  — 
Limestones. 

9.  J.  scirpoides  Lam.     Stems  2-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  terete,  2-3  mm.  thick, 
the  septa  complete:  sepals  subulate-lanceolate,  2.5—3.5  mm.  long:  petals  slightly 


ALLIACEAE.  73 

shorter  than  the  sepals:  capsule  slender,  exceeding  the  perianth.  —  Lower  Sus- 
quehanna  valley.     Bather  rare,  on  river  banks  and  sandy  islands.  —  Schists. 

10.  J.  brachycephalus  Engelm.     Stem  2-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  terete,  2  mm. 
thick  or  less:  heads  scattered  or  rarely  solitary:  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  2-2.5 
mm.  long,  acute:  petals  about  i  longer  than  the  sepals:  capsules  oblong,  stout, 
longer  than  the  petals.  —  M.      Rare,  in  the  Dillerville  swamp.  —  Limestones. 

11.  J.  canadensis  J.  Gay.     Stems  3-12  dm.  tall:  heads  many-flowered,  rather 
crowded:    sepals   lanceolate,   3-3.5   mm.   long:    petals  longer  than  the   sepals, 
attenuate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  stout  capsule:  capsules  narrowly  conic:  seeds 
long-tailed    at   each    end.  —  N.       Rather    rare,    in   low    grounds.  —  Sandstones 
and  shales. 

12.  J.  acuminatus  Michx.     Stems  2-8-  dm.  tall:  heads  generally  5-12-flowered: 
sepals  lanceolate-subulate,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long:   petals  slightly  shorter  than  the 
sepals:   capsules  about  equalling  the  sepals,  ovoid:   seeds  acute  at  both  ends. 
—  Rather  common,  in  moist  soil. 

13.  J.   details  A.   Gray.     Stems  2-4   dm.   tall:    heads  generally   2-6-flowered: 
sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  2-2.5  mm.  long:  petals  nearly  equalling  the  sepals: 
capsules  oblong,  exceeding  the  sepals  and  petals.  —  N.     Rare,  in  moist  soil. — 
Sandstones  and  shales. 

2.  JUNCOIDES  Adans.  Pubescent  herbs.  Leaf -blades  flat  and  relatively 
thin,  or  sometimes  involute.  Bracts  subtending  the  flowers  usually  lacerate  or 
denticulate.  —  Spr.  —  WOOD-RUSH. 

Peduncles  or  pedicels  terminated  by  one  or  few  flowers.  1.  J.  Carolinae. 

Peduncles  or  pedicels  terminated  by  a  spike-like  cluster.  2.  J.  campestre. 

1.  J.  Carolinae  (S.  Wats.)  Kuntze.     Plants  1-3  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  flat,  3-9 
mm.  wide,  cilliate,  and  webbed  on  both  surfaces,  gland-like  at  the  blunt  tip: 
flowers  solitary  or  2  together:   sepals,  and  petals,  3.5-4  mm.  long,  lanceolate: 
anthers  longer  than  the  filaments :    capsule  ovoid,  surpassing  the  perianth.  — 
M.    Rare,  on  shaded  banks  of  creeks.  —  Limestones. 

2.  J.  campestre  (L.)  Kuntze.     Plants  1-5  dm.  tall:  leaves  webbed  throughout: 
sepals,    and   petals,    lanceolate    or    ovate-lanceolate,    3.5-4    mm.    long:    capsule 
shorter  than  the  perianth.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets. 

FAMILY  3.    ALLIACEAE.     ONION  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  with  coated  bulbs  or  conns.  Leaves  basal  or  mainly 
so :  blades  typically  narrow.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  umbel  subtended  by  a 
scarious  involucre  at  the  top  of  the  simple  scape  or  stem.  Perianth  of  3 
sepals  and  3  petals,  persistent.  Androecium  of  6  stamens.  Gynoecium 
3-carpellary.  Ovary  superior.  Styles  united.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule. 

Ovules  2  in  each  ovary-cavity :  scape,  or  stem,  accompanied  by  leaves. 

1.  ALLIUM. 
Ovules  1  in  each  ovary-cavity  :  scape  not  accompanied  by  leaves.      2.  VALIDALLIUM. 

1.  ALLIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Alliaceous  herbs.  Leaf -blades  narrow,  some- 
times hollow  or  keeled.  Perianth  white  or  variously  colored.  Stamens  with 
nearly  equal  filaments  or  alternately  appendaged.  —  Sum.  —  ONION.  GAELIC. 

Umbels  nodding :  plants  acaulescent.  1.  A.  cernuum. 

Umbels  erect :  plants  caulescent. 

Bulbs  membranous-coated :  filaments  dilated  and  the  alternate 

ones  appendaged.  2.  A.  rineale. 

Bulbs  fibrous-coated  :  filaments  merely  dilated  at  the  base.  8.  A.  canadense. 

1.  A.  cernuum  Roth.     Scapes  2-6  dm.  tall,  2-edged:  umbel  nodding;  pedicels 
becoming  2-3  cm.  long :  sepals  acute :  petals  oval,  rounded  or  erose  at  the  apex, 


74  LiLIACEAE. 

4.5-6  mm.  long :  capsules  4-5  mm.  long.  —  Bather  common,  on  banks  and  dry 
hillsides.  —  WILD-ONION. 

2.  A.  vineale  L.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaves  terete:   umbel  erect,  the  flowers 
tvholly  or  partially  replaced  with  bulblets :  perianth  green,  pink,  or  purple :  sepals 
mainly  ovate,  4-5  mm.  long:   petals  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals:   filaments 
opposite   the   petals   with    2   lateral    appendages.  —  Common,    in    old   fields.  — 

FlELD-GARLIC. 

3.  A.  canadense  L.     Stems  2-6  dm.  tall:  umbel  erect,  with  most  of  the  flowers 
replaced  with  bulblets:  perianth  pink  or  white:  sepals  oblong  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late, 4-5  mm.  long:  petals  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  slightly  longer  than 
the  sepals,  acute  or  acutish  at  the  apex:  filaments  alternately  longer  and  shorter. 
—  Rather  rare,  in  thickets  and  meadows.  —  WILD-GARLIC. 

2.  VALIDALLUJM  Small.  Alliaceous  herbs.  Leaf -blades  dilated.  Peri- 
anth white  or  pale.  Stamens  unequal,  the  filaments  alternately  subulate  and 
lanceolate. 

1.  V.  tricoccum  (Ait.)  Small.  Leaves  vernal;  blades  oblong  to  oblong-elliptic, 
1-3  dm.  long:  scapes  1-4  dm.  tall:  umbel  erect:  perianth  white:  sepals  oblong, 
5-7  mm.  long,  obtuse:  petals  oval,  longer  than  the  sepals,  somewhat  shorter 
than  the  filaments:  capsule  about  6  mm.  broad.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley. 
In  rich  woods  on  islands.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  WILD-LEEK. 

FAMILY  4.    LILIACEAE.    LILY  FAMILY. 

Perennial  mainly  caulescent  herbs.  Leaves  alternate  to  whorled, 
sometimes  all  basal:  blades  entire  or  essentially  so.  Flowers  solitary  or 
variously  clustered.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla  of  3  petals,  together  with 
the  sepals  sometimes  partially  united  into  a  tube.  Androecium  of  6 
stamens,  the  anthers  distinct.  Gynoecium  of  3  united  carpels.  Fruit  a 
loculicidal  capsule. 

Sepals,  and  petals,  distinct. 

Anthers  not  introrse :  plants  with  scaly  or  solid  bulbs. 

Anthers  versatile  :  seeds  flat.  1.  LILIUM. 

Anthers  erect:  seeds  globose.  2.  ERYTHRONIDM. 

Anthers  introrse:  plants  with  coated  bulbs.  3.  OENITHOGALUM. 

Sepals,  and  petals,  more  or  less  united. 

Perianth  globular  to  urceolate,  with  tooth-like  lobes.  4.  MUSCARI. 

Perianth  funnelform,  with  spreading  or  recurved  lobes.  5.  HEMEROCALLIS. 

1.  LILIUM  L.  Tall  caulescent  herbs  with  scaly  bulbs.  Leaf -blades  flat, 
relatively  short.  Perianth  showy,  the  sepals,  and  petals,  distinct.  Filaments 
slightly  adnate  to  the  sepals  and  petals :  anthers  versatile.  —  Sum.  —  LILY. 

Flower,  or  flowers,  erect :  sepals  and  petals  narrowed  into  claws. 

1.  L.  philadelphicum. 
Flower,  or  flowers,  horizontal  or  nodding :  sepals  and  petals 

without  claws. 
Sepals  and  petals  with  spreading  tips :  leaf-blades  finely 

roughened  on  the  edges  and  nerves  beneath.  2.  L.  canadense. 

Sepals  and  petals  with  recurved  tips  :  leaf-blades  smooth.     3.  L.  superbum. 

1.  L.  philadelphicum  L.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaves  mainly  whorled;  blades 
narrowly  elliptic  to  linear,  3-10  cm.  long:   sepals  5-6  cm.  long,  with  oblong, 
elliptic,  or  oval  blades:   petals  with  broader  blades  than  the  sepals  or  some- 
times ovate:   capsules  2-4  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  thickets. 

2.  L.  canadense  L.     Stems  6-15  dm.  tall:  leaves  mainly  whorled;  blades  lan- 
ceolate to  oblong  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  rough- 
ened on  the  margins  and  the  veins  beneath:   flowers  usually  few:   sepals  and 
petals  red  or  yellowish,  often  variegated,  usually  spotted,  4.5-7.5  cm.  long,  the 


LILIACEAE.  75 

upper  portion  spreading :  capsules  3-5  cm.  long.  —  Bather  rare,  in  wet  thickets 
and  meadows. 

3.  L.  superbum  L.  Stems  8-25  dm.  tall:  leaves  mainly  whorled;  blades  elliptic, 
elliptic-lanceolate,  or  nearly  linear,  5—15  cm.  long,  acuminate,  smooth:  flowers 
usually  many:  sepals  and  petals  orange,  red,  or  orange-yellow,  usually  purple- 
spotted,  6-10  cm.  long,  recurved  from  below  the  middle:  capsules  3-5  cm.  long. 

—  S.     Not  very  common,  in  low  grounds.  —  Schists. 

2.  ERYTHKONIUM  L.     Low  herbs  with  deeply  buried  conns  and  sub- 
terranean   stems.     Leaves    generally    2;    blades    dilated.     Perianth    white    or 
colored,  the  sepals  and  petals  distinct.     Filaments  nearly  free :  anthers  erect.  — 
Spr.  —  DOG'S-TOOTH  VIOLET. 

Styles   united  to   above   the  middle,   topped   by   3   spreading  or  recurved   stigmas : 

perianth  white,  pink  or  purplish  within.  1.  E.  albidum. 

Styles  wholly  united  :  stigma  terminal:  perianth  yellow  within.     2.  E.  americanum. 

1.  E.    albidum   Nutt.     Leaf -blades    oblong   to   elliptic,   5-15    cm.    long,    often 
mottled:  scape  1-3  dm.  tall:  sepals  and  petals  white,  pink,  or  purplish,  curved: 
stigmas  spreading  or  recurved:    capsule   1-2  cm.   long.  —  Lower   Susquehanna 
valley.     Eare,  in  moist  soil.  —  Schists. 

2.  E.  americanum  Ker.     Leaf -blades  oblong  to  elliptic,  10-15  cm.  long,  com- 
monly mottled:  scape  1—3  dm.  tall:  sepals  and  petals  green  or  greenish  without, 
yellow  within  or  rarely  partly  red,  3-3.5  cm.  long,  recurved:    stigmas  erect: 
capsule  1-1.5  cm.  long.  —  Common,  on  moist  banks. 

3.  OENITHOGrALUM   [Tourn.]  L.     Scapose  succulent  herbs  with  coated 
bulbs.     Leaf -blades  narrow,  elongate.     Corymb  or  raceme  bracted.     Sepals  and 
petals  white  or  greenish  without,  nearly  equal.     Filaments  flattened.     Anthers 
versatile.     Style  shorter  than  the  ovary.     Ovules  several  or  numerous  in  each 
carpel.  —  Spr. 

Inflorescence   corymbose  :   filaments   unappendaged.  1.  O.  urribellatum. 

Inflorescence  racemose  :  filaments  appendaged.  2.  O.  nutans. 

1.  O.  umbellatum  L.     Scapes  1-3.5  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  usually  paler-green 
near  the  midrib,  2-5  cm.  wide :  flowers  erect :  sepals  and  petals  oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  10-20  mm.  long:  filaments  subulate  to  subulate-lanceolate:   anthers 
oblong.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  woods.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM. 

2.  O.  nutans  L.     Scapes  3-6  dm.  tall :  leaf -blades  evenly  green,  6-11  mm.  wide : 
flowers  nodding:   sepals  and  petals  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  27-35  mm. 
long:   filaments  broadly  winged  and  toothed  near  the  anthers:   anthers  linear. 

—  N.  M.     Eare,  in  fields.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

4.  MUSCARI  [Tourn.]  Mill.     Scapose  succulent  herbs  with  coated  bulbs. 
Leaf -blades  elongate,  channeled.    Bacemes  dense,  inconspicuously  bracted.    Peri- 
anth globular  to  urceolate,  commonly  deep-blue.     Filaments  adnate  to  the  peri- 
anth-tube up  to  near  the  anthers.     Anthers  nearly  as  wide  as  long.     Ovules  2  in 
each  carpel.     Capsules  3-angled  or  3-winged.  —  Spr.  —  GRAPE-HYACINTH. 

Perianth  oblong-urceolate  :   anthers  borne  alternately  high  and 

low  on  the  perianth.  1.  M.  botryoides. 

Perianth  globular :  anthers  borne  evenly  on  the  perianth.  2.  M.  racemosum. 

1.  M.  botryoides  (L.)  Mill.     Plants  8-25  cm.  tall:  leaves  erect;  blades  mostly 
6-8  mm.  wide:  perianth  mostly  2.5-4  mm.  long;  lobes  as  long  as  wide,  about 
equal:   style  shorter  than  the  ovary.  —  Bather  common,  about  gardens  and  in 
meadows.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  M.  racemosum   (L.)   Mill.     Plants  11-28  cm.  tall:  leaves  recurved;  blades 
mostly  2-4  mm.  wide:  perianth  4.5-5.5  mm.  long;  lobes  broader  than  long,  un- 


76  CONVALLAEIACEAE. 

equal :  style  about  as  long  as  the  ovary.  —  Occasional,  in  meadows  and  about 
gardens.  Nat.  of  Eu. 

5.  HEMEROCALLIS  L.  Acaulescent  herbs,  with  thickened  coated  bulbs. 
Leaf -blades  elongate-linear.  Perianth  yellow  or  orange,  funnelform,  the  lobes 
broad,  longer  than  the  tube.  Filaments  adnate  to  the  perianth-tube. 

1.  H.  fulva  L.  Plants  1-2  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  mostly  1.5-2  cm.  wide:  peri- 
anth mainly  tawny-orange;  tube  about  3  cm.  long:  corolla -lobes  8-10  cm.  long, 
red  near  the  center,  orange  near  the  tips,  the  margins  involute,  crisped:  capsules 
obovoid,  4-6  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  meadows  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu. 
—  Sum.  —  DAY-LILY. 

FAMILY  5.     CONVALLARIACEAE.    LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  rootstocks.  .  Leaves  alternate,  sometimes  all 
basal,  sometimes  scale-like.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  cluster,  raceme,  or 
panicle,  or  axillary.  Calyx  of  2  or  3  sepals.  Corolla  of  2  or  3  petals, 
together  with  the  sepals  sometimes  partially  united.  Androecium  of  4  or 
6  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  2  or  3  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  berry  or  rarely 
a  tardily  dehiscent  capsule. 

Sepals  and  petals  distinct  or  essentially  so. 

Flowers  axillary:  leaves  scale-like:  branchlets  proliferous.          1.  ASPARAGUS. 
Flowers  terminal,  sometimes  apparently  axillary  :  leaves,  or 
most  of  them,  not  scale-like :  plants  not  proliferously 
branched. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle  :  perianth  white 

or  whitish. 
Sepals  and  petals  3  each :  stamens  6  :  gynoecium  3- 

carpellary.  2.  VAGNERA. 

Sepals  and  petals  2  each  :  stamens  4  :  gynoecium  2- 

carpellary.  3.  UNIFOLIUM. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  :   perianth   yellow   or   yel- 
lowish. 
Sepals  and  petals  with  ridges  on  either  side  of  a  deep 

nectary :  capsule  obovoid  or  turbinate,  3-lobed.  4.  UVDLARIA. 

Sepals  and  petals  without  ridges  or  nectary  :  capsule 

elliptic  or  oval,  3-winged.  5.  OAKESIELLA. 

Sepals  and  petals  partially  united  into  a  tube.  6.  POLYGONATUM. 

1.  ASPARAGUS   [Tourn.]   L.     Caulescent  herbs,  the  branches  plume-like 
on  account  of  the  minute  branchlets  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  scales.    Leaves 
scale-like.     Flowers  mainly  solitary  in  the  axils,  nodding.     Berry  nodding. 

1.  A.  officinalis  L.  Stem  at  first  scaly  and  succulent,  becoming  slender  and 
firmer,  4—20  dm.  tall:  sepals  and  petals  4—7  mm.  long,  linear  or  nearly  so,  the 
latter  broader  than  the  former:  berries  red,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Rather 
common,  in  fence-rows  and  about  gardens.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  — 
ASPARAGUS. 

2.  VAGNERA  Adans.     Herbs  'with  simple  stems.     Leaves  several.     Flow- 
ers in  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle.     Sepals  and  petals  of  a  linear,  lanceolate, 
or  oblong  type.     Filaments  dilated  or  inflated.     Stigma  obscurely  3-lobed  or 
nearly  entire.     Ovules   2   in   each   ovary-cavity.     Berries   spreading.  • —  Sum.  — 
WILD-SPIKENARD. 

Inflorescence  paniculate  :  sepals  and  petals  linear.  1.  V.  racemosa. 

Inflorescence  racemose  :  sepals  and  petals  oblong  to  lanceolate.  2.  V.  stellata. 

1.  V.  racemosa  (L.)  Morong.  Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  or  elliptic,  5-20  cm.  long,  sessile:  panicle  3-10  cm.  long,  many- 
flowered:  sepals  and  petals  white,  1.5-2  mm.  long:  berries  globular,  4-6  mm. 
long,  red,  or  spotted  with  purple.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets. 


CONVALLABIACEAE.  77 

2.  V.  stellata  (L.)  Morong.  Stems  2-5  dm.  tall:  leaves  minutely  pubescent; 
blades  ovate,  elliptic,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  7-14  cm.  long:  sepals  about  4  mm. 
long:  petals  5-5.5  mm.  long:  berries  7-10  mm.  in  diameter,  green  with  black 
stripes  or  black.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.  In  woods,  chiefly  on  islands  in 
the  river. 

3.  UNTFOLIUM  Adans.     Herbs  with  simple  stems.    Leaves  few.    Flowers 
in  a  terminal  raceme.     Filaments  filiform  or  subulate.     Stigmas  2.    Ovules  2  in 
each  ovary-cavity.     Berries  spreading. 

1.  TT.  canadense  (Desv.)  Greene.  Stem  5-15  cm.  tall:  leaves  2  or  3;  blades 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  2-8  cm.  long,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base:  sepals 
and  petals  2.5-3.5  mm.  long:  berries  globular,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter,  red- 
speckled.  —  Bather  common,  in  moist  woods.  —  Spr.  —  TWO-LEAVED  SOLOMON  's 
SEAL. 

4.  UVULAKIA  L.     Herbs  with  terete  forking  stems.     Leaf-blades  per- 
foliate,  membranous,  smooth-margined.     Sepals  and  petals  acuminate.     Anthers 
longer  than  the  filaments.     Ovary  nearly  globular.     Seeds  about  $  covered  with 
the  thin  aril. 

1.  U.  perfoliata  L.  Stem  1-8  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong  or  oval,  or  slightly 
broadened  upward,  3-6  cm.  long:  pedicels  5-25  mm.  long:  anther-connectives 
acute :  capsules  about  1  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  rich  woods.  —  Spr.  —  BELLWOBT. 

5.  OAKESIELIiA  Small.     Herbs  with  angled  forking  stems.    Leaf -blades 
sessile,  leathery,  scabrous-margined.     Sepals  and  petals  blunt.     Anthers  longer 
than  the  filaments.     Ovary  oblong.     Seeds  with  a  swollen  spongy  raphe. 

1.  O.  sessilifolia  (L.)  Small.  Stem  1-4  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  elliptic  to  oblong, 
3-8  cm.  long,  thin:  sepals  and  petals  1.5-2  cm.  long,  nearly  linear:  capsules 
oval  1.5-2.3  em.  long.  Common,  in  moist  woods  and  on  banks.  —  Spr.  —  BELL- 
WORT. 

6.  POLYGONATTJM   [Tourn.]   Mill.     Herbs  with  jointed  rootstocks  and 
simple  stems.    Leaves  spreading:  blades  sessile.     Flowers  1  or  few  terminating 
axillary  peduncles,  drooping.    Perianth  white  or  greenish:  lobes  erect  or  nearly 
so.     Filaments  adnate  to  the  middle  of  the  perianth-tube  or  above  it.     Berries 
globular,  blue  or  nearly  black.     Seeds  flattened.  —  Spr.  —  SOLOMON  'S-SEAL. 

Filaments  rough,  adnate  to  the  perianth-tube  for  about  %  its  length. 

1.  P.  Mflorum. 
Filaments  smooth,  adnate  to  the  perianth-tube  for  about   % 

its  length.  2.  P.  commutatum. 

1.  P.  biflonim  (Walt.)  Ell.      Stems  2-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval,  oblong,  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  4-10  cm.  long,  pubescent  beneath:    peduncles  commonly  2- 
flowered:  perianth  8-12  mm.  long:  berries  6—8  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Common,  in 
moist  woods  and  on  banks. 

2.  P.  commutatum  (E.  &  S.)  Dietr.     Stems  3-25  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong, 
oblong-lanceolate,    oval,    or    oval-ovate,    5-15    cm.    long,    glabrous:    peduncles 
usually  more  than  2-flowered:   perianth  10-20  mm.  long:  berries  8-12  mm.  in 
diameter.  —  S.     Bather  common,  in  rich  soil,  especially  near  streams.  —  Schists. 

FAMILY  6.    DRACAENACEAE.     YUCCA  FAMILY. 

Shrubby  plants  or  trees,  with  woody,  generally  copiously  leafy, 
caudices.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  narrow,  firm  or  rigid,  sometimes  filif- 
erous.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles  terminating  scape-like  stems. 


78  TEILLIACEAE. 

Calyx  of  3  generally  white  or  pale  sepals.  Corolla  of  3  petals  nearly 
similar  to  the  sepals.  Androecium  of  6  stamens.  Gynoecium  superior,  of 
3  united  carpels.  Style  stout,  sometimes  obsolete  during  anthesis.  Fruit 
a  primarily  loeulicidal  capsule,  sometimes  indehiscent  or  baccate. 

1.  YUCCA  [Kupp.]  L.  Caudex  commonly  leafy  throughout.  Flowers 
perfect,  relatively  large,  in  panicles  or  racemes.  Sepals  and  petals  several- 
nerved,  deciduous.  Ovules  numerous.  Capsule  dehiscent,  or  baccate.  Seeds 
black. 

J.  Y.  filamentosa  L.  Caudex  short:  leaves  firm,  3-6  dm.  long,  stiffly  erect  or 
spreading,  with  curly  fibers:  panicle-branches  usually  glabrous:  capsules  5-6 
cm.  long :  seed  lustrous,  about  7  mm.  long.  —  M.  Rare,  on  banks  of  the  Little 
Chiquesalunga  Creek.  Escaped  from  gardens.  Nat.  southward.  —  Sum.  — 
BEAR-GRASS.  ADAM  'S-NEEDLE. 

FAMILY  7.    TRILLIACEAE.     TRILLIUM  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  with  rootstocks.  Leaves  in  a  whorl  on  the  stem,  or 
basal  and  wanting  on  the  mature  plant:  blades  broad.  Bracts  leaf -like 
in  a  whorl  at  the  top  of  the  scape  or  peduncle.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary 
or  in  a  terminal  cluster.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla  of  3  petals  more  or 
less  different  from  the  sepals.  Androecium  of  6  stamens.  Gynoecium  of 
3  united  carpels.  Stigmas  3.  Ovules  several  in  each  ovary-cavity.  Fruit 
baccate. 

Flowers  several  in  an  umbel-like  cluster :  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike :  flowering 
stem  with  a  whorl  of  leaves  and  a  whorl   of  bracts.  1.  MEDEOLA. 

Flowers  solitary  :  sepals  and  petals  very  different :  flowering  stem 

(scape)  with  only  a  whorl  of  leaf-like  bracts.  2.  TRILLIUM. 

1.  MEDEOLA  [Gronov.]  L.    Caulescent  herbs,  with  long  brittle  rootstocks. 
Leaves  and  bracts  with  thinnish  blades.    Pedicels  slender,  more  or  less  declined. 
Anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments. 

1.  M.  virginica  L.  Stem  2-9'  dm.  tall:  leaves  4-1G;  blades  elliptic,  spatulate, 
or  obovate,  5-15  cm.  long:  bracts  smaller  than  the  leaves:  sepals  and  petals 
greenish,  9-11  cm.  long:  berries  spheroidal,  8-15  mm.  thick,  dark-purple. — 
Common,  in  moist  woods. —  Spr.  —  INDIAN  CUCUMBER-ROOT. 

2.  TRILLIUM  L.     Scapose  herbs  with  firm  corm-like  rootstocks.     Leaves 
and  bracts  with  thick  blades.    Pedicels  stout,  or  solitary  flower  sessile.    Anthers 
longer  than  the  filaments.  —  Spr.  —  WAKE-ROBIN.     BIRTHROOT. 

Stigmas  stout,  tapering,  the  tips  recurved:  anthers  stout:   petals  less  than  4  cm. 

long :  berry  ovoid. 
Stamens  overtopping  the  stigmas ;   filaments   mostly   less 

than  %   as  long  as  the  anthers,  1.  T.  erectum. 

Stamens  overtopped  by  the  stigmas ;  filaments  mostly  over 

%  as  long  as  the  anthers.  2.  T.  cernuum. 

Stigmas  slender,  of  equal  diameter  throughout,  mostly  erect 
or  spreading :  anthers  slender :  petals  over  4  cm.  long : 
berry  subglobose.  3.  T.  grandiflorum. 

1.  T.  erectum  L.     Scape  3-6  dm.  tall:  bracts  8-18  cm.  long;  blades  rhombic, 
often  broader  than  long:    pedicel   3-10   cm.   long,  erect   or  nearly   so:    sepala 
oblong    or   lanceolate,   2-3.5    cm.    long:    petals   lanceolate    or    ovate-lanceolate, 
brown-purple  or  nearly  white:   anthers  5-9  mm.  long:   berry  purple  or  nearly 
black.  —  Common,  in  rich  woods  along  the  river  and  creeks. 

2.  T.  cernuum  L.    Scape  2-6  dm.  tall:  bracts  6-12  cm.  long;  blades  sometimes 
decidedly  wider  than  long:  petals  white,  broadly  ovate:  anthers  8-10  mm.  long: 
berry  purple.  —  Frequent,  in  rich  woods  along  the  river  and  creeks. 


SMILACACEAE.  79 

3.  T.  grandiflorum  (Michx.)  Salisb.  Scape  2-5  dm.  tall:  bracts  6-14  cm.  long; 
blades  oval  or  rhombic-oval,  acuminate :  pedicel  5-8  cm.  long,  erect  or  nearly  so : 
sepals  lanceolate,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  acute:  petals  oblanceolate  or  obovate-lanceo- 
late,  white  or  pink,  or  later  rose,  crisped:  berry  erect,  2-2.5  cm.  thick.  —  S. 
Abundant,  in  rich  woods  near  Haines.  —  Schists. 

FAMILY  8.    SMILACACEAE.     SMILAX  FAMILY. 

Perennial  armed  or  unarmed  vines.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  several- 
ribbed  and  netted-veined,  commonly  persistent:  petiole  usually  bearing  a 
pair  of  appendages.  Flowers  dioecious,  in  axillary  peduncled  umbels. 
Perianth  regular,  usually  green,  that  of  the  staminate  flowers  larger  than 
that  of  the  pistillate. 

Stems  herbaceous,  annual,  unarmed :  ovules  2  in  each  ovary-cavity.  1.  NEMEXIA. 
Stems  woody,  perennial,  prickly :  ovule  solitary  in  each  ovary-cavity.  2.  SMILAX. 

1.  NEMEXIA  Raf.     Leaf-blades   membranous.     Flowers  carrion-scented. 
— Spr.  —  CARRION-FLOWER. 

Leaf-blades  glabrous  beneath  :  sepals  of  the  staminate  flowers  oblong  or  linear. 

1.  N.  herbacea. 
Leaf-blades  pubescent  beneath  :  sepals  of  the  staminate  flowers 

ovate  or  obovate.  2.  N.  pulverulenta. 

1.  N.   herbacea    (L.)    Small.     Stems   elongate:    leaf -blades   ovate,   triangular- 
lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  4-81  cm.  long,  short-acuminate,  7-9-nerved,  rounded  or 
truncate  at  the  base :  mature  pistillate  peduncles  long  and  slender,  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves:   pedicels  slender:    staminate  perianth   7-8'  mm.  wide:    sepals 
oblong  or  linear,  acutish :  petals  linear  or  nearly  so :  berries  6-8  mm.  in  diameter. 
—  Common,  in  thickets. 

2.  N.  pulverulenta   (Michx.)    Small.     Stems  elongate,  stout:  leaf -blades  ovate 
to  elliptic-ovate,  8-15  cm.  long,  short-acuminate,  usually  9-nerved,  cordate  at 
the  base:  mature  pistillate  peduncles  relatively  short  and  stout,  shorter  than  the 
leaves:    pedicels   stout:    staminate   perianth  9-11   mm.  wide:    sepals   ovate   or 
obovate:  berries  8-10  mm.  in  diameter.  —  S.     Bather  rare,  in  thickets. 

2.  SMILAX   [Tourn.]     L.     Leaf -blades    leathery.     Flowers    not    carrion- 
scented,  often  fragrant.  —  Spr.  —  GREEN-BRIER.     CAT-BRIER,     HORSE-BRIER. 

Peduncles  of  the  pistillate  plants  much  longer  than  the  subtending  petioles :  sepals 

and  petals  of  the  pistillate  flowers  mostly  over  3  mm.  long. 
Leaf-blades   glaucous   beneath :   fruit-bearing  pedicels   slightly   shorter   than   the 

peduncles  :   berries   glaucous.  1.  8.  glauca. 

Leaf-blades  green  on  both  sides  :  fruit-bearing  pedicels  much 

shorter  than  the  peduncles  :  berries  not  glaucous.  2.  8.  Jiispida. 

Peduncles  of  the  pistillate  plants  shorter  than  the  petioles  or 
barely  surpassing  them  :  sepals  and  petals  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  mostly  less  than  3  mm.  long.  3.  8.  rotundifolia. 

1.  S.  glauca  Walt.     Leaf -blades  broadly  ovate,  3-9  cm.  long,  thiekish,  rounded 
or  cordate  at  the  base:  pedicels  6—12  mm.  long:  sepals  and  petals  of  the  stami- 
nate flowers  5-6  mm.  long:  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments  or  longer:  berries 
6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  glaucous.  —  Common,  in  thickets. 

2.  S.  hispida  Muhl.     Leaf -blades  broadly  ovate  to  elliptic-ovate,  5-15  cm.  long, 
thinnish,  rough-edged,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  or  sometimes  cuneately 
narrowed  to  the  petiole:   pedicels  4-8  mm.  long:    sepals  and  petals  greenish- 
yellow,  those  of  the  staminate  flowers  4-5  mm.  long:  berries  about  6  mm.  in 
diameter,   bluish-black.  —  M.     Eather   rare,   in   thickets   along   creeks.  —  Lime- 
stones. 

3.  S.  rotundifolia  L.     Leaf-blades  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular-ovate,  3-8  cm. 
long,  or  those  of  vigorous  shoots  suborbicular  and  much  larger,  abruptly  pointed, 


80  LEUCOJACAEAE. 

thick,  smooth-edged:  sepals  and  petals  light-green,  those  of  the  staminate  flow- 
ers 6-7  mm.  long:  berries  bluish-black,  6-7  mm.  in  diameter,  glaucous. — 
Common,  in  woods  and  thickets. 

Order  AMAEYLLIDALES. 

Perennial  herbs  or  vines.  Leaves  with  narrow  or  dilated  blades. 
Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious,  complete.  Perianth  of  3  sepals  and  3  petals, 
these  distinct  or  partially  united.  Androecium  of  3  or  6  stamens. 
Gynoecium  mostly  3-carpellary,  the  ovary  wholly  or  partially  inferior. 

Stamens  6. 

Upright  herbs:  flowers  perfect.  Fam.  1.  LEUCOJACEAE 

Twining  vines  :  flowers  dioecious.  Fam.  2.  TAMACEAE 

Stamens  3.  Fam.  3.  IXIACEAE.  ' 

FAMILY  1.    LEUCOJACAEAE.    AMARYLLIS  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  commonly  succulent,  with  rootstocks,  bulbs,  or  conns.  Leaves 
alternate,  wholly  or  mainly  basal.  Flowers  perfect,  the  perianth  some- 
times with  a  crown.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla  of  3  petals,  together 
with  the  sepals  partially  united  into  a  tube.  Androecium  of  6  stamens,  the 
filaments  sometimes  united  into  a  crown.  Gynoecium  of  3  united  carpels. 
Ovary  inferior  or  half -inferior.  Styles  united.  Ovules  numerous. 

Plants  with  corms  or  short  rootstocks  :  perianth  without  a  crown. 

Ovary,  and  capsule,  half-inferior  :  capsule  loculicidal.  1.  ALETKIS. 

Ovary,  and  capsule,  wholly  inferior :  capsule  circumscissile.  2.  HYPOXIS. 

Plants  with  coated  corms  :  perianth  with  a  crown.  3.  NARCISSUS. 

1.  ALETRIS  L.     Herbs  with  thick  rootstoeks  and  scape-like  stems.    Basal 
leaves  spreading.     Flowers  in  an  interrupted  spike  or  raceme.     Perianth  white 
to  yellow,  campanulate,  cylindric,  or  obovoid,  granular:  lobes  much  shorter  than 
the  tube.     Filaments  adnate  to  the  middle  of  the  perianth  or  above  it. 

1.  A.  farinosa  L.  Stem  3-12  cm.  tall:  blades  of  the  basal  leaves  narrowly 
oblong  or  elliptic,  or  elongate  and  broadly  linear,  5—30  cm.  long:  perianth  white 
or  cream-colored,  7-10  mm.  long;  lobes  ovate:  style  elongate:  capsules  ovoid, 
slender-beaked.  —  S.  Kather  rare,  on  dry  banks.  —  Schists  near  serpentine.  — 
Sum.  —  COLIC-BOOT.  STAR-GRASS. 

2.  HYPOXIS    L.     Acaulescent    herbs   with    corm-like    rootstocks.     Leaves 
with  elongate-linear  or  nearly  filiform  blades.     Scapes  slender,  sometimes  tufted. 
Flowers  solitary  or  clustered.     Perianth  mainly  yellow.     Filaments  adnate  to 
the  base  of  the  perianth. 

1.  H.  hlrsuta  (L.)  Coville.  Leaf -blades  linear,  mostly  less  than  4  mm.  wide, 
sparingly  hirsute,  prominently  1 -nerved:  perianth-lobes  oblong  to  elliptic,  6-7 
mm.  long,  yellow  within :  capsules  4-5  mm.  long.  —  N.  S.  Frequent,  in  dry 
often  sandy  soil.  —  Shales  and  sandstones,  schists.  —  Sum.  —  STAR-GRASS. 

3.  NARCISSUS  [Tourn.]  L.    Acaulescent  herbs  with  coated  corms.    Leaves 
erect  or  nearly  so:  blades  elongate-linear.     Scape  terminated  by  a  single  flower, 
or  by  a  cluster,  the  flowers  horizontal  or  nodding.     Perianth  white  or  variously 
colored:  tube  short,  produced  at  the  base  of  the  lobes  into  a  cup-like  or  funnel- 
form  crown:  lobes  mostly  more  or  less  spreading. 

1.  N.  Pseudo-Narcissus  L.  Plants  2-5  dm.  tall:  leaves  erect;  blades  linear, 
flat,  nearly  as  tall  as  the  scape:  calyx-lobes  and  corolla-lobes  oblong  to  ovate, 


TAMACEAE.  81 

2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  pale-yellow:  crown  campanulate,  deep-yellow,  mostly  longer 
than  the  perianth-lobes,  the  toothed  edge  more  or  less  spreading:  anthers  much 
shorter  than  the  filaments:  capsules  obovoid,  mostly  1.5-2  cm.  long. — Bare, 
locally  naturalized.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  DAFFODIL. 

FAMILY  2.     TAMACEAE.     YAM  FAMILY. 

Perennial  vines  with  rootstocks.  Leaves  often  opposite,  or  whorled 
near  the  base  of  the  stem:  blades  ribbed  and  netted-veined.  Flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  or  rarely  perfect,  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  of 
3  sepals.  Corolla  of  3  petals  resembling  the  sepals.  Androecium  of  3-6 
stamens,  imperfect  in  pistillate  flowers.  Gynoecium  of  3  united  carpels, 
imperfect  in  staminate  flowers.  Ovary  inferior.  Styles  3.  Ovules  1  or  2 
in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  3-winged,  3-valved  capsule,  or 
baccate. 

1.  DIOSCOREA  [Plum.]  L.  Upper  leaves  alternate:  blades  mainly  cor- 
date. Flowers  rather  inconspicuous.  Sepals  and  petals  mainly  green  or  whitish, 
those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  persistent.  —  Early  sum.  —  WILD  YAM-ROOT. 

Lower  leaves  typically  alternate ;  blades  green  or  pale-pubescent  beneath :  pistillate 
racemes    many-fruited.  1-  D.  villosa. 

Lower  leaves  whorled  in  4's  to  7's ;  blades  glaucous  beneath :  pistillate 

racemes   few-fruited.  2.  D.  glauca. 

1.  D.  villosa  L.     Eootstocks  slender,  elongate,  rarely  forked,  with  few  more 
slender  lateral  branches:  lower  petioles  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  at  the 
apex:  leaf -blades  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular-ovate,  mostly  6-13  cm.  long,  more 
or   less   pubescent   beneath    or   sometimes   glabrous:    pistillate   racemes   many- 
flowered:  fruits  numerous,  suborbicular,  varying  to  orbicular-obovate  or  obreni- 
form,  2  cm.  long  or  less.  — Occasional,  in  moist  thickets  and  woods. 

2.  D.  glauca  Muhl.     Eootstocks  stout,  over  1  cm.  thick,  often  forked  and  with 
many  short  stout  lateral  branches :  lower  petioles  densely  pubescent  at  the  apex : 
leaf -blades  ovate  to  orbicular-ovate,  or  rarely  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  undu- 
late,  glaucous   and  usually  finely  pubescent   beneath:    staminate  sepals   oval: 
pistillate  racemes  few-flowered:  fruits  few,  suborbicular  to  broadly  obovate  or 
obrenif  orm,  2-3.5  cm.  long.  —  Frequent,  in  thickets  and  rich  woods. 

FAMILY  3.    IXIACEAE.    IRIS  FAMILY. 

Perennial,  mostly  caulescent  herbs  with  short  or  long  rootstocks. 
Leaves  equitant,  mostly  elongate.  Flowers  perfect,  mostly  regular,  arising 
from  spathe-like  bracts.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla  similar  to  the  calyx 
or  of  3  very  different  members.  Androecium  of  3  stamens,  the  filaments 
partially  adnate  to  the  perianth.  Gynoecium  of  3  united  carpels.  Ovary 
inferior.  Styles  entire  or  divided,  sometimes  petal-like.  Ovules  few  or 
numerous.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  3-valved  capsule. 

Styles  alternate  with  the  stamens. 

Filaments  distinct :  seeds  drupe-like.  1.  GEMMINGIA. 

Filaments  wholly  or  partially  united:  seeds  dry.  2.  SISYKINCHIUM. 

Styles  opposite  or  arching  over  the  stamens.  3.  IRIS. 

1.  GEMMINGIA  Fabr.  Caulescent  herbs  with  horizontal  rootstocks. 
Leaf -blades  folded.  Flowers  in  corymbose  cymes.  Sepals  and  petals  pink  or 
reddish,  nearly  equal,  distinct  or  nearly  so,  persistent  and  coiled  on  the  capsule. 

1.  G.  chinensis  (L.)  Kuntze.     Stem  3-13  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  with  the  faces 
united  above  the  middle:  sepals  and  petals  oblong  to  elliptic,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long: 
Lancaster  County  Flora  6. 


82  TAMACEAE. 

capsules  2-2.5  cm.  long:  seeds  black,  shining.  —  Kather  common,  on  dry  hills 
and  roadsides,  and  in  fence-rows.  Nat.  of  Asia.  —  Sum.  —  BLACKBERRY-LILY. 

2.  SISYRINCHIUM  L.  Scapose  herbs  with  rootstocks.  Leaf -blades  flat. 
Flowers  in  1  or  more  clusters  arising  from  usually  2  bracts  (spathe).  Sepals 
and  petals  blue,  white,  or  yellow,  nearly  equal,  distinct,  deciduous.  —  Sum.  — 
BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 

Scape  simple  and  terminated  by  the  sessile  or  nearly  sessile  spathe  or  spathes. 

1.  8.  angustifolium. 
Scape  branched  or  bearing  2  or  more  terminal  peduncles.          2.  8.  graminoldes. 

1.  S.  angustifolium  Mill.  Plants  tufted,  1-4  dm.  tall  or  more,  glaucous. 
Leaf -blades  1-3  mm.  wide,  usually  serrulate  roughened:  scapes  twice  as  long  as 
the  leaves,  about  as  wide,  wing-margined :  spathes  mostly  green,  sometimes 
purplish,  the  outer  bract  2-6  cm.  long,  clasping  for  2-6  mm.  at  its  base,  much 
larger  than  the  inner  one:  pedicels  stiff  and  nearly  erect:  perianth  violet-blue, 
1O-12  mm.  long:  stamina!  column  4-6  mm.  high:  capsules  4—6  mm.  high,  oblong- 
globose:  seeds  dark-brown,  1-1.5  mm.  long,  obovoid-oblong,  with  shallow  pits, 
or  nearly  smooth.  —  M.  Rather  common,  in  fields  and  grassy  thickets.  —  Lime- 


2.  S.  graminoides  Bicknell.  Plants  often  not  tufted,  1.5-6  dm.  high,  bright- 
green,  turning  dark  when  dry.  Leaves  thin  and  grass-like,  $-f  the  height  of 
the  scape;  blades  1.5-6  mm.  wide,  the  edges  like  those  of  the  scape  minutely 
serrulate:  scapes  thin,  wing-flattened,  as  broad  as  the  leaf -blades,  mostly  fork- 
ing into  two  peduncles  5-20  cm.  long,  subtended  by  a  conspicuous  bract :  spathes 
green,  flat,  the  subequal  or  unequal  bracts  acute  or  acuminate,  15-20  mm.  long, 
the  interior  scales  much  shorter:  perianth  blue,  10  mm.  long:  capsules  thin- 
walled,  subglobose,  3-6  mm.  high,  on  slender  spreading  pedicels :  seeds  numerous, 
about  1  mm.  in  diameter,  globose,  pitted.  —  Common,  on  grassy  banks. 

3.  IRIS  [Tourn.]  L.  Herbs  with  long  rootstocks.  Leaf-blades  narrow. 
Flowers  often  solitary,  usually  not  long-stalked.  Sepals  and  petals  usually 
showy,  united  below,  the  sepals  recurved,  the  petals  usually  smaller  and  erect 
or  nearly  so.  —  FLAG. 

Matted  herbs,  the  flower-stems  less  than  1  dm.  tall,  covered  with  leaves  :  outer  and 

inner  perianth-lobes  nearly  equal.  1.  /.  verna. 

Upright  herbs,  the  flower-stems  usually  over  3  dm.  tall :  outer 

perianth-lobes  larger  than  the  inner. 
Stem    terete :    leaf -blades    less    than    1    cm.    wide :    capsule 

sharply  angled.  2.  I.  prismatica. 

Stem  with  1  angle :  leaf-blades  mostly  over  1  cm.  wide  :  cap- 
sule obscurely  angled.  3.  I.  versicolor. 

1.  I.  verna  L.     Leaf -blades  narrowly  linear,  elongating  in  age,  mostly  5-7  mm. 
wide:  flowers  violet-scented:  perianth  violet-blue  or  rarely  white;  tube  barely 
as  long  as  the  bracts,  about  as  long  as  the  lobes :  capsule  12-15  mm.  long.  — 
S.     Eare,  on  roadside  banks  near .  Wakefield.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

2.  I.  prismatica  Pursh.     Stem  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  less  than  1  cm.  wide: 
flowers  long-pedicelled :  perianth  blue,  variegated  mainly  with  white,  the  outer 
lobes  spatulate,  about  4  cm.  long:   capsule  2.5-4  cm.  long,  acute-angled.  —  S. 
Not  common,  in  swamps  near  the  serpentine  barrens.  —  Spr. 

3.  I.  versicolor  L.     Stem  8-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  mostly  over  1  cm.  wide: 
flowers  short-pedicelled :  perianth  blue  or  lilac,  variegated  with  white  or  yellow, 
or  purple,  the  outer  lobes  spatulate  to  ovate-spatulate,  7-9  cm.  long :  capsule  3-4 
cm.  long,  obscurely  angled.  —  Common  in  swamps.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 


OKCHIDACEAE. 


83 


Order  ORCHIDALES. 

Terrestrial  or  epiphytic  herbs.  Leaves  usually  fleshy,  sometimes  scale- 
like.  Flowers  mostly  perfect  and  complete,  very  irregular.  Calyx  of  3 
sepals.  Corolla  of  3  petals.  Gynoecium  compound.  Ovary  inferior. 
Seeds  numerous.  Endosperm  wanting. 


FAMILY  1.     ORCHIDACEAE.     ORCHID  FAMILY. 

Perennial  mostly  succulent  herbs.  Leaves  basal  or  cauline,  often 
sheathing  at  the  base.  Sepals  3,  one  median,  two  lateral.  Petals  3,  one 
median  and  often  greatly  specialized  ("lip"),  two  lateral  ("petals"). 
Androecium  of  1  or  more  stamens  adnate  to  the  style,  the  2-8  pollinia 
waxy  or  powdery.  Gynoecium  of  3  united  carpels,  the  ovary  twisted. 
Fruit  capsular. 

Anthers  2  :  lip  a  large  inflated  sac. 

Plants  caulescent :  leaves  several :   lip  with  a  rounded  opening :  sterile  stamen 

glabrous  :  stigma  broadest  at  the  base.  1.  CYPRIPEDIUM. 

Plants  acaulescent :  leaves  2,  basal :  lip  with  a  fissure 
down  the  front :  sterile  stamen  glandular-pubescent : 
stigma  broadest  at  the  apex.  2.  FISSIPES. 

Anther  1  :  lip  various. 

Pollinia  developing  caudicles  at  the  base  of  the  anther 
which  are  connected  with  the  glands  of  the  rostel- 
lum  :   filament  very  short   and   broad :   anther   per- 
sistent. 
Stigma  flat,   unappendaged. 

Glands  of  the  stigma  enclosed  in  a  pouch.  3.  GALEORCHIS. 

Glands   of   the   stigma   naked,    not   enclosed   in   a 

pouch. 
Glands   covered  with   a  thin  membrane  which 

is  deciduous  with  them.  4.  COELOGLOSSDM. 

Glands  without  a  membrane. 

Valves    of    the    anther    not    enclosing    the 


glands  below  :  lip  not  tubercled. 
Lip  entire  or  shallowly  lobed. 
Lip  cut-toothed  or  fringed. 
Valves  of  the  anther  enclosing  the  glands 
below   by   the  infolding  of  the  margins  : 
lip  with  a  median  tubercle. 
Stigma  appendaged. 
Pollinia  without  appendages  :  filaments  mostly  thin  and 

brittle,   the  anther  therefore  usually   deciduous. 
Flowering  branch  terminating  the  main  axis   of  the 

plant. 
Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud. 

Anther   rounded   or   very   blunt,   usually   much 

exceeding  the  rostellum. 
Lip  free,  spurless  or  with  a  short  spur. 
Plants  scapose :  leaves  mere  broad  basal 
scales :    bracts    whorled :    lip    promi- 
nently 3-lobed. 

Plants    caulescent :    leaves    solitary    or 

several :    bracts   not   whorled :    lip 

entire,  toothed  or  shallowly  lobed. 

Flowers  typically  solitary,  terminal : 

lip  crested,  sessile. 
Flowers  axillary,   racemose :   lip  not 

crested,  clawed. 
Lip    adnate    to    the    base    of    the    elongate 

column,  gibbous  at  the  base. 
Anther    as    long    as    the    rostellum    and    lying 
upon  it,  rarely  with  a  long  tip  and  thus 
exceeding  the  rostellum. 
Pollinia  not  in  distinct  masses :  petals  nar- 
row :  lip  not  saccate. 
Pollinia  in  several  distinct  masses  :   petals 

broad  :   lip  saccate. 
Leaves  duplicate  in  the  bud. 

Leaf-blades  not  plaited  in  the  bud. 


5.  LYSIAS. 

6.  BLEPHARIGLOTTIS. 


7.  PERULARIA. 

8.  GYMNADENIOPSIS. 


9.  ISOTRIA. 


10.  POGONIA. 

11.  TRIPHORA. 

12.  ARETHDSA. 


13.  IBIDIUM. 

14.  PERAMIUM. 


84  OECHIDACEAE. 

Stem  leafy :   column  with  a  distinct  foot : 

petals  much  narrower  than  the  sepals. 

Scape    sheathed    only    near    the    base : 

lip  prominently  lobbed :  anther  upright.     15.  MALAXIS. 
Scape  sheathed  to  near  the  middle  :  lip 
not    prominently    lobed :    anther    in- 
clined. 16.  LIPARIS. 
Stem  scaly :  petals  as  broad  as  the  sepals 

or  nearly  so  :  column  without  a  distinct  • 

foot.  17.    CORALLORRHIZA. 

Leaf-blades  plaited  in  the  bud :  column  broadly 

winged  above.  18.  LIMODORUM. 

Flowering  branch   terminating   a   side   branch   of  the 

plant.  19.  APLECTRUM. 

1.  CYPRIFEDIUM    L.     Caulescent     herbs    with    fibrous    roots.     Leaves 
several:    blades  plaited.     Lip   a  horizontal   sac.     Stamens  appressed,  the  free 
tips  directed  forward.  —  Spr.  —  LADIES  '-SUPPER.     MOCCASIN-FLOWER. 

Lip  white :  blade  of  the  sterile  stamen  of  a  lanceolate  type.  1.  C.  candidum. 

Lip  yellow  : 'blade  of  the  sterile  stamen  of  an  ovate  type,  vary- 
ing to  oblong-ovate,  triangular-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 
Sterile   stamen    with    a   triangular-ovate   blade    less    than    1 

cm.  long,  obtuse :  lip  pale-yellow :  flowers  fragrant.  2.  C.  parviflorum. 

Sterile  stamen  with  an  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  blade 
over  1  cm.  long,  acute :  lip  golden-yellow :  flowers  not 
fragrant.  3.  C.  pubcscens. 

1.  C.  candidum  Muhl.     Stem  1.5-3  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  narrowly  ovate,  oblong, 
or  elliptic,  6-13  cm.  long:  median  sepal  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2.5-3  cm. 
long,  greenish  and  purple-spotted :  petals  colored  like  the  sepals  but  longer  and 
narrower:  lip  white,  except  for  purple  stripes  within,  1.5-2  cm.  long.  —  Occa- 
sional, in  swamps  and  low  woods. 

2.  C.  parviflorum  Salisb.    Stem  3-5  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  elliptic  to  oval,  6-12 
cm.  long:  sepals  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long:  petals  longer 
and  narrower  than  the  sepals:  lip  2-3  cm.  long:  capsule-body  2-2.5  cm.  long. 
— Eather  rare,  in  moist  thickets  and  woods. 

3.  C.  pubescens  Willd.     Stem  3-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong  or  elliptic,  9-15 
cm.  long :   sepals  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate :   petals  linear  or  attenuate, 
longer  than  the  sepals :  lip  3.5-5  cm.  long :  capsule-body  3.5-4  cm.  long. — Eather 
commpn,  in  woods. 

2.  FISSIPES  Small.     Acaulescent  herbs  with  fibrous  roots.     Leaves  mostly 
2 :  blades  plaited.      Lip  a  drooping  sac.      Stamens  spreading,  the  free  tips  at 
right  angles  to  the  column. 

1.  F.  acaulis  (Ait.)  Small.  Leaves  1—3  dm.  long;  blades  oblong,  elliptic,  or 
oval:  scape  1-5  dm.  tall:  sepals  oblong  to  lanceolate,  3-4  cm.  long:  petals 
narrower  and  longer  than  the  sepals:  lip  pink  or  rarely  white,  obovoid,  4—6  cm. 
long :  capsule  3.5-4  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  woods.  —  Spr.  —  MOCCASIN-FLOWER. 

3.  GALEORCHIS   Eydb.     Acaulescent   fleshy   herbs   with  tuberous  roots. 
Flowers  in   a   spike.     Perianth   ringent.     Sepals   and  petals   converging.     Lip 
broad,  spurred.     Stigmas  hollow,  the  glands  enclosed  in  a  pouch. 

1.  G.  spectabilis  (L.)  Eydb.  Leaves  usually  2;  blades  oblong-elliptic,  elliptic, 
or  oval,  7-14  cm.  long:  scape  1-3  dm.  tall,  the  spike  3-12-flowered:  perianth 
violet-purple  or  white:  lip  10-13  mm.  long,  slightly  shorter  than  the  spur:  cap- 
sules 2-2.5  cm.  long.  —  Eather  common,  in  woods  and  on  shaded  banks.  —  Spr. 
—  SHOWY-ORCHIS. 

4.  COELOGLOSSUM  Hartman.     Caulescent  herbs  with  biennial  branched 
tubers,  the  stem  leafy.     Flowers  relatively  small,  in  a  terminal  spike.     Peri- 


OECHIDACEAE.  85 

anth  green  or  greenish.  Sepals  and  petals  converging,  the  petals  much  nar- 
rower than  the  sepals.  Lip  narrow,  2-3-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  spur  much 
shorter  than  the  lip. 

1.  C.  "bracteatum  (Willd.)  Parl.  Stem  2-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong-ovate 
to  oblong-elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate,  10-15  cm.  long:  bracts  surpassing  the 
flowers:  sepals  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long:  petals  nearly  linear  or 
linear-filiform :  lip  narrow,  6-8  mm.  long :  capsules  8—10  mm.  long.  —  N.  W. 
Bare,  in  damp  soil.  Sandstones  and  shales,  quartzite.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

5.  LYSIAS  Salisb.     Caulescent  herbs,  the  stem  scape-like,  scaly.     Flowers 
in  a  spike  or  a  raceme.     Perianth  white  or  greenish.     Sepals  spreading,  rela- 
tively broad,  the  lateral  ones  longer  and  narrower  than  the  median  one.     Petals 
much  smaller  than  the  sepals,  entire  or  erose.     Lip  narrow,  entire,  the  spur 
longer  than  the  lip.     Anthers  with  diverging  sacs  whose  beak-like  bases  project 
forward. 

1.  L.  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Eydb.  Stem  3-9  dm.  tall:  basal  leaves  2,  flat  on 
the  ground;  blades  orbicular  to  oval,  1-3  dm.  long:  sepals  greenish-white,  the 
median  one  suborbicular  or  reniform,  5-6  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  ovate, 
8-10  mm.  long:  petals  reflexed,  7-8  mm.  long:  lip  nearly  linear,  12-15  mm. 
long,  obtuse,  the  spur  2.5-4  cm.  long:  capsules  about  1.5  cm.  long.  —  S.  Very 
rare,  in  damp  woods  near  Wakefield,  not  far  from  the  station  for  Trientalis.  — 
Schists.  —  Sum.  —  KOUND-LEAVED  ORCHIS. 

6.  BLEPHARIGLOTTIS  Kaf.     Caulescent  herbs,  the  stem  leafy.    Flowers 
in  a  terminal  spike.     Perianth  white,  yellow,  orange,  purple,  or  violet-purple. 
Sepals  spreading  or  reflexed.    Petals  toothed  or  lacerate,  or  rarely  entire.    Lip 
fringed,  or  3-lobed,  the  lobes  toothed  or  lacinate.     Spur  often  longer  than  the 
lip.    Anthers  with  widely  separate  sacs,  their  narrow  beak-like  beases  supported 
on  the  arms  of  the  stigma,  projecting  forward  and  upward.  —  Sum.  —  FRINGED- 
ORCHIS.    SHOWY-ORCHIS. 

Petals  fringed  at  the  apex :  lip  not  3-lobed.  1.  B.  ciliaris. 

Petals  entire,  crenulate  or  merely  erose  :  lip  3-lobed. 

Petals  entire,  linear:  lip  with  narrow  lobes.  2.  B.  lacera. 

Petals  crenulate  or  erose,  dilated  upward :   lip  with  dilated 

lobes. 
Lobes  of  the  lip  fimbriate  or  fringed :  petal-blade  toothed 

on  the  sides. 
Lip  7-10  mm.  long :  lateral  sepals  5-6  mm.  long :  petals 

5-7  mm.   long.  3.  B.  psycodes. 

Lip   14-20   mm.    long:    lateral   sepals   9-11   mm.    long: 

petals  9-12  mm.  long.  4.  B.  grandiflora. 

Lobes   of  the  lip   incised   or   erose :   petal-blade   erose   at 

the  tip  or  entire.  5.  B.  peramoena. 

1.  B.  cilaris  (L.)  Eydb.     Stem  5-8  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong  to  lanceolate, 
8-20  cm.  long:  perianth  yellow  or  yellow-orange:  lateral  sepals  orbicular-ovate 
to  orbicular-obovate,  6-8  mm.  long:   petals  linear,  oblong-linear  or  spatulate, 
5-7  mm.  long,  sharply  toothed  at  the   apex:    lip   ovate  in   outline,  copiously 
fringed;  spur  15-25  mm.  long.  —  S.     Occasional,  in  swamps.  —  Schists. 

2.  B.  lacera  (Miehx.)  Eydb.     Stem  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, 8-20  cm.  long:  perianth  greenish-yellow:  lateral  sepals  ovate  to  orbicular- 
ovate,  5-6  mm.  long:  petals  linear,  5.5-6  mm.  long,  entire:  lip  12-15  mm.  long, 
each  narrow  lobe  terminating  in  a  fringe  of  several  processes;  spur  14-16  mm. 
long.  —  S.     Not  common,  in  swamps  and  low  grounds.  —  Schists. 

3.  B.  psycodes  (L.)  Eydb.     Stem  3-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval,  elliptic,  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  5-25  cm.  long:  perianth  lilac:  lateral  sepals  ovate,  5-7  mm. 
long:  petals  with  broad  claws:  lip  with  a  spur  13-16  mm.  long.  —  S.     Eare,  in 
wet  meadows.  —  Schists. 


86  OECHIDACEAE. 

4.  B.   grandiflora    (Bigel.)    Eydb.     Stem   3-15   dm.   tall:    leaf -blades  oblong- 
obovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate,  8-30  cm.  long:   perianth  lilac-purple:   lateral 
sepals  ovate,  9-11  mm.  long:  petals  with  narrow  claws:  lip  with  a  spur  20-30 
mm.  long.  —  S.     Eare,  in  rich  woods.  —  Schists. 

5.  B.  peramoena  (A.  Gray)  Eydb.     Stem  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  8-20  em.  long:  perianth  violet-purple:  lateral  sepals  broadly  ovate 
to  suborbicular,  7-10'  mm.  long:  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals  or  nearly  so,  spatu- 
late,  or  the  body  orbicular-obovate,  entire  or  erose:   lip  14—18  mm.  long,  the 
lobes  cuneate  or  flabellate,  incised  or  erose;  spur  20-25  mm.  long.  —  S.     Eare, 
in  swamps.  —  Schists. 

7.  PEK-ULABIA   Lindl.     Caulescent   herbs   with   thick   fibrous   roots,   the 
stem  leafy.     Flowers  relatively  small,  in  a  terminal  spike.     Perianth  yellowish 
or  greenish.     Sepals  and  petals  spreading,  all  relatively  broad.     Lip  lanceo- 
late to  ovate  or  suborbicular,  usually  with  a  lobe  on  each  side  near  the  base,  and 
a  median  tubercle,  the  spur  longer  than  the  blade.     Anthers  with  horizontal 
valves  opening  upward,  dilated  at  the  base,  thus  forming  a  cavity  enclosing  the 
orbicular  gland. 

1.  P.  flava  (L.)  Farwell.  Stem  3-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  elliptic,  oblong,  or 
lanceolate,  0.7-3  dm.  long:  bracts  often  shorter  than  the  very  small  flowers: 
sepals  and  petals  3  mm.  long:  lip  suborbicular  or  broadly  oval  in  outline, 
3.5-4  mm.  long:  spur  about  £  as  long  as  the  ovary.  —  S.  Common,  in  swamps. 
—  Schists.  —  Sum. 

8.  GYMNADENIOPSIS  Eydb.     Caulescent  herbs.     Flowers  in  a  terminal 
spike.     Perianth  white,  greenish,  pink,  or  orange-yellow.     Sepals  distinct,  the 
lateral  ones  slightly  inequilateral.     Petals  mostly  smaller  than  the  sepals,  undu- 
late, sinuate-lobed  or  erose.     Lip  entire,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  or  crenulate  or 
erose.     Anthers  with  parallel  approximate  sacs,  and  naked  contiguous  glands. 
Stigma  with  2  or  3  appendages  at  the  beak. 

1.  G.  clavellata  (Michx.)  Eydb.  Stems  1-5  dm.  tall,  rather  naked  above: 
leaves  scale-like  except  1  or  2  near  the  middle  of  the  stem  or  below  it;  blades 
oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  5—12  cm.  long:  perianth  whitish  or  greenish: 
lateral  sepals  ovate  to  oval,  2-3.5  mm.  long:  petals  3-4  mm.  long,  sinuately 
3-lobed :  lip  slightly  dilated  upward,  3-5  mm.  long ;  spur  clavate.  —  N.  S. 
Common,  in  wet  thickets  and  swamps.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum. 

9.  ISOTRIA  Eaf.     Scapose  herbs  with  elongate 'roots.     Leaves  reduced  to 
scales  at  the  base  of  the  scape.     Scape  topped  by  a  whorl  of  spreading  leaf- 
like   bracts.      Flowers   solitary    or    2    together.     Perianth   purple    or    greenish. 
Sepals  nearly  equal,  much  longer  than  the  petals.     Petals  broader  than  the 
sepals.     Lip  3-lobed  at  the   apex,  sessile,  crested  along  the  middle.     Capsule 
erect. 

1.  I.  verticillata  (Willd.)  Eaf.  Scapes  2-4.5  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  whorled 
bracts  mainly  elliptic  to  oval  or  obovate,  2.5-8  cm.  long:  lateral  sepals  narrowly 
linear,  30-50  mm.  long  or  longer:  petals  linear,  15-20  mm.  long:  lip-body  10-15 
mm.  long,  terminating  in  2  lateral  lobes  and  a  middle  broad  lobe:  capsule  2-3 
mm.  long.  —  E.  S.  Common,  in  rich  woods.  —  Schists.  —  Spr. 

10.  POGONIA  Juss.     Caulescent  herbs  with  cord-like  roots.     Leaves  mostly 
solitary  or  2  on  the  stem.     Flowers  solitary  or  3  together.     Perianth  mainly 
pink,  rose,  or  lilac.     Sepals  nearly  equal,  slightly  longer  than  the  petals.     Petals 
broader  than  the  sepals.     Lip  fringed  or  crisped  near  the  apex,  crested,  not 
lobed.     Capsule  erect. 


ORCHIDACEAE.  87 

1.  P.  ophioglossoid.es  (L.)  Ker.  Stem  2-5  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  cauline 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  elliptic,  3-8  cm.  long:  lateral  sepals  linear-elliptic 
or  narrowly  oblong,  16-20  mm.  long,  acute:  petals  elliptic  or  oblong-cuneate, 
14-16  mm.  long,  obtuse :  lip  longer  than  the  petals,  blunt  at  the  rounded  fringed 
apex.  —  E.  S.  Bare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

11.  TRIPHORA    Nutt.     Caulescent    herbs,    with    fleshy    tubers.      Leaves 
several,   with   relatively   br.oad  blades.     Flowers   several,   axillary   to   leaf-like 
bracts.     Perianth  mainly  purple.     Sepals  nearly  equal,  about  as  long  as  the 
petals.     Petals  about  as  broad  as  the  sepals,  but  narrower  at  the  base.     Lip 
dilated  above  the  claw,  3-lobed,  crestless.     Capsules  drooping. 

1.  T.  trianthophora  (Sw.)  Rydb.  Stem  5-30  cm.  tall:  leaf -blades  suborbicular 
to  ovate,  5—20  mm.  long:  flowers  nodding:  lateral  sepals  linear-oblong  to 
linear-elliptic,  13-15  mm.  long:  lip  12-14  mm.  long,  the  claw  shorter  than  the 
blade:  capsules  10-14  mm.  long. — W.  Rare,  in  rich  woods  near  Shenk's 
Ferry.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum.  —  NODDING- CAP. 

12.  ARETHUSA  [Gronov.]  L.     Scapose  herbs  with  corms.     Leaves  mere 
elongate  sheathing  scales,  or  the  upper  one  sometimes  with  a  narrow  blade. 
Flower  usually  solitary  at  the  top  of  the  scape.     Perianth  mainly  rose-purple. 
Lateral  sepals  slightly  curved.     Petals  similar  to  the  lateral  sepals  but  shorter. 
Lip  dilated,  recurved,  crested.     Capsule  erect. 

1.  A.  bulbosa  L.  Leaf  with  a  linear  blade  10-15  cm.  long:  scape  1-3  dm. 
tall:  lateral  sepals  broadly  linear  to  narrowly  oblong,  35-43  mm.  long,  acute: 
lip  25-30  mm.  long,  with  2  shallow  lateral  lobes  and  a  larger  middle  lobe, 
toothed  or  fringed  at  the  apex:  capsule  20-25  mm.  long.  —  E.  S.  Rare,  in 
swamps,  near  Beartown  and  Smithville.  —  Schists,  quartzite.  —  Spr. 

13.  IBIDIUM  Salisb.     Caulescent  herbs.     Leaves  various,  the  basal  and 
lower  cauline  with  narrow  blades,  the  upper  cauline  leaves  mere  sheathing  scales. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  spiral  spike.     Perianth  pale.     Median  sepal  and  petals 
coherent:   lateral  sepals  erect.     Lip  erect,  or  spreading  at  the  tip,  bearing  2 
basal  callosities,  the  lower  portion  folded  around  the  very  short  column.    Stigma 
with  a  2-f  orked  beak.  —  LADIES  '-TRESSES. 

Flowers  merely  alternate,  apparently  secund  from  the  spiral  twisting  of  the  rachis. 
Stem  scaly  :  leaves  basal ;  blades  short,  broad,  fugaceous. 

Root   solitary :    lip   white,    of  an   ovate   type,   erose-crisped   from   below   the 

middle  to  the  apex.  1.  /.  Beckii. 

Roots  clustered  :  lip  green,  except  the  crisped  margin,  of 

an  oblong  type,  wavy-crisped  at  the  apex.  2.  /.  gracile. 

Stem  leafy  below  :   blades  of  the  leaves  narrow,  elongate, 

persistent. 
Lip   of  an   ovate   type,    dilated  at   the   base,   pubescent 

without.  3.  /.  vernale. 

Lip  of  an  oblong  type,  not  dilated,  glabrous  without.  4.  /.  praecox. 

Flowers  3-several-ranked,  the  rachis  not  conspicuously  twisted. 
Lip   of   an   ovate   type,    the   callosities    prominent,   usually 

curved  :  plants  usually  fall-flowering.  5.  I.  cernuum. 

Lip  of  a  quadrate  type,  the  callosities  imperfect,  mostly  in 

the  edge  of  the  lip-base:  plants  usually  vernal-flowering.     6.  /.  plantagineum. 

1.  I.  Beckii   (Lindl.)   House.     Stem  1-3  dm.  tall,  from  a  single  root:   blades 
of  the  basal  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  1-3  cm.  long,  early  decaying:    perianth 
white:    lateral   sepals  broadly   lanceolate,  about   3   mm.   long:    petals  broadly 
spatulate   or   oblong-spatulate :    lip   ovate   to   orbicular-ovate,  2.5-3   mm.   long, 
the  callosities  directed  backward.  —  Occasional,  in  dry  or  sandy  soil.  —  Sum. 
and  fall. 

2.  I.  gracile  (Bigel.)  House.     Stem  2-6  dm.  tall,  from  a  cluster  of  roots:  blades 
of  the  basal  leaves  oblong,  elliptic,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  early 


88  OECHIDACEAE. 

decaying:  perianth  green  and  white:  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  4-4.5  mm.  long: 
petals  linear :  lip  oblong,  4-4.5  mm.  long,  the  callosities  directed  sideways.  — 
Common,  on  roadsides,  banks,  and  open  hillsides.  —  Sum. 

3.  I.  vernale  (Engelm.  &  Gray)  House.     Stem  1.5-5.5  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the 
lower  cauline  leaves  elongate,  linear,  sometimes  broadly  so,  7-15  cm.  long:  peri- 
anth mostly  yellowish:  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  6-10  mm.  long:   petals  linear 
or  linear-oblong :  lip  ovate,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  callosities  incurved.  —  Occasional, 
in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

4.  I.  praecox  (Walt.)  House.     Stem  2-8  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  lower  cauline 
leaves  elongate,  linear  or  nearly  so,  5-30  cm.  long:    perianth  white:    lateral 
sepals  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  5-7  mm.  long:  petals  linear:  lip  oblong, 
5-7  mm.  long,  the  callosities  straight.  —  S.     Occasional,  in  wet  grassy  meadows. 
—  Schists.  —  Sum. 

5.  I.  cernuum  (L.)   House.     Stem  2-7  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  lower  cauline 
leaves  linear  to  narrowly  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  sometimes  linear-oblanceo- 
late,  8-30  cm.  long :  perianth  white  or  yellowish :  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  9-10 
mm.   long:    lip   ovate  or   oblong-ovate,  mostly   8—11   mm.   long,  the  callosities 
incurved.  —  Common,  in  wet  places  and  damp  thickets.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

6.  I.  plantagineum   (Eaf.)   House.     Stem  1-4  dm.  tall:   blades  of  the  lower 
cauline  leaves  broadly  linear  to  oblong,  5-15  cm.  long:  perianth  mainly  white: 
lateral  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long:   petals  linear,  about  as  long 
as   the   sepals:    lip   quadrate-oblong,    5-5.5    mm.    long,   the    slender    callosities 
rather  spreading. —  M.  S.     Eare,  in  meadows  and  along  streams.  —  Limestones, 
schists.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

14.  PERAMIUM  Salisb.     Caulescent  herbs  with  scape-like  stems.    Leaves 
various,  those  near  the  base  of  the  stem  with  dilated  blades,  those  higher  up 
mere  sheathing  scales.     Flowers  in  a  spike.     Perianth  very  inequilateral.     Lip 
sessile,  sac-like,  with  a  small  blade  and  a  large  saccate  base. 

1.  P.  pubescens  (Willd.)  MacM.  Plant  1.5-5  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  lower 
cauline  leaves  oblong,  elliptic,  or  ovate,  2-5  cm.  long:  lateral  sepals  about  5 
mm.  long:  petals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  obtuse:  lip  4  mm.  long,  the  edge 
undulate.  —  Occasional,  in  woods.  —  Sum.  —  KATTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN. 

15.  MALAXIS  L.     Scapose  herbs  with  corms.     Leaves  mainly  elongate 
sheaths,  the  upper  one  bearing  a  dilated  blade  at  the  top.     Flowers  in  a  term- 
inal raceme.     Perianth  white  or  greenish.     Lateral  sepals  slightly  inequilateral. 
Petals  linear-filiform  or  filiform,  shorter  than  the  sepals.     Lip  broad,  cordate 
at  the  base,  sometimes  lobed  at  the  apex. 

1.  M.  unifolia  Michx.  Leaves  mostly  solitary;  blades  oblong,  ovate,  or  oval, 
2-6  cm.  long:  scape  1-3  dm.  tall:  raceme  stout:  lateral  sepals  ovate  or  oblong- 
ovate,  1-1.5  mm.  long,  obtuse:  lip  about  2.5  mm.  long,  the  2  lateral  lobes  much 
longer  than  the  middle  one :  capsule  5-6  mm.  long.  —  S.  Not  very  common,  in 
rich  woods.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  ADDER  'S-MOUTH. 

16.  LIPARIS  L.  C.  Eich.     Scapose  green  herbs  with  corms.     Leaves  2  or 
more  at  the  base  of  the  scape  with  wide  blades,  accompanied  by  several  scales. 
Flowers   in   a  terminal   raceme.     Perianth   greenish.     Lateral   sepals   narrow, 
nearly  equilateral.     Petals  elongate-linear  or  filiform,  longer  than  the  sepals. 
Lip  free,  dilated,  undulate  or  erose,  sometimes  with  tubercles  at  the  base. — 

Spr.  —  TWAYBLADE. 

Lip  with  an  undulate  blade  2.5-3.5  mm.  wide-:  petals  narrowly  linear. 

1.  L.  Loeselii. 
Lip  with  an  erose  blade  12-13  mm.  wide  :  petals  linear-filiform.  2.  L.  Uliifolia. 


OECHIDACEAE.  89 

1.  L.  Iioeselii  (L.)  L.  C.  Rich.     Leaf-blades  elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  5-17 
cm.  long:   scape  0.5-2  dm.  tall:   lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  about  4  mm.  long: 
petals  6-7  mm.  long:  lip  about  4  mm.  long,  the  blade  suborbicular,  abruptly 
pointed :  capsules  oblong,  10-14  mm.  long.  —  S.  E.     Eare,  in  ravines.  —  Schists. 

2.  L.  liliifolia  (L.)  L.  C.  Eich.     Leaf-blades  ovate,  oval,  or  oblong-ovate,  5-15 
cm.  long:  scape  1-3  dm.  tall:  lateral  sepals  linear-lanceolate  or  nearly  linear, 
about  11  mm.  long:   petals  11-13  mm.  long:   lip   11-13  mm.  long,  the  blade 
obovate-cuneate    to    suborbicular,    erose,    abruptly    pointed:    capsules    clavate- 
oblong,  12-18   mm.  long.  —  N.   S.     Common,  on  wet  banks  and  in  woods.  — 
Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

17.  COBALLORKHIZA   [Haller]   E.  Br.      Caulescent  succulent  purplish,  ' 
brownish,  or  reddish  herbs  with  coral-like  rootstocks.     Leaves  reduced  to  scales. 
Flowers   in    a   terminal   raceme.     Perianth   variously    colored.     Lateral   sepals 
slightly  inequilateral,  often   curved.     Petals  rather  smaller  than  the   sepals, 
somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base.     Lip  dilated,  the  blade  undulate  or  lobed. — 
CORAL-ROOT. 

Lip  not  lobed,  often  erose  or  crisped. 

Lip  short-clawed  or  clawless,  the  blade  short-tipped :  column  narrowly  winged. 

1.  C.  odontorhiza. 

Lip  long-clawed,  the  blade  notched :  column  broadly  winged.  2.  (7.  Wisteriana. 
Lip  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  spreading  or  directed  forward. 

Lip  shallowly  3-lobed:  spur  obsolete.  3.  C.  CorallorrMza. 

Lip  deeply  3-lobed :  spur  prominent.  4.  C.  maculata. 

1.  C.  odontorhiza  (Willd.)  Nutt.     Stem  1-3  dm.  tall:  raceme  4-10  cm.  long: 
lateral  sepals  linear  or  nearly  so,  3-4  mm.  long:  lip  4-4.5  mm.  long,  the  blade 
obovate  or  oval-obovate,  with  erose-crisped  margins  and  an  abrupt  acute  tip: 
capsules   6-7  mm.  long.  —  S.     Common,  in  rich  woods.  —  Schists.  —  Fall. 

2.  C.  Wisteriana  Conrad.     Stem  2-3.5  dm.  tall:  raceme  3-10  cm.  long:  lateral 
sepals  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  6—8  mm.  long:   petals  oblong-spatulate :   lip 
8—10  mm.  long,  the  blade  broadly  oval  to  broadly  obovate,  notched  at  the  apex: 
capsules  9-11  mm.  long.  —  M.     Eare,  in  woods.  —  Quartzite.  —  Spr. 

3.  C.  Corallorrhiza   (L.)  Karst.     Stem  1-3  dm.  tall:   raceme  2-10  cm.  long: 
lateral  sepals  linear-spatulate,  3-4  mm.  long:  petals  mostly  spatulate:  lip  3-4 
mm.  long,  the  blade  with  2  shallow  lateral  lobes  below  the  middle  and  an  ovate 
middle  lobe:  capsules  8-10  mm.  long.  —  M.  S.     Eare,  in  woods.  —  Limestones, 
schists.  —  Spr. 

4.  C.  maculata  Eaf.     Stem  2-5  dm.  tall:  raceme  5-20  cm.  long:  lateral  sepals 
linear  to  linear-oblong,  6-9  mm.  long:   petals  oblong  to  oblong-spatulate:   lip 
6—8  mm.  long,  the  blade  with  2  prominent  lateral  lobes.  —  N.   S.     Not  very 
common,  in  rich  woods. —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Fall. 

18.  LIMODORUM  L.     Scapose  herbs  with  corms.     Leaves  few,  consisting 
of   several  sheathing  scales,  and  one  with  an  elongate  blade.     Flowers  in  a 
terminal   raceme-like    spike.     Perianth   mainly   purple,    pink-purple,    or   white. 
Lateral  sepals  inequilateral,  shorter  than  the  median  one.     Petals  nearly  equi- 
lateral, somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base.     Lip  with  2  minute  lateral  lobes  and  a 
dilated  often  stalked  middle  lobe,  bearded  with  clavate  hairs. 

1.  L.  tuberosum  L.  Leaf-blade  narrowly  linear  to  narrowly  oblong,  1-1  dm. 
long:  scape  2-9  dm.  tall:  perianth  pink-purple:  lateral  sepals  half -orbicular, 
15-17  mm.  long,  acute:  petals  16-18  mm.  long,  the  blades  oblong  to  lanceolate: 
middle  lobe  of  the  lip  mostly  less  than  10  mm.  wide,  flabellate,  nearly  truncate : 
column-wings  rhombic.  —  S.  Rare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  GRASS-PINK. 


90  SALICACEAE. 

19.  APLECTRTJM  Nutt.  Caulescent  herbs  with  a  chain  of  corms.  Leaf 
solitary  terminating  the  corm,  decaying  before  the  lateral  scaly  stem  arises. 
Flowers  few  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Perianth  brownish-yellow  mixed  with 
purple.  Lateral  sepals  narrow,  slightly  curved.  Petals  slightly  longer  than  the 
sepals.  Lip  dilated,  3-lobed,  3-ridged  above  the  claw,  spurless.  Capsules 
drooping.  .  .  i  > 

1.  A.  hyemale  (Muhl.)  Torr.  Leaf  autumnal,  or  slightly  earlier;  blade  elliptic, 
4-20  cm.  long:  flower-stem  vernal,  2-6  dm.  tall:  lateral  sepals  linear-spatulate, 
10-13  mm.  long:  petals  spatulate:  lip  11-12  mm.  long,  the  blade  with  2  oblong- 
ovate  lateral  lobes  and, a  suborbicular  crenulate  middle  lobe:  capsules  2-2.5  cm. 
long.  —  Not  common,  in  rich  woods.  —  Spr.  —  ADAM-AND-EVE.  PUTTY-ROOT. 

SUBCLASS  2.     DICOTYLEDONES. 

Stems  consisting  of  pith,  wood,  and  bark  (endogenous  in  rare 
cases) .     Early  leaves  opposite. 

Series  1.     CHORIPETALAE. 

Petals  separate  and  distinct  from  each  other,  or  wanting. 

Order  PIPERALES. 

Herbs  of  wet  or  moist  places,  usually  with  rootstocks,  or  shrubs  or 
trees.  Leaves  with  simple  blades.  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual.  Perianth 
wanting.  Androecium  of  several  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  1,  or  of  several 
distinct  or  united  carpels.  Fruit  baccate,  drupaceous,  capsular,  or  nut-like. 

FAMILY  1.     SAURURACEAE.    LIZARD'S-TAIL  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  rootstocks.  Leaves  alternate,  sometimes  basal.  Flowers 
spicate  or  racemose.  Androecium  of  3-9  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  3  or  4 
distinct  or  nearly  distinct  carpels.  Stigmas  simple.  Fruit  capsular. 

1.  SAURTJRUS  [Plum.]  L.  Marsh  herbs.  Leaf-blades  membranous,  cor- 
date. Eaceme  with  a  drooping  tip,  the  bractlets  adnate  to  the  pedicels  or  to  the 
ovaries.  Carpels  3  or  4.  Mature  carpels  veiny,  opening  introrsely. 

1.  S.  cernuus  L.  Stems  3-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
8-15  cm.  long,  acuminate,  petioled:  racemes  1-2  dm.  long:  filaments  clavate, 
about  4  mm.  long :  fruit  depressed,  the  carpels  about  2  mm.  high.  —  Common,  in 
streams.  —  Sum.  —  LIZARD  'S-TAIL. 

Order  SALICALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  simple,  entire  or  toothed. 
Flowers  dioecious,  in  aments,  the  staminate  consisting  of  an  androecium  of 
2  or  more  stamens,  the  pistillate  consisting  of  a  gynoecium  of  2  or  4 
united  carpels.  Ovules  numerous.  Fruit  capsular. 

FAMILY  1.     SALICACEAE.    WILLOW  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  soft  wood.  Leaf -blades  very  narrow  to  very 
broad.  Aments  erect  or  drooping,  the  bracts  mostly  ciliate  or  toothed. 
Capsules  narrowed  to  the  apex.  Seeds  usually  with  a  tuft  of  hairs. 


SALICACEAE.  91 

Bracts  incised :  disk  cup-like :  stamens  usually  10  or  more,  rarely  6-8  :  stigmas  elon- 
gate and  expanded :  winter  buds  with  several  scales.  1.  POPULUS 

Bracts  entire :  disk  merely  1  or  more  axillary  glands  :  stamens  less 
than  10  :  stigmas  short,  not  expanded :  winter  buds  with  1  scale 
each.  2.  SALIX. 

1.  POPULUS    [Tourn.]   L.     Trees,  the  buds  with  several  scales.     Leaf- 
blades  palmately  veined,  relatively  long-petioled.     Stamens  more  than  10,  or 
rarely  6  or  8 :  anthers  purple  or  red.    Ovary  sessile.    Stigmas  dilated.  —  Spr.  — 
POPLAR.     COTTONWOOD. 

Petioles  much  flattened  laterally. 

Leaf -blades  ovate  or  suborbicular :  capsules  conic,  slender :  scales  pubescent. 

1.  P.  grandidentata. 
Leaf -blades  deltoid  or  somewhat  reniform  :  capsules  ovoid 

to  subglobose,  thick  :  scales  glabrous. 

Stamens  6-8  :  branches  erect.  2.  P.  italica. 

Stamens  50  or  more :  branches  spreading.  3.  P.  deltoides. 

Petioles  terete  or  channeled. 

Leaf-blades  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  mature,  not  lobed       4.  P.  candicans. 
Leaf-blades     persistently     white-tomentose     beneath,     3-5 

lobed.  5.  P.  alba. 

1.  P.  grandidentata  Michx.     Tree  becoming  25  m.  tall,  the  bark  fissured:  leaf- 
blades  ovate,  6-10  cm.  long,  sinuate-dentate:  middle  lobe  of  the  ament-bracts 
much  shorter  than  the  body :  capsules  4-7  mm.  long.  —  N.  S.     Bather  rare,  in 
woods.  — •  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

2.  P.  italica  Moench.     Tree  with  a  fastigiate  top,  commonly  25  m.  tall:  leaf- 
blades  deltoid  or  subrhomboid,  crenate  or  crenate-serrate :  staminate  aments  2-5 
cm.  long:   stamens  6-81:   capsules  6-8  mm.  long  [P.  dilatata  Ait.].  —  S.     Not 
common,  on  roadsides  and  along  streams.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  LOMBARDY-POPLAR. 

3.  P.  deltoides  Marsh.     Tree  becoming  45  m.  tall,  the  top  not  fastigiate:  leaf- 
blades  ovate  to  deltoid,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate  or  crenate-serrate :  staminate 
aments  8-12  cm.  long:    stamens  numerous:    capsules  8-10  cm.  long.  —  N.  M. 
Eare,  on  roadsides  and  in  fi'elds.     Nat.  southward  and  westward.  —  NECKLACE- 
POPLAR. 

4.  P.  candicans  Ait.     Tree  sometimes  30  m.  tall,  the  bark  ridged:  leaf -blades 
broadly    ovate,    6-15   cm.    long,    acuminate,    crenate:    staminate    aments    with 
incised  bracts:  pistillate  aments  elongate,  the  flowers  short-pedicelled :  capsules 
ovoid,  8-11  mm.  long.  —  M.    Bather  rare,  on  roadsides  and  in  fields.    Nat.  of  Eu. 
—  BALM-OF-GILEAD. 

5.  P.  alba  L.     Tree  becoming  35  m.  tall,  the  bark  pale,  becoming  rough:  leaf- 
blades  ovate  to  suborbicular,  5-10  cm.  long,  white-tomentose  beneath:  staminate 
aments  3-5  cm.  long,  the  anthers  purple:  pistillate  aments  about  twice  as  long 
as  the  staminate :  capsules  conic.  —  N.  M.     Eather  common,  on  roadsides  and  in 
waste  places.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  WHITE-POPLAR.     SILVER-LEAVED  POPLAR. 

2.  SALIX    [Tourn.]    L.     Shrubs   or  trees,  the  buds  with  a   single   scale. 
Leaf-blades  pinnately  veined,  relatively  short-petioled.     Stamens  2,  or  rarely 
1-7 :  anthers  yellow  or  reddish.     Ovary  stipitate :  stigmas  not  dilated.  —  Spr.  — 
WILLOW. 

Capsules  glabrous,  at  least  at  maturity. 

Stamens  3-7  :  filaments  pubescent  at  the  base  :  bracts  yellow,  caducous. 
Pedicels  3-5  times  as  long  as  the  glands. 

Stipules  and  petioles  glandless.  1.  8.  nigra. 

Stipules  and  petioles  prominently  glandular.  2.  S.  lucida. 

Pedicels  about  twice  as  long  as  the  glands.  3.  S.  fragilis. 

Stamens  2. 

Filaments  pubescent  at  the  base:  bracts  caducous. 
Pedicels  1-3  mm.  long  at  maturity. 

Styles    wanting:    leaves    with    linear    or    linear- 
lanceolate  blades.  7.  8.  interior. 


92  SALICACEAE. 

Styles  manifest,  but  short :  leaves  with  lanceo- 
late blades  3.  8.  fragilis. 
Pedicels  less  than   1   mm.   long  at  maturity :  stig- 
mas sessile. 

Branches  erect  or  spreading :  leaf-blades  lanceo- 
late. 4.  8.  alba. 
Branches  drooping  :  leaf -blades  linear-lanceolate.  5.  S    Itabylonica 
Filaments  glabrous  :  bracts  persistent.                                           6.  8.  cordata. 
Capsules  variously  pubescent. 
Filaments  distinct. 

Capsules  markedly  pedicelled. 

Leaf-blades  not  densely  pubescent  beneath  at  ma- 
turity. 
Leaf-blades    linear   or    linear-lanceolate. 

Filaments  pubescent :  capsules  glabrate.  7.  8.  interior. 

Filaments    glabrous :    capsules    permanently 

pubescent.  8.  8.  petiolaris. 

Leaf-blades  oblong,  elliptic  or  ovate-lanceolate.  9.  8.  discolor. 

Leaf-blades  densely  white-pubescent  beneath. 

Leaves  with  the  blades  white-tomentose  beneath. 
Mature  pistillate  aments  2-3  cm.  long :  leaf- 
blades  5-10  cm.  long.  10.  8.  humilis. 
Mature  pistillate  aments  about  1   cm.  long : 

leaf-blades  2-5  cm.  long.  11.  8.  tristis. 

Leaves  with  the  blades  silvery-silky  beneath.  12.  8.  sericea. 

Capsules  subsessile.  13.  8.  viminalis. 

Filaments  united.  14.  8.  purpurea. 

1.  S.  nigra  Marsh.     Tree  becoming  40  m.  tall,  the  twigs  brown:   leaf -blades 
narrowly  lanceolate,  6-12  cm.  long,  acute  at  both  ends,  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  pale  beneath:  staminate  aments  with  finely  pubescent,  blunt  bracts:  cap- 
sules 4  or  5  times  as  long  as  the  pedicels.  —  Common,  in  low  grounds  and  along 
streams.  —  BLACK-WILLOW. 

2.  S.  lucida  Muhl.     Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  6  m.  tall,  the  twigs  yellowish- 
brown:    leaf -blades   lanceolate    to    ovate-lanceolate    or    ovate,    6-12    cm.    long, 
acuminate:  staminate  aments  2-5  cm.  long,  stout:  capsules  ovoid,  4.5-6.5  mm. 
long.  —  Lower   Susquehanna  valley.     Eather   rare,   in  moist  soil. —  Schists. — 
SHINING-WILLOW. 

3.  S.  fragilis  L.     Tree  becoming  25  m.  tall,  the  twigs  brown :  leaf -blades  lanceo- 
late, SKL5  cm.  long,  glabrous,  more  or  less  glaucous  beneath:    capsules  long- 
conic,  4.5-5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  low  grounds  and  moist  soil.    Nat.  of  Eu. 

4.  S.  alba  L.     Tree  becoming  30  m.  tall,  the  twigs  olive-green  or  yellow  (blue 
or  bluish  in  S.  alba  coerulea} :  leaf -blades  often  pale,  lanceolate,  5-12  cm.  long, 
more  or  less  silky  (glabrous,  and  twigs  brilliant-yellow,  in  S.  alba  vitellina)  : 
capsules  ovoid,  3-5  mm.  long.  —  Frequent,  along  streams,  and  about  dwellings. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  WHITE-WILLOW. 

5.  S.  babylonica  L.     Tree  becoming  20  m.  tall,  the  twigs  greenish:  leaf -blades 
narrowly  lanceolate,  8-12  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  tapering  at  the  base: 
capsules  turgid,  2-3  mm.   long  or  smaller.  —  Frequent,  about  dwellings,  and 
along  streams.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  WEEPING- WILLOW. 

6.  S.  cordata  Muhl.     Shrub  becoming  5  m.  tall,  the  twigs  mostly  brown  or 
gray-brown:  leaf -blades  mainly  oblong-lanceolate,  7-9  cm.  long,  green  beneath: 
staminate  aments  about  2  cm.  long:  pistillate  aments  3-6  cm.  long:   capsules 
ovoid.  —  Frequent,  along  streams. 

7.  S.  interior  Bowlee.     Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  9  m.  tall,  the  twigs  brown  to 
green:    leaf -blades   mainly   linear-lanceolate,   mostly   6-10    cm.   long,   remotely 
toothed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  staminate  aments  6-10  cm.  long,  with  ovate  to 
obovate  bracts :  capsules  conic  or  ovoid-conic.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Common, 
on  the  river  shore  and  islands.  —  Schists.  —  SAND-BAR  WILLOW. 

8.  S.  petiolaris  J,  E.  Smith.      Shrub  becoming  4  m.  tall,  the  twigs  purplish: 
leaf -blades  lanceolate,  4-9  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  serrulate:  stami- 
nate aments  slender,  mostly  less  than  2  cm.  long:  capsules  ovoid-oblong  below 
the  beak,  4-6  mm.  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels.  —  N.  M.     Eather 
common,  in  swamps  and  wet  lands.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  limestones. 


MYEICACEAE.  93 

9.  S.  discolor  Muhl.     Shrub,  or  small  tree  7  m.  tall,  the  twigs  purple  or  gray- 
ish: leaf -blades  oblong,  elliptic  or  ovate-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  mostly  acute 
at  both  ends  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  glaucous  beneath:  staminate  aments  stout, 
mostly  over  2  cm.  long:  capsules  conic,  5-10  mm.  long,  much  longer  than  the 
pedicels.  —  M.  S.     Bather  rare,  in  swamps.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  GLAUCOUS- 
WILLOW. 

10.  S.  humilis  Marsh.     Shrub  becoming  2.5  m.  tall,  the  twigs  purplish  or  gray- 
ish: leaf -blades  narrowly  elliptic  to  oblanceolate,  6-10  cm.  long,  entire  or  den- 
ticulate, whitish  beneath:  staminate  aments  over  1  cm.  long:  capsules  7-8  mm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  low  grounds  and  on  banks.  —  PRAIRIE-WILLOW. 

11.  S.  tristis  Ait.     Shrub  usually  less  than  1  m.  tall,  the  twigs  mostly  grayish: 
leaf -blades  oblanceolate  to  linear-oblong,  2-5  cm.  long,  undulate,  hoary  on  both 
sides:    staminate   aments   less  than   1   cm.   long:    capsules   5-6  mm.   long. — S. 
Frequent,  in  open  woods  and  thickets.  —  Schists.  —  DWARF  GRAY-WILLOW. 

12.  S.  sericea  Marsh.     Shrub,  the  twigs  purplish,  silky:  leaf -blades  lanceolate, 
often  narrowly  so,  5-10  cm.  long,  acuminate:  staminate  aments  1.5-2  cm.  long: 
capsules  ovoid-oblong,  about  4  mm.  long,  silky.  —  M.     Frequent,  in  swamps.  — 
Limestones.  —  SILKY-WILLOW. 

13.  S,  viminalis  L.    Shrub,  or  small  tree,  the  twigs  green  or  pale-brown:  leaf- 
blades  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  6-15  cm.  long,  attenuate,  lustrous-pubes- 
cent beneath:  staminate  aments  2.5-3.5  cm.  long:   capsules  elongate-conic,  6-8 
mm.  long,  puberulent.  —  M.  S.       Frequent,  in  low  grounds  near  house  yards. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  OSIER. 

14.  S.  purpurea  L.     Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  4  m.  tall,  the  twigs  brownish: 
leaf -blades  oblong  to  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  4-7  cm.  long,  serrulate  near  the 
apex,  pale  beneath:  staminate    aments  about  2  cm.  long:  anthers  pale,  turning 
black :  capsules  densely  tomentose,  ovoid-conic,  about  5  mm.  long.  —  M.    Eather 
rare,  in  swamps.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  PURPLE- WILLOW. 

Order  MYEICALES. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  usually  aromatic.  Leaves  alternate:  blades 
simple,  sometimes  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious, 
the  staminate  in  long  aments,  each  flower  consisting  of  an  androecium  of 
2-8  stamens,  the  pistillate  in  short  aments,  each  flower  consisting  of  a 
gynoecium  of  2  united  carpels  on  a  bract  subtended  by  2  bractlets  and 
surrounded  by  2-8  scales.  Stigmas  2.  Ovule  solitary.  Fruit  a  nut,  the 
epicarp  often  waxy. 

FAMILY  1.    MYRICACEAE.    BAYBERRY  FAMILY. 
Shrubs    or    trees.      Leaves    resinous-dotted.      Aments    scaly-bracted. 
Perianth  wanting.    Ovary  1-celled.    Nut  short  and  thick. 

Leaf -blades  pinnatifid ;  stipules  present:  scales  surrounding  the  ovary  8,  subulate, 
conspicuous.  *•  COMPTOMA. 

Leaf-blades  entire  or  toothed ;  stipules  wanting :  scales  surround- 
ing  the  ovary  2-4,  very  short,  inconspicuous. 

1.  COMPTONIA  Banks.  Monoecious  shrubs.  Leaf -blades  pinnatifid.  Pis- 
tillate aments  bristly.  Fruit  not  drupe-like,  surrounded  by  a  bur-like  involucre. 

1.  C.  peregrina  (L.)  Coulter.  Shrub  3-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  linear-oblong 
to  linear-lanceolate,  4-11  cm.  long,  the  segments  obtuse:  staminate  aments  1-3 
cm  long  the  bracts  3-4  mm.  long:  pistillate  aments  bur-like:  nut  ovoid,  5  mm. 
long,  shining.  —  N.  S.  Common,  in  thickets  and  on  roadsides.  —  Sandstones 
and  shales,  schists.  —  Spr.  —  SWEET-FERN. 


94  JUGLANDACEAE. 

2.  CEBOTHAMNUS  Tidestrom.  Dioecious  shrubs.  Leaf -blades  entire  or 
merely  toothed.  Pistillate  aments  not  bristly.  Fruit  globose,  drupe-like,  with 
a  fleshy  waxy  epicarp. 

1.  C.  carolinensis  (Mill.)  Tidestrom.  Shrub  1-3  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  elliptic, 
oblong,  oblanceolate,  or  obovate,  2-10  cm.  long,  shallowly  toothed  toward  the 
apex:  staminate  aments  1-1.5  cm.  long:  nuts  4-5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  M. 
Eare,  in  the  Dillerville  swamp.  —  Limestones.  —  Spr.  —  BAYBERRY.  WAX- 
MYRTLE.  MYRTLE. 

Order  JUGLANDALES. 

Aromatic  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate :  blades  pinnate.  Flowers 
monoecious,  the  pistillate  in  lateral  aments  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding 
year,  with  a  2-6-lobed  calyx  bearing  several  rows  of  stamens,  or  the  calyx 
obsolete.  Pistillate  flowers  terminal,  consisting  of  an  involucrate  incom- 
pletely 2-4-celled  gynoecmm:  calyx  partially  adnate  to  the  gynoecium. 
Fruit  drupe-like,  the  nut  enclosed  in  an  indehiscent  or  dehiscent  husk. 
Seed  oily. 

FAMILY  1.    JUGLANDACEAE.     WALNUT  FAMILY. 

Aromatic  trees  with  hard  wood.  Leaves  with  unequally  pinnate 
blades.  Staminate  aments  solitary  or  clustered.  Involucre  of  the  fruit 
dry  or  juicy. 

Staminate   aments   stout,    simple,    sessile    or   short-stalked:    husk    indehiscent:    nut 
sculptured  1.  JUGLANS. 

Staminate  aments  slender,  branched,  long-stalked :  husk  dehiscent :  nut 

not  sculptured  2  HICORIA. 

1.  JUGLANS  L.     Bark  furrowed.     Pith  in  plates.     Leaflets  conduplicate 
in  vernation.     Staminate  aments  simple :   anther-connective  conspicuous.  —  Spr. 
—  WALNUT. 

Anther-connective  a  round  tip  :  fruit  elongate,  viscid-pubescent :  nut  4-angled. 

1.  J.  cinerea. 
Anther-connective  crown-like :  fruit  round,  glabrous  :  nut  not  angled.      2.  J.  nigra. 

1.  J.  cinerea  L.     Tree  becoming  30  m.  tall,  the  heart -wood  pale:  leaflets  11-17; 
blades  lanceolate   to   oblong-lanceolate    or   oblong,    6-12    cm.   long:    staminate 
aments  6-15  cm.  long:  fruits  8-12  cm.  long,  usually  acute:  nut  2-celled  below 
the  middle,  the  ridges  thin  and  brittle.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  on  rocky  hill- 
sides. —  BUTTERNUT.    WHITE-WALNUT. 

2.  J.  nigra  L.     Tree  becoming  50  m.  tall,  the  heart -wood  dark-brown:  leaflets 
15-23;  blades  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  8-10  cm.  long,  rounded  or  subcordate 
at  the  base:  staminate  aments  5-10  cm.  long:  fruits  5-8  cm.  in  diameter:  nut 
4-celled  below  the  middle,  sculptured,  the  ridges  thick,  firm. —  Common,  in  rich 
soil.  —  BLACK-WALNUT. 

2.  HICORIA  Eaf.     Bark  close  or  scaly.     Pith  solid.     Leaflets  involute  in 
vernation.      Staminate   aments  branched.     Anther-connective   inconspicuous.  — 
Spr.  —  HICKORY. 

Bud-scales  valvate  :  lateral  leaflets  mostly  falcate.  1.  H.  cordiformis. 

Bud-scales  imbricate :  lateral  leaflets  not  falcate. 

Middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx  much   longer  than  the 
lateral :  husk  of  the  fruit  freely  splitting  to  the  base. 
Bark  close,  but  rough  :  foliage  scurfy  or  pubescent.  2.  H.  alba,. 

Bark  shaggy,  separating  in  long  plates :  foliage  glabrous 
or  puberulent. 


JUGLANDACEAE.  95 

Leaflets  7-0  :  nuts  pointed  at  both  ends.  3.  H.  lacinioaa. 

Leaflets  3-5  :  nuts  rounded  or  notched  at  the  base.          4.  H.  ovata. 
Middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx  usually   about  equal  to 
the  lateral :  husk  of  the  fruit  not  freely  splitting  to 
the  base. 
Bark  shaggy :  fruit  mostly  subglobose  :  nut  thin-shelled : 

seed  sweet.  5.  H.  microcarpa. 

Bark    close :    fruit    mostly    obovoid :    nut    thick-shelled : 

seed  bitter.  6.  H.  glabra. 

1.  H.  cordiformis  (Wang.)  Britton.     Tree  becoming  30  m.  tall,  the  close  bark 
with  shallow  furrows  and  flat  ridges :  leaflets  5-9 ;  blades  of  the  lateral  ones 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  8-15  cm.  long,  falcate :  staminate  aments  slender, 
7-13  cm.  long:   fruits  subglobose,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  slightly  6-ridged,  the  thin 
husk  tardily  4-valved :  nut  smooth,  thin-walled,  the  seed  bitter.  —  Common,  in 
low  grounds.  — BITTER-NUT.     SWAMP-HICKORY. 

2.  H.  alba  (L.)  Britton.     Tree  becoming  30  m.  tall,  the  bark  with  flat  ridges: 
leaflets  7-9;   blades  of  the  lateral  ones  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  8-15  cm. 
long:  staminate  aments  stout,  10-15  cm.  long:  fruits  globose-obovoid,  4-6  cm. 
in  diameter,  the  husk  very  thick :   nut  angled,  thick-shelled,  the  seed  sweet.  — 
Common,  in  woods.  —  MOCKER-NUT.     WHITE-HEART  HICKORY. 

3.  H.  laciniosa  (Michx.)  Sarg.     Tree  becoming  40  m.  tall,  the  bark  separating 
in  narrow  plates:  leaflets  7-9,  or  rarely  5;  blades  of  the  lateral  ones  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  10-20  cm.  long:   staminate  aments  stoutish,  9-20  cm.  long: 
fruits  broadly  oblong  or  oblong-obovoid,  5-8  cm.  long,  the  husk  very  thick:  nut 
broadly  oblong,  thick-shelled,  the  seed  sweet.  — •  M.     Bare,  along  the  Conestoga 
Creek,  near  Lancaster.     (Not  recently  collected.)  — Limestones.  —  KING-NUT. 

4.  H.  ovata  (Mill.)  Britton.     Tree  becoming  40  m.  tall,  the  bark  separating  in 
large  plates:  leaflets  5,  or  rarely  7;  blades  of  the  lateral  ones  oval  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  10-15  cm.  long:  staminate  aments  stout,  6-12  em.  long:  fruits  sub- 
globose,  3-5  cm.  thick,  the  husk  thick;   nut  slightly  angled,  thin-shelled,  the 
seed  sweet.  —  Not  very  common,  except  along  the  river,  and  creeks.  —  SHELL- 
BARK.     SHAG-BARK  HICKORY. 

5.  H.  microcarpa   (Nutt.)   Britton.     Tree  becoming  25  m.  tall,  the  bark  sep- 
arating in  thin  plates:  leaflets  5-7;  blades  of  the  lateral  ones  oval,  oblong,  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  6-14  cm.  long:  staminate  aments  slender,  7-14  cm.  long:  fruits 
subglobose,  2-2.5  cm.  thick,  the  husk  thin:  nut  barely  angled,  thin-shelled,  the 
seed  sweet.  —  Common,  in  woods. 

6.  H.  glabra  (Mill.)  Britton.     Tree  becoming  60  m.  tall,  the  close  bark  in  flat 
ridges:   leaflets  mostly  3-7,  the  blades  of  the  lateral  ones  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,    7-15    cm.    long,    acuminate,    green    beneath,    glabrous:    staminate 
aments  6-10  cm.  long:  fruits  subglobose,  obovoid  or  pyriform,  3.5-5  cm.  long: 
the   husk   thinnish :    nut    angled,    thick-shelled,   the    seed    astringent.  —  N.    M. 
Common,  in  woods.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  limestones.  —  PIG-NUT. 

Order  FAGALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  simple.  Flowers  monoe- 
cious or  rarely  dioecious,  at  least  the  staminate  borne  in  aments,  the  pis- 
tillate sometimes  with  an  involucre  which  becomes  a  bur  or  cup  in  fruit. 
Calyx  usually  present.  Corolla  wanting.  Fruit  a  nut  or  rarely  a  samara. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  aments  :  fruit  never  with  a  bur  or  cup. 

Staminate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  without  a  calyx:  pistillate 

flowers  with  a  calyx.  Fam.  1.  COBYLACEAE. 

Staminate  flowers  2-3  together  in  the  axil  of  each  bract, 

each  with  a  calyx :   pistillate  flowers  without  a   calyx.  Fam.  2.  BETULACEAE. 
Staminate   flowers   in    aments :    pistillate    often   solitary,   the 

involucre  becoming  a  bur  or  cup.  Fam.  3.  FAGACEAE. 


96  JUGLANDACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    CORYLACEAE.    HAZEL-NUT  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  the  wood  close-grained.  Leaves  deciduous:  blades 
mostly  doubly-toothed.  Staminate  aments  drooping,  with  each  bract  sub- 
tending one  flower,  the  calyx  wanting.  Pistillate  aments  not  drooping, 
each  bract  bearing  2  or  3  pistils,  the  involucre  of  a  bract  and  2  scales. 
Fruit  consisting  of  one  or  more  accrescent  bracts  each  subtending  or  in- 
closing 1-3  nuts. 

Staminate  flowers  without  bractlets  :  pistillate  flowers  numerous,  in  elongate  aments  : 

nuts  small,  subtended  by  or  inclosed  in  a  bract :  stamens  many. 
Fruiting  bracts  flat,  3-lobed,  the  terminal  lobe  toothed. 

Fruiting  bracts  bladder-like.  2.  OSTRYA. 

Staminate  flowers  with  bractlets  :  pistillate  flowers  few,  in  heads : 

nuts  large,  in  leaf-like  involucres  :  stamens  few.  3.  CORYLUS. 

1.  CARPINTJS  [Tourn.]  L.     Trees  or  shrubs,  the  bark  smooth.     Staminate 
aments  solitary,  the  bracts  acute,  ciliate.    Pistillate  aments  with  3-lobed  bracts 
at  maturity. 

1.  C.  caroliniana  Walt.  Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  13  m.  tall,  the  bark  blue- 
gray:  leaf -blades  oblong,  varying  mainly  to  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-14  cm. 
long,  glabrous  above:  Staminate  aments  2-5  cm.  long:  mature  bracts  of  the 
pistillate  aments  hastate,  2-3  cm.  long:  nuts  5-6  mm.  long.  —  Common,  gen- 
erally in  rocky  places  near  streams.  —  Spr.  —  BLUE-BEECH. 

2.  OSTHYA   [Mich.]   Scop.     Shrubs  or  trees,  the  bark  scaly.     Staminate 
aments  clustered,  the  bracts  blunt,  not  ciliate.     Pistillate  aments  with  lobeless 
bracts. 

1.  O.  virginiana  (Mill.)  Willd.  Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  18  m.  tall,  the  bark 
rough :  leaf -blades  mainly  oblong,  elliptic  or  oval,  3-13  cm.  long,  slightly  pubes- 
cent, or  glabrate  above:  staminate  aments  3-8  cm.  long:  mature  bracts  of  the 
pistillate  aments  oblong  to  ovate,  1.5-2  cm.  long:  nuts  6-7  mm.  long.  —  Not 
common,  usually  in  rocky  woods.  —  Spr.  —  LEVER-WOOD.  HOP-HORNBEAN.  IRON- 
WOOD. 

3.  CORYLUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Shrubs  or  trees,  the  bark  smoothish.  Staminate 
aments  with  acuminate  bracts.  Pistillate  aments  with  foliaceous  bractlets  at 
maturity,  these  are  dilated,  or  sometimes  formed  into  a  beaked  involucre.  — 
Spr.  —  HAZEL-NUT. 

Mature  bractlets  distinct,  leaf-like,  incised.  1.  C.  americana. 

Mature  bractlets  united,  prolonged  into  a  narrow  beak.  2.  C.  rostrata. 

1.  C.  americana  Walt.     Shrub  1-4  m.  tall:   leaf -blades  thickish,  oval  or  sub- 
orbicular,  varying  to  ovate  or  obovate,  5-15  cm.  long:  staminate  aments  6-10 
cm.  long,  the  bracts  broadly  oval  or  nearly  so,  acuminate:  each  bractlet  of  the 
pistillate  aments  becoming  foliaceous  and  lobed.  —  Common,  in  thickets. 

2.  C.  rostrata  Ait.     Shrub  1-2  m.  tall:   leaf -blades  thinnish,  oblong  or  oval, 
varying  to   obovate,   4-12   cm.   long,   coarsely    serrate   and   sharply   serrulate: 
staminate  aments  2-5  cm.  long,  the  bracts  rhomboid-obovate,  apiculate:   each 
bractlet   of   the   pistillate   aments   developing   a   beaked   tubular   involucre. — 
N.  S.     Bather  rare,  in  stony  soil,  especially  on  banks  of  streams.  —  Sandstones 
and  shales,  schists.  —  BEAKED-HAZELNUT. 

FAMILY  2.    BETULACEAE.    BIRCH  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  the  wood  close-grained.  Leaves  deciduous:  blades 
with  2-several  series  of  teeth.  Staminate  aments  drooping,  with  each  bract 


FAGACEAE.  97 

subtending  2  or  3  flowers,  the  calyx  present.  Pistillate  aments  seldom 
drooping,  the  bracts  membranous  or  thickened  and  woody,  each  bearing  2 
or  3  pistils,  the  calyx  wanting.  Fruit  a  cone-like  aggregate  of  the  accres- 
cent bracts  each  of  which  subtends  a  nut. 

Stamens  2  :  bracts  of  the  mature  pistillate  aments  membranous,  3-lobed  deciduous 
with  the  nuts.  1.  BETULA. 

Stamens  4  (3-6)  :  bracts  of  the  mature  pistillate  aments  thickened  and 

woody,  persistent.  2.  ALNUS. 

1.  BETULA    [Tourn.]    L.     Shrubs    or    trees,    the    bark    often    aromatic. 
Staminate  flowers  with  2  stamens,  the  anther-sacs  separated.     Bracts  of  the 
pistillate  aments  3-lobed,  thin  and  appressed  or  ascending  at  maturity.  —  Spr. 
—  BIRCH. 

Fruiting  aments  peduncled  :  samaras  wider  than  long.  1.  B.  nigra. 

Bark  brown  :  leaf-blades  shining  above :  mature  pistillate 

bracts  with  2  short  broad  divergent  lateral  lobes :  nut 

with  triangular-obovate  or  cuneate  wings.  2.  B.  lenta. 

Bark  yellowish  or  silvery  :  leaf-blades  dull  above  :  mature 

pistillate    bracts    with    2    ascending    lateral    lobes :    nut 

with  orbicular-obovate  wings.  3.  B.  allegheniensis. 

1.  B.  nigra  L.     Tree  becoming  30  m.  tall,  the  younger  bark  silvery  or  yellow: 
leaf -blades  rhombic-ovate,  3-6  cm.  long,  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  more  or 
less   tomentose   beneath    except    in    age:    staminate    aments   with    suborbicular 
bracts:  mature  pistillate  aments  3-4  cm.  long,  less  than  1  cm.  thick,  the  bracts 
6-7   mm.   long,   tomentulose :    wings   of   the   fruit   renif orm,   ciliate.      Common, 
along  streams.  —  KIVER-BIRCH.     KED-BIRCH. 

2.  B.  lenta  L.     Tree  becoming  25  m.  tall,  the  bark  brown:  leaf -blades  ovate, 
oblong-ovate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  4-12   cm.  long,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  silky  on  the  nerves  beneath:  staminate  aments  with  ovate  bracts:  mature 
pistillate  aments  1.5-3  cm.  long,  over  1  cm.  thick,  the  bracts  5-6  mm.  long  and 
quite  or  nearly  as  wide,  usually  glabrous:  wings  of  the  fruit  triangular-obovate 
or  cuneate,  not  ciliate.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  on  hillsides.  —  SWEET-BIRCH. 
CHERRY-BIRCH.     BLACK-BIRCH. 

3.  B.  allegheniensis  Britton.     Tree  becoming  30  m.  tall,  the  bark  yellowish  or 
silvery:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  rounded  or  cordate  at 
the  base,  pubescent   on  the  nerves  beneath:    staminate  aments  with  ovate  or 
oval-ovate  bracts:    mature  pistillate  aments  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  very  stout,  the 
bracts  7-9  mm.  long,  quite  or  fully  as  wide,  ciliate :  wings  of  the  fruit  orbicular- 
obovate.  —  Susquehanna    valley    and    tributary    streams    and    in    neighboring 
ravines ;   also  in  the  Welsh  mountains.  —  Schists,  quartzite.  —  SOUTHERN  YEL- 
LOW-BIRCH. 

2.  AINUS  [Tourn.]  L.     Shrubs  or  trees,  the  bark  astringent.     Staminate 
flowers  with  3-6  stamens,  the  anther-sacs  connected.     Bracts  of  the  pistillate 
aments  not  lobed  or  obscurely  so,  woody  and  spreading  at  maturity. 

1.  A.  rugosa  (Du  Eoi)  Spreng.  Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  13  m.  tall:  leaf- 
blades  thickish,  obovate  or  oval,  4-10  cm.  long:  mature  pistillate  aments  1.5-2 
cm.  long,  the  bracts  3-lobed:  nuts  1.5  mm.  long,  sharp-margined.  —  Common,  in 
low  woods  and  thickets.  —  Winter  and  Spr.  —  ALDER.  SMOOTH-ALDER. 

FAMILY  3.    FAGACEAE.     BEECH   FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  the  wood  usually  coarse-grained.     Leaves  sometimes 
persistent:   blades   simple,   entire,   toothed,   or  lobed.      Staminate   aments 
elongate  or  globular,  the  calyx  of  4-7  partially  united  sepals.     Pistillate 
Lancaster  County  Flora  7. 


98  FAGACEAE. 

flowers  solitary  or  several  together,  each  subtended  by  a  bristly  involucre, 
the  sepals  thick.  Fruit  a  bur-like  or  cup-like  involucre,  enclosing  or  sub- 
tending 1  or  more  nuts. 

Staminate  aments  globose,  drooping  on  slender  bracted  peduncles  :  nuts  3-angled  or 

3- winged.  1.  FAGUS. 

Staminate  aments  elongate,  slender. 

Staminate  aments   erect   or   ascending :   nuts   1-3,   included  in  a 

very  spiny  involucre.  2.  CASTANEA. 

Staminate  aments  drooping :   nut  seated  in  an  involucre  of  im- 
bricate scales.  3.  QDERCUS. 

1.  FAGUS  [Tourn.]  L.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  close-grained  wood.     Leaf- 
blades    toothed.      Staminate    aments    globular,    pendulous:     calyx    4-7-lobed: 
stamens  8-16.     Pistillate  flowers  2-4  together:    calyx  4-5-lobed.     Staminodia 
wanting.     Ovary  3-celled:    stigmas  3,  filiform.     Mature  involucre  with  fleshy 
spines,  enclosing  the  nuts.    Nuts  2-4,  3-angled  or  3-winged. 

1.  F.  grandifolia  Ehrh.  Tree  becoming  40  m.  tall,  the  bark  smooth,  pale: 
leaf -blades  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  5-14  cm.  long:  staminate  aments  1-1.5  cm.  in 
diameter,  long-peduncled :  ripe  involucre  ovoid,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  short -peduncled : 
nut  ovoid,  narrowly  winged,  edible.  —  Common,  in  woods.  —  Spr.  —  BEECH. 

2.  CASTANEA  [Tourn.]  Hill.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  porous  wood.     Leaf- 
blades  toothed,  the  teeth  slender-tipped.    Staminate  aments  elongate,  spreading : 
calyx  6-lobed:  stamens  10-20,  the  filaments  greatly  elongate.    Pistillate  flowers 
several :    calyx    6-lobed.       Staminodia    present.       Ovary    imperfectly    6-celled : 
stigmas  6,  slender.     Mature  spiny  involucre,  including  the  nuts.     Nuts  2  or  3, 
or  sometimes  solitary.  —  Sum. 

Leaf-blades  glabrous  at  maturity  :  nuts  usually  3  in  an  involucre,  flattened. 

1.  G.  dcntata. 
Leaf-blades  permanently   pubescent  beneath :   nuts   usually  solitary, 

not  flattened.  2.  C.  pumila. 

1.  0.  dentata  (Marsh.)  Borkh.     Tree  becoming  30  m.  tall,  the  bark  furrowed: 
leaf-blades  narrowly  elliptic,  elliptic-lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  10-30  cm. 
long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  glabrous:  neck  of  the  hypanthium  longer  than  the 
body:  ripe  involucre  5-10  cm.  in  diameter:  nuts  mostly  2,  3  or  5  together,  2-2.5 
cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  on  hillsides.  —  CHESTNUT. 

2.  C.  pumila  (L.)  Mill.     Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  16  m.  tall,  the  bark  smooth: 
leaf -blades  oblong  to  obovate,  7-14  mm.  long,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex, 
white-tomentose  beneath:  neck  of  the  hypanthium  shorter  than  the  body:  ripe 
involucre  3-4  cm.  in  diameter:  nuts  usually  solitary,  1-1.5  cm.  long.  —  S.     Not 
very  common,  on  dry  hills.     Grows  abundantly  only  in  a  few  stations  on  the 
schist  hills.  —  CHINQUAPIN. 

3.  QUERCUS    [Tourn.]    L.  .  Shrubs   or   trees,  with   coarse-grained   wood. 
Leaf -blades  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed.     Staminate  aments  drooping:  calyx  4-7- 
lobed:  stamens  6-12,  the  filaments  relatively  short.      Pistillate  flowers  solitary 
or  several:  ovary  usually  3-celled:  stigmas  3,  dilated.     Mature  scaly  involucre 
saucer-like  or  cup-like,  subtending  the  nut,  or  rarely  enclosing  it.  —  Spr.  —  OAK. 

Leaf-blades,    or   their   lobes,   bristle-tipped :    styles    elongate :    nuts    often   pubescent 

within. 

Leaf-blades  entire,  not  dilated  at  the  apex.  1.  Q.  Phellos. 

Leaf-blades    dilated    at    the    apex    or    pinnately    lobed    or 

pinnatifid. 

Leaf-blades  broadened  upward,  3-lobed  near  the  apex.  2.  Q.  marylandica. 

Leaf-blades  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  lobed. 

Leaf-blades  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides. 
Cup  of  the  acorn  saucer-shaped. 


FAGACEAE.  99 

Cup  less  than  18  mm.  wide :  lobes  of  the  leaf- 
blades  much  longer  than  the  width  of  the 
body.  3.  Q.  palustris. 

Cup  over  18  mm.  wide :  lobes  of  the  leaf- 
blades  about  as  long  as  the  width  of  the 
body.  4.  Q.  rubra. 

Cup  of  the  acorn  turbinate  or  hemispheric.  5.  Q.  coccinea. 

Leaf-blades  pubescent  beneath. 

Cup  of  the  acorn  turbinate :  leaf -blades  brown- 

or  rusty-pubescent  beneath.  6.  Q.  velutina. 

Cup  of  the  corn  saucer-shaped :  leaf-blades  gray- 

or  white-pubescent  beneath.  7.  Q.  nana. 

Leaf -blades,  or  their  teeth  or  lobes,  without  bristles    (except 

on  shoots)  :  nuts  often  glabrous  within. 
Leaf-blades  toothed  or  shallowly  lobed. 
Acorns  sessile. 

Shrub   or   small   tree :   leaf -blades   mostly   broadest 

above  the  middle.  8.  Q.  prinoides. 

Tall    tree :    leaf -blades    mostly    broadest   below    the 

middle.  9.  Q.  Muhlenbergli. 

Acorns  peduncled. 

Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles,  or  about  equal- 
ling them.  10.  Q.  Prinus. 
Peduncles  much  longer  than  the  petioles.  11.  Q.  ticolor. 
Leaf-blades  prominently  or  deeply  lobed. 

Mature  leaf -blades  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath :  cup 

fully  %   as  long  as  the  nut. 
Upper  scales   of  the   cup   awned   forming  a  fringe 

around  the  nut.  12.  Q.  macrocarpa. 

Upper  scales  of  the  cup  not  awned.  13.  Q.  stellata. 

Mature  leaf-blades  glabrous  and  pale   or  glaucous  be- 
neath :  cup  shallow.  14.  Q.  alba. 

1.  Q.  Phellos  L.     Tree  becoming  25  m.  tall:  leaves  sometimes  partly  persistent; 
blades  linear-oblong  or  narrowly  elliptic  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  4-10  cm. 
long,  shining  and  glabrous  at  maturity,  entire:  acorns  sessile  or  nearly  so;  cup 
saucer-shaped,  10—15  mm.  wide;   nut  subglobose,   often  depressed  or  globose- 
ovoid,  about  1  cm.  long.  —  S.     Rare,  on  dry  hills.  —  Schists.  —  WILLOW-OAK. 

2.  Q.  marylandica  Muench.     Tree  becoming  20  m.  tall,  the  bark  very  rough: 
leaf -blades  broadly  or  narrowly  obovate  in  outline,  8-17  cm.  long,  3-5-lobed  or 
with  a  single  dilated  terminal  lobe,  brownish-pubescent  beneath:  acorns  sessile 
or  short-stalked;  cup  depressed-hemispheric,  15-20  mm.  wide;  nut  subglobose  or 
ovoid,  10-20  mm.  long.  —  S.    Very  common,  on  dry  hills.  —  Serpentine,  schists. 
—  BLACK-JACK.    BARREN-OAK. 

3.  Q.  palustris  Du  Roi.     Tree  becoming  6  m.  tall,  the  lower  branches  reflexed: 
leaf -blades  broadly  oval,  varying  to  ovate  or  obovate  in  outline,  6-15  cm.  long, 
merely  pubescent  in  the  vein-axils  beneath,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  oblong, 
lanceolate,  or  triangular:   acorns  short-stalked;   cup  saucer-shaped,  12-15  mm. 
wide;  nut  subglobose,  10^-15  mm.  long.  —  Common,  mostly  in  moist  woods. — 
SWAMP  SPANISH-OAK.    PIN-OAK. 

4.  Q.  rubra  L.     Tree  becoming  50  m.  tall,  the  lower  branches  spreading:  leaf- 
blades  oval,  varying  from  ovate  to  obovate  in  outline,  10^20  cm.  long,  with  tufts 
of  hairs  in  the  vein-axils  beneath,  pinnately  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  ascending,  the 
sinuses  rounded:  acorns  short-stalked;  cup  saucer-shaped,  25-35  mm.  wide;  nut 
ovoid,  25-30  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  woods.  —  RED-OAK. 

5.  Q.  coccinea  Wang.     Tree  becoming  50  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval,  varying  to 
oblong  or  obovate  in  outline,  10-20  cm.  long,  glabrous,  except  the  tufted  vein- 
axils  beneath,  pinnately  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  usually  toothed:   acorn  sessile  or 
short-stalked;  cup  turbinate,  15-20  mm.  wide,  more  or  less  constricted  at  the 
base;   nut  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  mostly  10-20  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  dry 
soil.  —  SCARLET-OAK. 

6.  Q.  velutina  Lam.     Tree  becoming  50  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval  or  obovate  In 
outline,  10-30  cm.  long,  usually  rusty-pubescent  beneath,  pinnately  lobed,  the 
lobes   coarsely   bristle-toothed:    acorn   sessile    or   nearly  so;    cup   turbinate   or 
hemispheric-turbinate,  20-25  mm.  wide;  nut  globose-oblong  or  ovoid,  15-25  mm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  woods.  —  BLACK-OAK.    YELLOW-BARKED  OAK.    QUERCITRON. 


100  FAGACEAE. 

7.  Q.  nana  (Marsh.)  Sarg.     Shrub  rather  intricately  branched,  or  tree  becoming 
7  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  obovate  or  oval  in  outline,  6-12  cm.  long,  with  white  or 
pale-gray  tomentum  beneath,  pinnatifid  into  3-5  triangular  or  deltoid  lobes: 
acorns  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile;  cup  saucer-shaped  (or  shallow-turbinate), 
14-18  mm.  wide;  nut  ovoid-globose  or  depressed,  10-15  mm.  long.  —  S.      Com- 
mon, on  dry  hills.  —  Schists,  serpentine.  —  BEAR-OAK.     BLACK  SCRUB-OAK. 

8.  Q.  prinoides  Willd.     Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  6  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  obovate 
or    oblanceolate,    or    rarely   nearly    oblong,    5-15    cm.    long,    coarsely   toothed, 
cuneate  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  base,  finely  gray-tomentose  beneath:   acorns 
sessile  or  nearly  so;  cup  hemispheric,  13-18  mm.  wide;  nut  oblong-ovoid,  15-25 
mm.  long.  —  S.     Not  very  common,  dry  hills.  —  Schists.  —  SCRUB  CHESTNUT- 
OAK. 

9.  Q.    Muhlenbergii    Engelm.      Tree    becoming    50    m.    tall,    the   bark    scaly: 
leaf -blades  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  5-20  cm.  long,  coarsely  serrate,  with 
usually  somewhat  flaring  teeth,  minutely  pubescent  beneath  or  glabrate:  acorns 
sessile  or  nearly  so;  cup  hemispheric,  about  15  mm.  wide;  nut  ovoid,  about  15 
mm.  long.  —  CHESTNUT-OAK.     YELLOW-OAK. 

10.  Q.  Prinus  L.     Tree  becoming  30  m.  tall,  the  bark  close :  leaf -blades  oblong 
to  oval,  varying  to  broadest  slightly  above  or  below  the  middle,   15-20   cm. 
long,      coarsely     crenate-serrate,     gray-tomentulose     beneath:      acorns     short  - 
peduncled;  cup  hemispheric,  12-35  mm.  wide;  nut  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  25-35 
mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  dry  rocky  woods.  —  CHESTNUT-OAK. 

11.  Q.    tricolor    Willd.       Tree    sometimes    becoming    36    m.    tall:    leaf -blades 
obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  5-20  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed  or  shallowly  lobed, 
usually   cuneate   at   the   base,    densely  white-tomentose   beneath:    acorns   long- 
stalked;    cup    saucer-shaped   or   depressed-hemispheric,    20-25   mm.   wide,   with 
some  of  the  bracts  prolonged;  nut  oblong  or  oblong-ovoid,  20-25  mm.  long  or 
slightly   longer.  —  S.     Common,   in  low   grounds.  —  Schists.  —  SWAMP   WHITE- 
OAK. 

12.  Q.  macrocarpa  Michx.     Tree  becoming  55  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  obovate  to 
spatulate   in    outline,   10-30   cm.    long,   finely   tomentose    beneath   the   pinnate 
lobes,  spreading,  the  terminal  lobe  largest  and  usually  coarsely  crenate:  acorns 
long-stalked;    cup   deep-hemispheric    or   globular,   20-40   mm.   wide,   the   upper 
scales  with  filiform  tips ;  nuts  subglobose  or  broadly  oblong,  30-50  mm.  long.  — • 
Susquehanna  valley  and  tributary  streams.     Bare,  on  shaded  banks.  —  OVER- 
CUP-OAK.     MOSSY-CUP  OAK.    BUR-OAK. 

13.  Q.    stellata    Wang.       Tree    becoming    30    m.    tall:     leaf -blades    broadly 
obovate  in  outline,  10-20  cm.  long,  finely  tomentose  beneath  with  gray  or  yel- 
lowish hairs,  pinnatifid  into  usually  broad  diverging  lobes:   acorns  often  clus- 
tered; cup  hemispheric  and  contracted  at  the  base,  15-20  mm.  wide;  nut  ovoid, 
15-20  mm.  long.  —  S.    Common,  in  dry  soil.  —  Schists,  serpentine.  —  POST-OAK. 
IRON-OAK. 

14.  Q.  alba  L.     Tree  becoming  45  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  obovate  in  outline,  10-20 
cm.  long,  glaucous  and  finally  glabrous  beneath,  pinnatifid  into  3-9,  usually  7, 
ascending  narrow  lobes:    acorns   short-stalked;    cup   saucer-shaped   or   shallow- 
hemispheric,  woody-tuberculate,  15-20  mm.  wide;  nut  oblong-ovoid,  15-25  mm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  woods.  —  WHITE-OAK. 

Order  URTICALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  or  in  the  case  of  herbs 
often  opposite :  blades  simple,  entire,  toothed,  or  divided.  Flowers  various, 
not  in  aments.  Calyx  present.  Corolla  wanting.  Androecium  often  of 
as  many  stamens  as  there  are  sepals.  Gynoecium  of  a  single  carpel  or  of 
2  united  carpels.  Fruit  an  achene,  a  samara,  a  drupe,  or  a  syncarp. 


UKTICACEAE.  101 

Fruit  an   achene,   the  achenes   sometimes   in   the  accrescent  sepals   and   forming  a 

syncarp. 

Flowers    not    on    a    receptacle :    fruit    not    syncarps : 
sepals    neither   thick   and   juicy   nor    enveloping 
achenes. 
Style  or  stigma   1 :   the  latter  sometimes   tufted : 

ovule  erect :  filaments  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Fam.  1.  URTICACEAE. 

Styles   or   stigmas   2 :    ovule   pendulous :   filaments 

erect  in  the  bud.  Fam.  2.  CANNABINACEAE. 

Flowers    on    the    outside    or    inside    of    a    receptacle : 
fruits  syncarps  or  syconiums  :  sepals  accrescent,  en- 
veloping the  achenes.  Fam.  3.  ARTOCABPACEAE. 
Fruit  a  samara  or  a  drupe,  sometimes  nut-like.  Fam.  4.  ULMACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    URTICACEAE.    NETTLE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  often  with  stinging  hairs.  Leaf -blades  entire, 
toothed,  or  rarely  lobed.  Flowers  dioecious,  monoecious,  or  polygamous, 
cymose.  Calyx  of  2-5  distinct  or  partially  united  sepals.  Androecium  of 
2-5  stamens.  Gynoecium  a  single  carpel.  Fruit  an  achene. 

Sepals  of  the  pistillate  flowers  distinct  or  slightly  united,  not  investing  the  achene. 

Stigma  subulate,  not  tufted  :  ovary,  and  achene.  oblique.  1.  URTICASTRUM. 
Stigma  tufted  :   ovary,  and  achene,   equilateral. 
Flowers  not  involucrate. 

Pistillate  flowers  with  4  sepals  :  staminodia  wanting.  2.  URTICA. 

Pistillate  flowers  with  3  sepals  :  staminodia  present.  3.  ADICEA. 

Flowers  involucrate.  4.  PARIETARIA. 
Sepals  of  the  pistillate  flowers  united,  the  tube  wholly  investing 

the  achene.  5.  BOEHMERIA. 

1.  URTICASTRUM  Fabr.     Perennial  herbs  with  stinging  hairs.     Leaves 
alternate:   blades  toothed.     Pistillate  flowers  with  a  calyx  of  5  sepals  and  an 
oblique  ovary. 

1.  U.  divaricatum  (L.)  Kuntze.  Stem  2-12  cm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate,  oblong, 
or  elliptic,  5-20  cm.  long,  long-petioled :  panicles  spreading,  the  lower  stami- 
nate,  the  upper  pistillate:  sepals  oblong,  or  broader  in  the  pistillate  flowers: 
achene  oblique,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter,  exserted.  —  Common,  in  thickets 
and  in  woods.  —  Sum.  —  WOOD-NETTLE. 

2.  URTICA    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual   or  perennial   often   coarse  herbs  with 
stinging  hairs.     Leaves  opposite:    blades  toothed  or  incised-lobed.     Pistillate 
flowers  with  a  calyx  of  4  sepals  and  an  equilateral  ovary.  —  Sum.  —  NETTLE. 

Stems  sparingly  bristly :  petioles  fully  %   as  long  as  the  width  of  the  leaf-blades. 

1.   U.  gracilis. 
Stems  densely  bristly :  petioles  less  than  %  as  long  as  the  width  of 

the  leaf-blades.  2.   U.  dioica. 

1.  U.   gracilis  Ait.     Stem  6-28   dm.  tall:    leaf -blades  lanceolate,  occasionally 
broadly   so,    6-15   cm.    long,   acuminate,   serrate:    sepals   hispidulous:    achenes 
fully  1  mm.  long.  —  Rather  rare,  in  fence-rows  and  on  river  banks. 

2.  U.   dioica  L.     Stem   6-13    dm.   tall:    leaf -blades  ovate   to   ovate-lanceolate, 
3-12    cm.    long,    prominently    incised-serrate,    cordate,    sometimes    deeply    so: 
sepala  sof t-hispidulous :  achenes  fully  1  mm.  long.  —  Rather  common,  in  waste 
places  and  on  roadsides.      Nat.  of  Eu.  —  STINGING-NETTLE. 

3.  ADICEA   Raf.     Annual    or   perennial   erect   succulent   herbs.      Leaves 
mainly  opposite:   blades  toothed,  3-ribbed.     Flowers  dioecious.     Sepals  of  the 
pistillate  flowers  3,  equal,  slightly  broader  at  the  apex,  not  enclosing  the  achene, 
each  accompanied  by  a  staminodium.     Stigma  tufted. 

1.  A.  pumila  (L.)  Raf.  Stem  1-7  dm.  tall,  very  watery:  leaf -blades  ovate  to 
elliptic,  3-10  cm.  long,  coarsely  crenate-serrate,  long-petioled:  sepals  lanceo- 


102  CANNABINACEAE. 

late:  achenes  ovoid,  about  2  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  moist  shaded  places. — 
Sum.  —  CLEARWEED.  RICHWEED. 

4.  PARIETABJA  [Tourn.]  L.    Annual  or  perennial  flimsy  succulent  herbs. 
Leaves  alternate:  blades  entire.     Flowers  polygamous,  in  clustered  involucrate 
axillary   cymes,   the   involucres   of   2-6   more    or   less   united  bracts.      Stigma 
tufted. 

1.  P.  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Stems  1-4  dm.  long,  finely  pubescent,  simple  or 
branched:  leaf -blades  lanceolate  to  elliptic  or  sometimes  broader,  1-6  cm. 
long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  base:  sepals  acute:  achenes  oval,  fully  1  mm. 
long.  —  S.  Rather  common,  on  dry  banks.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  PELLITORY. 

5.  BOEHMERIA     Jacq.       Perennial     herbs.       Leaves     opposite:     blades 
toothed,   often    3-ribbed.      Flowers   monoecious,    in    clusters    on   branches,   the 
pistillate    with    4    united    sepals    surrounding    the    ovary.      Stigma    elongate. 
Achene   included  in   the   horseshoe-like   accrescent   calyx.  —  Sum.    and   fall.  — 
FALSE-NETTLE. 

Staminate  calyx  about  3  mm.  wide ;  sepals  acute :   leaf-blades  leathery,  finely  ser- 
rate :  petioles  much  shorter  than  the  blades.  1.  B.  scabra. 

Staminate  calyx  about  2  mm.  wide ;  sepals  obtuse :  leaf-blades 
relatively  thin,  coarsely  serrate :  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades 
or  little  shorter.  2.  B.  cylindrica. 

1.  B.  scabra  (Porter)  Small.     Stems  2-12  dm.  tall,  typically  rough-pubescent: 
leaf -blades  firm,   ovate  to  elliptic-ovate,  or  the  lower  ones  orbicular  to  reni- 
form,   2—5    cm.   long,   or   rarely   larger,    short-petioled :    flower-clusters   mostly 
contiguous:   inflorescence-branches  short:   achenes  mostly  about  1.5  mm.  wide. 
—  S.     Rather  common,  in  moist  grounds  and  swamps.  —  Schists. 

2.  B.  cylindrica  (L.)   Willd.     Stems  2-13  dm.  tall,  typically  smooth  and  gla- 
brous:   leaf -blades  pliable,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  3-12   cm.   long,  long-petioled : 
flower-clusters  mostly  separate:  inflorescence-branches  elongate:  achenes  mostly 
about  1  mm.  wide.  —  N.  M.     Rather  common,  in  moist  soil.  — Sandstones  and 
shales,  limestones. 

FAMILY  2.     CANNABINACEAE.     HEMP  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial,  often  coarsely  pubescent  herbs.  Leaves  oppo- 
site or  sometimes  alternate:  blades  toothed,  lobed,  or  divided.  Flowers 
dioecious,  the  pistillate  in  bracted  spikes,  with  an  entire  perianth,  and  a 
gynoecium  of  2  united  carpels,  the  ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  an  achene. 

Stem  twining :  leaf -blades  usually  3-lobed :  fruit  a  drooping  cone  with  thin  imbricate 

bracts.  1.  HTJMULOS. 

Stems  erect:  leaf -blades  3-7-parted :  fruit  spicate  on  stiff  branches.      2.  CANNABIS. 

1.  HUMULUS  L.     Perennial  vines.     Leaves   opposite:    blades  serrate  or 
lobed.       Pistillate    flowers    2    together    in    ament-like    drooping    spikes    which 
become  cone-like  at  maturity. 

1.  H.  Lupulus  L.  Stem  and  branches  pubescent  with  recurved  hairs:  leaf- 
blades  orbicular  or  ovate  in  outline,  3-15  cm.  in  diameter,  3-6-lobed  and 
serrate,  or  merely  serrate:  mature  pistillate  spikes  3-8  cm.  long,  ovoid  to 
cylindric :  achenes  subglobose,  2-3  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Rather  common,  in 
thickets  and  fence-rows.  Nat.  of  Eurasia.  —  Sum.  —  HOP. 

2.  CANNABIS    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual   coarse   herbs.     Leaves   opposite   or 
alternate:    blades  digitately   divided.     Pistillate   flowers  solitary,  in  the  axils 
of  leaf-like  bracts,  disposed  in  elongate  spikes  at  maturity. 


ULMACEAE.  103 

1.  C.  sativa  L.  Stem  1-4  m.  tall,  rough-pubescent,  the  inner  bark  tough: 
leaf-blades  4-15  cm.  long,  the  divisions  5-11,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, acuminate:  mature  pistillate  spikes  leaf  y-bracted :  achenes  oval,  4-5  mm. 
long.  —  Bather  common,  in  moist  places  and  fence-rows.  Nat.  of  As.  —  Sum. 
—  HEMP. 

FAMILY  3.     ARTO  CARP  ACE  AE.     MULBEKRY  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  the  sap  milky.  Leaves  mostly  alternate :  blades  equi- 
lateral, entire,  toothed,  or  lobed.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in 
ament-like  spikes  or  enclosed  in  a  receptacle,  the  staminate  with  3  or  4 
stamens,  the  pistillate  with  a  calyx  of  3-5  sepals  which  greatly  enlarge  and 
subtend  or  envelope  the  achene :  gynoecium  of  1  or  of  2  united  carpels ; 
styles  or  stigmas  1  or  2.  Fruit  a  syncarp  or  syconium. 

Stigmas  2,  short :  pistillate  spikes  cylindric.  1.  MORDS. 

Stigmas  solitary,  elongate :  pistillate  spikes  globose.  2.  PAPYEIUS. 

1.  MORUS    [Tourn.]    L.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  scaly  bark.     Leaves  de- 
ciduous:   blades    commonly    serrate,    sometimes   lobed.      Staminate    flowers   in 
cylindric  spikes:   sepals  4,  the  lateral  ones  larger  than  the  others:   stigmas  2, 
short.     Fruit  cylindric,  the  achenes  included  in  the  calyx.  — Spr.  —  MULBERRY. 

Fruits   white   or   pinkish :    leaf-blades   glabrous   and  sparingly   pubescent  about  the 

veins  beneath.  1.  M.  alba. 

Fruits   deep-red   or  purplish  :   leaf-blades   soft-pubescent  beneath.  2.  M.  rubra. 

1.  M.  alba  L.     Tree  5-12  m.  tall,  with  sparingly  pubescent  twigs:  leaf -blades 
blades  ovate  to  oval  or  oval-ovate,  6-20  cm.  long,  softly  pubescent  beneath: 
staminate  spikes  1-2  cm.  long:  fruit  subglobose  to  oval-oblong,  1-2  cm.  long, 
white   or  pinkish.  —  Common,   on  roadsides  and  in  thickets.     Nat.   of   Eu. — 
WHITE-MULBERRY. 

2.  M.  nibra  L.     Tree  becoming  20  m.  tall,  with  early  glabrous  twigs:    leaf- 
blades  ovate  to  oval  or  oval-ovate,  6-20  cm.  long,  softly  pubescent  beneath: 
staminate  spikes  4-8  cm.  long:  fruit  cylindric,  3-6  cm.  long,  deep-red  or  pur- 
plish. —  Common,  in  fields  and  woods.  —  EED-MULBERRY. 

2.  PAPYRIUS     Lam.     Trees     with     smooth    bark.     Leaves     deciduous: 
blades  serrate,  often  lobed.    Staminate  flowers  in  cylindric  spikes,  with  4  sepals 
and  4  stamens.     Pistillate  spikes  globose:   calyx  4-lobed:    stigma  1,  elongate. 
Fruit  globular,  each  achene  protruding  from  the  persistent  calyx. 

1.  P.  papyrifera  (L.)  Kuntze.  Tree,  resembling  the  red-mulberry,  sometimes 
15  m.  tall,  with  hirsute-tomentose  twigs:  leaf -blades  ovate,  8—16  cm.  long: 
fruits  globular,  2-3  cm.  in  diameter,  the  protruding  achenes  reddish  or 
orange.  —  M.  N.  Frequent,  on  roadsides  and  about  dwellings.  —  Nat.  of  As. — 
Spr.  — PAPER-MULBERRY. 

FAMILY  4.    ULMACEAE.    ELM  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  the  sap  watery.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  inequi- 
lateral, commonly  toothed.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  monoecious, 
variously  disposed.  Calyx  of  4  or  5,  or  rarely  3-9,  partially  united  sepals. 
Androecium  of  usually  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  sepals.  Gynoecium 
of  2  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  samara  or  a  drupe,  or  nut-like. 

Fruit  a  samara  :   anthers  extrorse  :   embryo  straight.  1.  ULMUS. 

Fruit  a  drupe  :  anthers  introrse  :  embryo  with  conduplicate  cotyledons.     2.  CELTIS. 


104  POLYGONACEAE. 

1.  ULMUS  [Tourn.]  L.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  furrowed  bark  and  some- 
times winged  branches.     Leaves  deciduous:    blades  toothed.     Calyx  campanu- 
late.     Ovary  sessile  or  nearly  so,  smooth,  but  sometimes  pubescent.     Samara 
orbicular  to  oblong.  —  Spr.  —  ELM. 

Samaras  notched  :  buds  acute  :  leaf-blades  glabrous  and  nearly  smooth  above,  spar- 
ingly pubescent  beneath  :  flowering  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx. 

1.  17.  americana. 

Samaras    rounded :    buds    rounded :    leaf -blades    very    scabrous- 
pubescent  :  flowering  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx.  2.   U.  fulva. 

1.  U.    americana   L.      Tree    becoming    40  'm.    tall,    the    twigs   typically    fine- 
pubescent:  leaf -blades  oval  to  ovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  sometimes  slightly  rough 
above:    flower-clusters  lax,  the  pedicels  long:    calyx  shallowly  lobed:    samara 
oval  or  obovate,  10-20  mm.  long,  the  wings  long-ciliate,  narrowed  at  the  base. 

—  Common,  on   roadsides  and  along  streams.  —  WHITE-ELM.     AMERICAN-ELM. 

2.  U.  fulva  Michx.     Tree  becoming  25  m.  tall,  the  twigs  densely  pubescent, 
the  inner  bark   mucilaginous:    leaf -blades   ovate,   oval,   or   obovate,   8-19    cm. 
long,  very  rough-pubescent   on  both  sides:    flower-clusters  dense,  the  pedicels 
short:    samara    suborbicular,    14-17    mm.    in    diameter,    finely    pubescent,    the 
wings  eciliate,  broad  at  the  base.  —  Common,  in  rich  woods  and  along  streams. 

—  SLIPPERY-ELM.     EEI>-ELM. 

2.  CELTIS  [Tourn.]  L.     Unarmed  shrubs  or  trees,  the  bark  often  warty. 
Leaves  deciduous:   blades  entire  or  toothed,  very  inequilateral.     Calyx  rotate, 
the  lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube.     Stigmas  2,  entire.     Drupe  subglobose.  — 
Spr.  —  HACKBERRY.    NETTLE-TREE.     SUGARBERRY. 

Twigs    glabrous :    leaf -blades    smooth    or    nearly    so    above.  1.  C.  occidentalis. 

Twigs  pubescent :   leaf -blades  very  rough  above.  2.  C.  crassifolia. 

1.  C.   occidentalis  L.     Tree   becoming  40   m.   tall,  the   twigs  glabrous:    leaf- 
blades  ovate  or  rarely  oblong-ovate,  5-15  cm.  long,  smooth  or  nearly  so  above: 
drupes  globose  or  subglobose,  7-10  mm.  in  diameter,  orange,  purple  or  nearly 
black.  —  Eather  common,  especially  on  the  river  hills,  and  along  creeks. 

2.  C.  crassifolia  Lam.     Tree  similar  to  C.  occidentalis  in  habit:    leaf -blades 
ovate,  firm,  3-12  cm.  long,  scabrous  above:    drupes  oval  to  subglobose,   7-10 
mm.  in  diameter,  red-purple  or  nearly  black.  —  M.     Occasional,  in  rich  soil.  — 
Limestones,  quartzite. 

Order  POLYGONALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate,  or  sometimes  oppo- 
site or  whorled,  mostly  entire:  stipules  present,  usually  as  a  sheath. 
Flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  dioecious,  or  polygamous,  variously  disposed. 
Hypanthium  long  or  short.  Calyx  of  2-5  sepals,  which  sometimes  develop 
keels  or  wings.  Corolla  wanting.  Androecium  of  2-9  stamens.  Gynoe- 
cium  of  2  or  3  united  carpels,  the  ovary  superior.  Ovule  orthotropous. 
Fruit  an  achene. 

FAMILY  1.     POLYGONACEAE.     BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 

Plants  various  in  habit.  Leaves  with  manifest,  usually  sheathing, 
stipules,  and  inflorescence  not  involucrate,  or  the  stipules  obsolete  and  the 
inflorescence  involucrate. 

Stigmas  tufted.  1.  RUMEX. 

Stigmas  not  tufted. 


POLYGONACEAE.  105 

Leaf -blades    jointed    at    the    base :     ocreae    2-lobed,    becoming 

lacerate  :  filaments,  at  least  the  inner,  dilated.  2.  POLYGONUM. 

Leaf-blades    not   jointed    at    the    base :    ocreae    various,    not    2- 

lobed  :  filaments  slender. 
Ocreae  cylindric,  truncate. 

Sepals  4  :  calyx  curved  :  stamens  4  or  5.  3.  TOVARA. 

Sepals  5  :  if  fewer,  the  stamens  more  than  5  :  calyx  not 

curved.  4.  PERSICARIA. 

Ocreae  oblique,  more  or  less  open  on  the  side  facing  the  leaf. 
Herbs  various  in  habit,  not  vines  :  sepals  neither  keeled 

or  winged. 

Racemes  collected  into  terminal  corymbs :  embryo 
dividing  the  endosperm  by  an  S-shaped  curve : 
plants  smooth.  5.  FAGOPYRUM 

Racemes   not   in   terminal    corymbs :    embryo   slender, 

at  one  side  of  the  endosperm  :  plants  prickle-armed.      6.  TRACAULON. 
Vines  with  twining  stems  :  outer  sepals  winged  or  keeled.      7.  TINIARIA. 

1.  RUMEX  L.     Annual  or  perennial  fleshy  herbs.     Leaves  alternate,  with 
brittle   ocreae.      Flowers   in   panicles,   perfect,   polygamous,    or    dioecious,    the 
hypanthium-base  conspicuously   jointed  to   the   pedicel.     Sepals   green,   6,  un- 
changed or  the  3  inner  developing  wings,  one  or  all  of  which  usually  bear  a 
callosity.     Stamens  6.     Stigmas  peltate,  tufted.     Achene  exserted  or  included, 
smooth  or  granular,  usually  more  or  less  margined.  —  DOCK. 

Calyx  unchanged  in  fruit :  achenes  exserted,  granular.  1.  R.  Acetosella. 

Calyx    accrescent,    the    inner    sepals    developing    into    wings : 

achenes  included,  smooth. 
Sepal-wings  entire,  more   or  less  undulate. 

Only  one  of  the  3  sepal-wings  bearing  callosities.  2.  R.  altissimus. 

All  of  the  3  sepal-wings  bearing  callosities.  3.  R.  crispus. 

Sepal-wings  fringed  with  spiny  teeth.  4.  R.  obtusifolius. 

1.  R.  Acetosella  L.     Plants  glabrous,  1-6  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  lower  leaves 
2.5-15  cm.  long,  hastate,  the  auricles  entire  or  toothed:   sepals  green,  1  mm. 
long:    achenes  ovoid,  3-angled,  about  1.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and 
dry  soil.  —  Spr.  and  fall.  —  FIELD-SORREL.     SHEEP-SORREL.     Often  a  pernicious 
weed. 

2.  R.   altissimus  Wood.     Plants  6-12  dm.   tall,   the   panicle-branches   densely 
flowered:  lower  stem-leaves  1-3  dm.  long;  blades  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late,.  scarcely  crisped:  sepal-wings  triangular-ovate,  4-5  mm.  long,  longer  than 
wide,    scarcely    cordate:    achenes    about    3    mm.    long.  —  Lower    Susquehanna 
valley.      Frequent,    on    river    banks.  —  Schists.  —  Spr.  —  PALE-DOCK.      PEACH- 
LEAVED  DOCK. 

3.  R.   crispus  L.     Plants   3-11   dm.   tall,   the   panicle-branches   rather   closely 
flowered:    lower  stem-leaves   1.5-3   dm.  long;   blades  oblong  to   oblong-lanceo- 
late, much  crisped:   flower-clusters  contiguous:   sepal- wings  ovate  to  orbicular- 
ovate,  4—5  mm.  long :  achenes  fully  2  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  waste 
places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  CURLED-DOCK. 

4.  R.  obtusifolius  L.     Plants  6-12  dm.  tall,  the  panicle-branches  nearly  erect: 
lower  stem-leaves  3-5.5  dm.  long;  blades  oblong  to  broadly  oblong-lanceolate, 
deeply  cordate,  somewhat  crisped:  flower-clusters  mostly  contiguous,  not  leafy 
bracted:   sepal-wings  ovate-hastate,  4.5-5.5  mm.  long,  with  3-5  teeth:   achenes 
fully  2  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum. 

—  BITTER-DOCK.    Often  a  troublesome  weed. 

2.  POLYGONUM   [Tourn.]   L.     Annual  or  perennial,  erect  or  prostrate 
herbs.    Leaves  alternate,  jointed  near  the  top  of  the  ultimately  lacerate  ocreae. 
Flowers  in  axillary  clusters  which  are  sometimes  aggregated  near  the  ends  of 
the  branches.     Sepals  green  to  pink  or  white,  the  outer  ones  sometimes  cor- 
rugated in  age.    Stamens  3-8,  often  5-6.    Stigmas  3.    Achene  3-angled.  —  Sum. 

—  KNOTWEED.    DOORWEED.    KNOTGRASS. 


106  POLYGON  ACE  AE. 

Flower-clusters  separate,  scattered  more  or  less  throughout  the  plant. 

Sepals   with   white,    pink,   or   purplish   margins :    plants   mainly   prostrate,    pale, 
bright-  or  bluish-green.  1.  p.  neylectum. 

Sepals  with   yellowish-green  margins :   plants  mainly  diffuse, 

yellowish-green.  2.  P.  erectum. 

Flower-clusters    approximate    on    the    branches,    forming    long, 

raceme-like  panicles  :  plants  erect.  3.  P.  tenue. 

1.  P.   neglectum   Besser.     Plants  bright-   or   bluish-green,   the   branches   ulti- 
mately  prostrate    or   procumbent,    1-6    dm.    long:    leaf -blades    thin,    narrowly 
elliptic,  elliptic-lanceolate,  or  linear,  less  than  2  cm.  long,,  acute  or  acuminate: 
ocreae  very  thin:   sepals  about  1.5  mm.  long:    achenes  about  2  mm.  long. — 
Common,  about  dwellings,  and  on  roadsides  and  in  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  P.   erectum  L.     Plants  yellowish-green,  the  branches  spreading  or  decum- 
bent, 1-12  dm.  long:   leaf -blades  much  larger  than  in  the  preceding  species, 
mainly  2-6  cm.  long,  oblong,  elliptic,  oval,  or  somewhat  broadened  upward: 
ocreae   rather    sordid:    sepals   about    3    mm.    long,    often   corrugated   in    age: 
achenes  2.5-3  mm.  long,  dull.  —  Common,  about  dwellings,  in  waste  places  and 
on  moist  banks. 

3.  P.    tenue    Michx.     Plants    1-4    dm.    tall,    the    branches    wiry:    leaf -blades 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  0.5-3  cm.  long,  each  with  2  lateral  impressions  on 
either  side  of  the  midrib:  flowers  short-pedicelled:  sepals  becoming  2.5-3  mm. 
long :   achenes  ovoid,  2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  dry  places  or  rocky  soil. 

3.  TOVARA  Adans.     Annual  erect  herbs.     Leaves  alternate,  not  jointed 
at  the  fringed  ocreae.    Flowers  in  lax  remote  clusters  borne  on  virgate  branches. 
Sepals   more    or   less   colored,   4,   the    2    lateral   ones   overlapping   the    others. 
Stamens  4,  and  alternating  with  the  sepals,  or  5,  the  fifth  one  opposite  the 
lower  sepal:  filaments  slender.     Stigmas  2.     Achene  lenticular. 

1.  T.  virginiana  (L.)  Adans.  Stem  strigose,  3-14  dm.  tall,  virgately 
branched  or  simple:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  3-16  cm.  long: 
sepals  ovate  to  rhombic-ovate,  3-3.5  mm.  long:  styles  longer  than  the  ovary: 
achenes  3.5-4  mm.  long,  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  invested  in  the  nodding  calyx. 

—  Common,  on  shaded  banks  and  in  thickets. —  Sum. 

4.  PERSIC  ARIA  [Tourn.]  Adans.     Annual  or  perennial,  erect  or  spread- 
ing herbs.     Leaves  alternate,  not  jointed  at   the  cylindric  naked  or  fringed 
ocreae:    blades  narrowed   at  the  base.     Flowers  borne  in  spike-like  panicles. 
Sepals  white  or  colored,  5,  neither  winged  nor  keeled.     Stamens  4-8:  filaments 
slender.     Stigmas  2  or  sometimes  3.     Achenes  lenticular  or  3-angled,  included. 

—  Sum. 

Raceme  usually  solitary  and  terminal :  plants  mainly  aquatic. 

Leaf-blades  more  or  less  acuminate  at  the  apex,  pubescent :   panicles  long  and 

slender.  1.  P-  Muhlenbergii. 

Leaf-blades  obtuse  or  merely  acute  at  the  apex,  glabrous  : 

panicles  short  and  stout.  2.  P.  amphibia. 

Racemes  several  or  numerous  :  plants  mostly  terrestrial. 
Ocreae  naked  or  fringed,  not  spreading  at  the  top :  coty- 
ledons accumbent. 
Ocreae  truncate  and  naked  at  maturity. 

Racemes   erect :   achenes   orbicular   or  wider   than 

long.  3.  P.  pennsylvanica. 

Racemes  drooping  or  with  drooping  tips  :  achenes 

broadly  oblong  or  ovoid.  4.  P.  lapathifolia. 

Ocreae  fringed  with  bristles. 

Panicles  short,  stout,  compact.  5.  P.  Persicaria. 

Panicles  slender,  elongate,  lax  or  interrupted. 

Calyx  not  glandular-punctate.  6.  P.  hydropiperoides. 

Calyx  glandular-punctate. 

Panicles  erect :  achenes  smooth,  shining.          7.  P.  punctata. 
Panicles  drooping  :  achenes  granular,  dull.      8.  P.  Hydropiper. 
Ocreae  with  spreading  fringed  tops  :  cotyledons  incumbent.  9.  P.  orientalis. 


POLYGONACEAE.  107 

1.  P.  Muhlenbergii  (S.  Wats.)  Small.    Perennial,  generally  strigose,  creeping: 
leaf -blades  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  5-20  cm.  long,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base:   ocreae  eciliate:  panicles  compact,  3-10  cm.  long:  ocreolae  ciliate 
and  pubescent:   sepals  rose-colored,  not  punctate,  about  4  mm.  long:   achenes 
2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on  muddy  shores. 

2.  P.  amphibia  (L.)   S.  F.  Gray.     Perennial,  glabrous,  at  least  when  mature, 
floating:    leaf -blades    oblong,    elliptic,    or    elliptic-lanceolate,    4—10    cm.    long, 
rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base:   ocreae  eciliate:   panicle  dense,  mostly  1.5- 
2.5   cm.   long:    ocreolae   eciliate  and   glabrous,   or   inconspicuously   pubescent: 
sepals  bright   rose-colored,  not  punctate:    achenes  lenticular,  orbicular-oblong, 
about  3  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  river.     Bare,  in  still  water. 

3.  P.  pennsylvanica   (L.)    Small.     Annual,  the  upper  branches  finely  glandu- 
lar-pubescent:  leaf -blades  lanceolate,  4-22  cm.  long:   ocreae  eciliate:   panicles 
stout,  erect:    ocreolae   eciliate  or  nearly  so:    sepals  pink  or  light-purple,  not 
punctate:   style  short:   achenes  flat-lenticular,  3-3.5  mm.  high,  shining,  short- 
beaked.  —  Common,  in  waste  places,  on  roadsides  and  in  cultivated  grounds. 

4.  P.   lapathifolia    (L.)    S.   F.   Gray.     Annual,   glabrous   or   nearly   so:    leaf- 
blades  lanceolate,  sometimes  narrowly  so,  5-20  cm.  long:  ocreae  eciliate:  pan- 
icles slender,  nodding:   ocreolae  eciliate:   sepals  whitish  to  rose-colored,  finely 
punctate:   achenes  flat-lenticular,  about  2  mm.  long.  —  S.     Common,  especially 
in  the  Susquehanna  valley.    Nat.  of  Eu. 

5.  P.  Persicaria   (L.)   Small.     Annual,  glabrous  or  partially  pubescent:   leaf- 
blades   lanceolate   to   linear-lanceolate,    2-18   cm.    long,    often   with   a   central 
blotch:    ocreae  fringed:    panicles  stout:    ocreolae  ciliate:    sepals  pink,  purple, 
green,  or  reddish,  not  punctate:    achenes  turgid-lenticular   or  3-angled,  2-2.5 
mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places,  and  on  road- 
sides.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  LADY 'S-THUMB. 

6.  P.  hydropiperoides    (Michx.)    Small.     Perennial,  strigillose  in  parts:   leaf- 
blades  lanceolate,  varying  to   oblong-lanceolate   or  linear-lanceolate,  4-13  cm. 
long:   ocreae  long-fringed,  sparingly  strigose:   panicles  slender,  erect:   ocreolae 
short-fringed:    sepals  deep-pink  or*  greenish,  not  punctate:    achenes  3-angled, 
2-2.5    mm.    long,   shining.  —  Common,   in   waste    places   and    swamps.  —  MILD 

WATER-PEPPER. 

7.  P.   punctata    (Ell.)    Small.     Annual   or   perennial,   usually   glabrous:    leaf- 
blades  lanceolate   to    oblong-lanceolate,   2-16    cm.    long:    ocreae   long-fringed: 
panicles  linear,  mostly   continuous   during   anthesis:    ocreolae   fringed:    sepals 
whitish  or   green,  punctate:    achenes   3-angled   or  turgid-lenticular,  about   2.5 
mm.  long,  shining.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and  low  grounds.  —  WATER  SMART- 
WEED. 

8.  P.  Hydropiper  (L.)  Opiz.     Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaf -blades  nar- 
rowly ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  1.5-9  cm.  long:  ocreae  fringed: 
panicles  slender,   nodding:    ocreolae   short-fringed:    sepals  greenish,   punctate: 
achenes  turgid-lenticular  or  3-angled,  dull,  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in 
moist  soil  and  on  wet  banks.  —  WATER-PEPPER.     COMMON-SMARTWEED. 

9.  P.    orientalis    (L.)    Vilm.     Annual,   tall,   more    or   less  hispid:    leaf -blades 
ovate  to  broadly  oblong,  6-25  cm.  long:   ocreae  spreading  and  ciliate  at  the 
top:    panicles  stout,  nodding:    ocreolae   ciliate:    sepals   dark  rose-colored,   not 
punctate:    achenes  lenticular,   orbicular,   about   3   mm.   long.  —  Occasional,   on 
roadsides  and  about  dwellings.    Nat.  of  As.  —  PRINCE  'S-FEATHER. 

5.  FAGOPYRUM  [Tourn.]  Gaertn.  Annual  erect  smooth  herbs,  the 
stems  terete.  Leaves  alternate,  not  jointed  at  the  oblique  ocreae:  blades  has- 
tate or  cordate  at  the  base.  Flowers  borne  in  branching  racme-like  panicles. 


108  POLYGON  ACE  AE. 

Sepals  white,  5,  unchanged  at  maturity.  Stamens  5-8:  filaments  filiform. 
Stigmas  3.  Achene  3-angled,  exserted. 

1.  F.  Fagopyrum  (L.)  Karst.  Stem  1-9  dm.  tall,  slightly  pubescent  about  the 
nodes:  leaf -blades  hastate,  2.5-8  cm.  long:  panicles  persistently  flowering: 
sepals  becoming  2.5-3  mm.  long:  achenes  5-6  mm.  long.  —  Occasional,  in  fields 
and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  BUCKWHEAT. 

6.  TBACAULON   Kaf.      Annual    or   perennial,   prickle-armed,    reclining- 
climbing  herbs.      Leaves  alternate,  not  jointed  at  the  oblique  ocreae.      Flowers 
borne  in  spike-like  or  capitate  panicles.     Sepals  often  slightly  colored,  5  or  4, 
neither  keeled  nor  winged.     Stamens  5-8:   filaments  slender.     Stigmas  2  or  3. 
Achene  lenticular   or   3-angled,   included.  —  Sum.  —  TEAR-THUMB. 

Leaf-blades    sagittate :    achenes    3-angled.  1.  T.  sagittatum. 

Leaf -blades  hastate  :  achenes  lenticular.  2.  T.  arifolium. 

1.  T.  sagittatum  (L.)  Small.    Leaf -blades  lanceolate  to  oblong,  1-12  cm.  long, 
the  basal  lobes  acute:    ocreolae  3-5  mm.  long:   sepals  becoming  4  mm.  long: 
stamens  8 :  achenes  3-3.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  wet  places  and  meadows. 

2.  T.  arifolium  (L.)  Raf.     Leaf -blades  hastate,  2-18  cm.  long,  the  basal  lobes 
spreading,   acuminate:    ocreolae   about    2   mm.   long:    sepals   becoming   4   mm. 
long:  stamens  6:  achenes  4  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  wet  thickets  and  meadows. 

7.  TINIARIA   Eeichenb.      Annual    or   perennial,   unarmed   twining   vines. 
Leaves  alternate,  not  jointed  at  the  oblique  ocreae.      Flowers  borne  in  branch- 
ing raceme-like  panicles  or  in  axillary  clusters.     Sepals  white  or  yellowish,  5, 
the  outer  ones  keeled  or  winged  at  maturity.     Stamens  8:   filaments  slender. 
Stigmas  3.     Achenes  3-angled,  included.  —  Sum.   and  fall. 

Outer  sepals  keeled  at  maturity  :  achene  granular  and  dull.         1.  T.  Convolvulus. 
Outer  sepals  developing  conspicuous  wings  :  achene  smooth  and 
shining. 

Sepal-wings  not  incised  :  achenes  over  3.5  mm.  long.  2.   T.  scandens. 

Sepal-wings  incised  :  achenes  less  than  3.5  mm.  long.  3.  T.  cristatum. 

1.  T.  Convolvulus   (L.)   Webb.  &  Moq.     Stem  and  branches  trailing  or  twin- 
ing, green  or  purple-tinged:   leaf -blades  ovate  to   ovate-sagittate,  or  those  of 
the  upper  ones  sagittate,  1.5-6  cm.  long:    ocreae  rough-edged:    sepals  mealy- 
granular,  the   outer  becoming  longer  than  the  inner:    achenes  about   3.5  mm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  moist  places  and  fields.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  BLACK-BINDWEED. 

2.  T.    scandens    (L.)    Small.      Stem*  and    branches    twining,    purplish:    leaf- 
blades  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  4-12  cm.  long:  ocreae  with  rough  ridges:  mature 
hypanthium  and  calyx  12-15  mm.  long:    achenes  4-4.5  mm.  long.  —  Common, 
in  thickets  and  fence-rows.  —  HEDGE-BUCKWHEAT.     FALSE-BUCKWHEAT. 

3.  T.  cristatum  (Engelm.  &  Gray)   Small.     Stem  and  branches  twining,  green 
or  purplish:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  triangular,  1-6  cm.  long:  mature  hypanthium 
and  calyx  6.5-7.5  mm.  long:  achenes  3  mm.  long.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley. 
Bather  common,  on  river  banks. 

Order  CHENOPODIALES. 

Herbs,  often  partially  woody,  or  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate 
or  opposite,  occasionally  scale-like.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  sometimes 
monoecious  or  dioecious.  Calyx  usually  present,  the  sepals  mainly  sepa- 
rate. Corolla  wanting,  or  present  and  of  minute  or  large  petals.  Androe- 
cium  of  1-several  stamens.  Gynoecium  a  single  carpel  or  of  several  united 


CHENOPODIACEAE.  109 

carpels,  the  ovary  mostly  superior.      Fruit  an  achene,  a  utricle,  a  capsule, 
or  a  berry,  or  sometimes  an  anthocarp. 

Fruit  a  utricle,  achene,  or  berry,  sometimes  an  anthocarp,  not  valvate,  or  merely 

circumscissile. 
Fruit  utricular,  the  carpels  not  whorled. 

Bracts  not  scarious  :  stipules  wanting.  Fam.  1.  CHENOPODIACEAE. 

Bracts,  or  stipules,  scarious. 

Stipules  wanting :  sepals  scarious.  Fam.  2.  AMARANTHACEAE. 

Stipules  present :  sepals  herbaceous  or  scari- 

ous-margined.  Fam.  3.  CORRIGIOLACEAE. 

Fruit  baccate,  the  carpels  whorled.  Fam.  4.  PHYTOLACCACEAE. 

Fruit    a    capsule    dehiscent    by    apical    or    longitudinal 

valves. 

Ovary  several-celled :   corolla  wanting.  Fam.  5.  TETRAGONIACEAE. 

Ovary   1-celled :    corolla   mostly   present. 

Sepals   2  :   leaves   mostly   alternate.  Fam.  6.  PORTULACACEAE. 

Sepals  4  or  5  :   leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Sepals    distinct :    ovary    sessile :    petals    not 

clawed.  Fam.  7.  ALSINACEAE. 

Sepals  united  :  ovary  stipitate  :  petals  clawed.      Fam.  8.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.     CHENOPODIACEAE.     GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  woody  plants.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite :  blades  simple. 
Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  monoecious,  or  dioecious,  mostly  in  elongate 
spikes  or  panicles.  Calyx  of  1-5  persistent  sepals.  Corolla  wanting. 
Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  sepals.  Gynoecium  of  2  or 
more  united  carpels.  Ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  a  utricle,  sometimes  achene- 
like. 

Flowers  perfect :   calyx  always  present. 

Sepals    hooded,    usually   keeled    at   maturity :    embryo   forming   a    circle :    mealy 
plants,  odorless  or  heavy  scented.  1.  CHENOPODIUM. 

Sepals  flat  or  merely  concave  :  embryo  not  forming  a  circle  : 

glandular  plants,  aromatic.  2.  AMBRIXA. 

Flowers  dioecious  or   monoecious  :   calyx  wanting  in  the  pistil- 
late flowers.  3.  ATRIPLEX. 

1.  CHENOPODIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Odorless  or  heavy-scented  non-glandu- 
lar herbs,  ours  annuals.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  entire  to  coarsely  toothed, 
often  mealy-coated.  Sepals  hooded.  Anther-sacs  commonly  separate.  Ovary 
often  depressed.  —  GOOSEFOOT.  PIGWEED. 

Seed  horizontal. 

Seed  and  pericarp  firmly  attached  together. 

Flowering   branches    longer    than    the    accompanying    leaves :    mature    sepals 

keeled. 
Leaf-blades    coarsely    shallow-toothed    or    entire,    gradually    narrowed    at 

the  base. 
Inflorescence  dense :   mature  calyx  2.5-3  mm.  broad :  utricle  fully  1.5 

mm.  wide  :  leaf-blades  decidedly  mealy  beneath.     1.  C.  album. 
Inflorescence  lax :  mature  calyx  2-2.5  mm.   wide  : 
utricle    less    than    1.5    mm.    wide :    leaf-blades 

scarcely,  if  at  all,  mealy.  2.  G.  lanceolatum. 

Leaf-blades    sinuately    deep-toothed,    with    the    teeth 

salient,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base.  3.  C.  hybridum. 

Flowering  brancnes  shorter  than  the  accompanying  leaves- : 

mature  sepals  not  keeled.  4.  G.  murale. 

Seed  and  pericarp  easily  separable  from  one  another.  5.  C.  Boscianum. 

Seed  vertical.  6.  G.  glaucum. 

1.  C.  album  L.  Plants  stout,  pale-green,  copiously  mealy,  6-30  dm.  tall:  leaf- 
blades  ovate  and  somewhat  rhombic  to  broadly  lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  2-8 
cm.  long:  inflorescence  compact,  the  flower-clusters  mostly  contiguous,  becom- 
ing 6-8  mm.  thick:  seeds  about  1.5  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  waste  places,  and 
cultivated  grounds.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  LAMB  'S-QUAKTERS. 


110  CHENOPODIACE  AE. 

2.  C.  lanceolatum  Muhl.     Plants  slender,  5-20  dm.  tall,  bright-green,  slightly 
mealy:  leaf -blades  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  or  ovate  on  the  lower  part  of 
the  stem,  2-5  cm.  long,  shailowly  toothed  or  entire:   inflorescence  more  open 
than  in  C.  album,  and  mature  flower-clusters  somewhat  smaller:   seeds  slightly 
over  1  mm.  wide.  —  Eather  common,  in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places. 

—  Sum.  and  fall. 

3.  C.  hybridum  L.     Plants  bright-green,  5-13  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  ovate  to 
ovate-hastate,  5-16  cm.  long,  sinuately  3-iJ-toothed :    inflorescence  rather  lax, 
the  flower-clusters  contiguous  or  ultimately  separate:  seeds  fully  1.5  mm.  wide. 

—  S.      In    woods,    on    island    at    Peach    Bottom.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  MAPLE- 
LEAVED  GOOSEFOOT. 

4.  C.  murale  L.    Plants  deep-green,  somewhat  mealy,  1-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades 
rhombic-ovate,  2-8  cm.  long,  coarsely,  sharply  and  irregularly  toothed:  panicles 
terminal    and    lateral,    the    small    flower-clusters    numerous    and    close:    seeds 
barely  1.5  mm.  wide.  —  M.  S.     Rather  common,  in  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

—  Sum. 

5.  C.  Boscianum  Moq.     Plants  light-green,  often  minutely  mealy  when  young, 
3-9  dm.  tall :  leaf -blades  ovate,  oblong-ovate,  or  lanceolate,  1-4  cm.  long,  thin, 
the   lower   ones   often   sinuate:    panicle-branches   very    slender,   spreading,   the 
flower-clusters  scattered,  relatively  small:    seeds  1.5  mm.  wide.  —  S.     Bather 
common,  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

6.  C.  glaucum  L.    Plants  mealy-glaucous,  0.5-3  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  spatulate 
to  oblong,  broadly  linear  or  ovate  in  outline,  mostly  1-5  cm.  long,  sinuate- 
dentate,  green  or  yellow-green  above,  whitish  beneath:   inflorescence  compact, 
the  flower-clusters  at  first  inconspicuous  in  the  leaf -axils,  ultimately  elongate 
and  more  conspicuous :    seeds  less  than  1  mm.  wide.  —  Eather  rare,  in  waste 
places  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  OAK-LEAVED  GOOSEFOOT. 

2.  AMBRINA    Spach.      Aromatic    glandular    herbs.      Leaves    alternate: 
blades  mainly  toothed,  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  lobed,  not  mealy.     Sepals  flat  or 
concave.     Anther-sacs  commonly  contiguous.     Ovary  often  elongate.  —  Sum. 

Flowers   not   glomerate:    leaf-blades   pinnately   lobed:    calyx   glandular-pubescent. 

1.  A.  Botrys. 
Flowers  glomerate :  leaf -blades  repand-toothed  or  entire :  calyx 

glabrous.  2.  A.  ambrosioides. 

1.  A.  Botrys  (L.)  Moq.     Stem  1-6  dm.  tall,  the  branches  erect  or  spreading: 
leaf -blades  oblong  to  ovate,  1-5  cm.  long,  the  lobes  entire  or  toothed:  panicle- 
branches  cymose :    utricle  partially  enclosed :    seeds  less  than  1  mm.  wide.  — 
Susquehanna  valley.    Frequent,  on  the  river  shore.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  JERUSALEM- 
OAK.     FEATHER-GERANIUM. 

2.  A.  ambrosioides  (L.)   Spach.     Stem  5-8  dm.  tall,  the  branches  sometimes 
decumbent:    leaf -blades  oblong  to   oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  those 
of  the  stem-leaves  3-15  cm.  long,  -undulate  to  repand-dentate :  panicle-branches 
spike-like:    utricle    wholly    enclosed:    seeds    0.7-0.8    mm.    wide.  —  Common,    ^c 
waste  places.     Nat.  of  trop.  Am.  —  MEXICAN-TEA.     WORMSEED. 

3.  ATBIPLEX   [Tourn.]  L.     Scaly  herbs  or  shrubs.     Leaves  alternate  or 
sometimes  opposite:  blades  often  angulate  or  toothed.     Flowers  monoecious  or 
dioecious,  the   staminate  bractless,   the  pistillate  bracted.     Calyx  herbaceous. 
Utricle  wholly   or  partially  surrounded  by  the   crested,  tubercled,   or   winged 
accrescent  bracts. 

1.  A.  hastata  L.  Plants  light-green  or  purplish,  the  stems  3-8  dm.  long: 
leaf -blades  triangular-hastate  to  hastate-lanceolate,  2-8  cm.  long:  mature 
bracts  ovate  to  deltoid,  4—5  mm.  long,  with  toothed  edges  and  spiny  faces.  —  M, 
Occasional,  in  waste  places.  Nat.  of  the  coastal  region.  —  Sum.  —  ORACHE. 


AMAKANTHACEAE.  Ill 

FAMILY  2.    AMARANTHACEAE.    AMARANTH  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  exstipulate: 
blades  entire  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious,  in 
spikes  or  panicles,  with  scarious  or  colored  bracts.  Calyx  of  2-5  mostly 
distinct  sepals.  Corolla  wanting.  Androecium  of  5,  or  fewer,  distinct  or 
monodelphous  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  2  or  more  united  carpels.  Ovary 
1-celled.  Fruit  a  utricle  or  pyxidium,  or  rarely  baccate. 

1.  AMARANTHUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Herbs  (ours  annuals).  Leaves  alter- 
nate: blades  entire.  Flowers  polygamous,  monoecious,  or  dioecious,  densely 
spicate  or  clustered,  each  subtended  by  mostly  3  bracts.  Sepals  2-5.  Fila- 
ments distinct.  Stigmas  2  or  3,  distinct.  Ovule  solitary.  Utricle  circum- 
scissile,  irregularly  opening  or  indehiscent.  Sum.  and  fall.  —  AMARANTH. 
PIGWEED. 

Flowers,  at  least  the  upper  ones,  in  dense  terminal  spikes. 
Stems  unarmed,  without  spines  at  the  leaf-axils. 

Spikes  strict :  sepals  mostly  obtuse.  1.  A.  retroflexus. 

Spikes  drooping  :  sepals  mostly  acute.  2.  A.  hybridus. 

Stems  furnished  with  a  pair  of  spines  at  each  leaf-axil.  3.  A.  spinosus. 

Flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters  usually  surpassed  by  the  leaves.  4.  A.  graecizans. 

1.  A.  retroflexus  L.     Stems  3-30  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  lanceolate  above,  5-15  cm.  long:  staminate  calyx  3.4-3.6  mm.  long:  pis- 
tillate calyx  3.5-4  mm.  long ;  sepals  linear-oblong  to  linear-cuneate.  —  Common, 
in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of  trop.  Am.  —  Fall.  —  GREEN- 
AMARANTH. 

2.  A.  hybridus  L.     Stems  5-25  dm.  tall,  not  spiny:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  elliptic,  3-12  cm.  long:   staminate  calyx  1.7-1.9  mm.  long:   pis- 
tillate calyx  1.7-2  mm.  long ;   sepals  narrowly  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate.  — 
Common,  in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of  trop.  Am.  —  Sum. 
and  fall. 

3.  A.  spinosus  L.     Stems  2-12  dm.  tall,  spiny:   leaf -blades  ovate  or  rhombic- 
ovate,  or  lanceolate,  the  upper  1.5-8  cm.  long:  staminate  calyx  2-2.7  mm.  long: 
pistillate  calyx  2-2.5  mm.  long;  sepals  broadened  upward,  abruptly  pointed. — 
Frequent,  in  waste  places  on.  roadsides  and  in  fields.    Nat.  of  trop.  Am.  —  Sum. 
— THORNY-AMARANTH. 

4.  A.  graecizans  L.     Stems  1-6  dm.  tall:    leaf -blades  spatulate,  obovate,  or 
oblong,    1-3    cm.    long:    staminate    calyx   1.4-1.6   mm.    long:    pistillate    calyx 
1.8-2.2  mm.  long;   sepals  lanceolate,  long-acuminate.  —  Common,  in  cultivated 
grounds  and  fields.     Nat.  of  trop.  Am.  —  Sum.  —  TUMBLE-WEED. 

FAMILY  3.     CORRIG-IOLACEAE.    WHITLOW-WORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  but  often  firm  or  woody  at  the  base.  Leaves  opposite,  stipu- 
late: blades  entire.  Flowers  perfect,  cymose.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals, 
which  are  sometimes  awned  or  cuspidate  at  the  apex.  Corolla  wanting. 
Androecium  of  4  or  5  stamens  borne  on  the  margin  of  the  minute  or  long 
hypanthium.  Gynoecium  mostly  2-carpellary.  Ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  a 
utricle  or  an  achene.  Seed  solitary. 

1.  ANYCHIA  Michx.  Annual  herbs,  with  much-branched  stems.  Leaves 
with  narrow  or  rather  broad  blades.  Cymes  diffuse.  Sepals  flattish,  mucro- 
nate.  —  Sum.  —  FORKED-CHICKWEED. 


112  POETULACACEAE. 

Stem   and   branches   glabrate :    utricle   surpassing  the   calyx :    seed   orbicular,    fully 
1   mm.    wide.  1.  A.  canadensis. 

Stem   and  branches   pubescent :   utricle  usually   as  long  as  the 

calyx :  seed  oval,  less  than  1  mm.  wide.  2.  A.  polygonoides. 

1.  A.  canadensis  (L.)  B.S.P.     Stems  0.5-4  dm.  tall,  forked  above:  leaf -blades 
thin,  oblong  to  elliptic,  0.5-2  cm.  long,  typically  obtuse:  sepals  oblong  to  nar- 
rowly  ovate,   becoming   1   mm.   long.  —  Common,  in   dry   open   places   and   on 
partially  shaded  hillsides. 

2.  A.  polygonoides  Eaf.     Stems  0.5-3  dm.  tall,  often  diffusely  forked  through- 
out: leaf -blades  thick,  typically  acute:  sepals  ovate,  often  broadly  so,  becoming 
1.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  dry  open  places  and  on  rocky  hills. 

FAMILY  4.    PHYTOLACCACEAE.     POKEWEED  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate :  blades  entire,  rather  fleshy. 
Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious,  in  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  of  4  or  5 
sepals.  Corolla  wanting.  Androecium  of  4-8  stamens,  or  more,  borne 
below  the  ovary.  Gynoecium  1-many-carpellary.  Fruit  baccate. 

1.  PHYTOLACCA  [Tourn.]  L.  Relatively  large  or  stout  plants.  Flowers 
paniculate,  the  panicles  often  raceme-like.  Sepals  broad,  spreading  under  the 
compound  fruit. 

1.  P.  americana  L.  Plants  1-3  m.  tall,  the  branches  green,  magenta,  or 
purple:  leaf -blades  mainly  ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate,  9-30  cm.  long:  calyx  5-6 
mm.  wide:  berries  7-10  mm.  wide,  their  length  less  than  the  length,  of  their 
stalks:  seeds  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and  cultivated 
grounds.  —  Spr.-f  all.  —  POKE.  INKBERRY.  SCORE.  PIGEON-BERRY. 

FAMILY  5.     TETRAGONIACEAE.     CARPET-WEED  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  firm  or  succulent,  or  partially  woody  plants.  Leaves  alternate 
or  opposite,  sometimes  apparently  whorled.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous, 
or  unisexual,  regular  or  nearly  so.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals.  Corolla 
wanting  (in  our  species).  Androecium  of  4  or  5  hypogynous  or  perigy- 
nous  stamens,  or  sometimes  fewer,  or  more  numerous.  Gynoecium  of 
2-several  united  carpels.  Ovary  superior  or  partly  inferior.  Fruit  a 
capsule  or  pyxis,  or  baccate  or  nut-like. 

1.  MOLLUGO  L.  Annual  slender  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  sometimes 
apparently  whorled:  blades  narrow.  Sepals  5,  hyaline-margined,  glabrous. 
Stamens  3-5.  Styles  5,  short. 

1.  M.  verticillata  L.  Branches  slender,  prostrate,  4-30  cm.  long:  stem- 
leaves  1-3  cm.  long:  blades  spatulate:  sepals  oblong,  becoming  2.5-3  mm. 
long:  filaments  2.5-3  mm.  long:  capsules  oblong,  3.5-4  mm.  long.  —  Common, 
in  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds.  —  Spr.-fall.  —  INDIAN-CHICKWEED. 

FAMILY  6.    PORTULACACEAE.     PURSLANE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  mostly  fleshy  or  succulent,  or  partially  woody.  Leaves  alter- 
nate or  opposite:  blades  entire.  Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Calyx  of  2 
sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5,  or  rarely  more,  fugacious  petals.  Androecium 
of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  petals,  or  fewer  or  more.  Gynoecium  of 
3  or  more  united  carpels.  Ovary  superior  or  inferior,  1-celled.  Fruit  a 
capsule  or  pyxis. 


ALSINACEAE.  113 

Ovary  and  capsule  superior :  capsule  3-valved. 

Sepals  deciduous  :  stamens  more  numerous  than  the  sepals,  or  petals  •  capsules 

many-seeded.  1.  TALINUM. 

Sepals   persistent :   stamens  as  many   as   the  sepals,   or   petals : 

capsules  few-seeded.  2.  CLAYTONIA 

Ovary  and  capsule  wholly  or  partly  inferior :  capsule  circumscissile.  3.  POBTULACA. 

1.  TALINUM   Adans.     Perennial   sometimes   partially   woody   herbs,   the 
stem  and  branches  mostly  terminating  in  wiry  peduncles.     Leaves  terete  or 
flat.     Flowers  erect.     Sepals  2,  deciduous.     Petals  5  or  more.     Style  elongate. 
Ovules  many  on  a  stalked  placenta. 

1.  T.  teretifolium  Pursh.  Plant  1-2.5  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  2-6  cm.  long, 
narrow:  bracts  conspicuously  prolonged  backward:  corolla  blue  or  purplish,. 
2-3  cm.  wide:  stamens  15-30:  capsules  4-5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  S.  Frequent, 
on  serpentine  hills.  —  Sum. 

2.  CLAYTONIA    [Gronov.]    L.     Perennial  or    annual    fleshy    herbs,    the 
weak  stems  often  arising  from  tuber-like  corms.  Leaves  flat.     Flowers  spread- 
ing or  nodding.     Sepals  2,  persistent.     Petals  5.  Style  elongate.     Ovules  few, 
on  a  sessile  placenta. 

1.  C.  virginica  L.  Plants  5-25  cm.  tall:  leaf -blades  narrowly  linear,  some- 
times very  narrow,  6-14  cm.  long:  sepals  becoming  4-7  mm.  long:  petals  9^13 
mm.  long:  seeds  about  2.5  mm.  wide. — Common,  in  woods.  —  Spr. —  SPRING- 
BEAUTY. 

3.  PORTULACA    [Tourn.]    L.      Annual    or    perennial    succulent    herbs. 
Leaves  flat  or  terete.     Flowers  erect.     Sepals  2,  deciduous.     Petals  4-6.     Style 
short;  stigmas  3-8,  slender.      Ovules  many  on  a  basal  placenta.  —  PORTULACA. 

1.  P.  oleracea  L.  Plants  prostrate:  leaf -blades  cuneate  to  obovate,  1-3  cm. 
long,  rounded  at  the  apex:  petals  yellow,  4-8  mm.  long,  notched:  capsules  5-9 
mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places.  —  Spr.-f all.  — 
PURSLANE.  PUSSLEY. 

FAMILY  7.    ALSINACEAE.    CHICKWEED  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base.  Leaves  opposite:  blades  entire. 
Flowers  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  persistent,  distinct  sepals. 
Corolla  of  4  or  5  clawless  petals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  twice  as 
many  stamens  as  sepals,  or  fewer.  Gynoecium  of  2-5  united  carpels. 
Ovary  superior.  Fruit  a  capsule  subtended  by  the  calyx. 

Stipules  present.  1.  TISSA. 

Stipules  wanting. 

Petals  entire,  toothed,  or  slightly  notched. 

Stigmas  as  many  as  the  sepals.  2.   SAGINA. 

Stigmas  fewer  than  sepals. 

Petals  toothed :  flowers  in  umbel-like  cymes.  3.  HOLOSTEDM. 

Petals  entire  or  emarginate :  flowers  in  dichotomous  or 

capitate  cymes  or  solitary. 
Capsules   opening   by   as  many   valves   as  there   are 

stigmas.  4.  ALSINOPSIS. 

Capsules  opening  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  there 

are  stigmas. 

Seeds  not  strophiolate :   capsule  many-seeded.        5.  ARENARIA. 
Seeds  strophiolate :  capsule  few-seeded.  6.  MOEHRINGIA. 

Petals  2-cleft  or  2-parted. 

Capsules  relatively  short,  ovoid  or  oblong.  7.  ALSINE. 

Capsules  relatively  long,  cylindric.  8.  CERASTIDM. 

1.  TISSA  Adans.  Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial,  diffuse  herbs.  Leaf- 
blades  narrow.  Flowers  in  raceme-like  cymes.  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5, 
or  fewer,  entire,  or  wanting.  Stamens  2-10.  Stigmas  slender. 

Lancaster  County  Flora  8. 


1H  ALSINACEAE. 

1.  T.  rubra  (L.)  Britton.  Plants  more  or  less  branched  at  the  base,  the 
branches  often  depressed,  3-12  cm.  long,  finely  glandular-pubescent  above: 
leaf -blades  linear,  5-22  mm.  long,  flat:  sepals  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  be- 
coming 3  mm.  long:  petals  red,  ovate  or  rhombic,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
sepals:  capsules  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  M.  Eather  rare,  in  waste  places 
and  fields.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  SAND-SPURRY. 

2.  SAGINA    L.      Annual    or    perennial    diminutive    herbs.      Leaf -blades 
subulate  to  filiform.     Flowers  axillary.     Sepals  4  or  5,  persistent.     Petals  4 
or  5,  about  as  large  as  the  sepals,  or  wanting.     Stamens  5,  or  sometimes  3-10. 
Stigmas  short.    Capsule  longer  than  the  sepals. 

1.  S.  decumbens  (Ell.)  T.  &  G.  Plants  2-10  cm.  tall,  very  slender:  leaf- 
blades  linear-subulate,  2-8  mm.  long:  pedicels  erect,  very  slender:  sepals 
ovate  or  oval,  about  1.5  mm.  long:  petals  wanting  or  rudimentary:  capsules 
oblong-ovoid,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Bare,  on  hillsides,  near  Safe 
Harbor.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  PEAKLWORT. 

3.  HOLOSTEUM    [Dill.]    L.     Annual    tender    herbs.      Leaf -blades    flat. 
Flowers  in  umbel-like  cymes.     Sepals  5,  persistent.     Petals  5,  emarginate  or 
toothed.     Stamens  5,  or  3.     Stigmas  slender.     Capsule  narrow,  partly  enclosed 
in  the  calyx. 

1.  H.  umbellatum  L.  Plants  8-40  cm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong  or  oblanceolate 
below,  to  oblong  or  lanceolate  above,  1-3  cm.  long:  sepals  lanceolate,  4-5  mm. 
long:  petals  5.5-6.5  mm.  long,  toothed:  capsules  5-6  mm.  long.  —  M.  S. 
Common,  in  fields,  woods,  and  waste  places.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  JAGGED- 

CHICKWEED. 

4.  ALSINOPSIS  Small.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs.    Leaf -blades  subulate 
or   sometimes   flat,   but   narrow.     Flowers  in   cymes.     Sepals   5,   often   fleshy. 
Petals  5,   entire   or  emarginate.      Stamens  usually   10.      Stigmas   typically   3, 
slender.     Capsule  with  as  many  valves  as  stigmas. 

1.  A.  stricta  (Michx.)  Small.  Stems  1-3  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  linear-subulate, 
5-10  mm.  long:  sepals  ovate,  about  2.5  mm.  long:  petals  about  thrice  as  long 
as  the  sepals :  capsules  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  —  M.  Rare,  on 
rocky  hillsides  and  cliffs.  — Limestones.  - —  Sum.  —  SANDWORT. 

5.  ARENAEJA  L.    Annual  or  perennial  herbs.    Leaf -blades  flat,  broad  or 
sometimes  narrow.     Flowers  axillary  or  cymose.     Sepals  5,  firm,  often  ribbed. 
Petals  5,  entire  or  notched,  or  wanting.     Stamens  typically  10.     Stigmas  3,  or 
rarely  2-5.     Capsules  with  twice  as  many  valves  as  stigmas. 

1.  A.  serpyllifolia  L.  Plants  1-4  dm.  tall,  diffuse:  leaf -blades  ovate  to 
broadly  elliptic,  2-6  mm.  long,  minutely  ciliate:  sepals  lanceolate,  3-4  mm. 
long:  petals  oblong-ovate  to  elliptic,  about  2  mm.  long:  capsules  about  3  mm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  dry  places  and  woods.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  SANDWORT. 

6.  MOEHRING-IA  L.     Perennial  herbs.     Leaves  few:  blades  flat,  usually 
broad  and  relatively  large.     Flowers  few,  the  axillary  stalks  elongate.     Sepals 
4  or  5,  herbaceous,  not  ribbed.     Petals  4  or  5,  broad  or  narrow,  longer  than 
the  sepals  or  shorter.     Stamens  8  or  10.     Styles  mostly  3,  elongate.     Capsule 
fully  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  shorter,  few-seeded. 

1.  M.  lateriflora  (L.)  Fenzl.  Plants  reclining  or  diffuse,  1-3  dm.  tall,  the 
stem  and  branches  slender:  leaf -blades  thin,  oblong  to  oval,  1-2.5  cm.  long, 
obtuse,  ciliate:  sepals  oblong  to  oval,  about  2  mm.  long:  petals  twice  as  long 
as  the  sepals,  short-clawed:  capsules  ovoid,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
—  M.  Bare,  chiefly  in  the  Dillerville  swamp,  Lancaster.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum- 


ALSINACEAE.  115 

7.  ALSINE  L.     Annual  or  perennial  weak  herbs.     Leaf -blades  succulent. 
Flowers  cymose  or  axillary.     Sepals  5  or  4,  ribless.     Petals  5  or  4,  2-cleft  or 
2-parted,    rarely    wanting.      Stamens    10    or    fewer.      Stigmas    3-5,    slender. 
Capsule  barely  exceeding  the  sepals,  with  twice  as  many  valves  as  stigmas. — 
CHICKWEED.    STARWORT.    SWITCHWORT. 

Leaf-blades  broad,  or  relatively  so,  ovate,  oblong,  elliptic,  or  lanceolate,  not  attenu- 
ate :  cymes  not  lax  and  open. 
Stem,   branches,   and   peduncles   pubescent :   lower   leaves   with   petioles. 

Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx  :  stamens  less  than  8  :  capsule  exceeding  the 

calyx.  1.  A.  media. 

Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx  :  stamens  10  :  capsule  shorter 

than  the  calyx.  2.  A.  pubera. 

Stem,   branches,   and  peduncles  glabrous  :   lower  leaves  without 

petioles.  3.  A.  uliginosa. 

Leaf-blades    narrow,    narrowly    linear-lanceolate    to    almost    linear, 

attenuate  :  cymes  conspicuously  lax  and  open.  4.  A.  longifolia. 

1.  A.   media   L.      Stems    1-3    dm.    long,   often   growing   in   mats:    leaf -blades 
ovate,   0.5-2   cm.   long:    sepals   oblong-lanceolate,   3-4   mm.   long,   soft-tipped: 
petals  shorter  than  the  sepals:   capsules  4-5  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

—  Common,  in  cultivated  grounds  and  woods.     Nat.  of  Eu.     All  year. 

2.  A.  pubera   (Michx.)   Britton.     Stems  1-3  dm.  tall,  finely  pubescent:   leaf- 
blades  ovate,  oblong,  or  elliptic,  14  cm.  long,  or  those  on  the  sterile  branches 
5-10    cm.    long:    sepals    ovate    to    broadly    oblong-lanceolate,    5-7    mm.    long: 
petals  longer  than  the  sepals:   capsules  3-4  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  calyx 

—  S.     Frequent,  in  rich  mould  on  river  hills.  —  Schists.  —  Spr. 

3.  A.  uliginosa   (Murr.)    Britton.     Stems  1-4  dm.  long,  weak,  often  matted, 
mostly    simple:    leaf -blades    oblong    to    lanceolate,    1.5-2.5    cm.    long:    sepals 
lanceolate  to   oblong-lanceolate,   2.5-3   mm.  long:    petals  usually  shorter  than 
the  sepals:   capsules  3-4  mm.  long,  longer  than  calyx.  —  S.     Not  common,  on 
wet    banks    and    in    spring-runs,    especially    along    the    Susquehanna,    and    the 
Octoraro  Creek.  —  Schists.  —  Spr. 

4.  A.  longifolia  (Muhl.)  Britton.     Stems  1.5-4.5  dm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so:    leaf -blades   narrowly  linear-lanceolate,.  1.5-7   cm.   long:    sepals   lanceolate, 
about  3  mm.  long,  acute,  firm-tipped:  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals  or  somewhat 
longer:    capsules    5-6   mm.    long,    longer    than    the    calyx.  —  Common,    in    wet 
places  or  swamps.  —  Spr. 

8.  CERASTIUM  L.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs.     Leaf -blades  herbaceous. 
Flowers  cymose.     Sepals  5,  or  4,  ribless.     Petals  5,  or  4,  notched  or  2-cleft, 
or  rarely  wanting.     Stamens  10  or  fewer.     Stigmas  5  or  4,  stout.     Capsule 
much  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  MOUSE-EAR  CHICKWEED. 

Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  slightly  longer. 
Bracts  scarious  or  scarious-margined. 

Plants  annual :  capsules  nearly  straight,  less  than  8  mm.  long. 

1.  C.  semidecandrum. 
Plants  perennial :  capsules  curved  upward,  over  8 

mm.  long.  2.  C.  vulgatum. 

Bracts  herbaceous. 

Cymes  glomerate,  the  pedicels  very  short :  capsule 

about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  less.  3.  C.  viscosum. 

Cymes   lax,   the  pedicels  very   long :   capsule  fully 

twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  4.  C.  longipedunciilutum. 

Corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  nearly  so. 

Capsule  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  blades 

of  the  cauline  leaves   linear  to  linear-lanceolate.         5.  C.  arvense. 
Capsule  over  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  :  blades  of 

the  cauline  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong.         6.  C.  vclutinum. 

1.  C.  semidecandrum  L.     Plants  5-15  cm.   tall,  viscid-villous :   blades  of  the 
upper  leaves  obovate  or  elliptic,  5-10  mm.  long:  sepals  lanceolate,  3-3.5  mm. 


116  ALSINACEAE. 

long,  acuminate:  petals  oblong,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals:  capsules  5-7  mm. 
long.  —  S.     Common,  in  dry  pastures.  —  Schists,  serpentine.  —  Sum. 

2.  C.  vulgatum  L.     Plants  8-50  cm.  tall,  pubescent  and  somewhat  clammy: 
blades  of  the  upper  leaves  oblong,  narrowly  elliptic  or  ovate,  5-35  mm.  long: 
sepals  lanceolate,   5-6  mm.   long,   obtuse:    petals   narrowly   obovate:    capsules 
9-11  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  pastures  and  fields.  —  Sum. 

3.  C.  viscosum  L.     Plants  8-40  cm.  tall,  viscid-villous :   blades  of  the  upper 
leaves  oval  or  obovate,  8-25  mm.  long:  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long, 
acute:   petals  elliptic-oblong,  shorter  than  the  sepals  or  slightly  longer:    cap- 
sules 7-9  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  meadows  and  moist  soil.  —  Spr. 

4.  C.  longipedunculatum  Muhl.     Plants  8-50  cm.  tall,  clammy-villous :  blades 
of  the  upper  leaves  oblong,  linear-oblong,  or  lanceolate,  9-60  mm.  long:  sepals 
oblong   or   oblong-lanceolate,  4-5    mm.    long,   acute:    petals   oblong   or   linear- 
oblong,  somewhat  longer  than  the  sepals,  or  wanting:  capsules  9-13  mm.  long. 
— M.  S.     Common,  in  moist  thickets  and  woods.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Spr. 

5.  C.  arvense  L.     Plants  9-40  cm.  tall,  soft-pubescent:   blades  of  the  upper 
leaves   linear-lanceolate   to   linear,   25-30   mm.   long:    sepals   oblong-lanceolate, 
4-5  mm.  long,  acutish:   petals  cuneate,  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals: 
capsules  8-10  mm.  long,  less  than  twice  the  length  of  the  mature  calyx. — 
Common,  in  dry  stony  places  and  on  cliffs.  —  Spr. 

6.  C.    velutinum   Eaf.      Plants   15-40    cm.    tall,   copiously    soft-pubescent,    or 
becoming  glabrous  in  age:  blades  of  the  upper  leaves  mostly  narrowly  lanceo- 
late to  oblong,  2.5-4  cm.  long,  flat:  sepals  oblong  to  ovate-oblong,  4.5-5.5  mm. 
long,  obtuse:  petals  broadly  cuneate,  about  twice  as  long  »s  the  sepals:   cap- 
sules 12-14  mm.  long,  fully  twice  as  long  as  the  mature  calyx.  —  Susquehanna 
valley  and  S.     Frequent  or  common,  on  rocks  or  in  stony  soil.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

FAMILY  8.     OAEYOPHYLLACEAE.     PINK  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  stems  usually  swollen  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  opposite: 
blades  often  with  connate  bases.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  rarely 
dioecious.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  partially  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5 
distinct  petals,  the  claws  in  the  calyx-tube,  the  blades  often  appendaged  at 
the  base.  Androecium  of  usually  8  or  10  distinct  stamens.  Gynoecium 
of  2-5  united  carpels.  Ovary  often  stalked.  Fruit  a  capsule  opening  by 
apical  valves. 

Calyx-tube  with  5  ribs,  nerved  or  nerveless  :  styles  2. 

Petals  unappendaged :  calyx  with  bractlets  at  the  base.  1.  DIANTHTJS. 

Petal   appendaged  at  the  base  of  the  blade:   calyx  without 

bractlets.  2.  SAPONARIA. 

Calyx  tube  with  at  least  twice  as  many  ribs  as  lobes  :  styles  3 

or  more. 

Styles  3  or  rarely  4.  3.   SILENE. 

Styles  5. 

Calyx-lobes  relatively  small,  short :  petals  alternate  with 

the  styles ;  blades  appendaged.  4.  LYCHNIS. 

Calyx-lobes   foliaceous,   elongate :   petals   opposite  to  the 

blades  unappendaged.  5.  AGROSTEMMA. 


1.  DIANTHUS  L.  Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs.  Leaf -blades  usually 
narrow.  Flowers  perfect,  sessile.  Calyx  narrow:  tube  equally  striate.  Petals 
5:  blades  narrow.  Ovary  elongate.  Capsule  narrow,  sessile. 

1.  D.  Armeria  L.  Stem  2-8  dm.  tall,  minutely  pubescent:  blades  of  the 
cauline  leaves  linear,  3-8  cm.  long:  calyx  pubescent,  19-22  mm.  long;  lobes 
lanceolate,  acuminate:  petal-blades  oblong  to  cuneate,  5-6.5  mm.  long,  mainly 
pink,  toothed:  capsules  13-15  mm.  long.  —  Bather  common,  on  roadsides  and 
in  fields.  —  Nat.  of  En.  —  Sum.  —  PINK.  DEPTFOED-PINK. 


CAEYOPHYLLACEAE.  1 17 

2.  SAPONABJA  L.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs.    Leaf -blades  often  broad. 
Flowers   pediceUed.      Calyx   narrow:    tube   terete.     Petals   5:    blades   narrow. 
Ovary  elongate.     Capsule-bodies  cylindric  or  oblong,  short-stipitate. 

1.  S.  officinalis  L.  Stems  3-9>  dm.  long,  often  decumbent:  leaf -blades  elliptic 
to  lanceolate,  3-11  cm.  long:  calyx  20-25  mm.  long;  lobes  triangular  to  lanceo- 
late: petal-blades  cuneate;  15-18  mm.  long,  entire,  pink  or  white:  capsule-bodies 
12-20  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  — 
Spr.  —  SOAPWORT.  BOUNCING-BET. 

3.  SILENE   L.     Annual   or   perennial   herbs.     Leaf-blades  various,   com- 
monly narrow.    Flowers  mostly  pedicelled.    Calyx  narrow  or  becoming  inflated : 
tube   10-many-nerved.     Petals   5 :    blades  often   toothed   at   the  apex.     Ovary 
somewhat     elongate.       Capsule-body     much     longer     than     thick.  —  CAMPION. 
CATCHFLY. 

Annual  or  biennial  plants. 

Foliage  pubescent :  stem  viscid.  1.  8.  noctiflora. 

Foliage  glabrous,  sometimes  glutinous  about  the  nodes  of  the 

stem. 

Inflorescence  paniculate :  mature  calyx  ovoid.  2.  8.  antirrhina. 

Inflorescence  corymbose :  mature  calyx  clavate.  3.  8.  Armeria. 

Perennial  plants. 
Calyx  inflated. 

Leaves  in  whorls  of  4's  :  petals  laciniately  cleft ;  append- 
ages wanting.  4.  8.  stellata. 
Leaves    opposite :     petals    2-cleft ;     appendages    present.     5.  8.  alba. 
Calyx  merely  filled  with  the  capsule. 

Inflorescence  not  leafy-bracted  :  calyx  ultimately  globular.     6.  8.  latifolia. 
Inflorescence  leafy-bracted  :  calyx  ultimately  long.  7.  8.  caroliniana. 

1.  S.  noctiflora  L.     Stem  2-8  dm.  tall,  closely  pubescent:  leaf -blades  spatulate 
to  elliptic,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  2-8  cm.  long:  calyx-tube  prominently  ribbed, 
ultimately  12-15  mm.  long:   petal-blades  9-11  mm.  long,  white  or  nearly  so: 
capsules    15-20    mm.    long.  —  S.  Eare,    on    roadsides,    near    Eawlinsville    and 
Pleasant  Grove.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum. 

2.  S.  antirrhina  L.     Stem  2-8  dm.  tall,  with  glutinous  patches  near  the  nodes: 
leaf -blades  linear  to  linear-oblong,  or  the  lower  ones  elliptic,  2-8  cm.  long: 
calyx-tube  5.5-7.5  mm.  long,  ultimately  ovoid  or  oval:   petals  white  or  pink; 
blades  cuneate  to  linear,  6-8  mm.  long:  capsules  6-8  mm.  long,  not  stipitate. 
—  Common,     in     waste     places     and     cultivated     grounds.  —  Sum.  —  SLEEPY- 

CATCHFLY. 

3.  S.   Armeria   L.     Stem    2-7    dm.    tall,    glaucous:    leaf -blades    spatulate    to 
oblong,  lanceolate,  or  ovate,  2-9  cm.  long:  flower-clusters  compact:  calyx-tube 
ultimately  15-19  mm.  long,  clavate;  lobes  ovate,  very  short:   petals  rose-pink 
or  white;   blades  cuneate   to   obovate,  5-8  mm.   long:    capsules  long-stipitate, 
the  body  7-8  mm.  long,  oblong  to  cylindric.  —  S.     Eather  rare,  in  fields.     Nat. 
of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  SWEET-WILLIAM   CATCHFLY. 

4.  S.  stellata   (L.)   Ait.  f.     Stem  3-12  dm.  tall,  usually  minutely  pubescent: 
leaf -blades   ovate   to   lanceolate,   4-12   cm.   long:    calyx  becoming   10-16   mm. 
long;  lobes  about  £  as  long  as  the  tube:  petals  white,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  blades 
laciniate:  capsule-body  subglobose  to  ovoid-globose,  6-8  mm.  long.  —  Common, 
in  thickets  and  on  wooded  hillsides.  —  Sum.  —  STARRY-CAMPION. 

5.  S.   alba   Muhl.     Stem   3-8    dm.    tall,   sometimes  minutely   pubescent:    leaf- 
blades  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate   or   slightly  broadest   above   the  middle, 
4-15  mm.  long:  calyx  becoming  14-16  mm.  long:  lobes  about  i  as  long  as  the 
tube:  petals  white,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  blades  cleft:  capsule-body  oblong  to  ovoid, 
9-11  mm.  long.  —  S.     Eare,  on  river  shores  and  on  islands.  —  Schists.  —  Spr. 
and  sum. 


118  CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 

6.  S.  latifolia  (Mill.)  Britten  &  Eendle.     Stem  1.5-5  dm.  tall,  glaucous:  leaf- 
blades    oblong-spatulate    to    oblong,    ovate-lanceolate,    or    lanceolate,    2-8    cm. 
long:    flower-clusters    lax:    calyx    becoming    13-17    mm.    long,    ultimately    dis- 
tended,  conspicuously  veined;    lobes  broad,  £-&   as  long   as  the   tube:    petals 
white,  14-18  mm.  long;  blades  cuneate,  cleft:   capsule-body  ovoid,  10-13  mm. 
long,  short-stipitate.  —  S.     Common,  in  fields.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  BLADDER- 
CAMPION. 

7.  S.   caroliniana  Walt.     Stem  1-2.5   dm.   tall,  closely  pubescent:    leaf -blades 
spatulate  to  linear-oblanceolate,  or  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  3-12  cm.  long: 
calyx  becoming  2-2.5  cm.  long,  ultimately  distended ;  lobes  ovate,  very  short : 
petals  white  or  pink;   blades  12-15  mm.  long,  entire:   capsule-body  oblong  to 
ovoid,  9-11  mm.  long.  — •  S.     Not  very  common,  on  rocky  hillsides  and  wooded 
slopes.  —  Schists.  —  Spr.  —  WILD-PINK. 

4.  LYCHNIS    [Tourn.]   L.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs  similar  to  Silene 
in  habit.     Flowers  pedicelled  and  mostly  erect.     Calyx  becoming  more  or  less 
inflated,  10-nerved.     Petals  5 :   blades  entire,  cleft,  or  laciniate,  generally  ap- 
pendaged.     Ovary  more  or  less  elongate.     Capsule  as  long  as  thick  or  longer. 

—  CAMPION. 

Corolla  white  or  pink  :   calyx-lobes  acuminate  :   capsule  conic-ovoid.          1.  L.  alba. 
Corolla  red  :   calyx-lobes   acute  :   capsule   globose.  2.  L.  dioica. 

1.  L.  alba  Mill.    Plants  1  m.  tall  or  less,  the  stem  usually  branched  throughout, 
fine-pubescent:    leaf -blades   spatulate   to   oblong,   oval,   or   lanceolate,   3-8   cm. 
long:   calyx  becoming  14—21  mm.  long;   lobes  triangular  to  ovate,  £-£  as  long 
as  the  tube:  petals  white  or  rarely  pink;  blades  reniform  to  broadly  cuneate: 
capsules  conic-ovoid,  the  opening  narrow.  —  S.     Eare,  in  fields.     Nat.   of  Eu. 

—  Sum.  —  WHITE-CAMPION. 

2.  L.  dioica  L.     Plants  mostly  3-8  dm.  tall,  the  stem  often  branched  at  the 
base,  with  soft  spreading  hairs:  leaf -blades  oval,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate,  or 
ovate,  2.5-9   cm.   long:    calyx  becoming   15-19   mm.   long;    lobes  lanceolate  to 
triangular-lanceolate,  about  J  as  long  as  the  tube:  petals  red  or  rarely  white; 
blades   cuneate :    capsules    globose,   the    opening   wide.  —  S.      Rather    rare,    in 
fields  and   on  roadsides.     Nat.   of   Eu.  —  Sum.  —  RED-CAMPION. 

5.  AGEOSTEMMA  L.     Annual  coarse   herbs.     Leaf -blades  very  narrow. 
Flowers  long-peduncled.     Calyx  becoming  swollen :   tube  10-ribbed.     Petals  5 : 
blades  broad,  unappendaged.     Ovary  about  as  thick  as  long.     Capsule  slightly 
elongate. 

1.  A.  Githago  L.  Stems  2-9  dm.  tall,  appressed-pubescent :  leaf -blades  linear, 
4—12  cm.  long:  calyx  becoming  5-6  cm.  long;  lobes  linear,  acuminate,  longer 
than  the  copiously  pubescent  tube:  petals  30-35  mm.  long;  blades  cuneate  to 
obovate,  purple  or  magenta:  capsules  18^-22  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  grain 
fields  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  CORNCOCKLE.  CORN-ROSE. 

Order  RANALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  mostly  without  stipules,  with  entire, 
toothed,  or  dissected  blades,  in  aquatics  often  various  on  the  same  plant. 
Flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  or  dioecious.  Calyx  and  corolla  of  distinct 
sepals  and  petals.  Gynoecium  of  1  or  several  distinct  or  united  carpels. 
Ovary  superior.  Fruit  various. 

Stamens  usually  numerous,  the  anther-sacs  opening  by  slits. 

Land   plants,   except   in   Ceratophyllaceae   and   some   Ranunculaceae :   leaf-blades 
not  peltate. 


RANUNCULACEAE.  119 

Flowers  perfect  or  monoecious,  if  dioecious  on  neither  vines  nor  herbs  :  with 

simple  leaves. 

Plants    with    minute    axillary    monoecious    flowers :    anthers    with    horn- 
like appendages.  Fam.  1.  CERATOPHYLLACEAE. 
Plants  with  perfect  or  rarely  dioecious  flow- 
ers :  anthers  not  with  horn-like  appendages. 
Carpels  one  or  more,  distinct  at  least  at 

maturity. 

Sepals    3-15 :    petals    about    as    many : 
plants    if    shrubby    not    with    pulpy 

fruit :  endosperm  even.  Fam.  2.  RANUNCULACEAE. 

Sepals  3  :  petals  6  :  fruit  pulpy  :  endo- 
sperm channeled.  Fam.  3.  ANNONACEAE. 
Carpels   more   or    less    coherent   or   united 
into  cone-like/structures,  or  immersed 
in  the  pulpy  receptacle. 

Sepals  yalvate.  Fam.  3.  ANNONACEAE. 

Sepals  imbricate.  Fam.  4.  MAGNOLIACEAE. 

Flowers  dioecious  :  vines  with  simple  leaves.        Fam.  5.  MENISPERMACEAE. 
Water  plants  :   emersed  or  floating  leaves  with   pel- 
tate blades. 

Carpels  several  and  distinct.  Fam.  6.  CABOMBACEAE. 

Carpels  united  into  compound  pistil.  Fam.  7.  NYMPHAEACEAE. 

Stamens   few   and  definite,   the   anther-sacs   opening   by 

hinged  valves  except  in  Podophyllum.  Fam.  8.  PODOPHYLLACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.     CERATOPHYLLACEAE.     HORNWORT   FAMILY. 

Annual  aquatic  herbs.  Leaves  whorled:  blades  cleft  or  finely  dis- 
sected. Calyx  of  6-12  narrow  toothed  or  cleft  sepals.  Corolla  wanting. 
Androecium  of  10—24  stamens  with  short  filaments.  Gynoecium  1-carpel- 
lary:  stigma  subulate.  Fruit  an  achene,  sometimes  spine-armed. 

1.  CEBATOPHYLLUM  L.  Submerged  plants  with  sessile  leaf-blades, 
the  divisions  mostly  thrice  forked. 

1.  C.  demersum  L.  Stems  3-12  dm.  long:  leaves  rather  rigid;  blades  1-2- 
times  forking:  sepals  oblong  to  ovate-oblong,  erose:  stamens  slightly  exserted: 
style  and  stigma  exserted :  achenes  5  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  Bare, 
in  shallow  water.  —  Sum.  —  HORNWORT. 

FAMILY  2.    RANUNCULACEAE.     CROWFOOT  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  woody  vines.  Leaves  alternate  (opposite  in  Clematideae}  : 
blades  simple  or  compound.  Calyx  of  3-5  distinct,  imbricate  sepals  (val- 
vate  in  Clematideae).  Corolla  of  about  as  many  petals  as  there  are  sepals, 
occasionally  more,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  several  or  many  hypogy- 
nous  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  1,  several,  or  many  distinct  carpels.  Fruit 
an  achene  or  a  follicle,  or  baccate. 

Fruit  a  follicle  or  a  berry :  carpels  with  several  ovules,  or  with  only  1  or  2  ovules 

in  Hydrastis. 
Flowers  regular. 

Leaf-blades  palmately  nerved  or  palmately  compound. 

Fruit  baccate  :  sepals  inconspicuous,  fugaceous.  1.  HYDRASTIS. 

Fruit  follicular  :  sepals  conspicuous,  persistent  during 

anthesis.  2.  CALTHA. 

Leaf-blades   pinnately   or   ternately   compound   or  decom- 
pound. 
Petals  without  spurs,  or  wanting. 

Fruit  dry  follicles  :   racemes  elongate.  3.  CIMICIFUGA. 

Fruit  berry-like  follicles  :  racemes  short.  4.  ACTAEA. 

Petals  prolonged  backward  into  hollow  spurs.  5.  AQUILEGIA. 

Flowers  irregular,  the  posterior  sepal,  and  posterior  petals, 

spurred.  6.  DELPHINIUM. 

Fruit  an  achene  :    carpels   with   a  single  ovule   each. 

Flowers,  or  their  pedicels  or  peduncles,   subtended  by  invo- 
lucres. 
Involucre  close  under  the  calyx  :  bracts  entire.  7.  HEPATICA. 


120  RANUNCULACEAE. 

Involucre  remote  from  the  calyx,  bracts  toothed,  divided 

or  compound. 

Styles  subulate :  leaf-segments  sessile.  8.  ANEMONE. 

Styles  wanting :  leaflets  stalked.  9.   SYNDESMON. 

Flowers  not  subtended  by  involucres. 

Leaves  alternate,  sometimes  all  basal :  sepals  imbricate. 
Leaf-blades   entire,   toothed,   palmately   lobed   or   dis- 
sected. 

Achenes  transversely  wrinkled :  petals  white.  10.  BATRACHIUM. 

Achenes  not  transversely  wrinkled :  petals  yellow, 

at  least  without.  11.  RANUNCULUS. 

Leaf-blades  ternately  decompound.  12.  THALICTRUM. 

Leaves  opposite  :  sepals  petal-like,  valvate. 

Petals  wanting :  peduncles  many-flowered.  13.  CLEMATIS. 

Petals    present    (in    our    species),    smaller    than    the 

peduncles  1-flowered.  14.  ATRAGENE. 


1.  HYDBASTIS  Ellis.  Perennial  herbs.  Leaf-blades  palmately  lobed. 
Flowers  solitary.  Sepals  3,  fugaceous.  Petals  wanting.  Filaments  clavate, 
white.  Carpels  several,  2-ovuled,  in  fruit  forming  a  head  of  berries. 

1.  H.  canadensis  L.  Plants  pubescent,  mostly  2-4  dm.  tall :  blade  of  the  cauline 
leaf  becoming  8-24  cm.  wide:  bract  leaf -like:  sepals  ovate:  fruit-head  14-16 
mm.  thick;  berries  5-6  mm.  long,  crimson.  —  Bather  rare,  in  rich  woods  and 
thickets.  —  Spr.  —  ORANGE-ROOT.  GOLDEN-SEAL. 

-2.  CALTHA  [Eupp.]  L.  Perennial  herbs.  Leaf -blades  entire  or  toothed. 
Flowers  few  or  solitary.  Sepals  few,  yellow,  pink,  or  white,  deciduous.  Petals 
wanting.  Filaments  filiform.  Carpels  few  or  many,  several-ovuled,  in  fruit 
forming  a  whorl  of  leathery  green  follicles. 

1.  C.  palustris  L.  Plants  glabrous,  2-6  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  cauline  leaves 
similar  to  those  of  the  basal  but  smaller,  reniform  to  orbicular-reniform,  4-9 
cm.  wide:  sepals  yellow,  oblong  to  oval-orbicular,  1.5-2  cm.  long:  follicles  10-12 
mm.  long.  —  Rather  common,  in  swamps  and  low  meadows.  —  Spr.  —  MARSH- 
MARIGOLD. 

3.  CIMICIFUGA  L.    Perennial  herbs.    Leaf -blades  decompound.    Flowers 
numerous,    in    long    racemes.      Sepals    2-5,    deciduous.      Petals    1-8,    clawed, 
notched  at  the  apex.     Stamens  numerous:   filaments  filiform.     Carpels  few  or 
solitary,  many-ovuled,  becoming  dry  follicles. 

1.  C.  racemosa  (L.)  Nutt.  Plants  10-25  dm.  tall:  terminal  leaflets  3-lobed, 
4-16  cm.  wide:  follicles  puberulent  and  often  pubescent,  the  beak  recurved. — 
Common,  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  Sum.  —  BLACK-SNAKEROOT.  BUGBANE. 
BLACK-COHOSH. 

4.  ACTAEA    L.       Perennial    herbs.       Leaf -blades     ternately     compound. 
Flowers  rather  many,  in  short  racemes.     Sepals  3-5,  deciduous.     Petals  4-10, 
clawed,  not  notched.     Stamens  numerous:   filaments  filiform.     Carpel  solitary, 
many-ovuled,  becoming  a  baccate  follicle. 

1.  A.  alba  (L.)  Mill.  Plants  4-11  dm.  tall:  terminal  leaflets  mostly  longer 
than  wide  and  scarcely  lobed,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  base:  follicles  white, 
about  as  thick  as  long,  on  spreading  red  stout  pedicels:  seed  about  4  mm. 
long. — S.  Bather  rare,  in  rocky  woods  along  the  Susquehanna.  —  Schists. — 
Spr.  —  BANEBERRY. 

5.  AQUELEGIA    [Tourn.]    L.      Perennial    herbs.      Leaf -blades    ternately 
compound,  the  segments  broad.     Flowers   mostly   drooping.     Sepals   5,  equal, 
petal-like.     Petals  cornucopia-like.     Stamens  numerous,  the  inner  ones  stami- 
nodia.     Carpels  5,  sessile,  many-ovuled,  in  fruit  forming  a  head  of  follicles. 


EANUNCUL  ACE  AE.  1 2 1 

1.  A.  canadensis  L.  Plants  2-6  dm.  tall:  leaflets,  or  their  divisions,  cuneate: 
sepals  ovate,  scarlet  without,  10-14  mm.  long:  spurs  scarlet  without,  2.5-3 
cm.  long,  the  ends  swollen:  follicle-bodies  mainly  15-20  mm.  long.  —  Common, 
in  woods  and  on  rocky  banks.  —  Spr.  —  COLUMBINE. 

6.  DELPHINIUM  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  or  perennial  erect  herbs.     Leaf- 
blades  palmately  lobed  or  dissected,  the  segments  narrow.     Flowers  spreading. 
Sepals  5,  the  posterior  one  spurred.    Petals  2  or  4,  the  2  posterior  ones  spurred. 
Filaments   dilated  below.     Carpels  few   or   solitary,   sessile,   many-ovuled,  be- 
coming dry  follicles. 

1.  D.  Ajacis  L.  Plants  1  m.  tall  or  less,  branched:  leaf -blades  with  short  and 
diverging  segments:  sepals  blue,  with  suborbicular  to  reniform  or  broadly 
ovate  blades:  posterior  petals  10-12  mm.  long,  excluding  the  spur:  follicle- 
bodies  13-20  mm.  long,  pubescent,  stout-tipped.  —  M.  Bather  common,  in  fields 
and  waste  places.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  LARKSPUR. 

7.  HEPATICA    [Eupp.]    Hill.      Perennial    scapose    tufted   herbs.      Leaf- 
blades  3-lobed,   persistent.     Flowers   solitary   on   each   scape,   subtended  by  a 
calyx-like    involucre.      Sepals    several,    petal-like.      Petals    wanting.      Achene- 
cluster  seated  in  the  involucre. 

1.  H.  Hepatica  (L.)  Karst.  Leaf -blades  becoming  6-8  cm.  wide,  the  middle 
lobe  typically  reniform:  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse:  sepals 
blue,  purple  or  white,  7-12  mm.  long:  achene-bodies  ovoid-oblong  or  oblong, 
about  3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  rocky  woods  and  thickets.  (Eurasia.)  — Spr. 

—  HEPATICA.    LIVER-LEAF. 

8.  ANEMONE    [Tourn.]    L.      Perennial    scapose    herbs   with    rootstocks. 
Leaf -blades  lobed,  divided,  or  dissected,  not  persistent.     Flowers  subtended  by 
a  foliaceous  involucre.     Sepals  4-20,  petal-like.     Petals  wanting.     Filaments 
filiform.     Achene-cluster  long-peduncled.  —  ANEMONE. 

Fruit-head  elongate :  achenes  densely  long-woolly  :  sepals  greenish. 

1,  A.  virginiana. 
Fruit-head    globular :    achenes    glabrate    or    finely    pubescent : 

sepals  white. 
Achenes    numerous ;    bodies    broadly    winged,    suborbicular : 

bracts  of  the  involucre  sessile.  2.  A.  canadensis. 

Achenes  few ;   bodies  wingless,   oblong :   bracts   of  the   invo- 
lucre petioled.  3.  A.  quinquefolia. 

1.  A.  virginiana  L.    Plants  5-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  3-parted,  the  divisions 
sharply  lobed,   incised    and   toothed:    bracts   of   the   involucre   similar   to   the 
leaves:  sepals  greenish,  mostly  8^13  mm.  long,  concave:  head  of  fruit  oblong. 

—  Common,  in  thickets  and  woods.  —  Sum. 

2.  A.  canadensis  L.     Plants  2-7  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  5-lobed,  the  divisions 
incised  and  sharply  toothed:    bracts   of  the  involucre   similar  to  the   leaves: 
sepals  white,  12-18  mm.  long:   head  of  fruit  globular,  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter: 
achenes  7-8  mm.  long,  4-5  mm.  wide.  —  M.     Eare,  in  low  meadows.  —  Lime- 
stones. —  Sum. 

3.  A.  quinquefolia  L.     Plants  1-2.5  dm.  tall:   leaf -divisions  mainly  lobed  or 
parted:    bracts  of  the  involucre   similar  to   the  leaves:    sepals  white,   mainly 
1-1.5   cm.  long:    head  of  fruit  globular,  1   cm.   in   diameter  or  less:    achenes 
slightly  less  than  4  mm.  long,  about  1.5  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  moist  places 
and  woods.  —  Spr.  —  WOOD-ANEMONE. 

9.  SYNDESMON  Hoffmg.     Perennial  scapose  herbs  with  tuberous  roots. 
Leaf-blades  2-3-ternate.     Flowers  in  an  umbellate  cluster,  the  involucre  foli- 


122  RANUNCULACEAE. 

aceous.  Sepals  5-10,  petal-like.  Petals  wanting.  Filaments  clavate.  Achene- 
cluster  peduncled. 

1.  S.  thalictroides  (L.)  Hoffmg.  Plants  1-2.5  dm.  tall:  leaflets  1-2.5  cm. 
long,  mostly  3-lobed:  sepals  5-10,  white  or  pinkish,  9-15  mm.  long:  achenes 
4^6  mm.  long,  or  sometimes  longer,  ribbed.  —  Common,  in  moist  places  and 
thickets.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  RUE-ANEMONE.  WILD-ROSE. 

10.  BATRACHIUM  S.  F.  Gray.    Perennial  aquatic  or  ditch  herbs.    Leaf- 
blades  dissected  or  palmately  lobed,  the  segments  often  narrow.     Flowers  on 
peduncles  opposite  the  leaves.     Sepals  5.     Petals  usually  5,  mainly  white,  each 
claw  with  a  pit.     Stamens  several-many.     Achenes  oblique,  compressed,  trans- 
verse-wrinkled, often  nearly  or  quite  beakless. 

1.  B.  trichophyllum  (Chaix)  Bosch.  Leaves  flaccid,  3-5  cm.  long,  the  seg- 
ments mostly  10-15  mm.  long;  stipules  short  and  broad^  pubescent:  petals  5-8 
mm.  long :  head  of  achenes  4-5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  N.  Rare,  in  springs  and 
spring-runs.  —  Limestones.  (Eurasia) .  —  Sum.  —  WHITE  WATER-CROWFOOT. 

11.  RANUNCULUS    [Tourn.]    L.      Annual    or    perennial    herbs.      Leaf- 
blades    entire,    lobed,    or    divided.      Flowers    solitary    or    variously    disposed. 
Sepals  mostly  5,  deciduous.     Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  more,  or  rarely 
fewer,  each  with  a  pit  near  the  base.     Carpels  several  or  numerous.     Achenes 
generally  flattened,  smooth,  papillose,  or  echinate. — BUTTERCUP.     CROWFOOT. 

Mud  plants  :  leaves  with  entire  or  shallowly  toothed  blades. 

Achenes  minutely  beaked  :   stems  trailing.  1.  R.  reptans. 

Achenes  subulate-beaked  :  stems  erect  or  ascending.  2.  R.  obtusiusculus. 

Terrestrial   plants :    leaves   with   all    or   some   of  the   blades 

lobed  or  divided. 
Basal  leaves  with  all  or  some  of  the  blades  crenate. 

Basal  leaves  with  cordate  blades  :  foliage  glabrous  or 

nearly  so :  receptacle  pubescent.  3.  R.  dbortivus. 

Basal    leaves    with    truncate    or    cuneately    narrowed 

blades  :  foliage  pubescent :  receptacle  glabrous.  4.  R.  micranthus. 

Basal  leaves  with  all  blades  lobed  or  divided. 

Foliage    glabrous :    stem    hollow :    flowers    relatively 

small.  5.  R.  sceleratus. 

Foliage    more    or    less    pubescent :    stem    not    hollow : 

flowers  relatively  large. 

Beak  of  the  achene  hooked.  6.  R.  recurvatus. 

Beak  of  the  achene  straight  or  slightly  curved. 
Achenes  with  beaks  less  than  %  as  long  as  the 

achene-bodies. 
Petals   about   as   long  as   the   sepals :   head 

of  fruit  oblong  or  cylindric.  7.  R.  pennsylvanicus. 

Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals  :   head 

of  fruit  subglobose. 
Stems    spreading    and    creeping,    stolon- 

iferous.  8.  R.  repens. 

Stems  erect,  not  stoloniferous. 

Sepals  spreading.  9.  R.  acris. 

Sepals  reflexed.  10.  R.  bulbosus. 

Achenes    with    beaks   over    %    as    long   as   the 
achene-bodies,   the  beaks   sometimes   par- 
tially deciduous. 
Plants    stoloniferous :    foliage    glabrous    or 

nearly  so.  11.  R.  septentrionalis. 

Plants  not  stoloniferous  :   foliage   copiously 
pubescent,    except    sometimes    in    age. 
Stems    with    silky    or    appressed    pubes- 
cence :     achene     not     thick-margined : 
filaments  dilated  upward.  12.  R.  fascicularis. 

Stems  with  spreading  pubescence : 
achene  thick-margined  :  filaments  not 
dilated  upward.  13.  R.  hispidus. 


EANUNCULACEAE.  123 

1.  R.  reptans  L.     Stems  slender,  creeping,  0.5-1.5  dm.  long:  leaf -blades  spatu- 
late,  oblong,  or  linear,  0.5-2.5-  cm.  long,  entire  or  nearly  so:   petals  4-7,  3-4 
mm.  long:  head  of  fruit  globose  or  depressed,  3-3.5  mm.  in  diameter:  achene- 
body  turgid,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  the  minute  beak  persistent.  —  Susquehanna 
valley.     Bather  rare,  in  moist  sand.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  CREEPING-SPEARWORT. 

2.  E.  obtusiusculus  Eaf.     Stems  stout,  glabrous,  3-12  dm.  long:   leaf -blades 
linear  to  lanceolate,  8-15  cm.  long,  denticulate  or  entire:  petals  5-7,  5-8  mm. 
long:   head  of  fruit  globose  or  nearly  so,  4.5-6  mm.  thick,  or  longer:  achene- 
body  orbicular-obovoid,  about  2  mm.  long,  the  subulate  deciduous  beak  hori- 
zontal.—  N.    M.     Kare,   in   wet    soil.  —  Sandstones   and  shales,    limestones. — 
Sum.  — •  WATER-PLANTAIN  SPEARWORT. 

3.  E.  abortivus  L.     Stems  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  blades  of  the 
lower  leaves  reniform  to   suborbicular,   2-4   cm.  wide,  mostly  crenate:    petals 
pale-yellow,   2-3   mm.   long:    head   of   fruit   oblong   to   cylindric:    achene-boc'y 
fully   1.5  mm.   long,  very  minutely  beaked.  —  Common,  in  moist   ground  and 
thickets.  —  Spr.  —  SMALL-FLOWERED  CROWFOOT. 

4.  E.  micranthus  Nutt.     Stems  typically  more  slender  than  in  E.  abortivus, 
pubescent:     blades    of    the    lower    leaves    cuneate    to    ovate,    1-3    cm.    long, 
mostly  crenate-lobed  or  parted:    petals  light-yellow,  2-3  mm.   long:    head   of 
fruit  oblong  to  ovoid-oblong:  achene-body  barely  1.5  mm.  long,  minutely  short- 
beaked.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     Common,  in  woods  and  on  rocky  hill- 
sides. — •  Schists.  —  Spr. 

5.  E.  sceleratus  L.     Stems  stout,  l;5-6  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:   leaf- 
blades  thick,  the  divisions  cuneate,  lobed:  sepals  ovate  to  suborbicular:  petals 
bright-yellow,  3-5  mm.  long:  head  of  fruit  cylindric  to  oblong,  the  receptacle 
glabrous    or    sparingly    pubescent :    achene-body    fully    1    mm.    long,    minutely 
beaked,    thick-margined,    the    faces    uneven.  —  Common,    in    wet    places    and 
swamps.  —  Spr.  —  CELERY-LEAVED  BUTTERCUP.     DITCH-CROWFOOT. 

6.  E.    recurvatus    Poir.      Stem    slender,    1.5-7    dm.    tall,    hirsute:    leaf -blades 
thinnish,  the   divisions  rhombic  to   ovate,  toothed  and   sometimes   also  lobed: 
sepals   mainly   lanceolate:    petals   pale-yellow,    3-5    mm.    long:    head    of    fruit 
globular,   the   receptacle   hispid:    achene-body   fully   2   mm.   long,   long-beaked, 
thin-margined,  the  faces  granular.  —  Common,  in  rich  woods  and  swamps.  — 
Spr.  —  HOOKED-BUTTERCUP. 

7.  E.    pennsylvanicus   L.    f.     Stems   erect,    3-7    dm.   tall,   hispid:    leaf -blades 
thinnish,    the    divisions    relatively    narrow,    irregularly    sharp-toothed:    petals 
pale-yellow,  2-4.5  mm.  long:    head  of  fruit  cylindric  to  oblong:    achene-body 
about   2  mm.  long,  prominently  beaked.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Eather  rare, 
in  low  grounds  along  the  river.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  BRISTLY-BUTTERCUP. 

8.  E.   repens  L.      Stems  creeping,   1-8    dm.   long,   hirsute   or   glabrate:    leaf- 
blades  thickish,  the  divisions  broad,  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed:   petals  bright  - 
yellow,    10-13    mm.   long:    head   of   fruit    globose:    achene-body    3    mm.    long, 
minutely  beaked,  narrow-margined.  —  S.     Not  common,  in  fields.     Nat.  of  Eu. 
—  Spr.  —  CREEPING-BUTTERCUP. 

9.  E.   acris   L.      Stems   2-11   dm.   tall,  loosely  pubescent:    leaf -blades   mostly 
3-divided,  the  divisions  broad,  sharp-toothed,  the  middle  division  not  stalked: 
petals  bright-yellow,   about   1   cm.   long:    head   of   fruit   globose:    achene-body 
about  3  mm.  long,  obscurely  margined,  minutely  fine-beaked.  —  N.   M.     Kare, 
in  fields  and  on  roadsides.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  MEADOW-BUTTERCUP. 

10.  E.  bulbosus  L.     Stems   1.5-5   dm.  tall,  rather  appressed-pubescent :    leaf- 
blades  thick,  the  divisions  broad,  blunt-toothed:  petals  bright -yellow,  7-11  mm. 
long:    head    of   fruit    globose:    achene-body    about    3    mm.    long,    prominently 
margined,  minutely  stout-beaked.  —  Common,  on  roadsides  and  in  fields.      Nat. 
of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  BULBOUS-BUTTERCUP. 


124  RANUNCULACEAE. 

11.  R.   septentrionalis   Poir.     Stems   3-12    dm.   long,   glabrous   or   pubescent: 
leaf -blades    thickish,    the    divisions    incised-toothed    and    often    lobed:    petals 
bright-yellow,  10-14  mm.  long:  head  of  fruit  globose  to  oval:  achene-body  4-5 
mm.  long,  wide-margined,  the  slender  beak  shorter  than  the  body.  —  Common, 
in  low  grounds  and  swamps.  —  Spr.  —  SWAMP-BUTTERCUP. 

12.  R.  fascicularis  Muhl.     Stems  1-3  dm.  tall,  densely  silky:  leaf -blades  thick, 
those    of   the   lower   leaves   with  typically   cuneate-flabellate   lobed    or   parted 
divisions:    petals   8-14  mm.   long:    head  of   fruit   globose:    achene-body  2.5-3 
mm.  long,  slightly  margined,  the  beak  as  long,  slender.  —  Common,  in  woods 
and  thickets.  —  Spr.  —  EARLY- CROWFOOT. 

13.  R.  hispidus  Michx.     Stems  2-6  dm.  tall,  hirsute  or  villose-hirsute :    leaf- 
blades  pubescent,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  generally  3-parted,  the  divisions 
suborbicular  to  cuneate,  incised,  lobed,  or  sometimes  parted:   petals  9-16  mm. 
long:    head   of  fruit   globose  to   oval:    achene-body   2.5-3   mm.   long,   slightly 
margined,  the  beak  about  \  as  long  as  the  body.  —  Common,  in  woods  and 
thickets.  —  Spr. 

12.  THALICTRUM     [Tourn.]     L.      Perennial    herbs.      Leaf -blades    ter- 
nately  decompound.     Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious,  often  numer- 
ous.    Sepals  4-5.     Petals  wanting.     Stamens  numerous,  conspicuous.     Carpels 
commonly  few.    Achenes  ribbed  or  nerved,  sometimes  stipitate.  —  MEADOW-RUE. 

Stamens  drooping :  filaments  filiform  ;  anthers  linear :  achenes  ribbed,  sessile. 

1.  T.  dioicum. 
Stamens  spreading  :  filaments  spatulate  ;  anthers  oblong  :  achenes 

ridged,  short-stipitate.  2.  T.  polygamum. 

1.  T.  dioicum  L.    Plants  3-6  dm.  tall :  cauline-leaves  with  long  petioles ;  blades 
of  the  leaflets  thin,  the  terminal  ones  1.5-3  cm.  wide,  lobed:   carpels  sessile: 
achene-bodies    3-4    mm.    long,    abruptly    beaked,    blunt-ribbed.  —  Common,    on 
rocky  hillsides.  —  Spr.  —  EARLY  MEADOW-RUE. 

2.  T.  polygamum  Muhl.     Plants  9-30  dm.  tall:   cauline  leaves  sessile;  blades 
of  the  leaflets  thinnish,  prominently  lobed,  green  beneath,  the  terminal   one 
mainly  1.5-4  cm.  wide:  achene-body  4-5.5  mm.  long,  gradually  beaked,  sharp- 
ridged.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and  low  meadows.  —  Sum.  —  TALL  MEADOW-RUE. 

13.  CLEMATIS    L.     Perennial     vines.       Leaf -blades     3-several-foliolate. 
Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamo-dioecious,  in  broad  paniculate   cymes.     Sepals 
relatively  small,  but  petaloid,  without  a  border,  thin,  spreading,  white  or  pale. 
Petals  wanting.     Stamens   spreading:    anthers   short,   blunt.     Carpels   several. 
Achenes  with  silky  or  plumose  styles. 

1.  C.  virginiana  L.  Plants  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate:  leaves  mainly 
3-foliolate:  sepals  whitish,  thin,  8-12  mm.  long:  achene-bodies  4-5  mm.  long, 
very  inequilateral.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  along  streams.  —  Sum.  — 
VIRGIN  'S-BOWER. 

14.  ATRAG-ENE     L.       Perennial     vines.       Leaf -blades     several-foliolate. 
Flowers  solitary  on  axillary  branches.     Sepals  mostly  4,  thin,  petal-like,  large, 
veiny.     Petals  small,  spatulate.     Stamens  numerous,  erect,  the  outer  more  or 
less  petal-like;    anthers   oval.      Carpels   several.     Achenes   with   long   plumose 
styles. 

1.  A.  americana  Sims.  Stems  purple,  trailing  or  diffuse:  leaflets  ovate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  2.5-9  em.  long,  mostly  toothed  or  somewhat  lobed:  sepals 
purplish-blue,  3-5  cm.  long:  petals  8-13  mm.  long:  achene-bodies  3-4  mm. 
wide,  with  style-tips  3-4  cm.  long.  —  Eare,  on  rocky  hillsides  and  in  rocky 
woods.  —  Spr.  —  BELL-RUE. 


MAGNOLIACEAE.  125 

FAMILY  3.    ANNONACEAE.     CUSTARD-APPLE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  entire.  Flowers  perfect, 
monoecious,  or  dioecious.  Calyx  of  3,  or  2,  sepals.  Corolla  of  mostly  6 
petals  much  larger  than  the  sepals,  those  of  the  inner  series  smaller  than 
those  of  the  outer,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  many  stamens,  the  anthers 
terminating  in  a  blunt  glandular  appendage.  Gynoecium  of  few  or  many 
distinct  carpels.  Fruit  a  simple  or  aggregate  berry. 

1.  ASIMINA  Adans.  Ill-scented  plants.  Leaves  mostly  deciduous: 
blades  broadened  upward.  Petals  6,  much  larger  than  the  sepals,  spreading, 
becoming  purple.  Carpels  few:  style  subulate.  Fruits  drooping. 

1.  A.  triloba  (L.)  Dunal.  A  shrub  or  tree  3-12  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  cuneate 
to  obovate-cuneate  or  oblong-cuneate,  or  rarely  obovate,  10-30  cm.  long: 
pedicels  10-20  mm.  long  in  anthesis:  inner  petals  less  than  20  mm.  long: 
seeds  20-25  mm.  long.  —  Bather  common,  on  river  and  creek  banks.  —  Spr.  — 
PAPAW. 

FAMILY  4.    MAGNOLIACEAE.    MAGNOLIA  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate,  sometimes  apparently 
whorled:  blades  entire,  toothed,  or  whorled."  Flowers  perfect  or  monoe- 
cious. Calyx  of  3  petaloid  sepals  or  rarely  more.  Corolla  of  5  imbricate 
petals  as  large  as  the  sepals  or  larger,  or  more.  Androecium  of  many 
stamens  or  rarely  of  few.  Gynoecium  of  several  or  many  distinct  carpels. 
Fruit  a  cone  of  accrescent  carpels  which  become  baccate  or  follicular,  or 
samara-like. 

Leaves  not  lobed,  sometimes  merely  auricled  at  the  base :  mature  carpels  dehiscent 

berries. 
Leaves  4-lobed :  mature  carpels  samara-like,  indehiscent.  1.     MAGNOLIA. 

2.    LlRIODENDKON. 

1.  MAGNOLIA   L.      Shrubs   or   trees.     Leaves   deciduous   or   persistent: 
blades  entire  or  auricled  at  the  base.     Flowers  perfect,  white.     Sepals  and 
petals  about  equal  in  size. 

Leaves   alternate ;    blades   small :   fruit-cones   oval,    ovoid   or   globular. 

1.  M.  virginiana. 
Leaves  approximate  at  the  tips  of  the  branches;  blades  large: 

fruit-cones   oblong.  2.  M.  tripetala. 

1.  M.  virginiana  L.     A  shrub,  or  tree  becoming  25  m.  tall,  the  twigs  silky: 
leaf -blades   oblong,   elliptic,   or   oval,   5-15   cm.   long:    flowers   white,   globose- 
campanulate,   3-8   cm.   wide:    petals   elliptic,   oblong,   oval,   or   obovate:    fruit 
oval  or  ovoid,  3-5  cm.  long:  seeds  8-10  mm.  long.  —  E.  S.     Kare,  in  swamps. 
—  Schists.  —  Spr.  —  SWEET-BAY.     LAUREL- MAGNOLIA. 

2.  M.  tripetala  L.     A  tree  becoming   14  m.   tall,  the  twigs   glabrous:    leaf- 
blades  elliptic-oblanceolate    or   obovate-oblanceolate,   20-70    cm.   long:    flowers 
creamy -white,    unpleasantly    scented:    petals    oblong-oblanceolate,    11-16    cm. 
long :   fruit  oblong,  8-12  cm.  long :   seeds  about  1  cm.  long.  —  Lower  Susque- 
hanna  valley.     Bare,  in  ravines.  —  Schists.  —  Spr.  —  UMBRELLA-TREE. 

2.  LIBIODENDEON     L.       Trees.       Leaves     deciduous:     blades     lobed. 
Flowers  perfect,  greenish-yellow.     Sepals  3,  reflexed.     Petals  6,  broader  than 
the  sepals,  erect.     Fruit  a  cone  of  appressed  samara-like  carpels. 

1.  L.  Tulipifera  L.  Tree  becoming  60  m.  tall,  the  bark  with  flat  ridges:  leaf- 
blades  6-20  cm.  wide,  4-lobed,  truncate  or  notched  at  the  apex:  flowers  cam- 


126  ,  NYMPHAEACEAE. 

panulate:  sepals  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  4-5  cm.  long:  petals  oblong,  oval, 
or  suborbicular,  greenish-yellow  and  often  tinged  with  orange:  fruit  conic,  5-7 
cm.  long,  erect,  the  carpels  3-4  cm.  long,  indehiscent.  —  Common,  in  woods 
and  on  banks.  —  Sum.  —  TULIP-TREE.  WHITE-WOOD.  YELLOW-POPLAR. 

FAMILY  5.     MENISPERMACEAE.    MOONSEED  FAMILY. 

Perennial  vines.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  entire  or  lobed,  sometimes 
peltate.  Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  in  racemose  or  paniculate  cymes. 
Calyx  of  6  sepals,  or  fewer  or  more.  Corolla  of  4-6,  or  more,  petals 
smaller  than  the  sepals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  6-12  stamens,  or 
more.  Gynoecium  of  3-6  distinct  carpels,  or  more.  Fruit  a  berry-like 
drupe. 

1.  MENISPERMUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Vines,  with  rather  large  entire  or 
shallow-lobed  leaf -blades.  Sepals  4-8.  Petals.  4-8,  with  involute  sides.  Fila- 
ments clavate.  Gynoecium  stipitate.  Stigmas  flabellate.  Seed  cochleate. 

1.  M.  canadense  L.  Stems  finely  pubescent :  leaf -blades  5-20  cm.  wide,  peltate 
near  the  base:  flowers  greenish-white:  sepals  oblong  or  oval,  1.5-2  mm.  long: 
petals  with  somewhat  flabellate  blades:  drupes  bluish-black,  about  1  cm.  in 
diameter.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  fence-rows.  —  Sum.  —  MOONSEED. 

FAMILY  6.     CABOMBACEAE.     WATER-SHIELD  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  caulescent  plants,  often  mucilage-coated.  Leaves  alternate  or 
opposite:  blades  of  the  submerged  ones  mostly  dissected,  those  of  the 
floating  leaves  entire  and  peltate.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  and  corolla 
of  3  or  4  sepals  or  petals  each,  the  latter  not  larger  than  the  former. 
Androecium  of  3-18  stamens. 

1.  BRASENIA  Schreb.  Stout  herbs.  Blades  of  all  the  leaves  entire. 
Petals  narrower  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  mostly  longer  than  the  carpels: 
filaments  filiform. 

1.  B.  Schreberi  Gmel.  Stems,  and  other  submerged  parts,  mucilage-coated: 
leaf -blades  oval,  elliptic,  or  oblong,  5-12  cm.  long:  sepals  and  petals  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  dull-purple:  mature  carpels  5-8  mm.  long, 
the  beak  angled.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.  Eather  rare,  in  ponds  and  still 
water.  —  Sum.  —  WATER-SHIELD. 

FAMILY  7.    NYMPHAEACEAE.     WATER-LILY   FAMILY. 

Aquatic,  acaulescent  plants,  with  rootstocks.  Leaves  with  erect  or 
floating  blades.  Flower  terminating  a  long  scape.  Calyx  of  4-6  sepals. 
Corolla  of  numerous  petals  passing  into  the  stamens. 

Petals  small,  filament-like :   stamens  hypogynous.  1.  NYMPHAEA. 

Petals  as  large  as  the  sepals  :   stamens  epigynous.  2.  CASTALIA. 

1.  NYMPHAEA  [Tourn.]  L.  Plants  with  erect  leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 
Leaf -blades  not  peltate,  with  a  sinus  at  the  base.  Sepals  5  or  6,  concave,  con- 
verging. Petals  10-20,  erect,  somewhat  resembling  the  filaments.  Stamens 
consisting  of  2  narrow  anther-sacs  on  the  face  of  a  flat  filament.  Stigmas 
united  into  a  disk  with  radiating  stigmatic  lines.  —  SPLATTER-DOCK.  YELLOW 

POND-LILY. 


PODOPHYLLACEAE.  127 

Stigma  12-24-rayed  :  capsule  over  3   cm.   long.  1.  N    advena 

Stigma   7-9-rayed  :   capsule  less   than  2   cm.   long.  2.  N.  microphylla. 

1.  N.  advena  Soland.     Plants  stout:  blades  of  the  emersed  leaves  suborbicular 
to  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  the  sinus  open;  submersed  leaves  few 
or  usually  wanting:  sepals  6,  obovate  to  oval,  yellow,  and  usually  tinged  with 
green  or  brown:   petals  shorter  than  the  sepals:   stigmatie  disk  yellow,  12-24- 
rayed  :    fruits  3.5-5  cm.  long,  without  a  neck.  —  Common,  in  ponds  and  still 
water.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

2.  N.  microphylla  Pers.     Plants  slender:  blades  of  the  emersed  leaves  oval  to 
oval-elliptic,  0.4-1  dm.  long,  the  sinus  narrow ;   submersed  leaves  present  and 
usually   numerous:    sepals   5,   obovate  to   oval,  yellow   or   green-tinged:    petals 
shorter  than  the  sepals  and  narrower:   stigmatie  disk  red,  7-10-rayed:   fruits 
1.5-2  cm.  long,  with  a  neck.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Rather  rare,  in  shallow 
water.  — •  Sum. 

2.  CASTALIA  Salisb.  Plants  with  floating  leaves  and  white,  pink,  blue, 
or  yellow  flowers.  Leaf -blades  peltate  and  eleft  at  the  base.  Sepals  mostly 
4,  spreading.  Petals  numerous,  spreading,  the  outer  ones  about  as  large  as 
the  sepals.  Stamens  consisting  of  narrow  anthers  terminating  slender  filaments. 

1.  C.  odorata  (Dryand.)  Woodv.  &  Wood.  Leaf -blades  suborbicular  to  oval, 
0.5-1.5  cm.  long,  inconspicuously  venose-reticulate  beneath,  the  edges  flat: 
flowers  fragrant:  calyx  7-15  cm.  wide:  petals  white  or  pink:  anthers  of  the 
outer  stamens  12-14  mm.  long:  berries  2.5-3  cm.  in  diameter.  —  Common, 
especially  in  the  Susquehanna  River  and  its  tributaries.  —  Sum.  —  WATER-LILY. 

FAMILY  9.    PODOPHYLLACEAE.     MAY- APPLE  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  sometimes  all  basal:  blades  simple 
or  ternately  compound.  Flowers  perfect,  of  4  or  6  sepals.  Corolla  of  6 
or  9  petals  resembling  the  sepals  except  in  Caulophyllum.  Androecium 
of  6-18  stamens,  the  anthers  opening  by  valves,  except  in  Podophyllum. 

Stamens   12-18 ;   anthers  opening  lengthwise :   seeds  numerous,  enclosed. 

1.  PODOPHYLLUM. 
Stamens  6  :  anthers  opening  by  hinged  valves  :  seeds  2,  naked.     2.  CAULOPHYLLUM. 

1.  PODOPHYLLUM  L.     Large  herbs,  with  elongate  rootstocks.     Leaves 
2  at  the  top  of  the  flowering  stem:  blades  peltate,  many-lobed.     Flower  nod- 
ding.    Sepals  6,  fugaceous.     Petals  6-9.     Stamens  12-18.     Fruits  nodding. 

1.  P.  peltatum  L.  Plants  2-4  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  suborbicular,  1-3  dm.  in 
diameter,  7-9-lobed:  pedicel  2-4  cm.  long:  petals  white,  6-9,  obovate,  2.5-4  cm. 
long,  wax-like :  berry  somewhat  oblique,  4-5  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  rich 
soil,  especially  in  woods.  —  Spr.  —  MAY-APPLE.  MANDRAKE. 

2.  CAULOPHYLLUM  Michx.     Large  herbs,  with  thick  rootstocks.     Leaf 
high  up  on  the  flowering  stem,  ternately  compound.     Flowers  in  a  raceme-like 
cyme.    Sepals  6,  accompanied  by  3  or  4  bractlets.    Petals  6,  gland-like,  dilated. 
Stamens  6:  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments.     Fruits  erect. 

1.  C.  thalictroides  (L.)  Michx.  Plants  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaflets  2-3-lobed  at  the 
apex,  4-10  cm.  long:  panicle  4-10  cm.  long:  sepals  greenish  or  purplish,  3-6 
mm.  long :  petals  about  2  mm.  long :  seeds  about  1  cm.  in  diameter.  —  Common, 
in  rich  soil  in  woods  and  along  streams.  —  Spr.  —  BLUE-COHOSH.  PAPPOOSE- 
ROOT. 


128  PAP  AVERAGE  AE. 

Order  PAPAVERALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  with  entire,  toothed,  or  dis- 
sected, or  compound  blades.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  of  distinct  or  nearly 
distinct  sepals.  Corolla  of  distinct  or  nearly  distinct  petals,  or  wanting. 
Androecium  of  few  or  many  hypogynous  stamens. 

Sepals  2  or  very  rarely  3  or  4  :  endosperm  present. 

Flowers  regular :  stamens  8  or  numerous  :  juice  usually  milky  or  colored. 

Fam.  1.  PAPAVEEACEAE. 

Flowers  irregular :  stamens  6  :  juice  usually  watery.         Fam.  2.  FUMARIACEAE. 
Sepals  4-8  :  endosperm  wanting. 

Capsules  2-celled :  stamens  6,  tetradynamous.  Fam.  3.  BRASSICACEAE. 

Capsules  1-celled  :  stamens  when  6  not  tetradynamous.       Fam.  4.  CAPPARIDACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.     PAPAVERACEAE.     POPPY  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  rarely  woody  plants,  the  sap  colored.  Leaves  alternate  or 
opposite:  blades  entire,  toothed,  or  divided.  Flowers  perfect,  regular. 
Calyx  of  2  or  rarely  3  caducous  sepals.  Corolla  of  4,  8,  or  12,  or  rarely 
more,  deciduous  petals.  Androecium  usually  of  many  distinct  stamens. 
Gynoecium  2-several-carpellary.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

Acaulescent  herbs  :  petals  8-12,  not  crumpled  in  the  bud :  stigmas  over  the  valves 
of  the  capsule.  1.   SANGUINARIA. 

Caulescent  herbs  :  petals  4-6,  mostly  crumpled  :  stigmas  over  the 

placentae. 

Capsule  splitting  to  the  base.  2.  CHELIDONIUM. 

Capsule  dehiscent  at  the  top  or  only  to  the  middle. 

Leaf-blades  unarmed :   stigma  disk-like.  3.  PAPAVER. 

Leaf-blades  spiny-toothed  :  stigma  radiate.  4.  ARGEMONE. 

1.  SANGUINARIA     [Dill.]    L.      Perennial    herbs    with    red    rootstocks. 
Leaves  basal:  blades  palmately  lobed.     Flowers  solitary.     Sepals  2}  glabrous. 
Petals  8-12,  narrow,  white.     Gynoecium  2-carpellary,  glabrous. 

1.  S.  canadensis  L.     Plants  8-30  cm.  tall,  glabrous:   leaf -blades  orbicular  to 
reniform  in  outline,  6-25  cm.  wide,  5-9-lobed:    scapes  finally  over-topped  by 
the  leaves:    petals   oblong,   elliptic  or  rarely  broader,   2-3   cm.   long:    capsule 
fusiform,  3-5   cm.   long.  —  Common,  in  woods   and   thickets.  —  Spr.  —  BLOOD- 
ROOT. 

2.  CHELIDONIUM    [Tourn.]    L.     Biennial   or  perennial  herbs.     Leaves 
cauline:   blades  pinnately  dissected.     Flowers  numerous.     Sepals  2.     Petals  4, 
relatively  long  and  narrow,  yellow.     Gynoecium  slender,  2-carpellary.     Stigmas 

2.  Capsule  elongate. 

1.  C.  majus  L.  Plants  2-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  1-3  dm.  long,  the  segments 
with  lobes  or  teeth:  petals  suborbicular,  8-13  mm.  long:  capsules  slender,  3-5 
cm.  long.  —  Common,  on  roadsides  and  in  fence  rows.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and 
sum.  —  CELANDINE. 

3.  PAP  AVER    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual   or   perennial   herbs.     Leaves   some- 
times mainly  basal:   blades  mostly  pinnately  lobed.     Flowers  few  or  solitary, 
the  buds  drooping.    Sepals  2,  or  rarely  3.    Petals  4,  or  rarely  6,  broad.    Gynoe- 
cium   several-carpellary,    the    ovary   with   4-2 0   septiform    placentae.      Stigma 
crown-like  or  disk-like.     Capsule  long,  short  or  depressed.  —  POPPY. 

Plants   pubescent,   mostly   hirsute :    leaf-blades   pinnately   divided,   narrowed   at   the 

base  :  capsules  elongate,  or  longer  than  thick. 
Capsules   oblong-clavate :    pedicels   appressed-pubescent,   at   least   above. 

1.  P.  dubium. 


PAPAVEEACEAE.  129 

Capsules  turbinate-obovate :  pedicels  bristly-pubescent.  2.  P.  Rhoeaa. 

Plants  glaucous :   leaf-blades  lobed,   clasping  at  the  base :   cap- 
sules subglobose  or  depressed.  3.  P.  somniferum. 

1.  P.    dubium   L.      Plants    2-7    dm.    tall:    leaf -divisions    entire,    or    sparingly 
toothed  or  incised:   sepals  hirsute:   petals  scarlet,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long:   filaments 
filiform :  capsules  1.5-2  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.     Nat. 
of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  SMOOTH-FRUITED  POPPY. 

2.  P.  Rhoeas  L.     Plants  2.5-5  dm.  tall:  leaf -divisions  lobed,  much  toothed  or 
incised,  acute  or  acutish:  sepals  hirsute,  mostly  11-16  mm.  long:  petals  scarlet 
dark  near  the  base,  almost  reniform:   2.5-5  cm.  long:  filaments  filiform:   cap- 
sules 8-10  mm.  long.  —  S.     Occasional,  in  fields.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 
—  FIELD-POPPY.    CORN-POPPY. 

3.  P.  somniferum  L.     Plants  3-10  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  6-20  dm.  long,  the 
lobes  toothed:   sepals  glabrous:   petals  white  to  purple,  2.5-5  cm.  long:   fila- 
ments clavate :  capsules  subglobose  or  depressed,  2-3  cm.  long.  —  M.    Bare,  in 
fields  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  OPIUM-POPPY.     GARDEN -POPPY. 

4.  ARGEMONE  L.  Annual  or  biennial  herbs.  Leaves  cauline:  blades 
incised-pinnatifid.  Flowers  few,  the  buds  erect.  Sepals  2  or  3,  hooded  or 
horned.  Petals  4  or  6,  broad.  Gynoecium  4-6-carpellary,  the  ovary  with  4-6 
nerviform  placentae.  Stigma  4-lobed.  Capsule  elongate. 

1.  A.  mexicana  L.     Plants  glaucous,  3-9  dm.  tall,  more  or  less  spiny:  leaves 
10-25  cm.  long;  blades  runcinate-pinnatifid,  blotched,  spiny-toothed  and  com- 
monly spiny  along  the  midrib,  sessile  and  clasping:  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so: 
sepals  acuminate  and  bristle-tipped:    corolla  yellow,  3-7   cm.  broad:    capsules 
oblong,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  spine-armed.  —  S.     Bare,  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  trop. 
Am.  —  Sum.  —  PRICKLY-POPPY. 

FAMILY  2.    FUMAEIACEAE.    FUMITORY  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  sometimes  vines,  the  sap  watery.  Leaves  alternate:  blades 
dissected.  Flowers  perfect,  irregular.  Calyx  of  2  scale-like  sepals. 
Corolla  of  4  petals,  sometimes  persistent,  the  outer  with  spreading  tips 
and  one  or  both  of  them  saccate  or  spurred  at  the  base,  the  inner  2  smaller, 
thickened  at  the  tip  and  enclosing  the  stigma.  Androecium  of  6  dia- 
delphous  stamens,  the  middle  anther  of  each  group  2-celled,  the  lateral 
ones  1-celled.  Gynoecium  2-carpellary.  Fruit  a  silique,  capsule  or  a 
nutlet. 

Each  of  the  two  outer  petals  spurred  at  the  base. 

Petals  permanently  united  and  enclosing  the  capsule  :  seeds  crestless  :   vines. 

1.  ADLUMIA. 
Petals  lightly  united,  deciduous  :  seeds  mostly  crested :  acaules- 

cent  herbs.  2.  BICTJCULLA. 

One  of  the  2  outer  petals  spurred  at  the  base. 

Ovules  several  or  many  :  fruit  an  elongate  capsule  :  seeds  with 

crests  or  arils.  3.  CAPNOIDES. 

Ovule  solitary  :  fruit  a  globose  nutlet :  seed  crestless.  4.  FDMARIA. 

1.  ADLUMIA  Eaf.  Biennial  or  perennial  tender  vines.  Leaf -blades  with 
broad  segments.  Flowers  mostly  in  panicle-like  cymes,  white  or  pink.  Sepals 

2,  toothed.     Stamens  6,  inonadelphous  below,  the  3  filaments  of  each  group 
united  to  near  the  anthers.     Capsule  included. 

1.  A.  fungosa  (Ait.)  Greene.     Leaf -blades  decompound,  the  ultimate  divisions 
entire  or  lobed,  3-10  mm.  long:  corolla  15-18  mm.  long:  petals  pink  or  whitish, 
the   inner  with   suborbicular  blades   about   1.5  mm.   broad:    capsules   slender, 
Lancaster  County  Flora  9. 


130  BEASSICACEAE. 

1.5-2  cm.  long.  —  S.  Bare,  in  woods  along  creeks.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  ALLE- 
GHENY-VINE. CLIMBING-FUMITORY. 

2.  BICUCULLA  Adans.    Perennial  herbs,  with  granular  or  tuberous  root- 
stocks.     Leaf-blades  with  narrow  segments.     Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles, 
mostly  white  to   deep-pink.     Sepals  2,  entire.     Stamens  6,  somewhat   diadel- 
phous  at  the  base.     Capsule  not  included.  —  Spr. 

Rootstocks  with  yellow  tubers  :  spurs  rounded  :   inner  petals   conspicuously  crested. 

1.  B.  canadensis. 

Rootstocks    without   tubers :    spurs    spreading :    inner    petals    mi- 
nutely crested.  2.  B.  Cucullaria. 

1.  B.  canadensis  (Goldie)   Millsp.     Plants  2-3  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  dissected 
into  linear  or  nearly  linear  segments:  racemes  usually  overtopping  the  leaves: 
corolla    greenish-white    or    purplish-tinged,   the    spurs    much   shorter    than    the 
upper  portion  of  the  petals:  capsule-body  11-15  mm.  long,  abruptly  narrowed 
at    both    ends.  —  Susquehanna    valley.      Eather    common,    in    rich    woods. — 
Quartzites,  schists.  —  SQUIRREL-CORN. 

2.  B.  Cucullaria  (L.)  Millsp.    Plants  1-3  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  similar  to  those 
of  B.  canadensis:  racemes  usually  overtopped  by  the  leaves:   corolla  white  or 

CVpink,  the  spurs  about  as  long  as  the  other  portion  of  the  petals:  capsule- 
y  10-13  mm.  long,  gradually  narrowed  at  both  ends.  —  Common,  in  rich 
woods.  —  DUTCHMAN  'S-BREECHES. 

3.  CAPNOIDES    Adans.      Annual    or    biennial    caulescent    herbs.      Leaf- 
blades    with    toothed    segments.      Flowers    racemose,    yellow,    pink,    or    white. 
Sepals  2,  usually  toothed.     Stamens  6,  diadelphous.     Ovary  elongate,  several- 
ovuled:   style  persistent.     Capsule  often  torulose.  —  Spr. 

Corolla  pink  or  purple,  except  the  yellow  tip  :  plants  erect.  1.  G.  sempervirens. 
Corolla  yellow  :  plants  diffuse.  2.  C.  flavulum. 

1.  C.  sempervirens  (L.)  Borck.    Plants  3-12  dm.  tall,  the  branches  ascending: 
leaf -segments  obovate  to  cuneate:   corolla  14-16  mm.  long,  the  spur  rounded, 
the  inner  petals  about  15  mm.  long,  the  blades  about  J  as  long  as  the  claws: 
capsules  3-4  cm.  long.  —  Not  very  common,  in  rocky  places  near  streams. 

2.  C.  flavulum   (Eaf.)   Kuntze.     Plants  1-5  dm.  tall,  the  branches  spreading, 
leaf -segments   narrow,   acute:    corolla  yellow,   10-11.5   mm.   long,   the   smaller 
outer  petals  prominently  crested:  capsules  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  somewhat  torulose. 
—  Common,  in  rich  soil  especially  near  the  Susquehanna  Eiver. 

4.  FUMAEIA   [Tourn.]   L.     Annual  herbs.     Leaf -blades  with  small  seg- 
ments.    Flowers  racemose,  white   or  pink.      Sepals  2,  scale-like.     Stamens   6, 
diadelphous.      Ovary    scarcely    longer    than    thick,    1-ovuled:    style    deciduous. 
Nutlet  globular. 

1.  F.  officinalis  L.  Stem  and  branches  2-10  .dm.  long:  leaf -segments  linear  or 
nearly  so:  racemes  2-10  cm.  long:  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long:  corolla  purplish  or 
flesh-colored,  and  crimson  at  the  tip,  6-8>  mm.  long:  nutlets  2-2.5  mm.  in 
diameter,  emarginate  at  the  apex.  — -  Eather  rare,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  FUMITORY. 

FAMILY  3.    BRASSICACEAE.    MUSTARD  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  partially  woody  plants,  the  sap  watery.  Leaves  alternate: 
blades  entire,  toothed,  or  dissected.  Flowers  perfect,  in  spikes  or  racemes. 
Calyx  of  4  mostly  erect  or  appressed  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  usually  clawed 


BRASSICACEAE. 


131 


petals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  6  stamens  with  1  pair  shorter  than 
the  others,  or  rarely  of  2  or  4  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  2  united  carpels. 
Stigma  depressed  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  capsular,  elongate  (silique)  or  short 
(silicle),  flat,  terete  or  angled. 


Pods  flattened  or  compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition. 
Pods  cuneate,  wingless. 

Pods  scale-like,  winged  or  margined,  at  least  at  the  apex. 
Seeds  solitary  in  each  cavity  of  the  pod. 
Seeds  several  in  each  cavity  of  the  pod. 

Pods  neither  compressed  nor  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition, 
terete  or  prismatic,   or  flattened  or  compressed  parallel  to 
the  partition. 
Pods  terete  or  prismatic. 
Pods  regularly  dehiscent. 

Length  of  pod  less  than  twice  the  width. 

Seeds  flat :  plants  pubescent  with  mostly  branched 

hairs. 
Seeds  turgid  :  plants  pubescent  with  simple  hairs  or 

glabrous. 

Corolla  yellow  :   plants  perennial  by  rootstocks. 
Corolla  white :  plants  perennial  by  long  pungent 

roots. 
Length  of  pod  over  twice  the  width. 

Pods  merely  tipped  by  the  short  style  or  style  want- 
ing, not  beaked. 
Pods  terete  or  nearly  so. 

Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity  of  the  pod. 
Corolla    yellow :    leaf-blades    toothed    or 

pinnatifld. 
Corolla      white :      leaf-blades      pinnately 

divided. 

Seeds  in  1   row  in  each  cavity   of  the  pod. 
Leaf-blades  pinnatifid  or  coarsely  toothed. 
Anthers  ovoid  :  pods  slender  and  taper- 
ing to  the  apex,   appressed  to  the 
rachis. 

Anthers    oblong-sagittate :    pods    very 
slender    but    not    tapering    to    the 
apex,  widely  spreading. 
Leaf-blades    entire    or    slightly    toothed. 
Pods   4-sided  or  4-angled. 
Corolla  white. 
Corolla  yellow. 

Seeds  flat :   leaf-blades  pinnatifld. 
Seeds  plump  :  leaf -blades  entire  or  toothed. 
Pods  markedly  beaked. 

Pod-beak   conic,   terete,   the  pod-body   relatively 

long. 
Pod-beak   flat,    2-edged,   the  pod-body   relatively 

short. 

Pod-valves    3-nerved ;    beak   long. 
Pod-valves  1-nerved ;  beak  short. 
Pods  indehiscent. 

Pods  flattened  or  compressed  parallel  to  the  broad  partition, 
Pods  suborbicular  or  ovoid. 

Corolla   yellow :    sepals    persistent :    pods   broad   above 

and  notched. 
Corolla  white :  sepals  deciduous :  pods  narrowed  above, 

not  notched. 

Pods  oblong  to  narrowly  linear. 
Valves  of  the  pods  nerveless. 

Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity. 
Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cavity. 

Caulescent  plants  with  alternate  leaves  :  embryo 

with  equal  cotyledons. 

Scapose  plants  with  2-4  leaf -like  bracts  subtend- 
ing the  peduncle :  embryo  with  unequal  coty- 
ledons. 
Valves  of  the  pods  nerved. 

Pods  oval,  oblong,  or  broadly  linear. 
Pods  narrowly  linear  to  linear-filiform. 


1.  BURSA. 


2.  LEPIDIUM. 

3.  THLASPI. 


4.  CAMELINA. 

5.  RADICULA. 

6.  ARMORACIA. 


5.  RADICULA. 
7.   SISYMBRIUM. 


8.  ERYSIMUM. 


9.  NORTA. 
10.  HESPERIS. 


11.  ARABIDOPSIS. 


12.  BARB  ARE  A. 

13.  CHEIRINIA. 


14.  BRASSICA. 


15.  SINAPIS. 

16.  ERUCA. 

17.  RAPHANDS. 


18.  ALYSSUM. 

19.  KONIQA. 

20.  DRABA. 

21.  CARDAMINB. 

22.  DENTARIA. 

20.  DRABA. 

23.  ARABIS. 


132  BRASSICACEAE. 

1.  BURSA  Weber.    Annual  herbs.    Leaves  sometimes  mainly  basal:  blades 
entire  to  pinnatifid.     Racemes  terminal.     Sepals  4,  spreading.     Petals  4,  much 
longer  than  the  sepals.     Ovules  and  seeds  many  in  each  carpel.     Pods  euneate. 

1.  B.  Bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Britton.  Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  basal  leaves  3-15  cm. 
long;  blades  mainly  pinnately  lobed  or  pinnatifid;  blades  of  the  stem-leaves 
auricled  at  the  base:  pedicels  10-15  mm.  long:  sepals  1.5-1.7  mm.  long:  petals 
white,  spatulate,  2-2.3  mm.  long :  pods  5-8  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and 
waste  places.  Nat.  of  Eu. — -Spr.-fall. —  SHEPHERD 'S-PURSE. 

2.  LEPIDITJM  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs.     Leaf- 
blades  entire  to  pinnatifid.     Racemes  terminal.     Sepals  4,  spreading.     Petals  4, 
longer  than  the  sepals  or  wanting.     Stamens  usually  fewer  than  6.     Ovule,  and 
seed,  1  in  each  carpel.     Pods  suborbicular  to  oblong.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

Blades  of  the  cauline  leaves  sagittate-clasping :  pods  winged.  1.  L.  campestre. 
Blades  of  the  cauline  leaves  tapering  at  the  base :  pods  wingless, 

margined.  2.  L.  virginicum. 

1.  L.  campestre  (L.)  E.  Br.    Plants  1-4  dm.  tall,  softly  fine-pubescent:  blades 
of  the  lower  leaves  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  sagit- 
tate,  clasping,   shallowly   toothed:    pedicels   downy:    sepals   oblong  to   oblong- 
ovate,   about    1.5   mm.   long:    petals   white,   spatulate,   2-2.5   mm.   long:    pods 
ovoid,  4.5-5.5  mm.  long,  winged  above  the  base,  minutely  pubescent.  —  Rather 
common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  COW-CRESS.     FIELD-CRESS. 

2.  L.   virginicum  L.  Stems  2-9   dm.   tall,  puberulent:    blades   of  the   cauline 
leaves  narrow,  sharply  toothed  or  incised:  pedicels  spreading,  3^  mm.  long  at 
maturity:    sepals  oblong,  about  1  mm.   long:    petals  slightly  larger  than  the 
sepals :  pods  3-4  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and  fields.  —  PEPPER- 
GRASS. 

3.  TKLASPI  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  or  perennial  erect  or  depressed  caules- 
cent herbs.    Leaf -blades  entire  or  toothed,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  auriculate- 
clasping.     Racemes  inconspicuously  bracted  or  bractless,  elongating.     Sepals 
rather  broad.    Petals  white  or  purplish,  longer  than  the  sepals,  equal  or  nearly 
so.      Filaments    stout:    anthers    short.      Pods    orbicular,    obovate    or    euneate, 
winged,  notched  at  the  apex. 

1.  T.  arvense  L.  Annual,  1-5  dm.  tall,  glabrous:  blades  of  the  lower  cauline 
leaves  of  a  spatulate  type,  those  of  the  upper  cauline  leaves  sagittate,  1.5-5 
cm.  long,  toothed:  sepals  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  2-2.5  mm.  long:  petals  white, 
euneate  to  spatulate,  2.5-3  mm.  long:  pods  suborbicular  to  orbicular-obovate, 
1-1.5  cm.  broad,  broadly  winged.  —  M.  S.  Not  common,  in  waste  places  and 
on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  PENNY-CRESS. 

4.  CAMELINA  Crantz.     Annual  herbs.     Leaf -blades  entire  or  toothed,  or 
pinnatifid  at   the  base   of   the   stem,   sometimes   clasping.     Racemes   elongate. 
Sepals  4,  rather  broad.     Petals  4,  narrow,  yellowish  or  greenish.     Stamens  6: 
anthers  ovoid.     Style  columnar.     Ovules  few  or  many.     Pods  turgid,  margined. 
Seeds  marginless.  —  Spr.  —  FALSE-FLAX. 

Stem  manifestly  pubescent :  pods  rounded  at  the  apex,  4-5  mm.  wide. 

1.  C.  microcarpa. 
Stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so :   pods  truncate  or  notched  at  the 

apex,  6-8  mm.  wide.  2.  C.  sativa. 

1.  C.  microcarpa  Andrz.  Plants  pubescent,  at  least  below,  5-8  dm.  tall: 
blades  of  the  upper  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  1.5-7  cm.  long,  sagittate-auricu- 
late  at  the  base:  pods  narrowly  obovoid,  4-5  mm.  wide:  seeds  fully  1  mm. 
long.  —  S.  Rather  common,  in  fields.  Nat.  of  Eu. 


BEASSICACEAE.  133 

2.  C.  sativa  (L.)  Crantz.  Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaves 
nearly  similar  to  those  of  C.  microcarpa:  pods  broadly  obovoid,  6-7  mm.  wide: 
seeds  fully  2  mm.  long.  —  M.  Eather  rare,  on  banks  and  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu. 

5.  RADICTJIiA  [Dill.]  Hill.    Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs.    Leaf- 
blades  toothed,  lobed,  or  dissected.     Baeemes  often  branched.     Sepals  4,  broad 
or  narrow.     Petals  4,  yellow,  often  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals.     Stamens 
1-6:    anthers   ovoid   to   globose.     Style  very  short.     Pods   short   or   elongate. 
Seeds  turgid.  —  WATER-CRESS.    STURSHUM. 

Annual  or  perennial  from  fibrous  roots  :  petals  mostly  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
Pods    subglobose    or    oval,    shorter    than    the    pedicels :    stem 

pubescent.  1.  R.  hispida. 

Pods  linear  or  narrowly  oblong,  as  long  as  the  pedicels  or  longer  : 

stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  2.  R.  palustris. 

Perennial  by  creeping  or  horizontal  stems  :  petals  mostly  surpass- 
ing the  sepals.  3.  R.  sylvestrls. 

1.  R.  hispida    (Desv.)   Heller.     Stems  hirsute  or  hispid,  3-12  dm.  tall:   leaf- 
blades  oblanceolate,  elliptic,  or  oblong,  pinnatifid  or  rarely  only  toothed,  2-18 
cm.    long:    ovary    globular:    pods    2-3    mm.    long.  —  Common,    in    sandy    soil, 
especially  along  streams.  —  Sum. 

2.  R.   palustris    (L.)    Moench.      Stems   glabrous   or   minutely   pubescent,   2-10 
dm.   tall:    leaf -blades   oblanceolate   to   oblong   or   linear-oblong,   pinnatifid,   or 
toothed  or  repand  above,  2-20  cm.  long:   ovary  oblong:   pods  5-8'  mm.  long. 
—  Frequent,  in  low  grounds  and  meadows.     Apparently  nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and 
sum.  —  MARSH-CRESS. 

3.  R.  sylvestris   (L.)  Druce.     Stems  ascending  or  decumbent,  2-7  dm.  long: 
leaf -blades  often  ovate  or  oblong,  4-15  cm.  long,  pinnately  divided,  the  seg- 
ments distant,  entire  or  toothed:   sepals  becoming  2-2.5  mm.  long:   filaments 
scarcely  longer  than  the  anthers:  pods  slender,  8-15  mm.  long,  short-beaked. — 
Common,  especially  along  streams.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  YELLOW- 
CRESS. 

6.  ARMORACIA  Gaertn.     Perennial  erect  herbs  with  long  pungent  roots. 
Leaf-blades   coarsely    toothed    or    sometimes   pinnatifid.      Eacemes    stiff,    with 
slender   pedicels.      Sepals    rather   broad.      Petals   white,    much    exceeding    the 
sepals.     Stamens  4  or  6:  anthers  ovoid.     Ovary  obovoid:  style  short-columnar: 
stigma  capitate.     Pod  short  and  stout. 

1.  A.  Armoracia  (L.)  Britton.  Stems  erect:  leaf -blades  various,  those  of  the 
basal  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  15-40  cm.  long,  irregularly 
crenate,  unequally  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base;  those  of  the  cauline  leaves 
smaller  and  more  coarsely  toothed  or  incised:  petals  white,  obovate,  6-8  mm. 
long:  pods  5-7  mm.  long,  straight.  [Roripa  Armoracia  (L.)  A.  Hitchc.]  — 
Common,  on  roadsides  and  in  thickets.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  HORSERADISH. 

7.  SISYMBRIUM    [Tourn.]    L.      Perennial    diffuse    aquatic    herbs    with 
creeping  stems.     Leaf -blades  pinnately  divided.     Eacemes  lax.     Sepals  broad. 
Petals  4,  white,  much  exceeding  the  sepals.     Stamens  mostly  6:  anthers  ovoid. 
Ovary  narrow:  style  very  stout:  stigma  discoid.     Pod  elongate,  linear. 

1.  S.  Nasturtium-aquaticum  L.  Stems  diffuse  or  floating,  1-6  dm.  long:  leaf- 
blades  unequally  pinnate,  2-15  cm.  long,  the  segments  irregular:  petals  white, 
3-4  mm.  long:  pods  linear,  10^25  mm.  long,  curved.  [Roripa  Nasturtium  (L.) 
Eusby.]  — Common,  in  springs  and  slow  streams.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.-fall.  — 
WATER-CRESS. 

8.  ERYSIMTJM    [Tourn.]    L.      Annual    or   perennial   herbs.     Leaf-blades 
entire,  lobed  or  pinnatifid.     Eacemes  elongating,  strict.     Sepals  4,  rather  nar- 


134  BEASSICACEAE. 

row,  nearly  equal.  Petals  4,  slightly  larger  than  the  sepals,  yellow,  spatulate. 
Stamens  6:  anthers  ovoid.  Ovary  narrow:  style  very  short  or  obsolete:  stigma 
2-lobed.  Pod  elongate.  Seeds  marginless. 

1.  E.  officinale  L.  Stems  3-12  dm.  tall,  the  branches  spreading:  leaf -blades 
2-20  cm.  long,  runcinate-pinnatifid,  the  segments  irregular,  entire,  toothed,  or 
lobed:  sepals  1.5—2  mm.  long:  petals  yellow,  spatulate:  pods  slender  10-16  mm. 
long,  slender-beaked.  [Sisymbrium  officinale  (L.)  Scop.] — Common,  in  waste 
places  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  HEDGE-MUSTARD. 

9.  NORTA  Adans.     Biennial,  tall,   sometimes   diffusely   branched,   herbs. 
Leaf-blades  toothed  or  pinnatifid.     Eacemes  lax,  becoming  very  lax  in  age, 
the  pedicels  short  and  stout.     Sepals  rather  narrow,  spreading.     Petals  yellow, 
exceeding  the  sepals.     Stamens  6:    anthers  oblong-sagittate.     Ovary  narrow: 
style  very  short :  stigma  2-lobed.     Pod  slender,  much-elongate,  spreading. 

1.  N.  altissima  (L.)  Britton.  Stems  1.5  m.  tall  or  less,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, often  divaricate:  leaf -blades  mostly  1-2  dm.  long,  deeply  1-2 -pinnatifid, 
the  segments  narrow,  entire  or  toothed:  sepals  4-5  mm.  long:  petals  pale-yel- 
low, spatulate:  pods  very  slender,  elongate-linear,  6-10'  cm.  long,  stout-beaked. 
[Sisymbrium  altissimum  L.]  —  Frequent,  in  fields  and  waste  places.  Nat.  of 
Eu.  —  Sum.  —  TUMBLE-MUSTARD. 

10.  HESPERIS    [Tourn.]   L.     Biennial  or  perennial  herbs.     Leaf -blades 
entire,  toothed,   or  rarely  pinnatifid.     Eacemes   or  panicles   elongate.     Sepals 
4,  broad.     Petals  4,  white  or  purple,  with  broad  blades.     Stamens  6 :   anthers 
oblong.     Style  very  short  or  obsolete.    Pod  elongate.     Seeds  marginless. 

1.  H.  matronalis  L.  Stems  3-12  dm.  tall,  roughish-pubescent :  leaves  2-15 
cm.  long;  blades  of  the  lower  ones  elliptic-oblanceolate,  those  of  the  upper 
oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate  or  rarely  slightly  pinnatifid:  sepals 
becoming  6-8  mm.  long:  petals  19-22  mm.  long,  the  broadly  obovate  blades 
about  as  long  as  the  claws :  pods  5-10  cm.  long.  —  Eather  common,  in  fields 
and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  SOCKET.  DAME  'S-VIOLET. 

11.  ARABIDOPSIS    Schur.      Annual    or    perennial    herbs.      Leaf -blades 
entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid.     Eaeemes  elongate.     Sepals  4,  narrow.     Petals  4, 
spatulate,    white.      Stamens    6:    anthers    ovoid.      Style    short.      Pod    elongate. 
Seeds  oblong,  marginless. 

1.  A.  Thaliana  (L.)  Britton.  Plants  0.3-5  dm.  tall,  mainly  branched  through- 
out, pubescent  near  the  base:  blades  of  the  basal  leaves  oblong,  elliptic,  or 
oblanceolate,  1.5-4.5  cm.  long,  entire  or  shallowly  toothed:  sepals  1-1.5  mm. 
long:  petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  pods  linear-filiform,  10-15  mm. 
long.  [Stenophragma  Thaliana,  (L.)  Celak.] — Common,  in  waste  places  and 
rocky  woods.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  MOUSE-EAR  CRESS.  WALL-CRESS. 

12.  BARBAREA  E.  Br.     Biennial  or  perennial  herbs.    Leaf -blades  lyrate- 
pinnatifid.     Eacemes  or  panicles  often   dense.     Sepals  4,  unequal.     Petals  4, 
yellow,    spatulate.      Stamens    6:    anthers    oblong   to    ovoid.      Style    columnar: 
stigma     not     dilated.       Pod     elongate.       Seeds     marginless.  —  SCURVY-GRASS. 
WINTER-CRESS.     EOCKET. 

Capsules  slender-pedicelled,  obtusely  4-angled  :  leaf -segments  3-9. 

Capsules   spreading   or   ascending :    corolla   bright-yellow.  1.  B.  Barbarea. 

Capsules  erect  and  appressed  :  corolla  pale-yellow.  2.  B.  stricta. 

Capsules  stout-pedicelled,  acutely  4-angled  :  leaf-segments  9-17.  3.  B.  verna. 

1.  B.  Barbarea  (L.)  MacM.  Plants  2-9  dm.  tall:  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  or 
shorter  above;  blades  of  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid,  those  of  the  upper  ones 


BEASSICACEAE.  135 

toothed  or  incised:  sepals  mostly  3-3.5  mm.  long:  petals  5-5.5  mm.  long: 
pods  2-2.5  cm.  long,  slender-beaked.  —  Common,  on  roadsides  and  in  fields. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

2.  B.   stricta  Andrz.     Plants  similar  to  those  of  B.  Barbarea  in  habit   and 
foliage:   sepals  mostly  4-4.5  mm.  long:   petals  5.5-6.5  mm.  long:   pods  2-2.5 
cm.  long,  short -beaked.  —  Eather  common,  on  roadsides  and  in  fields.     Nat.  of 
Eu.  —  Spr. 

3.  B.  verna  (Mill.)  Asch.     Plants  1-6  dm.  tall:  leaves  2-15  cm.  long;  blades 
pinnatifid,  the  segments  toothed:    sepals  3-3.5  mm.  long:   petals  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  sepals :  pods  3.5-8  cm.  long.  —  S.     Susquehanna  valley.     Eather 
common,  on  roadsides  and  in  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr. 

13.  CHEIBINIA   Link.     Annual   or  biennial  herbs.     Leaf -blades  entire, 
toothed,  or  lobed.    Sepals  4,  nearly  equal.    Petals  4,  yellow,  with  broad  blades. 
Stamens  6;   anthers  oblong  to  sagittate.     Style  very  short:   stigma  depressed. 
Pod  elongate.     Seeds  marginless. 

1.  C.  cheiranthoides  (L.)  Link.  Stems  1-7  dm.  tall,  strigillose:  leaf -blades 
oblong  to  lanceolate  or  linear,  2-10  cm.  long,  entire,  or  obscurely  toothed: 
sepals  2-2.5  mm.  long:  petals  with  obovate  blades  about  as  long  as  the  claws: 
filaments  3-4  mm.  long :  pods  stout-beaked.  [Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L.]  — 
Frequent,  in  sandy  soil,  especially  near  streams.  —  Sum.  —  WORMSEED-MUSTARD. 

14.  BRASSICA  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs.    Leaf- 
blades  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  or  those  of  the  upper  leaves  entire.     Sepals  4,  rather 
narrow.     Petals  4,   yellow  or  white,  the  blades  broad.     Stamens  6:    anthers 
sagittate.     Style  columnar:  stigma  depressed  or  2-lobed.     Pod  elongate,  some- 
times angled,  the  beak  conic.     Seeds  thick,  marginless.  —  MUSTARD. 

Upper  leaf -blades  merely  sessile :  petal-blades  abruptly  narrowed  into  slender  claws. 

1.  B.  nigra. 
Upper  leaf-blades  clasping:  petal-blades  gradually  narrowed  into 

broad  blades.  2.  B.  campestris. 

1.  B.  nigra    (L.)    Koch.     Stems  1-2  m.  tall,  sometimes  sparingly  pubescent, 
widely   branched:    leaves    5-20   cm.    long;    blades   of    the    lower    ones   lyrate- 
pinnatifid,  the  terminal  segment  the  largest:  sepals  becoming  4.5-5  mm.  long: 
petals  7-9  mm.  long:   pods  10-16  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and 
fields.     Nat.   of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  BLACK-MUSTARD. 

2.  B.  campestris  L.     Stems  3-6  dm.  tall,  glabrous  and  glaucous:   leaves  9-30 
cm.  long,  or  shorter  above;  blades  lyrate-pinnatifid :   sepals  becoming  4-5  mm. 
long:   petals  8-12  mm.  long:   pods  30-70  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and 
on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  TURNIP. 

15.  SINAPIS  L.     Annual  or  biennial  herbs.     Leaf-blades  lobed  or  pin- 
natifid.     Sepals   4,   herbaceous.      Petals   4,   mostly   yellow,   the   blades   broad. 
Stamens  6:  anthers  narrowly  oblong.     Style  columnar:  stigma  depressed.    Pod 
elongate,  the  beak  sword-like.     Seeds  thick,  marginless. 

1.  S.  arvensis  L.  Stems  3-6  dm.  tall,  hispid:  leaves  4-17  cm.  long;  blades 
of  the  lower  ones  coarsely  toothed  or  lyrate-pinnatifid:  sepals  becoming  5-6 
mm.  long:  petals  5.8-8.5  mm.  long,  the  suborbicular  or  obovate  blades  ab- 
ruptly contracted  into  the  slender  claws :  pods  21-24  mm.  long.  —  Frequent,  in 
fields  and  waste  places.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.-f all.  —  CHARLOCK. 

16.  ERUCA    L.     Herbs    resembling    Brassica    and    Sinapis.      Leaf-blades 
pinnatifid  or  some  of  them  merely  toothed,  not  clasping.     Eacemes  narrow: 


136  BEASSICACEAE. 

pedicels  ascending.  Sepals  narrow,  erect.  Petals  with  spreading  dilated 
veiny  blades.  Anthers  sagittate.  Ovary  short.  Style  short,  but  longer  than 
the  ovary.  Pod  short,  turgid,  the  beak  flat,  shorter  than  the  body. 

1.  E.  Eruca  (L.)  Britton.  Plants  2-7  dm.  tall,  the  stem  usually  branched, 
sparingly  pubescent:  leaf -blades  various,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  shallowly 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  usually  pinnatifid,  the  segments 
toothed:  pedicels  stout,  2-4  mm.  long:  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  13-15  mm. 
long,  glabrous:  petals  dirty-yellow,  spatulate,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  veiny:  pods 
erect,  slender-fusiform,  2-3  cm.  long,  the  beak  much  shorter  than  the  body. 
[E.  sativa  Mill.]  —  S.  Occasional,  in  fields.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

17.  RAPHANUS   [Tourn.]   L.     Annual  or  mostly  biennial  herbs.     Leaf- 
blades  lyrate-pinnatifid,  or  those  of  the  upper  ones  merely  toothed.     Sepals  4, 
narrow.      Petals   4,   yellow,   pink,   or   white,    the    blades   cuneate    or    obovate. 
Stamens  6:   anthers  narrow.     Style  columnar:    stigma  depressed  or  globular. 
Pod  elongate,  beaked.    Seeds  subglobose. 

1.  K-.  sativns  L.  Plants  3-11  dm.  tall,  usually  with  scattered  hairs:  leaves 
finely  pubescent;  blades  spatulate  to  obovate  in  outline,  pinnatifid  or  pinnately 
parted,  the  terminal  lobe  very  large  and  irregularly  toothed:  flowers  rather 
short-pedicelled :  sepals  oblong  to  linear,  6-7  mm.  long,  bearded  at  the  apex: 
petals  pink  or  white,  spatulate,  11-14  mm.  long:  pods  turgid,  the  body  mostly 
2.5-3.5  em.  long,  beaked.  —  Frequent,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu. 
—  Spr.  —  RADISH. 

18.  ALYSSUM    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual   or   perennial,   sometimes   partially 
woody,  plants.     Leaf -blades  entire  or  toothed.     Racemes  elongating.     Sepals 
4,  rather  broad,  slightly  unequal.     Petals  4,  yellow,  spatulate  to  oblong,  some- 
what longer  than  the  sepals.     Stamens   6:    filaments  narrow:    anthers   short, 
often  globose  or  ovoid.     Style  short,  columnar:   stigma  scarcely  dilated.     Pod 
short,  often  as  wide  as  long.     Seeds  2  or  4,  wingless. 

1.  A.  alyssoides  L.  Annual,  1-3  dm.  tall,  hoary:  the  stem  often  branched  at 
the  base:  leaf -blades  spatulate  to  linear-spatulate :  sepals  oblong  or  ovate- 
oblong,  2-2.5  mm.  long:  petals  pale-yellow,  spatulate,  3-3.5  mm.  long:  pods 
suborbicular,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter,  sharp-margined.  —  S.  Rare,  in  fields. 
Introduced  with  clover  seed.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  YELLOW-ALYSSUM. 

19.  KONIGA  Adans.    Annual  or  perennial,  often  diffuse  herbs,  or  shrubby 
plants.     Leaf -blades  entire.     Sepals  4,  herbaceous.    Petals  4,  white,  with  broad 
blades.      Stamens   6:    anthers   ovoid.     Style   slender:    stigma   depressed.     Pod 
ovate  to  subglobose.     Seed  solitary. 

1.  K.  maritima  (L.)  R.  Br.  •  Stems  usually  diffuse,  minutely  pubescent: 
leaves  1-5  cm.  long;  blades  of  the  cauline  ones  oblanceolate  to  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate:  flowers  fragrant:  sepals  becoming  1.5-2  mm.  long:  petals  3-4  mm. 
long,  the  suborbicular  blades  longer  than  the  claws:  pods  2-3  mm.  long,  short- 
beaked.  —  M.  Rather  frequent,  in  waste  places.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.-f all.  — 
SWEET- ALYSSUM. 

20.  DRAB  A    [Dill.]   L.     Annual  or  perennial,  often  small  herbs.     Leaf- 
blades  entire  or  toothed.     Sepals  4,  rather  broad.     Petals  4,  white  or  yellow, 
or   rarely   pink    or   purple,    or    wanting.      Stamens    6:    anthers    ovoid.      Style 
columnar   or   very   short:    stigma   depressed.     Pod    oval   to   linear,    sometimes 
twisted.     Seeds  several.  —  Spr. 


BBASSICACEAE.  137 

Petals  cuneate ;   blades  2-cleft :  pods  long-pedicelled,  elliptic  to  oblong-elliptic. 

1.  D.  verna. 
Petals  not  cuneate ;  blades  entire :  pods  short-pedicelled,  linear.     2.  D.  caroliniana. 

1.  D.  verna  L.     Plants  2-16  cm.  tall,  acaulescent:    leaf -blades  spatulate  to 
narrowly  oblong,  5-15  mm.  long,  entire,  or  toothed  near  the  apex,  sparingly 
pubescent:   scapes  glabrous:   sepals  becoming  1.5-2  mm.  long:   petals  cuneate, 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:   pods  elliptic  to  oblong-elliptic  or  rarely 
oval,  4-9  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on  dry  banks  and  in  fields.     Nat.   of  Eu.  — 
WHITLOW-GRASS. 

2.  D.    caroliniana   Walt.      Plants  4-1 0   cm.    tall,    often    short-stemmed:    leaf- 
blades  obovate,  spatulate,  oblong,  or  suborbicular,  5-15  mm.   long,  entire  or 
shallowly   few-toothed,   closely   pubescent:    scapes   pubescent,    at   least   below: 
sepals  becoming  2-2.5  mm.  long,  glabrous:  petals  3-4  mm.  long,  with  cuneate 
or  oval  blades :   ovary  glabrous :   pods  linear,  7-18  mm.  long.  —  M.     Eare,  on 
rocks  near  Lancaster.  —  Limestones. 

21.  CARDAMLNE  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  erect  or 
creeping  stems.    Leaves  alternate:  blades  entire  to  pinnately  dissected.    Sepals 
4,  much  shorter  than  the  petals.     Petals  4,  white,  pink,  or  purple.     Style  very 
short.    Pod  elongate.  —  Spr.  —  BITTER-CRESS. 

Leaf-blades  entire  or  undulate.  1.  G.  Ttulbosa. 

Leaf-blades,  at  least  those  of  cauline  leaves,  pinnately  divided. 

Corolla  3  mm.  wide  or  narrower.  2.  G.  parviflora. 

Corolla  4  mm.  wide  or  broader. 

Sepals    about    1    mm.    long :    segments    of   the    cauline 

leaves  linear.  3.  0.  arenicola. 

Sepals    about    2   mm.    long :    segments    of   the    cauline 

leaves  oblong  or  broader.  4.  C.  pennsylvanica. 

1.  C.  bulbosa  (Schreb.)  B.  S.  P.     Plants  1-5  dm.  tall,  with  tuber-like  bases: 
cauline-leaves  3-8  cm.  long;  blades  oval,  oblong,  ovate,  or  lanceolate:    sepals 
becoming    3-3.5    mm.    long:    petals    broadly    cuneate,    7-12    mm.    long:    pods 
mostly  2-2.5  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and  low  woods.  —  SPRING-CRESS. 

2.  C.  parviflora  L.     Plants  with  slender  stems  0.5-3  dm.  tall:  cauline  leaves 
1.5-6  cm.  long;  blades  pinnately  divided,  the  several  lateral  segments  narrow, 
but  broadened  upward:  sepals  becoming  1-1.5  mm.  long:  petals  slightly  longer 
than  the  sepals:   pods  1.5-2.5  cm.  long.  —  S.     Frequent,  on  dry  banks  along 
the  Susquehanna  Eiver.  —  Schists. 

3.  C.  arenicola  Britton.     Plants  1-3  dm.  tall:    cauline  leaves  1-4  cm.  long; 
blades  pinnately  divided,  the  lateral  segments  linear  or  linear-oblong,  mainly 
entire:  sepals  becoming  about  1  mm.  long:  petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  mostly  cuneate:   pods  linear,  about  2  cm.  long.  —  S.     Eare,  in  spring- 
runs  and  moist  sandy  soil.  —  Schists. 

4.  C.    pennsylvanica    Muhl.      Plants   2-10    dm.    tall,    glabrous    or    nearly    so: 
cauline  leaves  4-8-  cm.   long;   blades  pinnately   divided,  the  lateral  segments 
very  broad  or  narrow,  undulate,  toothed,  or  lobed:   sepals  becoming  about  2 
mm.  long:    petals   somewhat   longer   than   the   sepals,   mostly   spatulate:    pods 
linear-filiform,  2-2.5   mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  wet  places  and  meadows. 

22.  DENT  ASIA    [Tourn.]    L.     Perennial   scapose   herbs   with   horizontal 
rootstocks.     Leaves  basal:   blades  palmately  cleft  or  divided.     Scapes  simple, 
each  bearing  2  or  3  bracts  with  blades  similar  to  the  basal  leaves.     Sepals  4, 
much   shorter   than   the   petals.     Petals   4,   white   or   purple,   relatively   large. 
Stamens  6;  anthers  oblong  to  lanceolate.     Style  slender.     Pod  elongate. 

1.  D.  laciniata  Muhl.     Eootstock  jointed:    scapes  1-3.5  dm.  tall:   bracts  3; 
segments  with  linear-lanceolate   or  oblong  coarsely  serrate  or  incised  blades: 


138  BBASSICACEAE. 

sepals  narrow,  5-6  mm.  long:  petals  oblong-spatulate,  12-15  mm.  long:  pods 
3-5  cm.  long,  slender-beaked.  —  Common,  on  moist  banks  and  in  woods.  — 
Spr.  —  TOOTHWORT. 

23.  ARABIS  L.  Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaf -blades  entire,  toothed, 
or  pinnatifid.  Sepals  4,  erect,  broad  or  narrow.  Petals  4,  white,  pink,  purple, 
or  yellowish,  as  long  as  the  sepals  or  much  longer.  Stamens  6:  anthers  ovoid 
to  oblong.  Style  very  short  or  obsolete :  pod  elongate.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  — 
KOCK-CRESS. 

Basal  leaves  with  pinnatifid  blades  :  petals  broad.  1.  A.  lyrata. 

Basal  leaves  with  toothed  blades  :  petals  narrow. 

Capsules  erect  or  nearly  so,  sometimes  appressed. 

Seeds   marginless :    petals    less    than   4    mm.    long :    pods 

very  short-pedicelled  2.  A.  dentata. 

Seeds    margined :    petals    over    6    mm.    long :    pods    long- 

pedicelled. 
Corollas  over  7  mm.  broad :  capsules  not  appressed : 

style  1  mm.  long.  3.  A.  patens. 

Corollas  less  than  7  mm.  broad:  capsules  appressed: 

stigma  sessile.  4.  A.  hirsuta. 

Capsules  recurved. 

Outer  sepals  narrow,  linear :   plants  glabrous,  glaucous  : 

pods  1-2  mm.  wide.  5.  A.  laevigata. 

Outer  sepals  broad,  ovate  to  oblong-ovate  :  plants  pubes- 
cent, at  least  below :  pods  2.5-3.5  mm.  wide.  6.  A.  canadensis. 

1.  A.  lyrata  L.    Stems  1-4  dm.  tall,  mostly  pubescent  near  the  base:  blades  of 
the  cauline  leaves  linear-spatulate  to  linear,  entire  or  nearly  so:  sepals  becom- 
ing 2.5-3  mm.  long:  petals  white,  6-8  mm.  long,  narrowly  obovate:   pods  nar- 
rowly linear,  2-3  cm.  long.  —  Common,  on  rocks  and  rocky  hillsides. 

2.  A.  dentata  T.  &  G.     Stems  2-6  dm.  tall,  stellate-pubescent:  blades  of  the 
cauline  leaves  2-8  cm.  long,  spatulate  to  cuneate  or  oblong,  irregularly  finely 
dentate,    clasping:    sepals   becoming    2-2.5    mm.    long:    petals    3-4   mm.    long, 
spatulate:    pods  linear,  2-2.5  cm.   long.  —  Lower   Susquehanna   valley.     Occa- 
sional, in  woods.     Schists.  —  Spr. 

3.  A.  patens  Sulliv.     Stems  3-7  dm.  tall,  pubescent  with  simple  or  branched 
hairs:    blades  of  the  cauline   leaves   oblanceolate  or  cuneate  to  lanceolate  or 
ovate,  1-6  cm.  long,  mostly  coarsely  serrate,  sessile:   sepals  becoming  4-5  mm. 
long:  petals  6-8  mm.  long,  narrowly  cuneate:  pods  narrowly  linear,  2.5-4  cm. 
long.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     Frequent,  especially  on  Mountain  island 
at  Peach  Bottom.  —  Schists. 

4.  A.  hirsuta  (L.)  Scop.    Stems  3-8  dm.  tall,  usually  sparingly  hirsute:  blades 
of  the  cauline  leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate,  1-6  cm.  long,  nearly 
Entire  or  dentate,  auricled-clasping :  sepals  becoming  3  mm.  long:  petals  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  spatulate:  pods  narrowly  linear,  2.5-4  cm.  long.  — 
M.    Frequent,  on  creek  banks.  —  Limestones. 

5.  A.  laevigata  (Muhl.)   Poir.  '  Stems  3-10  dm.  tall,  glabrous:  blades  of  the 
cauline  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate  or  linear,  3-15  cm.  long,  entire  or  coarsely 
toothed,  clasping:    sepals  glabrous,  becoming  4-5  mm.  long:   petals  6-10  mm. 
long,  spatulate:  pods  very  narrowly  linear,  6-10  cm.  long,  thick:  seeds  oblong, 
narrowly  winged.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  on  rocky  banks. 

6.  A.  canadensis  L.     Stems  2-9  dm.  tall,  often  sparingly  pubescent:  blades  of 
the  cauline  leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate,  3-12  cm.  long,  remotely 
toothed   or   nearly   entire,   not   clasping:    sepals   pubescent,   becoming   4    mm. 
long:    petals   6-8   mm.   long,   oblong  to   oblong-spatulate:    pods   scythe-shaped, 
flat,  5-10  cm.  long:   seeds  ovate  or  orbicular,  broadly  winged.  —  Common,  in 
woods  and  thickets. 


DROSERACEAE.  139 

FAMILY  4.     CAPPARIDACEAE.     CAPER  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite: 
blades  simple  or  compound.  Flowers  perfect,  in  racemes  or  cymes,  or 
solitary.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5,  often  unequal,  petals. 
Receptacle  often  produced  into  a  gland.  Androecium  of  4-6  stamens  or 
more.  Gynoecium  of  2  united  carpels.  Ovary  often  stipitate.  Fruit 
capsular,  sometimes  baccate.  Seeds  conduplicate. 

1.  POLANISIA  Raf.  Herbs.  Leaf-blades  simple  or  3-foliolate.  Sepals 
4,  spreading.  Petals  4,  white  or  pink,  somewhat  unequal,  long-clawed,  the 
posterior  pair  before  a  short  gland.  Stamens  12-32:  anthers  oval  to  ovoid. 
Ovary  sessile  or  nearly  so:  style  slender.  Capsule  linear  or  linear-oblong. 

1.  P.  graveolens  Raf.  Plants  1-8  dm.  tall:  leaflets  1.5-3.5  cm.  long;  blades 
elliptic,  oblong,  or  obovate:  lower  bracts  3-foliolate:  sepals  oblong,  about  3 
mm.  long:  petals  4-5  mm.  long:  blades  suborbicular :  capsules  linear-oblong, 
3-5  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields,  and  on  roadsides  and  river  shores.  —  Sum. 
—  CLAMMY-WEED. 

Order  SARRACENIALES. 

Insectivorous,  usually  scapose  herbs,  with  viscid-fluid  secreting  tissues. 
Leaves  alternate,  various,  filiform,  or  with  dilated,  sometimes  sensitive 
blades,  or  hollow.  Flowers  usually  perfect  and  regular.  Calyx  of  distinct 
sepals.  Corolla  of  distinct  petals.  Androecium  of  few  or  many  stamens. 
Gynoecium  of  2-5  united  carpels.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3-5  parietal  or 
basal  placentae,  or  3-5-celled.  Fruit  capsular.  Endosperm  fleshy. 

Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  basal   placenta  or  parietal  placentae,  not  surmounted  by  a 
peltate  disk  :  leaves  with  filiform  or  dilated  blades.          Fam.  1.  DROSERACEAE. 

Ovary  3-5-celled  with   central   placentae,  surmounted  by 

a  peltate  disk:  leaves  with  hollow  blades.  Fam.2.   SARRACENIACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    DROSERACEAE.     SUNDEW  FAMILY. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial,  glandular-pubescent  herbs.  Leaves 
circinate  in  the  bud,  merely  filiform  or  with  broad  blades.  Flowers  spicate 
or  racemose.  Calyx  of  4-8  persistent  sepals.  Corolla  of  4r-8  petals. 
Androecium  of  4-8,  usually  5,  distinct  stamens.  Capsule  loculicidally 
3-5-valved. 

1.  DROSERA  L.  Biennial  or  perennial  (ours)  scapose  herbs.  Leaves 
clustered.  Scape  nodding  at  the  apex.  —  SUNDEW. 

Leaf-blades  broad,  suborbicular  or  broader  than  long :  seed-coat  lax. 

1.  D.  rotundifolia. 
Leaf -blades   narrow,   spatulate  :    seed-coat   close.  2.  D.  intermedia. 

1.  D.  rotundifolia  L.     Plants  5-30  cm.  tall:  leaf -blades  suborbicular  or  reni- 
form:   scape  glabrous:  sepals  becoming  5-6  mm.  long:   corolla  5-6  mm.  wide: 
capsules   slightly   exceeding   the   sepals :    seeds   fusiform,    1.5   mm.   long.  —  S. 
Rather  rare,  in  moist  sandy  soil.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

2.  D.  intermedia  Hayne.     Plants  5-20  dm.  tall:  leaves  2-6  cm.  long;   blades 
linear-spatulate,  with  long  glabrous  petioles:  sepals  becoming  5-5.5  mm.  long: 
corolla  white,  10-12  mm.  wide:   capsules  scarcely  as  long  as  the  sepals:  seeds 
oblong-cylindric,  about  0.8  mm.  long.  —  S.     Rare,  in  swamps  and  moist  sandy 
soil.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 


140 


SABRACENIACEAE. 


FAMILY  2.  SARRACENIACEAE.  PITCHER-PLANT  FAMILY. 
Perennial  bog  herbs,  living  to  some  extent  on  decaying  organic  matter 
which  has  fallen  into  the  tubular  or  pitcher-like  leaves.  Flowers  perfect, 
nodding.  Calyx  of  5  persistent  sepals,  accompanied  by  3  bracts.  Corolla 
of  5  deciduous  petals.  Androecium  of  numerous  stamens.  Gynoecium  of 
5  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  5-valved  capsule. 

1.  SARRACENIA  [Tourn.]  L.  Acaulescent,  green,  yellow,  or  purple,  or 
variegated  plants.  Leaves  basal,  erect  or  decumbent,  with  a  ventral  ridge  and 
a  terminal  hood.  Flowers  on  erect  scapes.  Stigmas  hooked,  under  the  angles 
of  the  umbrella-like  expansion  of  the  style.  PITCHER-PLANT.  TRUMPET-LEAF. 

1.  S.  purpurea  L.  Leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  ascending,  green  and  often  variegated 
with  purple;  tube  inflated,  with  a  broad  wing;  hood  reniform,  often  notched 
at  the  apex:  scapes  2-4  dm.  tall:  sepals  ovate,  about  3  cm.  long:  petals  fiddle- 
shaped,  4-5  cm.  long,  purple:  style-disk  3-4  cm.  wide:  capsule  about  1.5  cm. 
wide.  —  E.  Rare,  in  sphagnous  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  — SIDE-SADDLE 
FLOWER. 

Order  ROSALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  or  rarely  aquatic  plants,  or  vines.  Leaves 
with  simple  or  compound  blades.  Flowers  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  and 
corolla  present  and  sometimes  irregular,  or  the  latter  occasionally,  or  both 
rarely,  wanting.  Androecium  of  few  or  many  stamens.  Gynoecium  of 
1-several  distinct  or  united  carpels.  Fruit  various. 
Aquatic  alga-like  fleshy  herbs,  with  spathe-like  involucres :  perianth  wanting. 

Fam.  1.    PODOSTEMACEAE. 

Terrestrial    or   swamp   plants,   without   spathe-like    invo- 
lucres :    perianth    present,    except    in    Liquidambar. 
Endosperm  present,  usually  copious  and  fleshy  :  stip- 
ules mostly  wanting. 
Herbs. 

Carpels   as   many   as    the   sepals :    stamens    as 

many   as   the   sepals   or   twice   as    many. 

Plants  succulent :  carpels  distinct  or  united 

at  the  base,  opening  lengthwise.  Fam.  2.  SEDACEAE. 

Plants  not  succulent :  carpels  united  to  the 

middle,  circumscissile.  Fam.  3.  PENTHORACEAE. 

Carpels  fewer  than  the  sepals.  Fam.  4.  SAXIFRAGACEAE. 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  opposite.  Fam.  5.  HYDRANGEACEAE. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Fruit  a   2-celled   capsule.  Fam.  6.  HAMAMELIDACEAE. 

Fruit  a   1-celled  berry.  Fam.  7.  GROSSULARIACEAE. 

Endosperm  wanting  or  scant    (copious   in   Opulaster, 

ROSACEAE)  :  stipules  mostly  present. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  dense  capitate  clusters.      Fam.  8.  PLATANACEAE. 
Flowers  perfect,  or  if  monoecious  or  dioecious  not 

in  capitate  clusters. 
Flowers  regular. 

Carpels  several  or  numerous,  or  if  solitary 

becoming  an  achene. 
Carpels    distinct,    rarely    adnate   to    the 

hypanthium  :  fruit  achenes  or  follicles.  Fam.  9.  ROSACEAE. 
Carpels  united,   enclosed  by  the  hypan- 
thium and  adnate  to  it :  fruit  a  pome.  Fam.  10.  MALACEAE. 
Carpel    solitary,    not    becoming    an    achene. 
Ovary  with  2  ovules  :  leaf -blades  simple  : 

fruit  a  drupe.  Fam.  11.  AMYGDALACEAE. 

Ovary  with   several    ovules :    leaf-blades 

2-3-pinnate :  fruit  a  legume.  Fam.  12.  CASSIACEAE. 

Flowers  irregular    (nearly  or  quite  regular  in 

Gleditsia  of  the  CASSIACEAE). 
Upper  petal  enclosed  by  the  lateral  ones  in 

the  bud.  Fam.  12.  CASSIACEAE. 

Upper   petal    enclosing   the   lateral   ones   in 

the  bud.  Fam.  13.  FABACEAE. 


PENTHORACEAE.  141 

FAMILY  1.    PODOSTEMACEAE.     RIVER- WEED  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  herbs,  adhering  to  the  rocks,  the  vegetative  organs  resembling 
the  thallus  of  an  alga  or  a  hepatic.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  lobed  or 
decompound.  Flowers  perfect,  arising  from  a  spathe.  Perianth  wanting, 
or  of  3-5  scale-like  or  membranous  sepals.  Androecium  of  1-many 
stamens.  Gynoecium  of  2  or  3  united  carpels.  Fruit  capsular. 

1.  PODOSTEMON  Michx.  Caulescent  alga-like  herbs.  Leaf -blades  divided 
or  dissected.  Perianth  obsolete.  Stamens  2.  Ovary  2-celled.  Capsules  un- 
equally 2-valved,  one  valve  persistent. 

1.  P.  Ceratophyllum  Michx.  Stems  less  than  2  dm.  long,  usually  few  cm.  long: 
leaves  short  and  narrow:  capsules  2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley. 
Occasional,  on  rocks  about  islands.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  RIVER- WEED. 

FAMILY  2.     SEDACEAE.     ORPINE   FAMILY. 

Herbs,  usually  succulent,  or  partially  woody  plants.  Leaves  alternate, 
opposite,  or  whorled:  blades  thick,  flat  to  terete.  Flowers  perfect  or 
dioecious,  cymose.  Calyx  of  usually  4-6  persistent  sepals.  Corolla  of  as 
many  petals  as  sepals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as 
sepals  or  twice  as  many.  Gynoecium  of  as  many  distinct  or  partially 
united  carpels  as  there  are  sepals.  Fruit  follicular. 

1.  SEDUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate, 
or  sometimes  opposite  or  whorled:  blades  terete,  angled,  or  flat.  Flowers  per- 
fect, borne  in  often  1-sided  cymes.  Sepals  4  or  5,  usually  much  longer  than 
wide.  Follicles  spreading.  —  STONECRQP. 

Flowers  borne  in  a  terminal  corymbose  cyme.  1.  8.  triphyllum. 
Flowers  borne  in  simple  or  branched  scorpioid  cymes. 

Corolla  white  :   leaves  flat,  not  imbricate.  2.  8.  ternatum. 

Corolla  yellow  :  leaves  very  thick,  imbricate.  3.  8.  acre. 

1.  S.  triphyllum  (Haw.)  S.  F.  Gray.     Plants  tufted,  3-5  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades 
obovate  to  oblong  or  ovate,  2-5  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed:  cyme  densely  flow- 
ered, 2-5  cm.  wide:  sepals  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  1-2  mm.  long:  petals 
purple  or  reddish,  oblong  to  ovate-oblong,  4-5  mm.  long,  acute:   follicles  4-5 
mm.  long.  —  N.  M.     Occasional,  on  roadsides  and  about  gardens.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

Sum.  —  LlVE-FOR-EVER. 

2.  S.  ternatum  Michx.     Plants  matted :  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  in  3  ?s, 
distant,  except  in  the  terminal  rosettes:    sepals  linear,  3-4  mm.  long:   petals 
oblong-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  6-8  mm.  long:   follicles  spreading,  5.5-8  mm. 
long,  long-beaked.  —  Common,  in  damp  places,  often  on  rocks.  —  Spr. 

3.  S.    acre   L.      Plants   in    depressed   mats,   yellowish-green:    leaf -blades   very 
thick,  ovate,  2-5  mm.  long,  imbricate:    sepals  lanceolate   to   ovate-lanceolate, 
2-2.5  mm.  long:   petals  yellow,  lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long:   follicles  spreading, 
3-4  mm.  long,  short-beaked.  —  N.  M.     Occasional,  on  rocks  or  in  stony  soil. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  MOSSY-STONECROP. 

FAMILY  3.    PENTHORACEAE.     VIRGINIA-STONECROP  FAMILY. 

Caulescent  plants.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  toothed.  Flowers  per- 
fect, borne  in  terminal  cymes.  Calyx  of  5  or  6  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  or  6, 
inconspicuous  veinless  petals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  twice  as  many 
stamens  as  sepals.  Gynoecium  of  5  or  6  carpels  united  to  the  abruptly 


142  SAXIFKAGACEAE. 

contracted  middle.  Fruit  depressed,  of  5  or  6  follicles  with  the  bodies 
obliquely  adnate  to  the  receptacle,  each  one  circumscissile  near  the  base  of 
the  free  portion. 

1.  PENTHORUM  [Gronov.]  L.  Perennial  herbs  with  rootstocks.  Flowers 
greenish-white  or  yellowish,  borne  along  one  side  of  the  cyme-branches.  Styles 
incurved  during  anthesis,  recurved  at  maturity.  Follicles  stout,  ascending. 

1.  P.  sedoides  L.  Plants  1-6  dm.  tall,  bright-green,  the  stem,  above,  and 
branches  angled:  leaf -blades  narrowly  elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceolate  or  lanceo- 
late, 3-15  cm.  long,  finely  serrate:  cyme-branches  spreading:  flowers  contiguous: 
sepals  ovate,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  acute:  capsules  depressed,  4-5  mm.  broad, 
each  lobe  tipped  with  the  recurved  style.  —  Eather  common,  in  meadows  and 
low  grounds.  —  Sum.  —  DITCH-STONECROP. 

FAMILY  4.     SAXIFRAGACEAE.     SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY. 

Herbs.  Leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite:  blades  simple  or 
compound.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  of  5,  or  rarely 
of  4  or  more,  persistent  sepals.  Corolla  of  5,  or  rarely  of  4  or  more, 
petals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  sepals, 
or  twice  as  many.  Gynoecium  of  fewer  carpels  than  there  are  sepals. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  or  follicles. 

Ovary,  and  capsules,  2-celled :  placentae  axial.  1.  MICRANTHES. 
Ovary,  and  capsules,  1-celled :  placentae  basal  or  parietal. 
Corolla  present :   terrestrial   plants. 

Stamens  5  :  petals  entire,  erose  or  toothed.  2.  HEUCHBEA. 

Stamens   10  :  petals  3-cleft  or  pinnatifld.  3.  MITELLA. 

Corolla  wanting :  aquatic  plants.  4.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM. 

1.  MICRANTHES  Haw.     Acaulescent  herbs  with  short  caudices.     Leaf- 
blades  ovate  to  flabellate,  or  rarely  cordate  at  the  base.     Petals  nearly  equal. 
Carpels  slightly  united  below.  —  SAXIFRAGE. 

Petals    white :    cymules    open,    often    raceme-like.  1.  M.  virginiensis. 

Petals  greenish  or  purple  :  cymules  borne  in  corymb-like  panicles.    2.  M .  pennsylvanica. 

1.  M.  virginiensis  (Michx.)   Small.     Leaves  spreading,  2-20  cm.  long;  blades 
ovate,  oval  or  oblong:  cymules  becoming  open,  the  axis  often  elongate:  petals 
oblong  to  elliptic,  4-4.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  dry  rocky  places.  —  Spr.  — 
EARLY-SAXIFRAGE. 

2.  M.  pennsylvanica    (L.)   Haw.     Leaves  erect   or  erect-ascending,  5-35  cm. 
long;   blades  narowly  oblong  or  elliptic  to   spatulate:    cymules   compact,  the 
axis  short :  petals  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  1.5-3  mm.  long.  — 
N.  S.     Eare,  in  swamps.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum.  —  SWAMP- 
SAXIFRAGE. 

2.  HEUCHERA    L.      Perennial    herbs    with    lateral    flowering    branches. 
Leaf-blades  toothed  and  usually  lobed.     Flowers  in  panicled   cymes.     Sepals 
often  unequal.     Petals  entire,  erose   or  toothed.     Stamens  5:    filaments  elon- 
gate.    Styles  slender.     Capsules  gradually  narrowed  into  the  slender  elongate 
beaks.  — Spr.  and  sum.  —  ALUM-ROOT.     BOCK-GERANIUM. 

Flowers   essentially   regular,   the  upper   sepals   sometimes   slightly   larger  than   the 

lower. 
Petals  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  shorter :  flowering  branches  leafless. 

1.  H.  americana. 

Petals  longer  than  the  calyx  :  flowering  branches  leafy.  2.  H.  Curtisii. 

Flowers  decidedly  irregular,  the  calyx  oblique,  2-lipped.  3.  H.  pubescens. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE.  143 

1.  H.    americana   L.     Leaf -blades   orbicular-ovate    or   suborbicular,    5-11    cm. 
wide,  the  lobes  broad  and  with  broad  teeth:  sepals  much  longer  than  the  free 
portion  of  the  hypanthium:   petals  about  1.5  mm.  long,  spatulate,  the  blades 
oblong  or  elliptic,  finely  toothed.  —  Common,  on  roadsides,  and  in  woods  and 
thickets. 

2.  H.  Curtisii  T.  &  G.    Leaf -blades  suborbicular,  varying  to  ovate  or  reniform, 
sometimes  hispidulous  above,  and  ciliate,  the  lobes  broad  and  with  few  coarse 
broad    teeth:    flowering    branches    glabrous    below,    puberulent    above,    leafy: 
petals  purple   or  pinkish,  exceeding   the   sepals,   the   blades   usually   rhombic, 
finely  toothed:   free  portion  of  the  mature  hypanthium  short.  —  S.     Frequent, 
on  rocky  banks  of  the  Susquehanna  Eiver.  —  Schists. 

3.  H.  pufoescens  Pursh.    Leaf -blades  orbicular-ovate,  glabrate  in  age,  the  lobes 
often  ovate,  with  usually  sharply  mucronate  teeth:  flowering  branches  densely 
glandular-puberulent  at  least  above:   sepals  together  with  the  hypanthium  6-8 
mm.  long;  the  lower  ones  ovate:  petals  purplish,  the  larger  ones  2.5-3  mm.  long, 
the  blades  obovate,  coarsely  toothed:   free  portion  of  the  mature  hypanthium 
long:   stamens  exserted.  —  S.     Rare,  on  rocky  islands  and  banks  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna River.  —  Schists. 

3.  MITELLA  [Tourn.]  L.    Perennial  herbs  with  lateral  flowering  branches. 
Leaf-blades  lobed  and  toothed.     Flowers   in   racemes.     Sepals  equal.     Petals 
pectinately  pinnatifid.     Stamens  10:   filaments  very  short.     Styles  very  short. 
Capsules  abruptly  narrowed  near  the  apex. 

1.  M.  diphylla  L.  Plants  2-4  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  orbicular-ovate  in 
outline,  3-5-lobed,  3-8  cm.  long:  sepals  ovate,  1-1.5  mm.  long,  acute:  petals 
2.5-3  mm.  long:  capsules  2-beaked  at  the  apex,  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Rather 
common,  in  rocky  woods  and  on  cliffs.  —  Spr.  —  MITRE-WORT.  BISHOP  'S-CAP. 

4.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM  [Tourn.]  L.    Perennial  (ours)  semiaquatic  herbs. 
Leaf -blades  crenate  or  lobed.    Petals  wanting.     Stamens  mostly  4-8.     Styles  2. 
Capsule  flattened,  2-lobed,  very  short. 

1.  C.  americanum  Schwein.  Plants  decumbent,  2-20  cm.  long:  leaf -blades 
suborbicular  to  orbicular-reniform,  4-20  mm.  broad:  sepals  4,  yellowish  or 
purplish  within :  fruit  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  wet  places  and  spring- 
runs.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  GOLDEN- SAXIFRAGE.  WATER-CARPET. 

FAMILY  5.    HYDRANGEACEAE.    HYDRANGEA  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  mostly  opposite:  blades  often 
toothed.  Flowers  borne  in  raceme-like,  corymb-like  or  panicled  cymes. 
Calyx  of  usually  4-10  sepals  surmounting  the  often  ribbed  hypanthium. 
Corolla  of  mostly  4-10  petals.  Androecium  of  8-many  stamens.  Gynoe- 
cium  of  2-5,  or  rarely  of  10,  united  carpels.  Ovary  wholly  or  partially 
inferior.  Fruit  capsular. 

Stamens  8  or  10  :  sepals  minute,  except  in  sterile  flowers  :  petals  valvate. 

1.  HYDRANGEA. 
Stamens  20-40 :  sepals  relatively  large :  petals  convolute.  2.  PHILADELPHUS. 

1.  HYDRANGEA  [Gronov.]  L.  Shrubs.  Leaf -blades  toothed  or  lobed. 
Sepals  4  or  5,  minute,  or  petal-like  in  the  marginal  flowers.  Petals  valvate, 
small.  Stamens  8-10.  Styles  wanting  or  very  short.  Capsule  opening  between 
the  stigmas. 

1.  H.  arborescens  L.  Shrub  with  sparingly  pubescent  branches  and  twigs: 
leaf -blades  thin,  ovate,  oval,  or  elliptic:  petals  1-1.5  mm.  long:  capsule-body 
2-2.5  mm.  long,  broader  than  high.  —  Bather  common,  in  rich  rocky  woods.  — 
Sum.  —  HYDRANGEA. 


144  HAMAMELIDACEAE. 

2.  PHILADELPHUS  L.  Shrubs.  Leaves  deciduous:  blades  entire  or 
toothed.  Sepals  4  or  5,  prominent.  Petals  convolute,  relatively  large.  Stamens 
numerous,  or  very  rarely  15.  Styles  present.  Capsule  loculicidal. 

1.  P.  inodorus  L.  Shrub  2-3  m.  high:  leaf -blades  ovate,  often  broadly  so, 
or  oval,  3-10  cm.  long,  prominently  3-5-ribbed  at  the  base:  sepals  ovate: 
corolla  3-4  cm.  wide.  —  M.  Rare,  on  the  banks  of  the  Little  Chiquesalunga 
Creek.  Nat.  of  the  s.  U.  S.  —  Spr.  —  MOCK-ORANGE. 

FAMILY  6.    HAMAMELIDACEAE.    WITCH-HAZEL  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  and  trees.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  mostly  toothed.  Flowers 
perfect,  monoecious,  or  polygamous,  variously  clustered  or  spicate.  Calyx 
of  4  or  5  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  narrow  petals,  or  wanting.  Androe- 
cium  of  4-many  stamens.  Gynoecium  2-  or  3-carpellary.  Ovary*  2-  or  3- 
celled :  styles  distinct.  Fruit  a  leathery  or  woody  capsule,  often  elastically 
dehiscent. 

1.  HAMAMELIS  L.  Shrubs  or  trees,  with  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers, 
which  are  borne  3  together  on  short  lateral  peduncles.  Sepals  spreading  or 
reflexed.  Stamens  4:  filaments  short-subulate.  Capsule  abruptly  beaked. 

1.  H.  virginiana  L.  Shrub  or  small  tree:  leaf -blades  suborbicular,  oval- 
elliptic,  or  obovate,  4-15  cm.  long,  coarsely  crenate:  petals  yellow,  1-2  cm. 
long:  capsules  ovoid  to  subglobose,  12-15  mm.  long,  elastically  dehiscent. — 
Common,  in  woods  and  thickets,  and  on  stream-banks.  —  Fall.  —  WITCH-HAZEL. 
WITCH-ELM. 

FAMILY  7.     GROSSULABIACEAE.     GOOSEBERRY  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  often  spiny.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  usually  palmately 
lobed  or  cleft.  Flowers  borne  in  racemes,  which  are  sometimes  reduced  to 
few  flowers,  or  to  a  single  flower.  Calyx  of  5  sepals  borne  on  the 
hypanthium.  Corolla  of  5  relatively  small  petals.  Androecium  of  5 
stamens.  Gynoecium  of  2  partially  united  carpels:  ovary  with  2  parietal 
placentae :  styles  more  or  less  united.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 
Flower-stalk  jointed  beneath  the  ovary  :  berry  disarticulating  from  the  pedicel. 

Flower-stalk  not  jointed  beneath  the  ovary :  berry  not  disarticu- 
lating from   the  pedicel.  2.  GEOSSULAEIA. 

1.  RISES  L.     Shrubs  with  erect  stems  and  branches,  without  nodal  spines. 
Leaf -blades  palmately  veined   and  lobed.     Flowers  solitary   or   few   together, 
borne  on  stalks  which  are  jointed  beneath  the  ovary.     Berry  disarticulating 
from  the  stalk.  — CURRANT. 

1.  R.  americanum  Mill.  Shrub  with  grayish  twigs:  leaf -blades  2.5-7  cm. 
wide,  finely  pubescent,  with  3-5  triangular  or  ovate  lobes  irregularly  toothed: 
hypanthium  usually  pubescent  in  lines  above  the  ovary:  sepals  oblong-ovate, 
5-6  mm.  long:  petals  oblong,  §  as  long  as  the  sepals:  stamens  about  as  long 
as  the  petals :  berries  6-10  mm.  in  diameter,  black.  —  Common,  on  roadsides 
and  in  fence-rows  and  thickets.  —  Spr.  —  WILD  BLACK-CURRANT. 

2.  GROSSULARIA    Mill.      Shrubs    with    irregular    arching    or    recurved 
stems   and  branches,   and  with   nodal   spines.     Leaf -blades   palmately   veined. 
Flowers  in  drooping  racemes  or  panicles,  borne   on  stalks  which  are  jointed 
near  the  base.     Berry  not  disarticulating  from  the  stalk.  —  GOOSEBERRY. 


EOSACEAE.  145 

1.  G.  hirtella  (Michx.)  Spach.  Straggling  shrub  with  pale  twigs:  leaf -blades 
1-3  cm.  in  diameter,  finely  pubescent,  the  3-5  lobes  coarsely  toothed:  hypan- 
thium  glabrous:  sepals  oblong-ovate,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long:  petals  cuneate,  |  as 
long  as  the  sepals:  stamens  much  longer  than  the  sepals:  berries  8-10  mm.  in 
diameter,  black  or  purple.  —  M.  Eather  rare,  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  Lime- 
stones. —  Spr.  —  SMOOTH-GOOSEBERRY. 

FAMILY  8.    PLATANACEAE.     PLANE-TREE  FAMILY. 

Trees,  with  thin  smooth  bark.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  membranous- 
leathery,  palmately  lobed.  Flowers  monoecious,  minute,  inserted  on  glo- 
bose receptacles,  in  dense  pedunculate  solitary,  spicate,  or  racemose  heads. 
Perianth  obsolete.  Staminate  heads  red:  filaments  nearly  obsolete: 
anthers  elongate,  each  surmounted  by  a  dilated  connective.  Pistillate 
heads  green:  carpels  2-9,  1-celled,  mingled  with  staminodia  which  are 
pilose  at  the  apex,  surrounded  by  long-jointed  persistent  hairs:  style 
terminal,  stigmatose  to  below  the  middle  on  the  ventral  suture.  Fruit  an 
elongate  achene,  surrounded  by  rigid  hairs,  with  a  thin  leathery  pericarp, 
crowded  in  dense  globose  heads. 

1.  PLATANTJS  [Tourn.]  L.  Trees,  with  smooth  bark  and  stout  irregular 
branches  from  which  are  suspended  the  usually  numerous  long-peduncled  fruit- 
heads.  —  PLANE-TREE.  SYCAMORE. 

1.  P.  occidentalis  L.  Tree  becoming  55  m.  tall,  the  bark  pale:  leaf -blades 
3-5-lobed,  10-20  cm.  broad,  permanently  woolly  on  the  veins  beneath:  fruiting 
heads  subglobose,  2-4  cm.  in  diameter,  drooping.  —  Common,  in  low  places, 
usually  near  streams.  —  Spr.  —  BUTTON-WOOD.  BUTTON-BALL. 

FAMILY  9.    ROSACEAE.    ROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  trees,  or  rarely  vines.  Leaves  mostly  alternate :  blades 
simple  or  compound,  often  stipulate.  Flowers  perfect  or  rarely  dioecious. 
Calyx  of  5,  or  rarely  4^-9,  sepals  borne  on  the  edge  of  the  hypanthium, 
sometimes  accompanied  by  as  many  bractlets.  Corolla  of  as  many  distinct 
petals  as  there  are  sepals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  1  or  more  series 
of  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  1-many  carpels.  Ovary  1-celled  or  imper- 
fectly 2-celled.  Fruit  mostly  follicles  or  drupelets,  or  achenes  which  are 
borne  in  the  hypanthium  or  on  the  accrescent  receptacle. 

Fruit  not  enclosed  in  a  depressed  or  hollow  hypanthium. 

Pistils  few,  rarely  more  than  5,  maturing  into  2^-seeded  folicles. 

Follicles  opening  along  both  sutures  :  seeds  shining.  1.  OPULASTEE. 

Follicles  opening  along  one  suture  :  seeds  dull  or  granular. 
Pistils    alternating    with    the    sepals :    shrubs    with 

simple  leaf-blades.  2.  SPIRAEA. 

Pistils   opposite   the   sepals :    herbs   with   3-parted   or 

3-foliolate  leaf-blades.  3.  PORTERAXTHUS. 

Pistils   numerous   or   rarely   few,   maturing   into   achenes   or 

1-2-seeded  drupelets. 

Pistils   ripening  into  drupelets  crowded  on  a  receptacle. 
Receptacle  flat :   ovary  pubescent  above :   drupelets 

crowned  with  a  hairy   cushion.  4.  RCBACEK. 

Receptacle   convex  or   conic :   ovary  glabrous :    drupe- 
lets glabrous.  5.  RUBUS. 
Pistils  ripening  into  achenes. 
Style  deciduous. 

Style  basal.  6.  DRYMOCALLIS. 

Style  lateral. 

Receptacle  pulpy,  edible  :  petals  white.  7.  FRAGARIA. 

Receptacle    neither    pulpy    nor    edible :    petals 

yellow.  8.  DUCHESNEA. 

Lancaster  County  Flora  10. 


146  EOSACEAE. 

Style  terminal  or  nearly  so. 

Pistils    numerous :    ovules    pendulous :    plants 

caulescent.  9.  POTENTILLA. 

Pistils   2-6 :    ovules   erect :   plants   acaulescent.   10.  WALDSTEINIA. 
Style  persistent  on  the  achene. 
Pistils  numerous. 

Head    of    achenes    stipitate :     sepals    without 

bractlets.  11.  STYLIPDS. 

Head   of   achenes   sessile :    sepals    accompanied 

by  bractlets.  12.  GEUM. 

Pistils  5-15,  at  maturity  resembling  follicles,  but 

indehiscent.  13.  FILIPENDULA. 

Fruit  consisting  of  several   achenes   enclosed  in  the  persistent 

hypanthium. 
Achenes  1-4  within  the  dry  hypanthium. 

Receptacle  bearing  hooked  prickles :  petals  5.  14.  AGRIMONIA. 

Receptacle  without  prickles  :  petals  wanting.  15.   SANGTJISORBA 

Achenes  numerous,  within  the  fleshy  hypanthium.  16.  ROSA. 

1.  OPULASTER  Medic.     Shrubs.     Leaf -blades  palmately  lobed.     Flowers 
corymbose.     Corolla  white.     Stamens  numerous,  without  staminodia.     Carpels 
1-5,  short-stipitate :    styles  filiform:    stigmas  depressed-capitate.     Follicles  in- 
flated. 

1.  O.  opulifolia  (L.)  Kuntze.  Shrub  1-3  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  3-8  cm.  long, 
acutely  lobed:  sepals  ovate,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long:  follicles  8-10  mm.  long,  acute. 
—  Common,  in  thickets  near  streams.  —  Spr.  —  NINEBARK. 

2.  SPIRAEA  [Tourn.]  L.    Shrubs.    Leaf -blades  toothed  or  lobed.    Flowers 
corymbose   or  paniculate.     Corolla   white,   pink   or   rose.      Stamens   numerous, 
accompanied   by   lobe-like    staminodia.      Carpels    usually    5,   mostly    stipitate: 
styles  clavate:   stigmas  minute  and  oblique.     Follicles  not  inflated.  —  SPIRAEA. 

Inflorescence   pyramidal :    mature   hypanthium    campanulate  or   hemispheric. 

Plant  glabrous  :  follicles  glabrous.  1.  S.  latifolia. 

Plant  pubescent:  follicles  tomentose.  2.  8.  tomentosa. 

Inflorescence  corymbose  :  mature  hypanthium  flat.  3.  8.  japonica. 

1.  S.  latifolia   (Ait.)  Borkh.     Plants  3-12  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  thinnish,  gla- 
brous   or   nearly    so   beneath:    flowers    slender-pedicelled :    sepals    not    ciliate: 
petals  white,  2-2.5  mm.  wide:   carpels  and  follicles  glabrous,  the  latter  3-3.5 
mm.    long.  —  Common,    in    swamps    and    wet    meadows.  —  Spr.    and    sum.  — 
MEADOW-  SWEET. 

2.  S.  tomentosa  L.     Plants  3-15  dm.  tall:    leaf -blades  thick,  tomentose  be- 
neath:  flowers  stout-pedicelled :    sepals  ciliate:    petals  rose-colored,  1-1.5  mm. 
wide:  carpels  and  follicles  pubescent,  the  latter  2-2.5  mm.  long.  —  S.    Eare,  in 
swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  HARDBACK.     STEEPLE-BUSH. 

3.  S.  japonica  L.  f.    Plants  1-2  m.  tall  with  finely  pubescent  twigs:  leaf -blades 
oblong,  elliptic,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  3-12  cm.  long,  acuminate,  finely  pubes- 
cent at  least  when  young,  irregularly  serrate,  cuneate  at  the  base:    corymbs 
many-flowered,  round-topped:    sepals  deltoid,  fully  1  mm.  long,  acute:   petals 
pink  or  rose-colored,  suborbicular,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  or  rarely  longer:    follicles 
erect,  about  3  mm.  long,  glabrous.  —  S.     Eare,  in  thickets.     Nat.  of  Japan.— 
Sum. 

3.  PORTERANTHUS   Britton.      Perennial   herbs.      Leaf -blades    3 -parted 
or  3-foliolate.    Flowers  perfect  few  borne  in  open  lax  panicles.     Sepals  shorter 
than  the  hypanthium.     Petalsi  narrow,  white  or  pink.     Stamens  numerous,  in 
one  row  on  the  hypanthium:   filaments  very  short.     Carpels  mostly  5:    styles 
subulate.     Follicles  erect. 

1.  P.  trifoliatus  (L.)  Britton.  Plants  3-12  dm.  tall:  leaflets  3-9  cm.  long; 
blades  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  thin:  sepals  glandular-serrulate:  petals 


EOSACEAE.  147 

15-20  mm.  long:  follicles  5-6  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  Occasional, 
on  wooded  hillsides.  —  Sum.  —  INDIAN-PHYSIC.  BOWMAN 'S-ROOT. 

4.  RUBACER  Eydb.     Partly   shrubby   diffuse   plants.     Leaf -blades   pal- 
mately   lobed.      Flowers    corymbose    or    racemose.      Carpels   borne    on    a    flat 
receptacle.     Fruit  depressed-hemispheric  or  nearly  flat. 

1.  R.  odoratum  (L.)  Eydb.  Stems  1-2  m.  tall,  clammy-pubescent:  leaf -blades 
5-30  cm.  wide,  3-5-lobed:  sepals  elongate,  each  with  an  ovate  or  oblong-ovate 
body  and  a  slender  appendage:  petals  rose-purple  or  rarely  white,  1.5-2  cm. 
broad:  fruits  red,  15-20  mm.  broad,  insipid.  —  Occasional,  on  rocky  banks  in 
the  Conestoga  valley.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum.  —  FLOWERING-RASPBERRY. 

5.  RUBUS    [Tourn.]    L.      Perennial    erect    or   trailing   herbs,   or    shrubs. 
Leaf-blades   lobed   or   3-7-foliolate.      Flowers   solitary   or   variously    disposed. 
Carpels  borne  on  a  convex  or  conic  receptacle.     Fruit  hemispheric  to  elongate. 
—  Spr.  —  EASPBERRY.    BLACKBERRY. 

Fruit  falling  away  from  the  dry  receptacle:  petals  erect.     (Raspberries). 

Stems  prickly,  glabrous  :  fruit  purple-black  or  black.  1.  R.  occidentalis. 

Stems  bristly,  not  glabrous  :   fruit  red. 

Sepals  sparingly  bristly  with  pale  hairs:  petals  over 

half  as  long  as  the  sepals  :  fruits  wider  than  long : 

achenes  narrow,  much  longer  than  wide.  2.  R.  strigosus. 

Sepals   copiously  bristly   with   dark   hairs:  petals  less 

than  half  as  long  as  the  sepals:  fruits  longer  than 

wide  :  achenes  broad,  about  as  wide  as  long.  3.  R.  phoenicolasius. 

Fruit  persistent  on  a  fleshy  receptacle :   petals  spreading. 

(Blackberries). 
Stems  erect,  ascending,  or  recurved. 

Leaf-blades   white-woolly   beneath.  4.  R.  cuneifolius. 

Leaf-blades   not  white-woolly   beneath. 

Branches    of    the    inflorescence,    and    petioles,    dis- 
tinctly glandular-pubescent. 

Fruit  broadly  oval  or  nearly  spherical,  very  juicy.     5.  R.  nigrobaccus. 
Fruit  narrowly   oblong  or  thimble-shaped,   com- 
paratively dry.  6.  R.  allegheniensis. 
Branches  of  the  inflorescence,  and  petioles,  villous, 

strigose,   or  nearly   glabrous,   scarcely   glandular.     7.  R.  frondosus, 
Stems  trailing,   creeping,   or   decumbent. 

Leaflets  thin,  membranous  :  leaves  deciduous. 
Stems  merely  prickly. 

Inflorescence  usually   several-many-flowered.  8.  R.  procumbens. 

Inflorescence   usually   1-2-flowered.  9.  R.  Bqileyanus. 

Stems  bristly  and  prickly,  sometimes  merely  bristly.    10.  R.  Mspidus. 
Leaflets  leathery  :  leaves  persistent,  evergreen.  10.  R.  Mspidus. 

1.  R.  occidentalis  L.     Straggling  shrub,  with  glaucous  prickle-armed  branches 
1-3  m.  long:  leaflets  3-5;  blades  ovate  to  obovate,  2-8  cm.  long,  acute  or  acu- 
minate, incised-serrate,  sometimes  lobed:    sepals  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 5-6  mm.  long,  acuminate:    petals  white,  spatulate  or  cuneate-spatulate, 
4^5  mm.   long,   obtuse:    fruits  hemispheric,   black  or  purple-black,   8—12   mm. 
broad.  —  Common,   on  roadsides  and  in  thickets  and   open  woods.  —  BLACK- 
RASPBERRY.     THIMBLEBERRY. 

2.  R.  strigosus  Michx.    Branching  shrub  1-2  m.  tall,  with  more  or  less  densely 
bristly  foliage:  leaflets  3-5;  blades  ovate  to  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
or  rarely  elliptic,  2-8  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  slightly  serrate,  sometimes 
slightly  lobed,  glabrous  above  or  nearly  so,  white-tomentose  beneath:   hypan- 
thium    bristly:    sepals    lanceolate,    acuminate,    5-6    mm.    long:    petals    white, 
cuneate  or   oblanceolate,   about   5   mm.   long,  ascending,   obtuse:    fruits  high- 
hemispheric,  light-red,  or  rarely  white,  8-10  mm.  broad.  —  W.     Eather  rare,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Susquehanna  river.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,   limestones. — 
EED-RASPBERRY. 

3.  R.  phoenicolasius  Maxim.     Much-branched  shrub,  the  stems  2-2.5  m.  long, 
like  the  branches  and  petioles,  with  reddish  or  purplish  gland-tipped  bristly 


148  EOSACEAE. 

hairs  and  scattered  prickles:  leaflets  3;  blades  broadly  ovate  or  oval  to  sub- 
orbicular,  3-9  cm.  long,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  crenate  and  usually  shal- 
lowly  lobed,  green  above,  densely  white-tomentulose  beneath:  hypanthium 
densely  glandular-bristly:  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  12-16  mm.  long,  acuminate: 
petals  white,  rhombic-ovate  or  rhombic-obovate,  4-5  mm.  long,  erect:  fruits 
ovoid,  cherry-red,  about  1  cm.  broad.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  fence-rows. 
Nat.  of  Japan.  —  Spr.  —  WINEBERRY. 

4.  R.   cuneifolius  Pursh.     Much-branched   shrub   0.5-1   m.   tall:    leaflets  3-5; 
blades  leathery,  acute  or  abruptly  acuminate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  and  rugose 
above,  densely  tomentose  beneath,  sharply  serrate,  that   of  the  terminal  one 
cuneate:  hypanthium  woolly:   sepals  ovate  or  oval,  about  4  mm.  long:   petals 
white  or  pink,  cuneate:    fruits  oblong,  1.5-2.5  cm.   long,  black  or  nearly  so, 
sweet.  —  S.     Not   common,   in   dry   soil.  —  Schists,   serpentine.  —  SAND-BLACK- 
BERRY. 

5.  R.   nigrobaccus  Bailey.     Straggling   branched   shrub  with   glandular-pilose 
young  foliage,  armed  with  recurved  prickles,  the  stems  1-3  m.  long:   leaflets 
3-5;  blades  thickish,  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  5-11  cm.  long,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, coarsely  and  unequally  serrate,  softly  pubescent,  at  least  beneath:  hypan- 
thium glandular:    sepals  elliptic-lanceolate,   6-7  mm.  long,  acuminate:    petals 
white  or  pink,  1-2  cm.  long,  obovate  to  suborbicular :   fruits  oval  to  globose- 
oval,  12-25  mm.  long,  black,  juicy.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  on  banks. 

6.  R.  allegheniensis  Porter.    Eesembling  R.  nigrobaccus,  but  with  more  densely 
glandular  foliage,  the  stems  rather  more  slender,  erect  or  spreading,  6-25  dm. 
long,  copiously  prickly,  red  or  purple:   leaflets  3-5;   blades  relatively  narrow, 
ovate-lanceolate  to  ovate,  elliptic,  oblong,  or  oval:    corolla  2.5-3  cm.  broad: 
fruits  cylindric,  16-28  mm.'  long,  much  less  juicy  than  that  of  related  species, 
but  of  a  peculiar  spicy  flavor.  —  W.     Eather  rare,  on  the  rocky  banks  of  the 
Susquehanna  Eiver. 

7.  R.    frondosus    Bigel.      Erect    or    spreading    shrub    with    closely    pubescent 
foliage,  armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  prickles,  the  stems  0.5-2   m. 
long.     Leaflets  3  or  rarely  5;  blades  elliptic  to  oval,  varying  to  ovate  or  obo- 
vate,  1.5-6   cm.   long,   usually  acute  or  acuminate,   sharply  but  rather  finely 
serrate  and  incised:  flowers  in  terminal  leafly-bracted  racemes:  petals  white  or 
pinkish,   obovate   to   oblong-cuneate,   1-1.5   cm.   long:    fruits   oblong-eylindric, 
1-1.5  cm.  long,  fleshy.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Occasional,  on  shaded  banks. 

8.  R.  procumbens  Muhl.     Trailing  shrub  with  prickle-armed  or  nearly  naked 
stems  1-3  m.  long,  the  foliage  thinly  pubescent,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending, 
1-3  dm.  tall:  leaflets  3-7;  blades  elliptic-oval,  suborbicular,  or  sometimes  ovate 
or  cuneate,  2-8  em.  long,  sharply  dentate-serrate  and  often  incised,  usually 
acute  or  acuminate:  flowers  solitary  or  few  in  loose  racemes:  petals  white  or 
pink,  obovate  or  cuneate,  fully  10  mm.  long,  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex: 
fruits   subglobose   to   oval,    2-2.5   cm.    long,   black,   very   sweet   and   juicy. — 
Common,  in  old  fields  and  on  open  hillsides. 

9.  R.   Baileyanus   Britton.      Prickle-armed   shrub   with   ascending   or   trailing 
stems  3-15  dm.  long,  the  foliage  more  or  less  pubescent  or  glabrate  in  age: 
leaflets  3,  or  sometimes  solitary;  blades  of  the  leaflets  elliptic  to  suborbicular 
varying   to   ovate   or   obovate,   often  acute   or   acuminate,    sharply   serrate   or 
incised,  commonly  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base :  petals  white  or  pink,  cuneate 
or  obovate-cuneate,  1.5-2  cm.  long:  fruits  subglobose,  or  oval,  1-1.5  cm.  long, 
rather  dry,  black.  —  Occasional,  in  dry  woods  or  thickets. 

10.  R.  hispidus  L.     Slender  bristly  or  prickly  shrub  with  trailing  stems,  the 
branches  erect   or   ascending,   1-3   dm.   tall :    leaflets  mostly  3 :    blades   rather 
leathery,  1-4  cm.  long,  usually  obtuse  at  the  apex,  unequally  serrate,  the  ter- 
minal one  narrowly  or  broadly  cuneate,  the  lateral  ones  oval  or  suborbicular, 
varying  to   ovate   or   obovate:    petals  white  or  pinkish,  spatulate  to   cuneate- 


KOSACEAE.  149 

obovate,  5-8  mm.  long:  fruits  of  few  drupelets,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter,  black, 
sour.  —  Frequent,  in  sphagnum  swamps. 

6.  DRYMOCALLIS   Fourr.     Herbs  with   erect   stems.     Leaf-blades   pin- 
nately  several-foliolate,  the  leaflets  toothed.     Petals  yellow  or  white,  rounded. 
Stamens  in   5   clusters.     Carpel-body    ovoid:    style   fusiform,   basal.     Achenes 
glabrous. 

1.  D.  agrimonioides  (Pursh)  Eydb.  Stems  3-10  dm.  tall,  glandular,  villous: 
leaflets  1-6  cm.  long;  blades  sharply  incised-serrate :  cymes  dense:  sepals 
ovate :  petals  white :  achenes  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley. 
Eare,  on  dry  river  banks  near  Safe  Harbor.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

7.  FRAGrARIA    [Tourn.]    L.     Acaulescent   erect   and   often   stoloniferous 
herbs.     Leaf-blades  pinnately  3-foliolate.     Scapes  several-flowered.     Bractlets 
smaller    than    the    sepals,    entire.      Petals    surpassing    the    bractlets.  —  Spr. — 
STRAWBERRY. 

Achenes  borne  on  the  surface  of  the  accrescent  receptacle  :  leaflets  sessile  or  essen- 
tially so. 

Leaflets  thickish  :  fruit  mainly  less  than  15  mm.  long  :  plants  stout :  naturalized 

species.  1.  F.  vesca. 
Leaflets  thin  :  fruit  mainly  over  15  mm.  long :  plants  slender  : 

native  species.  2.  F.  americana. 

Achenes  borne  in  pits  in  the  accrescent  receptacle  :  leaflets  stalked.  3.  F.  virginiana. 

1.  F.  vesca    L.      Eootstocks    rather    stout:    blades    of    the    leaflets    thinnish, 
rhombic-obovate,  mostly  rounded  at  the  apex,  but  often  aeutish,  2-10  cm.  long : 
scape  usually  1-2  dm.  tall,  villous:  pedicels  appressed-pubescent :   sepals  ovate 
to  lanceolate:  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  wide:  fruits  subglobose,  1-1.5  cm.  in  diameter, 
red  or  whitish.  —  Not  common,  on  roadsides.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  EUROPEAN  WOOD- 
STRAWBERRY. 

2.  F.  americana   (Porter)   Britton.     Eootstock  slender:   blades  of  the  leaflets 
thin,  rhombic-obovate,  mostly  acute,  3-8  cm.  long:   scape  1.5  dm.  tall  or  less, 
villous:  pedicels  somewhat  appressed-pubescent:  flowers  similar  to  those  of  F. 
vesca,  but  smaller :   fruits  conic-ovoid,  5-7.5  mm.  long,  red.  —  N.  M.     Bather 
rare,  on  cliffs,  hillsides  and  roadsides.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  limestones.  — 
AMERICAN  WOOD-STRAWBERRY. 

3.  F.   virginiana  Duchesne.     Eootstocks  stout:    blades   of  the   leaflets  thick, 
obtuse,  3-10  cm.  long:  scapes  1.5-5  dm.  tall:  corollas  mostly  over  15  mm.  wide: 
fruits   hemispheric.  —  Common,  in   fields  and   on   roadsides.  — SCARLET-STRAW- 
BERRY. 

8.  DUCHESNEA  J.  E.  Smith.     Caulescent  creeping  herbs.     Leaf -blades 
pinnately  3-foliolate.     Peduncles  1-flowered.     Bractlets  larger  than  the  sepals, 
toothed.    Petals  surpassed  by  the  bractlets. 

1.  D.  indica  (Andr.)  Focke.  Stem  or  branches  elongate:  leaflets  ovate  to 
obovate:  sepals  6-8  mm.  long:  petals  obovate:  fruits  ovoid  or  subglobose, 
8-10  mm.  in  diameter :  achenes  red.  —  Not  common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides. 
Nat.  of  As.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  YELLOW-STRAWBERRY.  INDIAN-STRAWBERRY. 

9.  POTENTILLA   L.      Herbs    or    partially    woody    plants.      Leaf-blades 
pinnately   or   digitately   foliolate.     Flowers   in   corymbose    cymes   or   solitary. 
Petals  white,  yellow,  red,  or  purple,  notched.     Eeceptacle  hemispheric  or  conic. 
Carpels  and  achenes  ovoid.  —  CINQUEFOIL.     FIVE-FINGER. 

Flowers   axillary  to  the  leaf-like  bracts :   stems   ultimately   creeping  or  spreading : 

perennials. 

Stems  silky-villous  :  first  flowers  at  the  second  node  of  the  stem  or  a  succeeding 
node.  1.  P.  canadcnsis. 


150  EOSACEAE. 

Stems  silky-strigillose :  first  flower  at.  the  first  node  of  the 

stem.  2.  P.  pumila. 

Flowers  in  terminal  cymes  :  stems  erect  or  ascending :  annuals 
or  biennials. 

Leaflets  3  :   upper  part  of  the  achene  ribbed   lengthwise.      3.  P.  monspeliensis. 

Leaflets  5-7  :  upper  part  of  the  achene  smooth  or  reticulate.      4.  P.  sulphured. 

1.  P.  canadensis  L.     Stem1  branched  at  the  base,  the  branches  decumbent  or 
prostrate,  3-6  dm.  long  (the  larger  form  with  more  appressed  pubescence  and 
larger  leaflets  is  P.  canadensis  simplex)  :  leaflets  5 ;  blades  obovate  to  cuneate- 
oblong,  2-4  cm.  long:  corolla  10^12  mm.  wide,  the  petals  about  J  longer  than 
the  sepals.  —  Common,  in  dry  fields  and  on  roadsides.     Spr.  and  sum. 

2.  P.  pumila  Poir.     Stems  at  first  erect  and  less  than  1.5  dm.  tall:  leaflets  5; 
blades  obovate,  about  2  cm.  long:  corollas  6-10  mm.  wide,  the  petals  but  little 
surpassing  the  sepals.  —  Common,  in  old  fields  and  on  rocky  hillsides.  —  Spr. 
and  sum. 

3.  P.  monspeliensis  L.    Stems  3-11  dm.  tall,  hirsute  (with  fine  pubescence  and 
bbllong   leaflet-blades    in    P.    monspeliensis    norvegica) :    leaflets    3-5 ;    blades 
obovate,  serrate :  sepals  oblong-lanceolate :  petals  obovate.  —  Common,  in  fields 
and  waste  places,  and  on  roadsides.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

4.  P.  sulphurea  Lam.     Stems  4-7  dm.  tall,  finely  pubescent  and  with  some 
longer  hairs :   leaflets  mostly  5-7 ;   blades  coarsely  toothed :   sepals  lanceolate : 
petals  obovate,  longer  than  the  sepals.  —  S.     Not  common,  in  fields.     Nat.  of 
Eu.  —  Sum. 

10.  WALDSTEINIA  Willd.     Acaulescent    herbs.     Leaf -blades   lobed   or 
divided.     Flowers  in  corymbose   cymes.     Petals  yellow,   rounded.     Eeceptacle 
minute.     Carpels  and  achenes  obovoid. 

1.  W.  fragarioides  (Michx.)  Tratt.  Plants  0.5-3  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  3- 
foliolate;  leaflets  2-4  cm.  long,  the  blades  cuneate  to  obovate,  crenate-lobed  or 
incised:  petals  8-10  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  styles  glabrous. — 
N.  Eare,  in  damp  woods.  —  Sandstones  and  shales.  —  Spr.  — BARREN- STRAW- 
BERRY. 

11.  STYLIPUS   Eaf.     Perennial   herbs   resembling    Geum   in   habit:    but 
calyx  not  accompanied  by  a  series  of  bractlets.     Styles  elongate  and  tapering, 
bent  near  the  apex.     Head  of  carpels,  or  achenes,  stipitate. 

1.  S.  vernus  Eaf.  Stem  and  branches  often  decumbent:  blades  of  the  lower 
leaves  both  lobed  and  pinnate:  sepals  about  2  mm.  long:  petals  shorter  than 
the  sepals :  heads  of  achenes  7-9  mm.  in  diameter :  achene-body  3  mm.  long.  — 
M.  Eare,  in  thickets.  Nat.  of  the  Central  States.  —  Spr. 

12.  GEUM  L.    Herbs.    Leaf -blades  mostly  3-foliolate  or  pinnately  divided. 
Flowers   solitary   or   in   open   cymes.     Petals   rounded   or   retuse.     Eeceptacle 
sessile.    Carpels  numerous:  style  jointed,  elongate.    Head  of  carpels,  or  achenes, 
sessile.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  AVENS. 

Corolla  white,  pale-yellow  or  cream-yellow ;  petals  spatulate,  cuneate  or  oblong. 
Corolla  white  :  stipules  entire  or  nearly  so. 

Receptacle  bristly :  stem  and  branches  glabrous  or  softly  pilose. 

1.  O.  canadense. 

Receptacle  glabrous :   stem    and  branches   hirsute.  2.  O.  virginianum. 

Corolla    pale-yellow    or    cream-yellow :    stipules    much    cleft.     3.   O.  flavum. 
Corolla  deep-yellow ;  petals  broadly  obovate  to  suborbicular.         4.  O.  strictum. 

1.  G.  canadense  Jacq.  Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  lower  leaves  3- 
divided  or  pinnate:  sepals  about  thrice  as  long  as  the  bractlets:  hypanthium 
glabrous  or  finely  canescent:  heads  of  achenes  8-11  mm.  long:  achene-body 
2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  open  woods. 


ROSACEAE.  151 

2.  G.   virginianum   L.      Similar   to    G.   canadense   in   habit,   but   stouter,   and 
petals  rather  smaller:  hypanthium  hirsute:  heads  of  achenes  12-16  mm.  long: 
achene-body  2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  Rather  rare,  in  damp  thickets. 

3.  G.  flavum  (Porter)  Bicknell.     Stems  3-15  dm.  tall,  hirsute  below:   blades 
of  the  lower  leaves  usually  pinnately  divided:   sepals  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  bractlets:  achene-body  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  open 
woods. 

4.  G.  strictum  Ait.    Stems  5-16  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  lower  leaves  pinnately 
parted,  sometimes  lyrate,  the  divisions  incised  or  pinnatifid:   sepals  triangular 
to  lanceolate,  fully  twice  as  long  as  the  narrow  bractlets:   hypanthium  finely 
pubescent:  petals  broadly  obovate  or  suborbicular,  somewhat  longer  than  the 
sepals:   heads  of  achenes  1.5-2  cm.  long:   achene-body  3-3.5  mm.  long.  —  N. 
Rare,  in  woods.  —  Sandstones  and  shales. 

13.  FIUPENDULA    [Tourn.]    Hill.     Perennial   caulescent  herbs.     Leaf^ 
blades  pinnate.     Flowers  numerous,  borne  in  corymbose  cymes.     Sepals  entire. 
Petals  broad,  white,  pink,  or  purple.     Carpels  5-15:  style  short:   stigma  capi- 
tate.   Achene  capsule-like. 

1.  F.  rubra  (Hill)  B.  L.  Robinson.  Plants  5-24  dm.  taU:  lower  leaves  3-9 
dm.  tall;  blades  of  the  leaflets  palmately  3-5-lobed:  sepals  almost  half- 
orbicular:  petals  2-3  mm.  long,  pink  or  purple;  the  blades  suborbicular:  fruits 
6-7  mm.  long,  clavate.  —  S.  Rather  rare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  — 

QUEEN-OF-THE-PRAIRIE. 

14.  AGRIMONIA    [Tourn.]    L.      Perennial,    often    glandular,    caulescent 
herbs.     Leaf -blades  unequally  and  interruptedly  pinnate.     Flowers  small,  in 
virgate  interrupted  racemes.     Hypanthium  fluted,  armed  with  hooked  bristles. 
Sepals  green,  persistent.     Petals  yellow.     Stamens  5-15.     Filaments  subulate. 
Style  terminal.  —  AGRIMONY. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaves,  and  racemes,  softly  and  closely  pubescent. 
Roots  not  tuberous-thickened  :  leaflets  glandular-dotted  beneath. 

Fruits  with  spreading  bristles  :  leaflets  mostly  11-17.  1.  A.  parviflora. 

Fruits  with  converging  bristles  :  leaflets  mostly  7-9.  2.  A.  striata. 

Roots     tuberous-thickened :     leaflets     not     glandular-dotted 

beneath. 

Leaflets  3-5  ;  blade  of  the  terminal  one  obovate  or  cuneate.      3.  A.  pumila. 
Leaflets  5-9  or  rarely  more ;   blade  of  the  terminal   one 

oblong  to  elliptic.  4.  A.  mollis. 

Lower   surface   of  the   leaves,    and   racemes,   glabrous    or   with 

loosely  spreading  hairs. 

Roots    tuberous-thickened :    fruits    2.5-3.5    mm.    high,    hemi- 
spheric, with  few  ascending  bristles.  5.  A.  rostellata. 
Roots    not   tuberous-thickened :    fruits    6-12    mm.    high,    tur- 
binate,  with  many  radiating  bristles.  6.  A.  gryposepala. 

1.  A.  parviflora  Soland.     Stems  shaggy-pubescent,  at  least  below:  lower  leaves 
with  11-27  primary  leaflets:  sepals  over  1.5  mm.  long,  abruptly  pointed:  petals 
2.5-3  mm.  long:    mature  hypanthium  short-turbinate  or  somewhat  dilated. — 
Common,  in  thickets  and  damp  meadows.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

2.  A.    striata    Michx.      Stems    soft-hirsute:    lower    leaves    with    7-9    primary 
leaflets:  sepals  fully  1.5  mm.  long,  acute:  petals  3-4  mm.  long:  mature  hypan- 
thium long-turbinate.  —  S.     Not  common,  in  thickets.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

3.  A.    pumila    Muhl.      Stems    with    spreading    hairs:    lower    leaves    with    3-5 
primary  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  obovate  to  cuneate:    sepals  mostly  obtuse: 
petals  mostly  2.5-3  mm.  long:    mature  hypanthium-body  4-5  mm.  wide. —  S. 
Rare,  on  shaded  banks.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

4.  A.  mollis   (T.  &  G.)   Britton.     Stems  loosely  tomentose  and  somewhat  vil- 
lous:    lower    leaves   with    5-9    primary    leaflets,    the    terminal    one    oblong    to 


152  EOSACBAE. 

elliptic:  sepals  mostly  acute:  petals  mostly  2-2.5  mm.  long:  mature  hypan- 
thium-body  about  3  mm.  wide.  —  Occasional,  in  woods  and  on  dry  banks.  —  Sum. 

5.  A.  rostellata  Wallr.     Stems  nearly  glabrous  or  sparingly  loose-pubescent: 
lower  leaves  with  3-9,  usually   5,   primary   leaflets:    sepals  acute   or   obtuse: 
corolla   4-6   mm.   wide :    mature  hypanthium  turbinate,   2.5-3   mm.    long.  —  S. 
Kather  common,  in  low  thickets  and  fence  rows.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

6.  A.  gryposepola  Wallr.     Stems  with  spreading  hairs:  lower  leaves  with  5-9, 
usually  7,  primary  leaflets:  sepals  acuminate:  corolla  8-12  mm.  wide:  mature 
hypanthium  broadly  turbinate,  5-6  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  thickets.  —  Sum. 

15.  SANGUISORBA  [Eupp.]  L.     Perennial,  or  rarely  annual,  caulescent 
herbs.      Leaf-blades    unequally   pinnate.      Flowers   in    dense   heads    or    spikes. 
Hypanthium  angled,  unarmed.     Sepals  petal-like,  deciduous.     Petals  wanting. 
Filaments  mostly  clavate. 

1.  S.  canadensis  L.  Plants  3-4  dm.  tall:  leaflets  7-15;  blades  oblong,  ovate- 
oblong,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  1.5-8  cm.  long,  serrate:  spikes  3-15  cm.  long: 
sepals  oval  or  oval-ovate,  varying  to  oblong  or  cuneate,  about  2  mm.  long, 
mucronate :  achenes  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Not  very  common,  in  swamps.  — 
Sum.  —  BURNET. 

16.  ROSA  [Tourn.]  L.     Prickly  shrubs,  sometimes  vine-like.     Leaf -blades 
unequally  pinnate.    Flowers  solitary  or  in  corymbs,  often  showy.     Hypanthium 
urceolate.     Sepals  more  or  less  foliaceous.     Petals  5,  broad.     Stamens  many. 
Fruits  enclosed  in  the  pulpy  hypanthium.  —  Sum.  —  EOSE. 

Sepals  persistent  and  erect :  stems  and  branches  unarmed  or  nearly  so,  except  the 

bristly  shoots.  1.  R.  Solanderi. 

Sepals  deciduous,  or  if  persistent,  spreading  or  recurved :  stem 

and  branches  prickle-armed. 
Achenes  borne  only  on  the  bottom  of  the  hypanthium  :  shoots 

bristly  :  prickles  infrastipular. 

Bades  of  the  leaflets  serrulate :  prickles  short  and  curved.        2.  R.  palustris. 
Blades  of  the  leaflets  serrate,  often  coarsely  so :  prickles 

straight,  or  if  curved,  elongate. 
Flowers   solitary   or   nearly   so :    leaflets    5-7 :    spines 

slender,  straight.  3.  R.  Carolina. 

Flowers  corymbose :   leaflets  7-9  :   spines  stout,   often 

curved.  4.  R.  virginiana. 

Achenes  borne  on  the  sides  and  on  the  bottom  of  the  hypan- 
thium :  shoots  prickly  :  spines  scattered. 

Styles  pubescent :  fruits  globular  to  oval.  5.  R.  rubiginosa. 

Styles  glabrous  :  fruits  ovoid  to  flask-shaped.  6.  R.  micrantha. 

1.  R.  Solanderi  Tratt.     Bushy  shrub  1.5  m.  tall  or  less,  the  prickles  wanting  or 
few  and  small:   leaflets  5-7;   blades  thickish,  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate  or 
broadest  above  the  middle,  mostly  2-3  cm.  long,  serrate,  often  slightly  pubes- 
cent beneath :  flowers  in  corymbs,  or  solitary :  hypanthium  glaucous,  sometimes 
slightly  bristly:   sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  more  or  less  dilated  at  the  apex, 
hispid,  persistent:  fruits  depressed,  1-2  cm.  in  diameter,  red.     [R.  ~blanda  Lindl. 
Not  Ait.] — Susquehanna  valley.     Eare,  in  moist  places. 

2.  R.  palustris  Marsh.     Bushy  shrub  1-3  m.  tall,  the  prickles  stout,  recurved: 
leaflets  5-9,  commonly   7;   blades  membranous,  elliptic  to   elliptic-obovate   or 
oblanceolate,    2.5-7    cm.    long,    acute    or    obtuse    at   the    apex,    serrulate,    gla- 
brous, or  pubescent  beneath:   flowers  in  terminal  corymbs  or  rarely  solitary: 
hypanthium  glandular:  sepals  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  often 
dilated  at  the  apex,  rarely  lobed,  spreading  or  reflexed  at  maturity,  deciduous: 
fruits  subglobose  or  depressed,  7-9  mm.  in  diameter,  red,  more  or  less  glandu- 
lar.    [E.  Carolina  L.  2  ed.  Sp.  PI.]  — Common,  in  low  thickets  and  swamps. 

3.  R.  Carolina  L.     Bushy  shrub  2-24  dm.  tall,  the  prickles  straight:   leaflets 
5-7,  usually  5;   blades  rather  leathery,  elliptic,  oval,  or   ovate-lanceolate,   or 


MALACEAE.  153 

sometimes  cuneate,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex, 
serrate,  sometimes  pubescent  beneath:  flowers  solitary,  or  few  in  corymbs: 
hypanthium  more  or  less  densely  glandular-pubescent:  sepals  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  dilated  or  lobed  above,  spreading,  deciduous:  corolla  4-6  cm. 
broad:  fruits  subglobose  or  depressed,  12-15  mm.  in  diameter,  red.  [B. 
humilis  Marsh.]  —  Common,  in  fields  and  thickets. 

4.  B.  virginiana  Mill.     Bushy  shrub  2  m.  tall,  the  prickles  curved:    leaflets 
7-9,   mostly   7;    blades  thick,   oblong,   elliptic,   or   oval,   varying   to   ovate   or 
obovate,    mostly    2-4    cm.    long,    serrate,    smooth    and    often    shining    above, 
glabrous    or    nearly    so    beneath:     flowers    typically    corymbose:     hypanthium 
usually  bristly:  sepals  lanceolate,  often  slightly  dilated  at  the  apex,  spreading, 
deciduous:   corolla  4-6  cm.  broad:   fruits  subglobose  or  obovoid,  1-1.5  cm.  in 
diameter,  red.     [E.  lucida  Ehrh.]  —  Occasional,  in  low  grounds. 

5.  R.  rubiginosa  L.     Straggling  aromatic  shrub,  the  prickles  recurved:  leaflets 
5-7;  blades  broad,  oval,  or  suborbicular,  sometimes  varying  to  ovate  or  obo- 
vate, 1.5-3  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse  at  both  ends,  sharply  serrate,  resinous 
beneath:  flowers  solitary,  or  few  in  corymbs:  hypanthium  glabrous  or  bristly: 
sepals  lanceolate,  with  an  acuminate  pinnatifid  apex:   corolla  white  or  pink: 
fruits  broad,  oval  to  globular,  1-2  cm.  long,  deep-red,  shining.  —  Rather  com- 
mon, in  waste  places  and  woods.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  SWEETBRIEE.     EGLANTINE. 

6.  R.   micrantha  J.   E.   Sm.     Plants  similar   to   E.  rubiginosa  in  habit,  but 
smaller  in  all  the  parts:    leaflets  less  glandular;    blades  relatively  narrower, 
often  elliptic  and  more  pointed:    corollas  small,  2.5  cm.  wide  or  less,  pale: 
fruits    ovoid    to    flask-shaped,    often    bright-red.  —  Occasional    in    woods    and 
thickets.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  SWEETBRIER. 

FAMILY  10.    MALACEAE.     APPLE  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  simple  and  pinnately 
veined  or  pinnately  compound.  Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Hypanthium 
adnate  to  the  ovary.  Calyx  of  mostly  5  sepals.  Corolla  of  mostly  5 
petals.  Androecium  of  numerous,  or  rarely  few,  stamens.  Gynoecium  of 
2-5  wholly  or  partially  united  carpels,  or  rarely  of  1  carpel.  Fruit  a  more 
or  less  fleshy  pome,  being  the  thickened  hypanthium  enclosing  the  carpels. 

Carpels  papery  or  leathery  at  maturity. 

Cavities  of  the  ovary   (carpels)   as  many  as  the  styles. 
Cymes  simple :  pomes  relatively  large. 

Pomes  elongate,  broadened  upward  ;  flesh  with  grit-cells  : 

hypanthium-orifice  nearly  closed  by  a  disk.  1.  PYRUS. 

Pomes   depressed,   not   dilated   upward ;   flesh   without 

grit-cells  :  hypanthium-orifice  open.  2.  MALUS. 

Cymes  compound  :  pomes  small,  berry-like.  3.  ARONIA. 

Cavities  of  the  ovary  becoming  twice  as  many  as  the  styles.     4.  AMELANCHIER. 
Carpels  bony  at  maturity.  5.  CRATAEGIJS. 

1.  PYRUS    [Tourn.]    L.      Leaf-blades    simple,    usually    toothed.      Cymes 
simple.     Pome  usually  tapering  to  the  base.  —  PEAR. 

1.  P.  communis  L.  Tree,  usually  thorny:  leaf -blades  ovate,  elliptic,  or  obo- 
vate, slender-petioled,  3-8  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  in  age,  acute  or 
acuminate,  the  base  usually  rounded:  cymes  few-several-flowered:  pedicels 
1.&-5  cm.  long:  sepals  about  as  long  as  the  hypanthium:  corolla  white,  about 
2.5  cm.  broad:  pome,  in  the  wild  form,  seldom  over  5  cm.  long,  in  the 
numerous  cultivated  forms  often  much  larger.  —  Common,  in  woods  and 
thickets,  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  the  Old  World.  —  Spr.  —  COMMON-PEAR. 

2.  MALUS    L.      Leaf-blades    simple,    toothed    or    lobed.      Cymes    simple. 
Pome  depressed  at  both  ends.  —  Spr.  —  APPLE. 


154  MALACEAE. 

Leaf-blades  glabrous,  at  least  at  maturity  :  sepals  glabrous  or  nearly  so  without. 

1.  H.  glauccscens. 
Leaf -blades    persistently    pubescent,    often    tomentose    beneath : 

sepals  pubescent  without.  2.  M.  Malus. 

1.  M.   glaucescens  Kehder.     Small  tree:    leaf -blades   sparingly   pubescent  be- 
neath along  the  veins  when  young,  glabrous  when  old,  sharply  serrate  and  often 
somewhat  lobed,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long:  flowers  very 
fragrant:    pedicels   slender,   glabrous:    corolla   rose-colored,   2.5-5    cm.    broad: 
pome  subglobose  or  depressed,  3-3.5  cm.  in  diameter,  greenish-yellow,  fragrant, 
very  acid.  —  Bather  rare,  in  thickets.  —  CRAB-APPLE. 

2.  M.  Malus  (L.)  Britton.     Tree  with  spreading  branches:  leaf -blades  broadly 
ovate  or  oval,  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  dentate  or  nearly 
entire,  often  woolly  beneath,  especially  when  young:  pedicels  generally  tomen- 
tose, stout:   corolla  pink  or  white,  3.5-7.5  cm.  broad:   pome  depressed-globose 
(or    elongate    in    cultivated    forms),    5-7.5    cm.    in    diameter.  —  Common,    in 
woods  and  thickets,  and  on  roadsides.  —  COMMON-APPLE. 

3.  ARONTA  Pers.     Leaf -blades   simple,   shallowly   toothed.     Cymes   com- 
pound.    Pome  berry-like,  globular  to  pyriform.  —  Spr. —  CHOKEBERRY. 

Cyme-branches  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaf-blades  woolly  :  pomes  red. 

1.  A.  arbutifolia. 
Cyme-branches  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaf -blades  glabrous  : 

pomes   black   or   dark-purple.  2.  A.  melanocarpa. 

1.  A.  arbutifolia  (L.  f.)  Ell.     Shrub,  sometimes  reaching  a  height  of  3.5  m.: 
leaf-blades   oval,   oblong,   or   obovate,    obtuse    or   abruptly   short-pointed,   nar- 
rowed or  somewhat  cuneate  at  the  base,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  serrulate-crenulate : 
cymes  terminal,  but  at  length  overtopped  by  the  young  sterile  shoots:   corolla 
white  or  purplish-tinged,  8-12  mm.  broad:  pomes  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  long- 
persistent.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and  low  woods. 

2.  A,  melanocarpa  (Michx.)  Ell.    Shrub  resembling  the  preceding  species,  but 
larger,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree:   leaf -blades  obovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  acute, 
or  abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  crenulate : 
flowers   similar  to   those   of  the  preceding  species:    hypanthium   and   pedicels 
nearly  glabrous :  pomes  globose  or  oval,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Common,  in 
wet  grounds  and  swamps. 

4.  AMELANCHIER  Medic.     Leaf -blades  simple,  toothed  or  rarely  entire. 
Cymes    simple.      Pome    berry-like,    globular.  —  Spr.  —  JUNE-BERRY.      SERVICE- 
BERRY.    MAY- CHERRY. 

Petals  elongate  (10-18  mm.)  :  leaf -blades  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  lower  pedicels  mostly 

1.5-3  cm.  long,  becoming  3-5  cm.  long  at  maturity.  1.  A.  laevis. 

Petals  short  (7-9  mm.)  :  leaf -blades  densely  white-tomentose  when 
young,  less  densely  pubescent  in  age  :  lower  pedicels  1-2  cm. 
long  or  less,  becoming  1-2  cm.  long  at  maturity. 
Leaf-blades  with  8-9  pairs  (average)  of  lateral  veins  :  hypan- 
thium saucer-shaped :  ovary  woolly  on  top  :  sepals  recurved 
when  the  petals  fall.  2.  A.  stolonifera. 

Leaf-blades  with  11-15  pairs  (average)  of  lateral  veins  :  hypan- 
thium campanulate  :  ovary  mostly  glabrous  on  top  :  sepals 
erect  when  the  petals  fall.  3.  A.  oWongifolia. 

1.  A,  laevis  Wiegand.  Tree  becoming  13  m.  tall,  or  sometimes  a  shrub:  leaf- 
blades  ovate,  oval,  or  elliptic,  4-6  cm.  long,  short-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
sharply  serrate,  mostly  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  slender-petioled : 
hypanthium  campanulate:  sepals  triangular-lanceolate  or  subulate,  3-4  mm. 
long,  reflexed  at  the  base  when  the  petals  fall:  petals  oblong-linear:  ovary 

tlabrous  on  top:  pomes  purple  or  nearly  black  beneath  the  bloom,  6-8  mm.  in 
iameter.      [A.  canadensis  of  various  authors.]  —  Common  in  woods  and  on 
damp  slopes. 


MALACEAE.  155 

2.  A.  stolonifera  Wiegand.     Shrub  mostly  1  m.  tall  or  less,  often  growing  in 
patches:  leaf -blades  oval,  varying  sometimes  to  oval  or  suborbicular,  2.5-5  cm. 
long,  rounded  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  finely  serrate,  rounded  or  rarely  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  slender-petioled :    hypanthium  saucer-shaped:    sepals  tri- 
angular-lanceolate, 2.5-3  mm.  long,  recurved  from  the  middle  when  the  petals 
fall:    petals  oblong-obovate :    ovary  woolly  on  top:    pomes  purplish-black  be- 
neath the  bloom,  6-7  mm.  in  diameter.     [A.  spicata  of  various  authors.]  —  S. 
Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     Kare,  on  rocks  or  dry  banks.  —  Schists. 

3.  A.  oblongifolia  (T.  &  G.)  Eoemer.     Shrub  8  m.  tall  or  less,  often  growing 
in  clumps:  leaf -blades  oblong,  elliptic-oblong  or  narrowly  obovate-oblong,  3-5.5 
cm.  long,  rounded  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  very  finely  serrate,  rounded  or  rarely 
subcordate    at   the   base;    rather    slender-petioled:    hypanthium    campanulate: 
sepals   triangular,    1.5-2.5   mm.   long,   erect   or   irregularly   spreading:    petals 
oblong-obovate    to    oblanceolate    or    linear:    ovary    mostly    glabrous    on    top: 
pomes  nearly  black  beneath  the  bloom,  5-7  mm.  in  diameter.     [A.  Botryapium 
of  various  authors.]  —  S.     Occasional,  in  low  or  rocky  woods.  — Schists. 

5.  CRATAEGUS  L.  Small  trees  or  shrubs,  usually  armed  with  thorns  or 
spines.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  simple,  petioled.  Flowers  terminal,  cymose 
or  corymbose.  Hypanthium  cup-shaped  or  campanulate,  adnate  to  the  carpels. 
Sepals  5,  reflexed  after  anthesis.  Corolla  white  or  pink.  Petals  5,  spreading, 
rounded,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk  in  the  throat  of  the  hypanthium. 
Stamens  5-25,  inserted  in  1-3  rows  on  the  edge  of  the  hypanthium:  filaments 
slender,  incurved:  anthers  oblong  or  suborbicular,  white,  yellow,  pink,  or 
purple.  Ovary  inferior,  or  its  summit  free,  composed  of  1-5  carpels:  styles 
1-5,  not  united,  persistent:  stigmas  terminal.  Pome  globose,  pyriform,  or 
oval,  yellow,  orange-red,  blue,  or  black,  containing  1-5  bony  carpels,  each 
usually  1-seeded.  Seed  erect,  the  testa  membranous.  —  Spr.  —  HAW.  WHITE- 
THORN. HAWTHORN. 

Leaf-blades  deeply  lobed :  sepals  obtuse.  1.  G.  Oxyacantha. 

Leaf-blades  toothed  and  often  also  shallowly  lobed :  sepals  acute 

or  acuminate. 
Sepals  entire. 

Sepals  short :   leaf -blades  of  a  deltoid  type :   pomes  less 

than  7  mm.  thick.  2.  C.  Phaenopyrum. 

Sepals   long :    leaf-blades   not    of   a   deltoid   type :    pomes 

over  7  mm.  thick.  3.  C.  Crus-galli. 

Sepals  toothed. 

Flowers  few  in  each  corymb. 

Sepals    shallowly    toothed,    not    foliaceous :    stamens 

about  10.  4.  G.  coccinea. 

Sepals  laciniate-toothed,  foliaceous  :  stamens  typically 

20.  5.  G.  tomentosa. 

Flowers  many  in  each  corymb. 

Corolla  about  2  cm.  wide :  anthers  yellow :  pomes  red.  6.  G.  rotundifolia. 
Corolla    about    1.5    cm.    wide :    anthers    red :    pomes 

crimson.  7.  G.  Holmesiana. 

1.  C.  Oxyacantha  L.     Tree  sometimes  9  m.  tall,  or  a  shrub,  the  thorns  short: 
leaf -blades  ovate  in  outline,  1-4  cm.  long,  serrate  and  3-15-lobed,  acute,  deep- 
green  and  ultimately  glabrous  above,  paler  and  persistently  pubescent  beneath, 
cuneate  to  truncate  at  the  base:  corymbs  many-flowered,  the  branches  glabrous: 
sepals  deltoid,  1-1.5  mm.  long,  entire,  obtuse:  corolla  13-16  mm.  wide:  stamens 
about  20;   anthers  pink:   ponies  globose  or  subglobose,  6-8  mm.  thick,  red. — 
Occasional,  in  thickets  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  ENGLISH-HAWTHORN. 

2.  C.  Phaenopymm  (L.  f.)  Medic.     Tree  sometimes  10  m.  tall,  or  more  often 
a   shrub  with  nearly  erect  and   spreading  branches,  the  thorns  rather  long: 
leaf -blades  of  a  deltoid  type,  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-triangular,  2-8  cm.  long, 
acute,  serrate  and  incised  or  3-7-lobed,  glabrous,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the 


156  AMYGDALACEAE. 

base:  corymbs  many -flowered,  the  branches  glabrous:  sepals  short-triangular 
or  deltoid,  entire,  ciliate:  corolla  about  1  cm.  wide:  stamens  about  20; 
anthers  pink:  pomes  spheroidal,  4-6  mm.  thick,  bright-red  or  scarlet;  nutlets 
3-4  mm.  long.  [C.  cor  data  Ait.] — Occasional,  on  roadsides  and  in  thickets. 
Escaped  from  gardens  and  hedges.  Nat.  southward.  —  WASHINGTON-THORN. 

3.  C.   Crus-galli   L.     Tree   sometimes   9    m.   tall,   the   thorns   long,   sometimes 
branched:    leaf -blades   obovate   or   oblanceolate,   2-5   cm.   long,   or   longer   and 
broader  on  shoots,  obtuse  or  acute,  glabrous,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle, 
cuneate  at   the  base:    corymbs  many-flowered,   the   branches   glabrous:    sepals 
linear-lanceolate,   3.5-5   mm.   long,   entire:    corolla   12-14  mm.   wide:    stamens 
about  10;   anthers  rose-colored  or  purplish:    pomes  oval  or  oblong,  8-13  mm. 
thick,  dull-red  at  maturity :  nutlets  8-9  mm.  long.  —  Frequent,  in  thickets  and 

WOOds.  —  COCKSPUR-THOEN. 

4.  C.  coccinea  L.     Tree  usually  less  than  9  m.  tall,  or  an  irregular  shrub,  the 
thorns  few,  straight   or  nearly   so :    leaf -blades   ovate,  2-7.5   cm.   long,  acute, 
serrate  and  shallowly  mostly  5-9-lobed,  often  becoming  rough,  broadly  cuneate 
to  truncate  at  the  base:  corymbs  few-flowered,  the  branches  pubescent:  sepals 
lanceolate,  4.5-5.5  mm.   long,  toothed   near   the  apex:    corolla   about   2.5   cm. 
wide:  stamens  about  10;  anthers  light-yellow:  pomes  subglobose  or  oval,  8-10 
mm.  thick,  reddish-brown  at  maturity ;    nutlets  mostly  5-7   mm.  long.  —  Fre- 
quent, in  woods  and  thickets.  —  SCARLET-THORN. 

5.  C.  tomentosa  L.     Tree  7  m.  tall  or  less,  or  a  shrub,  the  thorns  straight: 
leaf -blades  oval,  obovate,  or  spatulate,  or  sometimes  ovate,  2-5  cm.  long,  or 
longer  on  shoots,  acute,   obtuse,   or  rounded  at  the  apex,  serrate   or  serrate- 
dentate,    sometimes    also    incised,    permanently    pubescent    beneath,    usually 
cuneate   at   the   base:    corymbs   few-flowered,   the   branches   pubescent:    sepals 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long,  laciniate-toothed:   corolla  10-14 
mm.  wide:  stamens  typically  20;  anthers  purplish:  pomes  subglobose,  varying 
to   oval  or  pyriform,  10-15  mm.   thick,   dull-red,   or  sometimes  yellow-green; 
nutlets  mostly  7-8  mm.  long.  —  Occasional,  in  open  woods. 

6.  C.   rotundifolia   Moench.      Tree   sometimes   9   m.    tall,   or   a   round-topped 
shrub,  the  thorns  numerous,  curved:  leaf -blades  thick,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicu- 
lar-ovate, or  sometimes  obovate,  2.5-6  cm.  long,  acute,  serrate  and  shallowly 
7-9-lobed,    glabrous,    mostly    broadly    cuneate    at    the    base:    corymbs    many- 
flowered,    the    branches   glabrous    or    sparingly    pubescent:    sepals    lanceolate, 
glandular-serrate,  2.5-3  mm.  long:   corolla  about  2  cm.  wide:   stamens  5-10; 
anthers  usually  yellow:   pomes  subglobose,  9-12  mm.  thick,  red;    nutlets   6-7 
mm.    long.  —  N.      Frequent,    in    open    wood    and    thickets.  —  Sandstones    and 
shales. 

7.  C.  Holmesiana  Ashe.     Tree  mostly  less  than  8  m.  tall,  or  a  round-topped 
shrub,  the  thorns  rather  numerous,  curved:   leaf -blades  thin,  ovate  or  elliptic- 
ovate,  2.5-9  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate  and  9^13-lobed,  permanently 
pubescent  beneath,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base:  corymbs  many-flowered,  the 
branches  pubescent,  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous:   sepals  lanceolate,  5-6  mm. 
long,   glandular-serrate:    corolla  about   1.5   cm.  wide:    stamens   5-10;    anthers 
red:   pomes  pyriform  or  nearly  oval,  11-13  mm.  thick,  crimson;    nutlets  7-9 
mm.  long.      [C.  tenuifolia  Britten.] — S.     Occasional,   on  hillsides  and  road- 
sides. —  Schists. 

FAMILY  11.    AMYGDALACEAE.    PLUM  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  commonly  with  prussic  acid  in  the  tissues.  Leaves 
alternate,  with  free,  often  early  deciduous,  stipules :  blades  simple,  mostly 
toothed.  Flowers  perfect,  in  corymbs,  cymes,  racemes,  or  panicles,  some- 
times clustered.  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  borne  on  the  edge  of  the  hypanthium, 
deciduous.  Corolla  of  5  petals.  Androecium  of  many  stamens.  Gynoe- 


AMYGDALACEAE.  157 

cium  of  a  single  carpel,  or  rarely  of  2  or  3  carpels.  Ovary  1-celled :  style 
entire.  Fruit  a  drupe. 

Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so :  ovary,  and  drupe,  pubescent ;  stone  coarsely  wrinkled 
and  pitted.  1.  AMYGDALUS. 

Flowers  manifestly  pedicelled :  ovary,  and  drupe,  glabrous ;  stone 

neither  wrinkled  nor  pitted. 

Flowers  in  corymbs  or  clusters  from  the  branches  of  the  pre- 
ceding year,  before  the  leaves.  2.  PRUNUS. 
Flowers  in  racemes  terminating  branches  of  the  year,  after 

the  leaves.  3.  PADUS. 

1.  AMYGDALUS  L.     Shrubs  or  trees.    Leaves  very  strongly  impregnated 
with  prussic  acid.     Flowers  sessile   or   short-pedicelled.     Corolla  mostly  pink. 
Drupe  velvety-pubescent,  the  stone  wrinkled  and  pitted.  —  PEACH. 

1.  A.  Persica  L.  Tree:  leaf -blades  narrowly  elliptic  to  lanceolate,  or  rarely 
oblong-obovate,  shining,  sharply  serrate:  petals  pink,  8-20  mm.  long:  drupes 
subglobose  or  oblong,  4-10  cm.  long,  grooved  on  one  side,  velvety.  —  Common, 
on  roadsides  and  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  Nat.  of  Old  World.  —  Spr.  — 
COMMON-PEACH. 

2.  PRUNUS    [Tourn.]    L.      Shrubs   or   trees.     Leaves   sometimes   slightly 
impregnated   with  prussic   acid.     Flowers  in   corymbs   or   umbel-like   clusters, 
relatively  long-pedicelled.     Corolla  mostly  white.     Drupes  usually  glabrous  and 
glaucous,  the  stone  smooth  or  nearly  so.  —  Spr.  —  PLUM.     CHERRY. 

Leaves  conduplicate  in  vernation. 

Flowers  small ;  corolla  less  than  13  mm.  wide. 

Leaf-blades  narrow,  cuneate  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  coarse  teeth  not 

glandular  in  the  sinuses. 
Leaf-blades  of  an  oblong-spathulate  type:  inflorescence  umbel-like:  shrub. 

1.  P.  cuneata. 

Leaf-blades  of  an   oblong-lanceolate  type :   inflores- 
cence corymbs  :  tree.  2.  P.  pennsylvanica. 
Leaf-blades  broad,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 

the  fine  teeth  glandular  in  the  sinuses.  3.  P.  Mahaleb. 

Flowers  large ;   corolla  over  17  mm.  wide. 

Leaves   glabrous :    inner   scales   of   the   flowering   buds 

broad,  not  spreading :  drupe  sour.  4.  P.  Cerasus. 

Leaves  pubescent :   inner  scales  of  the  flowering  buds 

narrow,  spreading  :  drupe  sweet.  5.  P.  Avium. 

Leaves  convolute  in  vernation.  6.  P.  americana. 

1.  P.   cuneata   Eaf.      Spreading   glabrous    shrub   3-12   dm.   tall:    leaf -blades 
oblong,   oval,   or  somewhat   obovate,   3-8  cm.   long,   sometimes  acute  at   both 
ends,  cuneate  at  the  base,  glaucous  beneath,  rather  coarsely  serrate  with  ap- 
pressed  teeth:    flowers  in   clusters:    pedicels   1-1.5   cm.   long:    sepals   oval   or 
orbicular,  toothed:    petals  4-5  mm.   long,  rather  slender-clawed:    drupes  sub- 
globose,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter.  —  S.  —  Kare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists,  serpentine. 

2.  P.  pennsylvanica  L.  f.     Small  glabrous  tree:  leaf -blades  thinnish,  oblong- 
elliptic  to  nearly  oval  or  lanceolate,  8-15  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
doubly  serrate:  flowers  in  lateral  clusters:  pedicels  slender,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  or 
3  cm.  long  at  maturity:  sepals  ovate-oblong,  entire:  petals  4.5-5.5  mm.  long, 
very  short-clawed:   drupes  globose,  4-7  mm.  in  diameter,  red,  without  bloom, 
with  thin  sour  flesh :    stone  subglobose,  or  slightly   elongate.  —  E.     Rare,   on 
hillsides,     near     Beartown.  —  Quartzite.  — •  WILD     RED-CHERRY.      BIRD-CHERRY. 
FIRE-CHERRY.    PIGEON-CHERRY. 

3.  P.  Mahaleb  L.     Shrub  or  small  glabrous  tree:  leaf -blades  ovate,  2-5.5  cm. 
long,  abruptly  pointed,  finely  serrate,  rounded,  truncate,  or  subcordate  at  the 
base,  slightly  paler  green  beneath  than  above:    flowers  in  corymbs:    pedicels 
1.5-2.5  cm.   long:    sepals  oblong,   entire:    petals   5-6  mm.   long,   not   clawed: 
drupes  globose  or  ovoid-globose,  7-9  mm.  long,  reddish-black.  —  M.     Rare,  on 
cliffs   of   the    Conestoga    creek   above    Lancaster.      Nat.    of   Eu.  —  PERFUMED- 
CHERRY.     MAHALEB. 


158  CASSIACEAE. 

4.  P.  Cerasus  L.    Small  tree:  leaf -blades  ovate,  oval-ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
4-11  cm.  long,  abruptly  acute  or  acuminate,  finely  serrate-dentate,  glabrous, 
resinous  when  young:   corolla  1.5-2.5  cm.  broad:   drupes  nearly  globose,  8-10 
mm.  in  diameter,  or  larger  in  cultivation,  sour,  red  or  black:  stone  subglobose. 

—  Bather   common,  in  fence-rows   and  woods.     Nat.   of   Eu.  —  SOUR-CHERRY. 

MORELLO-CHERRY. 

5.  P.  Avium  L.     Large  tree:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  oval  or  oval-ovate,  5-10  cm. 
long,    abruptly    short-acuminate,    coarsely    doubly    serrate,    pubescent    beneath, 
sometimes  only  on  the  veins:    corolla  2.5-3   cm.  broad:    drupes  ovoid-globose, 
8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  not  acid,  usually  sweet:   stone  globular.  —  Common,  in 
woods,  fence-rows,  and  thickets.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  SWEET-CHERRY.     MAZZARD. 

6.  P.  americana  Marsh.     Small  somewhat  spiny  tree:   leaf -blades  elliptic  to 
oval  or  oval-obovate,  4-10  cm.  long,  acuminate,  sharply  singly  or  doubly  ser- 
rate, pubescent   beneath,   especially  near  the  veins,  acute   or  rounded  at  the 
slightly  inequilateral  base:   petioles  usually  glandless:    flowers  2-5  in  lateral 
clusters:    sepals  entire:    petals   7-10   mm.   long:    drupes   subglobose  or  barely 
elongate,  18-25  mm.  long,  sometimes  with  slight  bloom:   stone  ovoid  or  oval, 
flattened.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  fence-rows.  —  WILD  YELLOW- PLUM.     WILD 
RED-PLUM. 

3.  PADUS  Borckh.  Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  deciduous,  manifestly  im- 
pregnated with  prussic  acid.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Hypanthium  green. 
Sepals  relatively  large.  Petals  rounded.  Drupe  with  a  juicy  exocarp.  —  Spr. 

—  WILD  CHERRY. 

Sepals  deciduous:   leaf -blades  sharply  serrulate.  1.  P.  nana. 

Sepals    persistent :    leaf-blades    crenate-serrulate.  2.  P.  mrginiana. 

1.  P.   nana    (Du   Eoi)    Eoem.     Shrub  with   diffuse   branches,    or   small   tree 
with  spreading  or  drooping  branches  and  very  bitter  bark:   leaf -blades  thin- 
nish,  oval  or  obovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  sharply  serrulate,  usually  rounded  at  the 
base,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides:  racemes  rather  lax,  8-15  cm.  long: 
sepals  reflexed,  often  ovate,  glandular-margined:  petals  3-4  mm.  long:  drupes 
globose,   8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  red  or  almost  black,  or  rarely  yellow,  very 
astringent.     [P.  mrginiana  Eoem,  not  Prunus  virginiana  L.]  —  S.    Eare,  in  rocky 
woods   near    the    Octoraro    Creek.  —  Schists.  —  CHOKE-CHERRY. 

2.  P.  virginiana    (L.)    Mill.     Tree  with  ascending  branches,  becoming  35  m. 
tall,  the  bark  aromatic  and  bitter:  leaf -blades  firm,  oblong  or  elliptic,  varying 
to  obovate,  or  lanceolate,  5-15   cm.  long,  acuminate  or   acute  at  both  ends, 
or  rounded  at  the  base,  crenate-serrulate  with  callous-tipped  teeth,   glabrous 
or  nearly  so:  sepals  ovate,  longer  than  broad:  corolla  8-10  mm.  broad:  drupes 
globose,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  dark-purple  or  nearly  black,  sweet  but  slightly 
astringent.     [P.  serotina  (Ehrh.)  Agardh.] — Common,  in  thickets  and  woods. 

WILD    BLACK-CHERRY.      EUM-CHERRY. 

FAMILY  12.     CASSIACEAE.     SENNA  FAMILY. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  compound,  usually 
1-2-pinnate,  rarely  1-foliolate.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  monoecious, 
or  dioecious,  more  or  less  irregular.  Calyx  of  3-5,  usually  slightly  united, 
sepals,  sometimes  borne  on  the  edge  of  a  well-developed  hypanthium. 
Corolla  of  3-5  unequal  distinct  petals.  Androecium  of  6-10  distinct  or 
nearly  distinct  stamens.  Gynoecium  1-carpellary.  Fruit  a  legume. 

Corolla  apparently  papillionaceous  :  leaves  with  1-foliolate  blades.  1.  CERCIS. 

Corolla  more  or  less  irregular,  sometimes  nearly  regular :  leaves 
with  pinnately  compound  blades. 


CASSIACEAE.  159 

Leaves  with  1-pinnate  blades :  flowers  perfect :  petals  yellow 

or  whitish,  unequal. 

Calyx-lobes  obtuse :  pods  tardily  dehiscent  or  indehiscent.      2.  CASSIA. 
Calyx-lobes  acuminate  :  pods  elastically  dehiscent.  3.  CHAMAECRISTA. 

Leaves   with   2-pinnate   blades :    flowers   polygamous :   petals 

greenish,  nearly  equal.  4.  GLEDITSIA. 

1.  CERCIS  L.     Shrubs  or  trees.    Leaves  1-foliolate:  leaflet  broad.     Calyx 
shallowly   lobed:    tube   gibbous.     Corolla   pink-purple:    keel-petals   of   the   ap- 
parently papilionaceous  corolla  longer  than  the  others.    Anthers  short,  opening 
lengthwise.     Pod  very  flat. 

1.  C.  canadensis  L.  Shrub  or  tree:  leaf -blades  broadly  ovate  to  reniform: 
pedicels  mostly  less  than  1.5,  cm.  long:  sinuses  of  the  calyx  nearly  as  broad 
as  the  lobes:  larger  petals  12-13  mm.  long;  blades  ovate:  pods  linear-oblong, 
5-10 '  cm.  long.  —  Common,  on  rocky  hills.  —  Spr.  —  RED-BUD.  JUDAS-TREE. 

2.  CASSIA    [Tourn.]    L.     Herbs,   shrubs,   or   trees.     Leaves   abruptly   1- 
pinnate:   stipules  deciduous.     Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  panicles.     Sepals 
nearly  distinct,  leathery  or  petaloid.     Petals  mainly  yellow  or  whitish.     Pod 
more  or  less  turgid,  indehiscent  or  rather  tardily  dehiscent.  —  SENNA. 

1.  C.  marylandica  L.  Perennial,  8-20  dm.  tall,  sparingly  pubescent:  leaflets 
12-20';  blades  elliptic  to  oblong,  mucromate,  4-5  cm.  long:  petiolar  gland 
obconical,  stipitate,  near  the  base  of  the  rachis:  sepals  6-8  mm.  long:  petals 
10-12  mm.  long,  cuneate  to  spatulate:  pods  curved,  somewhat  hispid,  10-12 
cm.  long :  seeds  flat,  nearly  as  wide  as  long.  —  Common,  in  moist  grounds, 
especially  near  streams.  —  Sum.  —  WILD-SENNA. 

3.  CHAMAECRISTA    Moench.      Herbs    or    shrubs.      Leaves   abruptly    1- 
pinnate:    stipules  persistent.     Flowers   clustered   in   leaf -axils.     Sepals   nearly 
distinct,  membranous.    Petals  mainly  yellow  or  whitish.    Pod  flattish,  promptly 
dehiscent,   the   valves  elastic.  —  Sum.  —  SENSITIVE-PEA.     SENSITIVE-PLANT. 

Corolla  small,  less  than  1  cm.  wide  :  anthers  5..  nearly  equal.  1.  C.  nictitans. 

Corolla  large,  over  1  cm.  wide :  anthers  10,  very  unequal.  2.  Cf.  fasciculata 

1.  C.  nictitans    (L.)    Moench.     Stem  branching  and  spreading  freely,  finely 
pubescent:    leaflets  12-28;    blades  glabrous,  linear  to  linear-elliptic,  acute  or 
mucronate,    10-14    mm.    long    or    less:    petiolar    gland    urceolate,    subsessile: 
stipules  lanceolate:   sepals  5-7  mm.  long,  sparingly  pubescent:   standard  obo- 
vate,   sometimes  broadly  so,   smaller  than  the  large   wing-petal:    pods  pubes- 
cent, 2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  6  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil.  —  WILD  SENSITIVE- 
PLANT. 

2.  C.  fasciculata  (Michx.)  Greene.     Stem  erect  or  spreading,  finely  pubescent: 
leaflets  16-28;  blades  oblong-elliptic,  acute  or  mucronate,  1.5  cm.  long  or  less: 
petiolar  gland  sessile,  compressed,  truncate:    stipules  lanceolate-linear:    sepals 
12-17  mm.  long,  short-hairy:   standard  13-20  mm.  long:   pods  pubescent,  4-5 
cm.  long,  5  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil.  —  PARTRIDGE-PEA. 

4.  GLEDITSIA  L.     Trees  with  simple  or  branched  thorns.     Leaves  rela- 
tively small,  2-pinnate:  stipules  present.     Calyx-lobes  obtuse,  about  as  long  as 
the  petals.     Petals  nearly  equal.     Pod  flat. 

1.  G.  triacanthos  L.  Tree  becoming  40  m.  tall:  leaflets  1-2.5  cm.  long;  blades 
ovate-lanceolate  varying  to  elliptic:  sepals  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceolate: 
pods  black  and  lustrous,  pulpy  within.  —  S.  Eather  common,  in  thickets.  — 
Schists.  —  Late  spr.  —  HONEY-LOCUST. 


160 


FAB  ACE  AE. 


Tribe      II.  GENISTEAE. 


Tribe     III.  TRIFOLIEAE. 
Tribe     IV.  LOTEAE. 

Tribe       V.  GALEGEAE. 

Tribe     VI.  HEDYSAREAE. 

Tribe   VII.  PHASEOLEAE. 

Tribe  VIII.  VICIEAE. 


FAMILY  13.    FABACEAE.     PEA  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  1-compound, 
sometimes  1-foliolate,  or  rarely  simple.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  irregular. 
Calyx  of  5  more  or  less  unequal  partially  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  5 
unequal  distinct  or  nearly  distinct  petals  which  are,  2  keel-petals  and  2 
wings,  and  1  standard  which  surrounds  the  others.  Androecium  of  10 
monadelphous,  diadelphous  or  rarely  distinct  stamens,  or  rarely  of  9  or  5. 
Gynoecium  1-carpellary.  Ovary  superior.  Fruit  a  dehiscent  or  indehiscent 
legume  or  a  loment. 

Stamens  10 :  filaments  distinct.  Tribe        I.  PODALYRIEAE. 

Stamens    10    or  fewer :   filaments   monadelphous   or   dia- 
delphous. 
Leaves  destitute  of  tendrils. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  trees,  or  woody  vines. 

Fruit  2-valved  or  indehiscent,  not  a  loment. 
Anthers  of   2  kinds  :  filaments  monadelphous. 
Anthers  all  alike :  filaments  diadelphous,  at 

least  beyond  the  middle. 
Leaf-blades  3-5-foliolate. 
Leaflets   toothed. 
Leaflets  entire. 
Leaf-blades  pinnately  several-  to  many- 

foliolate,   or   rarely   1-foliolate. 
Fruit  a  loment. 
Herbaceous  vines. 
Leaves  bearing  tendrils. 

TRIBE  I.     PODALYRIEAE. 

Herbs  usually  turning  black  in  drying,  the  pods  short,  inflated  or  turgid. 

1.  BAPTISIA. 

TRIBE  II.     GENISTEAE. 

Herbs  with  1-foliolate  or  5-11-foliolate  leaf-blades :  calyx-lips 

very  unequal. 
Pod  turgid  or  inflated  :  lower  calyx-lip  prominently  3-lobed  : 

leaf-blades   1-foliolate.  2.  CROTALARIA. 

Pod    flattened :    lower    calyx-lip    obscurely    3-lobed :    leaf- 
blades  5-11-foliolate.  3.  LUPINUS. 
Shrubs  with  1-3-foliolate  leaf-blades :  calyx-lips  nearly  equal.        4.  CYTISUS. 

TRIBE  III.     TRIFOLIEAE. 

Pods  curved  or  coiled  :   ovary  curved,  short-beaked.  5.  MEDICAGO. 

Pods  straight :  ovary  straight,  long-beaked. 

Pods  leathery :   corolla  free  from   the  androecium,   and 

deciduous.  6.  MELILOTUS. 

Pods   membranous :    corolla   adherent   to   the    androecium, 

and  persistent.  7.  TRIFOLIUM. 

TRIBE  IV.     LOTEAE. 

Pods  included  in  the  calyx,  the  body  broad,  long-stipitate : 

filaments  partially  diadelphous,  united  to  about  the  middle.  8.  ANTHYLLIS. 

Pods  exserted,  not  stipitate :  'filaments  wholly  diadelphous, 

one  of  them  wholly  distinct.  9.  LOTUS. 

TRIBE  V.     GALEGEAE. 

Herbs :  wings  and  keel-petals  cohering.  10.  CRACCA. 

Shrubs  or  trees :  wings  and  keel-petals  free.  11.  ROBINIA. 

TRIBE  VI.     HEDYSAREAE. 

Calyx  narrowed  to  a  stipe-like  base :  corolla  yellow :  stamens 

monadelphous.  12.  STYLOSANTHES. 

Calyx  not  narrowed  to  a  stipe-like  base :  corolla  white,  blue, 
purple,  or  violet :  stamens  diadelphous,  or  monadelphous 
near  the  base. 
Wings   with   short   claws :    leaflets   stipellate :    loments    of 

several  joints.  13.  MEIBOMIA. 

Wings   with   long   claws :    leaflets   not   stipellate :    loments 

of  1,  or  rarely  of  2  joints.  14.  LESPEDEZA. 


FAB  ACE  AE.  161 

TRIBE  VII.     PHASEOLEAE. 

Keel  neither  curved  nor  coiled. 

Standard   distinctly   clawed :   style  glabrous   or   sparingly 

pubescent  below. 
Keel-petals    short-clawed :    calyx    subtended    by    two 

bractlets.  15    GALACTIA 

Keel-petals   long-clawed :    calyx  without  bractlets.  16.  FALCATA  " 

Standard  not  distinctly  clawed :   style  bearded  along  the 

rr      ,     "^Side.  17.    CLITORIA. 

Keel  coiled  or  curved. 
Keel  spirally  twisted. 

Leaves  without  stipels  :  leaflets  5  or  more :  wings  with 

very  short  claws.  18.  GLYCENE. 

Leaves    with    stipels :    leaflets    3 :    wings    with    rather 

long   claws.  19.  PHASEOLUS. 

Keel  incurved.  20.  STROPHOSTYLES. 

TRIBB  VIII.     VICIEAE. 

Style  terete,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  apex.  21    VICIA 

Style  flattened,  pubescent  along  the  inner  side.  22!  LATHYRUS. 

1.  BAPTISIA  Vent.     Perennial  herbs  with  rootstocks.     Stipules  not  de- 
current   on  the   stem.     Leaf-blades  mostly  digitately  3-foliolate,   the   leaflets 
broadest  above  the  middle.     Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped.     Corolla  white,  cream- 
colored,   yellow,   or  blue.     Style  usually  longer  than  the   short   ovary.     Pods 
long-stipitate.  —  FALSE-INDIGO. 

1.  B.  tinctoria  (L.)  E.  Br.  Leaflets  1-3  cm.  long;  blades  obovate  to  spatu- 
late-cuneate :  calyx  becoming  4-5  mm.  long;  lower  lobes  deltoid,  all  acute: 
corolla  yellow;  wings  12-15  mm.  long:  pod-body  4-5  mm.  thick.  —  Common, 
in  dry  soil.  —  Sum.  —  WILD-INDIGO. 

2.  CROTALARIA    [Dill.]    L.     Annual  or  perennial,   sometimes  partially 
woody  herbs.     Stipules  often  decurrent  on  the  stem.     Leaf -blades  3-foliolate, 
or  1-foliolate  in  our  species.  Calyx  with  a  prominently  2-lobed  upper  lip  and 
a  deeply  3-lobed  lower  lip.     Corolla  yellow  or  blue:   standard  with  a  pair  of 
callosities  near  the  base  of  the  blade:  wings  with  the  scarcely  auricled  blades 
broadened    upward:    blades    of    the    keel-petals    broad,    scythe-shaped.      Pods 
globular  to  cylindric. 

1.  C.  sagittalis  L.  Stems  1-5  dm.  tall,  conspicuously  pubescent:  blades  of  the 
leaflets  oblong  to  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate:  calyx  loosely-pubescent: 
corolla  yellow,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx:  pods  oblong,  2.5-4  cm.  long. — 
Bather  common,  on  sandy  banks.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  RATTLE-BOX. 

3.  LUPINUS  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs,  or  woody 
plants.     Stipules  not  decurrent.     Leaf -blades  several-many-foliolate  or  rarely 
1-foliolate.     Calyx  with  a  lobed  upper  lip  and  an  entire  or  slightly  3-lobed 
lower  lip.     Corolla  variously  colored  or  white:    standard  without  callosities: 
wings  with  blunt  auricles:   keel-petals  scythe-shaped.     Pods  oblong  to  linear. 

1.  L.  perennis  L.  Plants  2-6  dm.  tall,  the  stipules  early  deciduous:  leaflets 
7-11;  blades  oblanceolate  to  elliptic,  obtuse  or  mucronulate:  lower  lip  of  the 
calyx  with  the  middle  lobe  acute  and  projecting  beyond  the  others:  corolla 
blue  or  purplish-blue:  pods  mostly  7-8  mm.  wide,  long-pedicelled.  —  N.  S. 
Rather  rare,  on  dry  open  hillsides.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Spr. — 
LUPINE. 

4.  CYTISUS   [Tourn.]   L.     Shrubs  with  much-branched  stems,  sometimes 
broom-like.     Leaf -blades  3-foliolate  or  1-foliolate:   blades  of  the  leaflets  nar- 
row or  broad,  mostly  entire,  or  obsolete.     Calyx  with  an  obscurely  lobed  upper 

Lancaster  County  Flora  11. 


162  FABACEAE. 

lip  and  a  minutely  3-lobed  lower  lip.  Corolla  mostly  yellow:  standard  with  a 
broad  blade:  wings  with  acutish  auricles:  keel-petals  with  broad  blades.  Pods 
rather  narrow.  —  BROOM. 

1.  C.  scoparius  (L.)  Link.  Plants  with  many  stiff  erect  sharp-angled  branches, 
1-1.5  m.  tall,  the  younger  parts  finely  pubescent:  leaflets  3,  or  1  in  the  upper 
leaves;  blades  obovate  to  oblong,  5-15  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  entire: 
racemes  leaf y-bracted :  calyx  about  4  mm.  long:  corolla  bright-yellow;  standard 
suborbicular,  1.5-2  cm.  long:  pods  broadly  linear,  4-5  cm.  long,  long-ciliate. 
—  E.  Rather  rare,  on  railroad  embankments  and  in  fields.  Nat.  of  Eu.  — 
Sum.  —  SCOTCH-BROOM. 

5.  MEDICAGO    [Tourn.]    L.      Annual    or    perennial    herbs,    or    partially 
woody  plants.     Leaflets   3,   pinnate.     Racemes   capitate   or   slightly   elongate. 
Calyx-lobes  nearly  equal,  about  as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer.     Corolla  yellow, 
blue,  or  violet:  wings  with  a  hooked  auricle  at  the  base  of  the  blade.     Style 
very  short,  at  least  shorter  than  the  ovary.  —  MEDIC. 

Corolla  violet  or  blue ;  standard  with  an  oblong  or  cuneate  blade  :  perennial  upright 
plant.  1.  M.  sativa. 

Corolla  yellow ;  standard  with  a  blade  about  as  wide  as  long  : 

annual  prostrate  plant.  2.  M.  lupulina. 

1.  M.  sativa  L.     Leaflets  8-16  mm.  long;   blades  cuneate-obovate  to  cuneate 
or  oblanceolate :  calyx  4-6  mm.  long :  standard  8-10.5  mm.  long :  pods  3-4  mm. 
broad.  —  Rather  common,  in  fields  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and 
sum.  —  ALFALFA.     LUCERNE. 

2.  M.  lupulina  L.     Leaflets  5-15  mm.  long;   blades  obovate  or  rhomboidal: 
calyx  1.5-2  mm.  long:  standard  1.5-2  mm.  long:  pods  2-3  mm.  broad.  —  Com- 
mon,  in   waste  places  and   on   roadsides.     Nat.    of   Eu.  —  Sum.  —  NONESUCH. 
BLACK-MEDIC.     HOP-MEDIC. 

6.  MELILOTUS    [Tourn.]   Juss.     Annual  or  biennial  herbs.     Leaflets  3, 
pinnate.     Racemes   greatly   elongate   and  ultimately   interrupted.     Calyx-lobes 
nearly  equal,  shorter  than  the  tube.     Corolla  yellow  or  white:   wings  with  a 
slender  auricle  at  the  base  of  the  blade.     Style  long.  —  Sum.  —  SWEET-CLOVER. 
MELILOT. 

Corolla  yellow  :  standard  shorter  than  the  wing-petals.  1.  M.  officinalis. 

Corolla  white  :  standard  surpassing  the  wing-petals.  2.  M .  alba. 

1.  M.  officinalis   (L.)   Lam.     Leaflets  1-3  cm.  long;   blades  narrowly  oblong, 
oblanceolate,  or  oval:   racemes  2-12  cm.  long:   calyx-lobes  about  ^  as  long  as 
the   tube:    keel-petals   much    shorter    than    the    wings:    ovary    stipitate:    pods 
about  4  mm.  long,  pubescent.  —  Rather  scarce,  in  waste  places,  except  in  the 
limestone  region.     Nat.   of  Eu.  —  YELLOW-MELILOT. 

2.  M.  alba  Desv.     Leaflets  1-3  cm.  long;   blades  linear-oblong,   oblanceolate, 
or   elliptic:    racemes  fully   as   long   as   in   M.    officinalis:    calyx-lobes   slightly 
shorter  than  the  tube:  keel-petals  slightly  shorter  than  the  wings:   ovary  ses- 
sile :    pods  3-3.5   mm.   long,   glabrous.  —  Common,   in  waste   places  and  river 
banks.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  WHITE-MELJLOT. 

7.  TEIFOLITJM    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual    or   perennial   herbs.      Leaflets   3, 
digitate  or  pinnate,  or  rarely  5  or  7.     Calyx-lobes  nearly  equal,  or  the  2  upper 
longer  than  the  3  lower  ones  and  sometimes  partially  united.     Corolla  variously 
colored  or  white:   standard  oblong  or  obovate,  or  elongate  and  clawed:   other 
petals  with  long  claws,  the  wings  with  an  angle  or  a  rounded  auricle  at  the 
base  of  the  blade.  —  CLOVER.     TREFOIL. 


FAB  ACE  AE.  163 

Corolla  yellow :  ovary  and  pod  decidedly  stipitate. 

Standard  entire  :  terminal  leaflet  longer-stalked  than  the  lateral  ones. 

1.  T.  procumbens. 
Standard  toothed :   terminal   leaflet  not  longer-stalked  than 

the  lateral  ones.  2.  T.  agrarium. 

Corolla  white,  pink,  or  purple  :  ovary  and  pod  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
Heads   peduncled :    claw    of   the   standard   shorter    than   the 

blade. 

Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx.  3.  T.  arvense. 

Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Heads  cylindric  :   calyx-lobes  plumose.  4.  T.  incarnatum. 

Heads  globose  or  ovoid  :  calyx-lobes  not  plumose. 

Calyx-lobes     subulate,     not     dilated,     the     sinuses 

pubescent :    stems    ascending    or    procumbent.          5.  T.  hybridum. 
Calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  triangular,  with  dilated 

bases,  the  sinuses  glabrous  :  stems  creeping.  6.  T.  repens. 

Heads  sessile :  claw  of  the  standard  longer  than  the  blade.          7.  T.  pratense. 

1.  T.  procumbens  L.     Stem  and  branches  ultimately  diffuse  or  procumbent: 
leaflets  6-12  mm.   long;    blades  cuneate  to   obovate:    stipules  short,  the  free 
parts  ovate:   standard  less  than  4.5  mm.  long:   seeds  pale.  —  Common,  on  dry 
banks  and  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  Low  HOP-CLOVER. 

2.  T.  agrarium  L.     Stem  and  branches  erect,  ascending  or  reclining:   leaflets 
16-30  mm.  long;   blades  oblong-cuneate,  rhombic,   or   obovate:    stipules  long, 
the  free  parts  lanceolate :  standard  over  5.5  mm.  long :  seeds  dark.  —  Common, 
on  roadsides  and  banks  and  in  woods.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  YELLOW  HOP- 
CLOVER. 

3.  T.    arvense    L.     Stems    erect,    villose-lanuginous :    leaflets    1-2.5    cm.    long; 
blades  linear  to  oblanceolate,  entire  or  •  nearly  so :   heads  1-3  cm.  long :   calyx 
4.5-5  mm.  long;  lobes  subulate,  plumose:   standard  nearly  oblong,  3-3.5  mm. 
long,  white.  —  Common,  on  dry  banks  and  in  fields.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  — 
BABBIT-FOOT  CLOVER.     STONE-CLOVER. 

4.  T.  incarnatum  L.     Stems  2-9  dm.  tall,  appressed-pubescent  or  somewhat 
villose:  leaflets  1-4  cm.  long;  blades  obovate  to  broadly  cuneate,  denticulate, 
finely   veined:    heads    3-7    cm.    long:    calyx    densely    strigillose,    obscurely    2- 
lipped;  lobes  setaceous,  longer  than  the  tube,  those  of  the  upper  lip  slightly 
longer  than  those  of  the  lower  lip:  standard  11-13  mm.  long,  linear-spatulate, 
crimson.  —  Common,  in  fields)  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  CRIM- 
SON-CLOVER.    ITALIAN-CLOVER. 

5.  T.    hybridum   L.      Stems   erect   or    decumbent:    leaflets    11-25    mm.    long; 
blades  oval  to  oblong,  varying  to  ovate  or  obovate,  or  suborbicular,  denticu- 
late: calyx  3.5-4  mm.  long';  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube:  standard  oblong, 
7-9  mm.  long,  pink  or  rarely  nearly  white:  style  mostly  shorter  than  the  ovary. 
—  Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  ALSIKE-CLOVER. 

6.  T.  repens  L.     Stems  creeping:   leaflets  9-15  mm.  long;   blades  obovate  to 
orbicular-obovate   or   oval:    calyx  about   5   mm.   long;    shorter   lobes  abruptly 
acuminate  from  dilated  bases:   standard  oblong,  7-8  mm.  long:    style  mostly 
longer  than  the  ovary.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  waste  places  and  on  roadsides. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  WHITE-CLOVER. 

7.  T.  pratense  L.     Stems  2-7  dm.  tall,  pubescent:  leaflets  l^t  cm.  long;  blades 
oblong,  elliptic,  or  oval:   calyx  about  8  mm.  long;   lobes  filiform,  the  largest 
one  much  longer  than  the  tube:  corolla  red,  purple,  or  white;  standard  12-14 
mm.  long,  the  claw  very  broad.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of 
Eu.  —  Sum.  —  EED-CLOVER. 

8.  ANTHYLLIS  [Eivinius]  L.  Herbs  with  diffuse  branches.  Leaflets 
few  or  several,  pinnately  disposed,  or  the  lateral  ones  sometimes  wanting. 
Flower-clusters  involucrate,  approximate,  the  compound  cluster  long-peduncled. 
Calyx  manifestly  2-lipped:  upper  lip  with  broad,  short  lobes;  lower  lip  with 


164  FABACEAE. 

3  narrow  lobes,  exceeded  by  the  upper  lip.  Corolla  red,  yellow,  or  white: 
standard  with  a  broad  blade  with  incurved  basal  auricles  and  a  slender  claw: 
other  petals  very  long-clawed,  the  blades  of  the  wings  wider  than  those  of  the 
keel-petals. 

1.  A.  Vulneraria  L.  Plants  1-5  dm.  tall,  loosely  pubescent:  leaflets  5-11,  or 
fewer,  unequal,  the  terminal  and  adjacent  ones  large,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  the  lower 
ones  narrower,  all  obtuse  or  acutish:  flower-clusters  globular  or  depressed, 
2.5-3.5  cm.  in  diameter:  calyx  11-14  mm.  long,  pubescent;  lateral  lobes  of  the 
lower  lip  •  ovate,  broader  than  the  middle  one :  corolla  yellow  or  crimson ; 
standard  about  1.5  cm.  long,  the  blade  orbicular-ovate,  shorter  than  the  claw: 
pod  with  a  filiform  stipe,  the  body  4.5-5.5  mm.  long.  —  S.  Bare,  in  fields  near 
Wakefield.  Nat.  of  Eu.  Introduced  with  alfalfa  seed.  —  Sum.  —  LADY'S- 

FINGERS. 

9.  LOTUS   [Tourn.]  L.     Herbs  with  diffusely  spreading  branches.     Leaf- 
lets   3:    blades   broad    or    relatively    so,    entire.      Stipules    often    conspicuous. 
Flower-clusters  long-peduncled.     Calyx   obscurely  2-lipped:    lobes   slightly  un- 
equal, long  and  narrow.     Corolla  yellow  or  reddish:    standard  with   a  broad 
blade  and  a  broad  rather  long  claw:  other  petals  slender-clawed,  the  blades  of 
the  wings  prominently  auricled:   keel-petals  strongly  curved,  very  broad. 

1.  L.  corniculatus  L.  Plants  perennial,  with  several  or  many  decumbent  or 
ascending  branches,  1-6  dm.  long,  finely  pubescent,  sometimes  becoming  gla- 
brous: leaflets  3;  blades  obovate  to  oblong,  6-17  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  abruptly 
pointed:  flower-clusters  long-peduncled:  calyx  8-9  mm.  long;  lobes  subulate, 
the  larger  ones  as  long  as  the  tube  or  nearly  so:  corolla  bright-yellow,  or 
partially  reddish;  standard  11-13  mm.  long,  the  blade  suborbicular :  pods 
2-2.5  cm.  long,  the  body  narrowly  linear,  with  a  slender  subulate  beak.  —  S. 
Eare,  in  fields  near  Wakefield.  Nat.  of  Eu.  Introduced  with  alfalfa  seed.  — 
Sum.  —  BIRD'S-FOOT  TREFOIL. 

10.  CRACCA  L.     Perennial  long-rooted  herbs  or  woody  plants.     Leaflets 
several   or   many,   thick.     Flowers   in   racemes   or   spike-like   panicles.     Calyx 
somewhat   2-lipped,  the   2    upper   lobes   usually   shorter   than   the   others   and 
partially  united.     Corolla  pink,  purple,  or  red,  or  white:   standard  pubescent: 
wings  auricled  on  one  side  at  the  base  of  the  blade:  keel-petals  usually  with 
an  angular  auricle.     Ovary  sessile.     Pods  flat  or  flattish.  —  HOARY-PEA. 

1.  0.  virginiana  L.  Stems  3-6  dm.  tall,  loosely  pubescent:  leaflets  11-21; 
blades  of  the  lateral  ones  10-30  mm.  long,  oblong  to  elliptic;  rachis  mostly 
villous:  calyx  9.5-10.5  mm.  long;  lobes  with  very  slender  tips,  the  upper  ones 
much  longer  than  the  tube:  corolla  cream-colored,  and  tinged  with  purple  or 
pink:  standard  and  wings  19-24  mm.  long:  pods  3-5  cm.  long. — N.  S. 
Eather  common,  on  dry  banks.  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum.  — 
CAT-GUT.  GOAT  'S-RTJE. 

11.  ROBINIA  L.     Shrubs  or  trees,  often  with  stipular  spines.     Leaflets 
several,    thin.     Flowers    racemose.     Calyx    markedly    2-lipped,    the    2    upper 
lobes  wholly  or  partially  united.     Corolla  pink  or  purplish,  or  white:   standard 
glabrous:  blades  of  the  wings  auricled  on  one  or  both  sides:  keel-petals  with 
a  rounded  auricle  at  the  base  of  the  blade.     Ovary  stipitate.     Pods  flat,  some- 
times bristly  or  prickly.  —  LOCUST. 

1.  E-.  Pseudacacia  L.  Tree  becoming  35  m.  tall,  with  furrowed  bark:  stipules 
spine-like  on  vigorous  shoots:  leaflets  9-19;  blades  thin,  elliptic  to  ovate, 
2.5-4.5  mm.  long:  racemes  drooping:  lateral  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular: 
claws  of  the  keel-petals  about  ^  as  long  as  the  blades:  pods  5-10  cm.  long. — 


FABACEAE.  165 

Common,  naturalized  in  waste  places  and  on  roadsides.     Native  in  woods  along 
the  Susquehanna  River.  —  FALSE-ACACIA.    LOCUST-TREE. 

12.  STYLOSANTHES  Sw.      Perennial  herbs.    Leaflets  3,  veiny.    Flowers 
of  two  kinds,  the  one  complete,  but  sterile,  the  other  without  perianth,  but 
fertile.     Calyx   2-lipped:    upper  lip  with   2  broad  lobes:    lower  lip  with  the 
middle  lobe   longer  and   narrower  than   the   lateral   ones.     Corolla  yellow   or 
orange,  persistent:  standard  with  a  very  broad  blade:  blades  of  the  wings  and 
the  keel-petals  auricled,  the  latter  incurved.     Loment  flat,  1-  or  2-jointed,  the 
lower   joint    empty,    the    upper    one    opening   at    the    apex.  —  Sum. — PENCIL- 
FLOWER. 

Blade  of  the  standard  longer  than  wide,  the  spurs  curved :  terminal  joint  of  the 
pod  with  a  lateral  beak.  1.  S.  biflora. 

Blade  of  the  standard  wider  than  long,  the  spurs  straight :  terminal 

joint  of  the  pod  with  the  beak  nearly  axial.  2.  S.  riparia. 

1.  S.  biflora   (L.)   B.S.P.     Plants  upright,  the  stem  finely  pubescent:   leaflets 
9-35    mm.    long;    blades    elliptic,    linear-elliptic,    lanceolate,    or    oblanceolate : 
standard  6-7  mm.  long:  terminal  joint  of  the  pod  very  inequilateral,  about  5 
mm.  long.  —  N.  S.     Common,  on  dry  banks.  — •  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

2.  S.  riparia  Kearney.     Plants  decumbent:    leaflets  10-18  mm.  long;    blades 
elliptic,    oblanceolate,   or    cuneate-obovate,   thinner   than   those   of   S.   biflora: 
standard  8-9  mm.  long:  terminal  joint  of  the  pod  slightly  inequilateral,  3-4 
mm.  long.  —  S.     Eather  rare,  on  roadsides  and  banks.  —  Schists. 

13.  MEIBOMIA  Heister.     Herbs,  shrubs,  or  vines.     Leaflets  3,  or  rarely 
1  or  5.    Racemes  simple  or  compound.     Calyx  2-lipped,  sometimes  obscurely  so, 
the  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  often  smaller  or  narrower  and  longer  than 
the  lateral  ones.     Corolla  variously  colored  or  white:    standard  with  a  broad 
blade:    blades   of  the  wings  and  the  keel-petals   auricled  on  one  side,  short- 
clawed.      Ovary    slender.      Loment    few-several-jointed,    usually    with    hooked 
hairs.  —  Sum.  —  TICK-TREFOIL.     BEGGAR  'S-TICKS. 

Calyx  shallowly  lobed :  loments  straight  along  the  dorsal  suture,  deeply  constricted 

along  the  ventral  suture,  long-stipitate. 
Terminal  leaflet-blades  relatively  scarcely  wider  than  the  lateral  ones  :  peduncle 

arising  from  the  rootstock.  1.  M.  nudiflora. 

Terminal   leaflet-blades   conspicuously  wider  than   lateral 

ones,  or  wider  than  long  :  peduncle  terminating  the  stem.         2.  M.  grandiflora. 
Calyx    deeply    lobed :    loments    constricted    on    both   sutures, 
but  more  deeply  so  in  the  ventral  than  the  dorsal  side, 
short-stipitate  or  nearly  sessile. 

Stem  and  branches  weak,  trailing :  stipules  broad.  3.  M.  Michauxii. 

Stem    and   branches    rigid,    erect    or   ascending :    stipules 

narrow. 

Leaves  with  very  short  or  no  petioles.  4.  M.  sessilifolia. 

Leaves  with  relatively  long  petioles. 

Joints  of  the  loments  manifestly  longer  than  broad. 
Bracts  small  and   inconspicuous :   panicle-bran- 
ches long-hairy :   leaflets  with  obtuse  or  ob- 

tusish  yellowish-green  rough-pubescent  blades.         5.  M.  canescens. 
Bracts  large  and  conspicuous  :  panicle-branches 
short-hairy  :  leaflets  with  acuminate  glabrous 
blades,  glaucous  beneath.  6.  M.  ~bracteosa. 

Joints   of  the   loments    only   slightly   longer   than 

broad. 
Loments  manifestly  stipitate. 

Calyx  eciliate  :  plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so.         7.  M.  paniculata. 
Calyx  ciliate  :  plants  pubescent  or  scabrous- 
pubescent. 

Standard  5-6  mm.  long :  leaflet-blades 
leathery,  velvety  beneath :  loment- 
joints  rounded.  8.  Jlf.  viridiflora. 


166  FABACEAE. 

Standard  9-10  mm.  long :  leaflet-blades 
thin,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath : 
loment-joints  angular.  9.  M.  Dillenii. 

Loments  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Corolla    conspicuous :    standard    8-10    mm. 
long :   lower  calyx-lobes  narrow  :   loments 

4-7-jointed.  10.  M.  canadensis. 

Corolla    inconspicuous :    standard    4-5    mm. 
long :     lower     calyx-lobes    broad :     lo- 
ments 2-  or  3-jointed. 
Upper  calyx-lip  entire  or  sharp-notched  : 
leaflets  scabrous  or  pubescent,  and 
ciliate. 

Blade   of   the    terminal    leaflet   fully 
twice    as    long    as    wide :    loment- 
joints  somewhat  rhomboidal.  11.  M.  rigida. 
Blade   of   the    terminal    leaflet   little 
longer    than    wide :     loment-joints 
rounded.  12.  M.  o~btusa. 
Upper  calyx-lip  emarginate,  obtuse-lobed  : 

leaflets  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  13.  M.  marylandica. 

1.  M.   nudiflora    (L.)    Kuntze.     Leaves  clustered  on  the   short   decumbent   or 
ascending  stem:  leaflets  2-8  cm.  long,  the  blades  oval  or  ovate:  standard  8-10 
mm.  long:  wings  not  auricled  on  the  lower  side:  joints  of  the  loment  3-3.5  mm. 
wide.  —  Common,  in  woodlands  and  on  hillsides. 

2.  M.  grandiflora  (Walt.)  Kuntze.     Leaves  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  short 
erect  stem:  leaflets  8^13  cm.  long,  the  blades  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular-ovate: 
standard  7-9  mm.  long:   wings  minutely  auricled  on  the  lower  side:    loment- 
joints  4.5-6  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  woodlands  and  thickets. 

3.  M.   Michauxii   Vail.     Stems   prostrate :    stipules   ovate :    leaflets   3 ;    blades 
suborbicular,   3-6    cm.    long:    lateral    calyx-lobes    lanceolate,    longer    than    the 
tube,  acuminate:  standard  9-11  mm.  long:  loment-joints  rounded  on  one  side, 
half -rhombic  on  the  other,  about  3  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  dry  open  places 
and  on  banks. 

4.  M.  sessilifolia   (Torr.)   Kuntze.     Stems  erect:   stipules  linear:   leaflets  2-5 
cm.  long;  blades  linear  or  linear-oblong,  reticulate,  pubescent  beneath:  lateral 
calyx-lobes    deltoid,    the    markedly    longer    lower    one    triangular-lanceolate: 
standard  5-6  mm.  long:   wings  dilated  near  the  tip:    loment-joints  obliquely 
half -obovate,    3-3.5    mm.    wide.  —  Lower    Susquehanna   valley.      Eare,    on    the 
river  shore  and  islands.  —  Schists. 

5.  M.  canescens  (L.)  Kuntze.     Stems  erect:  stipules  ovate:  leaflets  3-10  cm. 
long;    blades   ovate   to   ovate-rhomboid:    lateral   calyx-lobes   lanceolate,   longer 
than  the  tube,  acute,  the  lower  lobe  longer  and  slender-tipped:   standard  9-12 
mm.  long,  narrowly  obovate:   androecium  9-11  mm.  long:    loment-joints  half- 
rhombic,  4.5-5.5  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  fence-rows  and  thickets. 

6.  M.  "bracteosa  (L.)   Kuntze.     Stems  erect:   stipules  lanceolate:   leaflets  5-15 
cm.    long;    blades    ovate    to    ovate-lanceolate,    cuspidate    or    long-acuminate: 
lateral  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  the  lower  lobe  slightly  longer:  standard  broadly 
obovate,   8-10   mm.   long:    loment-joints  half -rhombic,   the   one   side   somewhat 
more  prominent  than  the  other.  —  S.     Eather  rare,  in  thickets.  —  Schists. 

7.  M.  paniculata   (L.)   Kuntze.     Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so:   stipules  subu- 
late:   leaflets   3-9   cm.   long;    blades   mainly   oblong   to    lanceolate,    obtuse    or 
acutish:  lateral  calyx-lobes  triangular,  sometimes  deltoid,  acute,  the  lower  lobe 
decidedly  longer  and  attenuate:   standard  cuneate  or  cuneate-obovate,  4.5-5.5 
mm.  long:   keel-petals  about  as  long  as  the  standard:   loment-joints  4-5  mm. 
wide,  the  ventral  side  prominently  rounded,  the  dorsal  side  curved.  —  Common, 
in  dry  soil,  often  in  woods. 

8.  M.   viridiflora    (L.)    Kuntze.      Stems   downy:    stipules   lanceolate:    leaflets 
4-9  cm.  long;  blades  oblong  to  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  densely  pubescent  be- 
neath:   lateral    calyx-lobes    deltoid,    shorter    than    the    tube,    the    lower    lobe 


FABACEAE.  167 

lanceolate,  longer  and  narrower:  corolla  pale-purple,  turning  green;  standard 
broadly  obovate,  5-6  mm.  long:  loment -joints  about  as  wide  as  long,  obliquely 
obovate.  —  S.  Bare,  in  open  woods.  —  Schists. 

9.  M.    Dillenii    (Darl.)    Kuntze.      Stems    glabrous    or    sparingly    pubescent: 
stipules  subulate:   leaflets  4-10  cm.  long;  blades  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  not 
scabrous:    lateral  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  the  lower  lobe  longer  but   about   as 
wide:    corolla    bright-purple;    standard    narrowly    obovate,    9—10    mm.    long: 
loment- joints  obliquely  rhombic,  much  longer  than  wide.  —  Common,  in  thickets 
and  woods. 

10.  M.  canadensis   (L.)   Kuntze.     Stems  pubescent:   stipules  lanceolate-linear: 
leaflets  4-10  cm.  long;  blades  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pubescent  beneath: 
upper  calyx-lip  deeply  notched;   lateral  calyx-lobes  subulate-lanceolate,  longer 
than  the  tube,  the  lower  one  scarcely  longer:  standard  narrowly  obovate,  8-10 
mm.    long:    loment- joints    obliquely    obovate.  —  Common,    on    creek    and    river 
banks,  and  on  edges  of  woods. 

11.  M.  rigida    (Ell.)    Kuntze.     Stems  minutely  pubescent:    leaflets  2.5-8   cm. 
long;  blades  ovate-oblong  or  elliptic,  pubescent  and  reticulate  beneath:  lateral 
calyx-lobes  deltoid,  acute,  the  lower  lobe  triangular:   standard  4—5  mm.  long: 
stipe  of  the  loment  much  less  than  i  as  long  as  the  joints.  —  S.     Not  very 
common,  in  dry  thickets.  —  Schists. 

12.  M.  ofotusa    (Muhl.)    Vail.     Stems  hirsute  or  minutely  pubescent:    leaflets 
1-2.5  cm.  long;   blades  orbicular-ovate  or  oval,  sparingly  pubescent  beneath: 
lateral  calyx-lobes  deltoid,  acute,  the  lower  lobe  lanceolate:  standard  4-5  mm. 
long:  stipe  of  the  loment  i  as  long  as  the  joint.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil,  often 
on  hillsides. 

13.  M.  marylandica   (L.)   Kuntze.     Stems  glabrous  or  rarely  with  scattered 
hairs:    stipules  subulate:    leaflets   1-2.5  cm.   long;   blades   ovate   or  sometimes 
suborbieular  or  elliptic,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  lateral  calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse, 
the    lower    lobe    scarcely    longer:    standard    3.5-4.5    mm.    long:    loment-joints 
oblique.  —  S.     Frequent,  in  dry  soil.  —  Schists. 

14.  LESPEDEZA  Michx.  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaflets  3  or  rarely  1. 
Flowers  perfect,  but  sometimes  partially  apetalous.  Calyx  2-lipped,  the  2 
upper  lobes  more  or  less  united.  Corolla  pink,  purple,  yellow,  or  white: 
standard  with  a  broad  blade:  blades  of  the  wings  and  the  keel-petals  auricled 
on  one  side,  long-clawed.  Ovary  turgid.  Loment  with  1  or  2  joints.  —  Sum. — • 
BUSH-CLOVER. 

Annual  plants  :  stipules  ovate  :  calyx-lobes  about  as  wide  as  long.      1.  L.  striata. 
Perennial   plants :   stipules   lanceolate :    calyx-lobes   longer   than 

wide. 

Plants  with  both  petaliferous  and  apetalous  flowers :  co- 
rolla purple  or  purplish :  pod  manifestly  surpassing 
the  calyx. 

Flower-clusters  on  slender  peduncles  which  generally  sur- 
pass the  leaves. 
Petaliferous    flowers    in    close    spike-like    clusters    or 

capitate. 

Plants  with  slender  trailing  or  diffusely   procum- 
bent    stems :     pods     suborbieular,     abruptly 
pointed. 
Upper  calyx-lip  deeply  notched  :  stems  glabrous 

or  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs.  2.  L.  repens. 

Upper  calyx-lip  shallowly  notched  :  stems  woolly 

or  pubescent  with  downy  hairs.  3.  L.  procumbens. 

Plants  with  rather  stout  erect  stems  :  pods  elliptic, 

acuminate.  4.  L.  Nuttallii. 

Petaliferous  flowers  loosely  paniculate.  5.  L.  violacea. 

Flower-clusters    of   both    the   petaliferous    and    apetalous 

flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
Upper    calyx-lobes    slightly    united,    subulate :    leaflets 

with  oblong,  oval  or  suborbieular  blades.  6.  L.  Stuvei. 


168  FABACEAE. 

Upper    calyx-lobes    much    united,    lanceolate :    leaflets 

with  linear  or  linear-oblong  blades.  7.  L.  virginica. 

Plants  with  complete  flowers  :  corolla  whitish  or  yellowish : 

pod  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  rarely  a  little  longer. 
Standard-blade    suborbicular :    peduncles    exceeding    the 

leaves  :  calyx  about  as  long  as  the  pod.  8.  L.  hirta. 

Standard-blade  oblong  :  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves  : 

calyx  exceeding  the  pod.  9.  L.  capitata. 

1.  L.  striata  (Thunb.)  H.  &  A.     Plants  erect  or  diffuse,  1-4  dm.  tall:  leaflets 
8-25  mm.  long;  blades  oblong  to  oblong-obovate :  calyx  2-2.5  mm.  long;  lobes 
ovate:   keel-petals  5-7  mm.  long:   pods  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  S. 
Locally  common.     This  plant  appeared  in  a  serpentine  pasture  in  1905.     It  is 
now  very  abundant  on  the  serpentine  barrens,  and  it  also  grows  occasionally 
on  paths  and  roadsides  near  the  Susquehanna. 

2.  L.  repens   (L.)   Bart.     Plants  procumbent:   leaflets  6-15  mm.  long;   blades 
oval  or  obovate:  calyx  4-5  mm.  long;  lower  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  subu- 
late, acuminate :    keel-petals   6-7  mm.  long :   pods  3.5-4.5  mm.  long.  —  N.   S. 
Common,  in  dry  places  and  on  roadsides.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

3.  L.  procumbens  Michx.    Plants  procumbent:  leaflets  10-25  mm.  long;  blades 
oval  or  elliptic,  or  sometimes  obovate:   calyx  4-5.5  mm.  long;  lobes  subulate, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  tube:   keel-petals  4.5-5.5  mm.  long,  or  sometimes 
longer :  style  mostly  glabrous :  pods  4-5  mm.  long.  —  N.  S.     Common,  on  dry 
banks  and  roadsides.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

4.  L,    Nuttallii    Darl.      Plants    5-10    dm.    tall,    often    copiously    pubescent: 
leaflets  8-20  mm.  long;   blades  obovate,  oval,  or  suborbicular:    calyx  3.5-4.5 
mm.    long;    lobes   linear-lanceolate,    somewhat    longer   than    the    tube:    ovary 
copiously  pubescent:    pods   6-8   mm.  long.  —  M.     Occasional,  in  thickets   and 
woods.  —  Limestones. 

5.  L.  violacea   (L.)  Pers.     Plants  3-9  dm.  tall,  diffuse,  sparingly  pubescent: 
leaflets  9-20  mm.   long;    blades  elliptic,   oblong-elliptic,   or  oval:    calyx  4-4.5 
mm.  long:  pods  short-beaked,  mostly  5-6  mm.  long,  with  short  scattered  hairs. 
—  S.     Frequent,  on  dry  banks  and  about  thickets.  —  Schists. 

6.  L.  Stuvei  Nutt.    Plants  6-12  dm.  tall,  velvety  or  downy:  leaflets  9-20  mm. 
long,  or  rarely  longer;  blades  oblong,  ovalr  or  suborbicular,  densely  pubescent: 
calyx  4-5  mm.  long;  lobes  subulate,  those  of  the  upper  lip  united  to  below  the 
middle:    standard  5-6  mm.  long;   blade   suborbicular:    pods  long-beaked,  4-6 
mm.    long,    copiously    pubescent.  —  Susquehanna    valley.      Frequent,    on    rocky 
shores  and  islands.  —  Schists. 

7.  L.    virginica    (L.)    Britton.      Plants    3-11    dm.    tall,    appressed-pubescent : 
leaflets    12-35    mm.    long;    blades    linear   to    linear-oblong,    sometimes    finely 
pubescent  beneath:    calyx  3-4.5  mm.   long:    pods   elliptic  to   ovate,   5-6   mm. 
long,    minutely    pubescent.  —  S.      Not    common,    on    roadsides    and    banks.  — 
Schists. 

8.  L.  hirta  (L.)  Ell.     Plants  5-12  dm.  tall,  with  spreading  hairs:  leaflets  12- 
40  mm.  long;  blades  oval  to  suborbicular:   calyx  6-6.5  mm.  long;   lobes  3-4 
times    as    long    as    the    tube:    style    glabrous:    pods    7-8    mm.    long. —  N.    S. 
Common,  in  thickets  and  on  banks.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

9.  L.  capitata  Michx.     Plants  5-16  dm.  tall,  silky-  or  silvery-pubescent:  leaf- 
lets 25-35  mm.  long;  blades  oblong  to  oval:  calyx  10-12  mm.  long;  lobes  5-6 
times  as  long  as  the  tube:  standard  7-8  mm.  long;  blade  oblong:  style  pubes- 
cent :  pods  5-5.5  mm.  long.  —  S.     Not  common,  in  thickets.  —  Schists. 

15.  G-ALACTIA  P.  Br.  Vines  with  prostrate  or  twining  stems,  or  erect 
partially  woody  plants.  Leaflets  3,  or  rarely  1,  5  or  7.  Panicles  raceme-like. 
Calyx  2-lipped,  the  lobes  relatively  long.  Corolla  violet,  red,  or  white :  standard 


FABACEAE.  169 

erect  or  spreading:  wings  and  keel -petals  with  relatively  short  elaws.  Ovary 
sessile  or  nearly  so.  Pod  turgid,  elongate,  or  the  subterranean  ones,  when 
present,  short. 

1.  G.  regularis  (L.)  B.S.P.  Stems  minutely  retrorse-pubescent :  leaflets  2-4.5 
cm.  long;  blades  elliptic-oblong  or  ovate-oblong:  calyx  7-9  mm.  long;  lobes 
obscurely  scarious-margined :  keel-petals  11-13  mm.  long:  pods  2.5—4.5  mm. 
long.  —  M.  Rare,  along  the  Conestoga  Creek,  near  Lancaster.  —  Limestones. 
—  Sum.  —  MILK-PEA. 

16.  FALCATA  Gmel.    Slender  vines.    Leaflets  3.    Racemes  several-many- 
flowered.     Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  broader  than  the  lobes  of  the  lower 
lip  which  are  shorter  than  the  tube  or  slightly  longer.    Corolla  not  showy,  blue, 
violet,  or  white:   blade  of  the  standard  obovate:   wings  and  keel-petals  with 
elongate  claws.     Ovary  long-stipitate.     Pod  rather  flat,  short. 

1.  F.  comosa  (L.)  Kuntze.  Leaflets  3-8  cm.  long;  blades  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate:  calyx  6-8  mm.  long;  upper  lip  deltoid;  lower  lobes  triangular- 
subulate,  less  than  £  as  long  as  the  tube :  blades  of  the  keel-petals  much  shorter 
than  the  claws :  pods  2.5-3  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  thickets.  —  Sum.  —  HOG- 
PEANUT. 

17.  CUTOEIA  L.    Vines  or  diffuse  plants,  with  long  roots.    Leaflets  3  or 
several.     Racemes  or  panicles  1-several-flowered.     Calyx  2-lipped,  the  lobes  of 
the  upper  lip  scarcely  united,  resembling  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip, 
but   often   shorter.     Corolla  blue,  purple,  red,   or  white:    standard   erect,  the 
blade  obovate:   blades  of  the  wings  and  the  keel-petals  long-clawed,  those  of 
the  former  not  aurieled,  those  of  the  latter  curved.     Style  curved,  pubescent. 
Pod  narrow,  somewhat  flattened. 

1.  C.  mariana  L.  Stems  3-12  dm.  long:  leaflets  2.5-6  cm.  long;  blades  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  narrowly  ovate:  calyx  22-25  mm.  long;  lobes  of  the  upper  lip 
acuminate:  standard  50-60  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  keel-petals  shorter  than 
the  claws:  pods  2.5-3  cm.  long:  seeds  4-5  mm.  long.  —  S.  Islands  and  shores 
of  the  Susquehanna.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  BUTTERFLY-PEA. 

18.  GLYCENE  L.    Vines  with  tuberous  rootstocks.    Leaflets  5-9.    Racemes 
or   panicles   many-flowered,    dense.      Calyx    2-lipped:    upper   lip   broad,    often 
2-lobed:  lower  lip  3-lobed.     Corolla  red,  purple,  or  chocolate-colored:  standard 
reflexed,  the  blade  often  broader  than  long:   blades  of  the  wings  and  keel- 
petals  short-clawed,  the  former  aurieled  at  the  base,  those  of  the  latter  spiral. 
Style  spiral,  glabrous.     Pod  turgid. 

1.  G.  Apios  L.  Rootstocks  bearing  numerous  fleshy  oblong,  oval,  or  globose 
tubers  1-2  cm.  thick:  leaflets  5-7,  or  rarely  3;  blades  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
3-10  cm.  long:  calyx  4-5  mm.  long:  standard  9-13  mm.  long:  pods  6-12  cm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  meadows.  —  Sum.  —  GROUNDNUT. 

19.  PHASEOLUS  [Tourn.]  L.    Vines  or  diffuse  plants.    Leaflets  2  or  rarely 
1.     Racemes  or  panicles  simple  or  branched.     Calyx  short  and  very  broad,  2- 
lipped,  the  upper  lip  entire  or  broadly  2-lobed,  the  lower  lip  3-lobed.     Corolla 
variously  colored:  blades  of  the  wings  much  smaller  than  that  of  the  standard, 
short-clawed;   blades  of  the  keel-petals  not  dilated  at  the  base,  short-clawed. 
Style  curved.     Seeds  with  rounded  ends.  —  BEAN. 

1.  P.  polystachyus  (L.)  B.S.P.  Leaflets  4-10  cm.  long;  blades  ovate  to  orbic- 
ular-ovate: upper  calyx-lobes  deltoid,  acute:  standard  11-12  mm.  long:  wings 


170  FABACEAE. 

10-17  mm.  long:   pods  4-8  cm.  long.  —  N.  S.     Common,  in  thickets.  —  Sand- 
and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum.  —  WILD-BEAN.     BEAN-VINE. 


20.  STROPHOSTYLES    Ell.      Vines    or    trailing    plants.      Leaflets    3. 
Eacemes  or  panicles  cluster-like.     Calyx  similar  to  that  of  Phaseolus,  but  the 
lower  lip   with  a  larger  middle  lobe.     Corolla  mainly  pink-purple   or  white: 
blades  of  the  keel-petals  widely  dilated  at  the  base.     Style  spiral.     Seeds  with 
truncate   ends. 

1.  S.  unibellata  (Muhl.)  Britton.  Stems  trailing:  leaflets  1-4  cm.  long; 
blades  oblong-lanceolate,  varying  to  ovate  or  lanceolate:  corolla  pink  or  pale- 
purple,  often  fading  yellowish;  blade  of  the  standard  reniform,  1-2  cm.  broad: 
pods  2.5-5  cm.  long.  —  S.  Common,  in  dry  soil. — Serpentine.  —  Sum. — 
WILD-BEAN. 

21.  VTCIA    [Tourn.]    L.      Trailing   or   climbing   herbs.      Leaflets   few    or 
many:    blades   entire,   or   toothed   at   the   apex.     Eacemes   few-many-flowered, 
usually  1-sided.     Calyx  more  or  less  2-lipped:   lobes  of  the  lower  lip  usually 
longer  than  those  of  the  upper.     Corolla  variously  colored  or  white:  blades  of 
the  wings  more  prominently  auricled  than  those  of  the  keel-petals.     Filaments 
united  to  near  the  tips.     Style  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  apex,  or  pubescent 
on  the  side  opposite  the  keel.     Pods  relatively  flat.  —  Sum.  —  VETCH.     TARE. 
PEA-VINE. 

Longer  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube :  peduncles  elongate. 

Wings  with  the  claw  shorter  than  the  blade  :  standard  less  than  15  mm.  long. 
Longer  calyx  lobes  subulate :  blades  of  the  keel-petals  shorter  than  the  claws. 

1.  V.  Cracca. 
Longer    calyx-lobes   triangular-lanceolate :    blades    of   the 

keel-petals  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  claws.  2.  V.  carollniana. 

Wings  with  the  claw  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  blade  : 

standard  over  15  mm.   long.  3.  V.  americana. 

Longer  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  tube  :  peduncles  very  short, 

or  obsolete.  4.  V.  sativa. 

1.  V.   Cracca  L.     Leaflets   18-24;    blades  linear  to   oblong-linear,   9-20   mm. 
long,  acute   or  mucronate:    calyx  5-6  mm.   long;   upper  lobes   deltoid;    lower 
lobes  lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube:   corolla  blue  or  purple;   standard 
pandurate,  10.5-11.5  mm.  long:  keel  8-8.5  mm.  long:  pods  2-2.5  cm.  long. — 
M.     Occasional,  in  fields  and  waste  places.    Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  V.  caroliniana  Walt.    Leaflets  8^-16;  blades  oblong  to  oval-oblong,  1-2  cm. 
long,  mucronate:  calyx  2.5-3  mm.  long;  lobes  triangular:  corolla  white,  except 
the  blue-tipped  keel;  standard  9-10  mm.  long:  keel  5-6  mm.  long:  pods  2.5-3 
cm.  long.  —  S.     Islands  in  the  Susquehanna.  —  Schists. 

3.  V.  americana  Muhl.     Leaflets  8-14;  blades  ovate  to  oblong.  1.5-4  cm.  long, 
mucronate:    racemes   4-8-flowered:    calyx  6-7   mm.   long;    lobes   triangular   or 
deltoid,   much    shorter   than   the    tube:    corolla    purple    or    purplish;    standard 
15-18  mm.  long:   pods  2.5-3.5  cm.  long.  —  M.     Eare,  on  shaded  banks  of  the 
Conestoga  Creek.  —  Limestones. 

4.  V.  sativa  L.     Leaflets  8-14;  blades  linear,  linear-lanceolate,  or  oblong,  1-4 
em.  long:   calyx  10-12  mm.  long:    corolla  purple  or  deep-pink:    standard  and 
wings  mostly  over  15  mm.  long:  pods  4-8  cm.  long.  —  M.     Eare,  in  fields  and 
on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  SPRING  VETCH. 

22.  LATHYRUS  L.     Plants  similar  to  Vicia  in  habit,  but  usually  larger; 
filaments  usually  less  united:  style  pubescent  on  the  side  opposite  the  standard: 
pod  more  turgid.  —  Sum.  —  VETCHLING. 


GERANIACEAE. 


171 


Racemes  many  ( 10-20) -flowered :  leaflets  8-12;  blades  ovate  or  oval. 

Racemes   few    ( 2-6) -flowered :   leaflets   4-8;   blades   oblong   or 
elliptic. 


1.  L.  venosus. 

2.  L.  myrtifolius. 


1.  L.  venosus  Muhl.     Stems  angled:  leaflets  3-6  cm.  long;  blades  ovate,  oval, 
elliptic,   or  oblong:    calyx  9-10  mm.  long;    longer  lobes  lanceolate,  ciliolate: 
standard  obovate,  14-18   mm.  long:    pods  3.5-4.5  cm.   long. — Lower   Susque- 
hanna  valley.    Bather  rare,  in  sandy  soil.  —  Schists. 

2.  L.  myrtifolius  Muhl.     Stems  angled:  leaflets  2.5-4  cm.  long;  blades  elliptic 
to   oval:    calyx  7.5-8.5  mm.  long;    longer  lobes  lanceolate,  eciliate:    standard 
cuneate,  13-16  mm.  long :   pods  4-6  cm.  long.  —  M.     Rare,  in  the  Dillerville 
swamp,  Lancaster.  —  Limestones. 

Order  GERANIALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite:  blades  simple 
or  compound.  Flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  or  dioecious,  mostly  regular. 
Calyx  of  distinct  sepals.  Corolla  of  distinct  or  nearly  distinct  petals, 
or  rarely  wanting.  Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  sepals  or 
twice  as  many,  or  rarely  more.  Gynoecium  of  2  or  several  united  carpels. 
Ovary  superior.  Fruit  various. 

Plants  without  secreting  glands  or  cells  in  their  tissues. 
Filaments  partially  united. 

Styles  adnate  around  a  column  from  which  they  separate  at  maturity. 

Fam.  1.  GERANIACEAE. 

Styles   not   united   around   a    central    column. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
Stamens  twice  as   many   as   the   sepals. 
Filaments  distinct. 

Calyx    irregular,    one    sepal    spurred    or    saccate : 
anthers  united  over  the  top   of  the  gynoecium. 
Calyx  regular,  none  of  the  sepals  spurred  or  sac- 
cate :  anthers  distinct. 
Plants   with    secreting   glands   or    cells    which    are    often 

in  the  leaves  or  only  in  the  bark. 
Leaf-blades   pellucid-punctate :    fruit   capsular   in    our 

species. 
Leaf -blades  not  punctate  :  fruit  samaroid  in  our  species. 


Fam.  2.  LINACEAE. 
Fam.  3.  OXALIDACEAE. 


Fam.  4.  BALSAMINACEAE. 
Fam.  5.  LIMNANTHACEAE. 


Fam.  6.  RUTACEAE. 
Fam.  7.  SIMAROUBACEAE. 


FAMILY  1.     GERANIACEAE.     GERANIUM  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  somewhat  woody  plants.  Leaves  typically  opposite:  blades 
toothed,  lobed,  or  divided.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  nearly  so,  cymose. 
Calyx  of  5  persistent  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  deciduous  petals.  Receptacle 
with  5  glands.  Androecium  of  10,  or  rarely  of  5,  stamens.  Gynoecium  of 
5  carpels  whose  styles  are  adnate  to  an  elongate  column  from  which  they 
separate  at  maturity,  each  carpel  2-ovuled  but  with  only  1  seed  at  maturity. 

Carpel-bodies  turgid:   carpel-tails    (styles)   glabrous  within  and  merely  recoiling  at 
maturity  :   anthers  usually   10.  1.  GERANIUM. 

Carpel-bodies  spindle-shaped:   carpel-tails    (styles)    pubescent  within 

and  spirally  coiled  at  maturity  :  anthers  5.  2.  ERODIUM. 

1.  GERANIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaf- 
blades  palmately  or  radially  lobed,  cleft,  or  parted.  Sepals  usually  awn- 
tipped.  Stamens  10  or  rarely  5.  Carpels  thick,  rounded  at  the  base. — 
CRANESBILL.  WILD-GERANIUM. 

Corolla  less  than  2  cm.  wide  :  plants  annual  or  biennial. 

Seeds  smooth :  sepals  without  subulate  tips.  1.  G-.  molle. 

Seeds  reticulate  or  pitted  :  sepals  with  subulate  tips. 

Cymes    many-flowered,    glomerate :    carpel-bodies    pubes- 
cent :  style-beak  and  branches  less  than  3  mm.  long.     2.  G.  carolinianum. 


172  LIN  ACE  AE. 

Cymes  few-flowered,  open  :  carpel-bodies  glabrous  :  style- 
beak  and  branches  over  4  mm.  long.  3.   O.  columUnum. 
Corolla  over  2  cm.  wide :  plants  perennial  by  rootstocks.                 4.  G.  maculatum. 

1.  G.  molle  L.     Steins  spreading  or  decumbent,  1-5   dm.   long,   softly  pubes- 
cent:   leaf -blades   2-6   cm.   wide:    sepals   3-4   mm.    long,   the    outer    ovate    to 
elliptic-ovate:    petals    somewhat    longer   than   the    sepals:    carpel-bodies    2-2.5 
mm.  long,  wrinkled.  —  M.     Occasional,  in  fields  and  on  roaxlsides.    Nat.  of  Eu. 
—  Sum. 

2.  G.  carolinianum  L.     Stems  erect,  2-5  dm.  tall,  glandular-pubescent:   leaf- 
blades  3-6  cm.  wide:  sepals  6-10  mm.  long,  the  outer  ovate:   petals  about  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  usually  pink:  carpel-bodies  3-3.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on 
dry  banks  and  in  thickets.  —  Sum. 

3.  G.  columbinum  L.     Stems  diffuse,  mostly  1-4  dm.  tall,  sparingly  pubes- 
cent:   leaf -blades  2-4  cm.  wide:    sepals  9-12   cm.  long,  the   outer  lanceolate: 
petals  rose-purple,  somewhat  longer  than  the  sepals:   carpel-bodies  3-3.5  mm. 
long.  —  S.    Eiver  banks  and  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Early  sum. 

4.  G.  maculatum  L.     Stems  2-6  dm.  tall,  retrorse-pubescent :  leaf -blades  5-12 
cm.    wide:    sepals    8-10    mm.    long,    elliptic    to    elliptic-lanceolate    or    oblong: 
petals   1-1.5   cm.   long:    carpel-bodies   3-3.5   mm.   long;    style-column   2-3   cm. 
long.  —  Common,    on    roadsides   and   in   thickets    and   woods.  —  Sum.  —  WILD- 

CRANESBILL. 

2.  ERODIUM  L'Her.  Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaf -blades  toothed, 
pinnatifid,  or  pinnately  parted.  Sepals  awn-tipped,  the  tips  sometimes  bristle- 
appendaged.  Stamens  5,  accompanied  by  5  staminodia.  Carpel-bodies  narrow, 
acute  at  the  base. 

1.  E.  cicutarium  (L.)  L'Her.  Branches  villose  and  viscid:  leaf -blades  oblong 
in  outline;  petioles  shorter  than  the  blades:  sepals  oblong,  4-5  mm.  long: 
petals  hardly  longer  than  the  sepals:  carpel-bodies  4-6  mm.  long,  the  beak  2-4 
cm.  long.  —  S.  Bare,  in  fields  near  Wakefield.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  — 
STORKSBILL.  PINE-NEEDLES. 

FAMILY  2.    LINACEAE.    FLAX  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  woody  plants,  the  sap  bland.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite : 
blades  simple.  Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Calyx  of  4-6  deciduous  or  per- 
sistent sepals.  Corolla  of  4-6  ephemeral  petals.  Receptacle  glandular. 
Androecium  of  4-6  stamens,  often  with  staminodia :  filaments  united  at  the 
base.  Gynoecium  of  2-5  partially  united  carpels,  the  styles  wholly  or 
partially  distinct.  Fruit  capsular. 

Stigmas  introrse  and  more  or  less  elongate :  sepals  glandless.     1.  LINUM. 
Stigmas  terminal  and  capitate  :  sepals,  at  least  the  inner  ones, 

with  marginal  glands.  2.  CATHABTOLINUM. 

1.  LINUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules. 
Sepals  5,  glabrous,  or  the  inner  ones  sometimes  ciliate.  Petals  blue  or  rarely 
white,  unappendaged.  Androecium  of  5  stamens  and  5  short  staminodia. 
Styles  5,  distinct.  Capsule  5-celled  and  with  incomplete  partitions,  the  carpels 
ridged  on  the  back. 

1.  L.  usitatissimum  L.  Stems  2-9  dm.  tall:  leaves  relatively  few,  long  and 
thin;  blades  long-pointed:  corolla  blue,  1.5-2  cm.  wide:  capsules  7-10  mm. 
long.  —  Occasional,  in  fields,  on  roadsides  and  railroads.  Nat.  of  Eu.  — 
Sum.  —  COMMON-FLAX. 


OXALIDACEAE.  173 

2.  CATHAKTOLINTJM  Keichenb.  Herbs.  Leaves  alternate  or  occasion- 
ally opposite,  sometimes  with  stipular  glands.  Sepals  5,  the  inner  ones  at  least 
with  gland-tipped  teeth.  Petals  yellow,  sometimes  pubescent  within  near  the 
base.  Androecium  of  5  stamens,  generally  without  staminodia.  Styles  5,  dis- 
tinct or  united.  Capsule  5-celled,  or  completely  or  incompletely  10-celled  by 
false  partitions.  —  Sum.  —  YELLOW-FLAX. 

Calyx  as  long  as  the  capsule  or  shorter ;  sepals  entire  at  maturity,  the  inner  ones 

sometimes  erose  on  account  of  the  deciduous  glandular  hairs. 
Outer  sepals  2-2.5  mm.  long  at  maturity  :  stem  paniculately  branched. 

1.  G.  striatum. 
Outer  sepals  3-3.5  mm.  long  at  maturity  :  stem  corymbosely 

branched.  2.  G.  virginianum. 

Calyx  exceeding  the  capsule ;  inner  sepals  strongly  toothed.  3.  (7.  medium. 

1.  C.  striatum   (Walt.)   Small.     Stems  2-8  dm.  tall,  paniculate,  winged  below 
the  nodes :  leaves  mainly  opposite ;  blades  oblong  or  elliptic,  1-3  cm.  long :  outer 
sepals  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2—2.5  mm.  long;   inner  sepals  ovate  to 
suborbicular :  capsules  depressed-globose,  2  mm.  broad.  —  M.  S.     Not  common, 
in  low  grounds  and  swamps.  —  Limestones,  schists. 

2.  C.  virginianum    (L.)    Small.     Stems  2-6  dm.   tall,   corymbose   above,  the 
branches  long:   leaves  mainly  alternate,  spreading;   blades  thinnish,  spatulate 
or   oblanceolate  to   elliptic,  1-3   cm.   long:    outer  sepals  lanceolate  to   oblong- 
lanceolate,  3-3.5  mm.  long;  inner  sepals  rather  broader  than  the  outer:   cap- 
sules depressed,  2  mm.  broad.  —  Common,  on  roadsides  and  in  thickets. 

3.  C.  medium    (Planch.)    Small.      Stems  3-6   dm.   tall,   corymbose   above,  the 
branches  rigid:   leaves  mainly  alternate,  erect  or  appressed;   blades  spatulate 
to  linear-elliptic  or  linear-lanceolate,  0.6-2  cm.  long:    outer  sepals  oblong  to 
lanceolate,   2-4   mm.   long :    capsules   depressed-globose,    2-3    mm.    broad.  —  S. 
Not  common,  on  hillsides  and  roadsides,  and  in  thickets.  —  Schists,  serpentine. 

FAMILY  3.     OXALIDACEAE.    WOOD-SORREL  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs,  the  sap  sour.  Leaves  mostly  alternate: 
blades  3-foliolate  or  1-foliolate,  the  leaflets  commonly  notched  at  the  apex. 
Flowers  perfect,  essentially  regular,  cymose.  Calyx  of  5  persistent  sepals. 
Corolla  of  5  white  or  colored  petals.  Androecium  of  10-15  unequal 
stamens:  filaments  united  at  the  base.  Gynoecium  of  5  partially  united 
carpels :  styles  distinct.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule,  rarely  baccate. 

Plants  acaulescent,  with  coated  bulbs  :  sepals  tubercled  at  the  apex. 

1.    lONOXALIS. 

Plants    caulescent,    with    fibrous    roots    or    elongate    rootstocks : 

sepals   without   apical    tubercles.  2.  XANTHOXALIS. 

1.  IONOXALIS  Small.     Erect  herbs.     Leaf-blades  palmately  3-10-folio- 
late:    leaflets  with  tubercles  in  the   apical   sinus.     Flowers  usually  borne   in 
umbel-like  cymes.     Sepals  tubercled  at  the  apex.     Petals  violet,  blue,  red,  or 
white. 

1.  I.  violacea  (L.)  Small.  Plants  5-35  cm.  tall:  leaflets  3;  blades  6-16  mm. 
long:  scapes  glabrous:  sepals  oblong  to  ovate-oblong:  petals  rose-purple  or 
rarely  white :  capsules  4—5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  on  shaded 
banks.  —  Spr.  —  VIOLET  WOOD-SORREL. 

2.  XANTHOXALIS   Small.     Herbs.     Leaf -blades   palmately   3-foliolate: 
leaflets  not  tubercled  at  the  apical  sinus.    Flowers  in  umbel-like  or  dichotomous 
cymes.     Sepals  5,  the  inner  narrower  than  the  outer  ones.     Filaments  glabrous 


174  BALSAMINACEAE. 

or  the  longer  ones  pubescent.    Capsules  elongate,  erect.  —  SOUEGRASS.    YELLOW 

WOOD-SORREL. 

Pedicels  appressed-pubescent. 

Longer  filaments  glabrous.  1.  X.  stricta. 

Longer  filaments  pubescent. 

Cymes  typically  1-flowered :   leaves  numerous ;   leaflets 

small,  4-8  mm.  wide.  2.  X.  filipes. 

Cymes  typically  several-flowered :   leaves   few ;   leaflets 

large,  10-16  mm.  wide.  3.  X.  Brittoniae. 

Pedicels  loosely  pubescent.  4.  X.  cymosa. 

1.  X.  stricta   (L.)    Small.     Stems  sometimes  tufted:   leaflets  glabrous  or  with 
scattered  hairs:   sepals  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  sparingly  eiliate,  and  more 
or  less  pubescent  on  the  back:  petals  pale-yellow:  capsules  16-30  cm.  long. — 
Bather  common,  on  banks  and  in  fields  and  waste  places.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

2.  X.   filipes   Small.      Stems   usually   tufted   on  the   slender   rootstock:    leaves 
mostly  clustered,  usually  irregularly  so;  blades  of  the  leaflets  mainly  4-8  mm. 
wide,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent:   sepals  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate: 
petals    5-9    mm.    long,    light-yellow :    capsules    slender,    8-12    mm.    long.  —  S. 
Eare,  on  the  islands  and  shores  of  the  Susquehanna.  —  Schists.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

3.  X.  Brittoniae  Small.     Stems   1-4  dm.   tall,   loosely  pubescent:    leaves  not 
clustered;  blades  of  the  leaflets  10-16  mm.  wide:  cymes  dichotomous  when  well 
developed:   sepals  3.5-5.5  mm.  long,  eiliate  all  around:  petals  5-1 01  mm.  long, 
bright-yellow :    capsules  7-12  mm.   long.  —  S.     Frequent,  on  banks.  —  Schists. 
—  Sum. 

4.  X.  cymosa  Small.     Stems  2-11   dm.  tall,  loosely  pubescent:    leaflets  10-27 
mm.  wide:    cymes  dichotomous:   sepals  3-4  mm.  long:    petals  7-10  mm.  long, 
deep-yellow :   filaments  glabrous :   capsules  slender.  —  Common,  in  thickets,  cul- 
tivated ground  and  waste  places.  —  Sum. 

FAMILY  4.    BALSAMINACEAE.     JEWEL-WEED  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  succulent  tissues.  Leaves  mostly  alternate :  blades  simple. 
Flowers  perfect,  irregular.  Calyx  of  3  sepals  (2  obsolete),  the  posterior 
one  petaloid,  saccate  and  spurred,  all  deciduous.  Corolla  of  5  petals,  the 
lateral  pair  on  each  side  united.  Receptacle  glandless.  Androecium  of  5 
stamens:  filaments  appendaged  and  partially  united.  Gynoecium  of  5 
united  carpels.  Styles  very  short  or  wanting.  Fruit  an  elastically  burst- 
ing capsule. 

1.  IMPATIENS  [Eivinius]  L.  Herbs  with  stems  enlarged  at  the  nodes. 
Capsules  drooping.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  TOUCH-ME-NOT. 

Flowers  in  peduncled  panicles  :  outer  sepals  broad  :  capsules  elongate,  glabrous. 
Spur  incurved.  /<   as  long  as  the  sac,  or  more  :  sac  longer  than  broad. 

1.  /.  Ufiora. 
Spur  at  right  angles  to  the  sac,  %  as  long  as  the  sac,  or  less  : 

sac  as  broad  as  long.  2.  /.  pallida. 

Flowers  in  sessile  clusters  :  outer  sepals  narrow  :  capsules  short, 

pubescent.  3.  /.  Balsamina. 

1.  I.  biflora  Walt.    Plants  1-2  dm.  tall :  leaf -blades  ovate  to  elliptic,  2-12  cm. 
long,  deep-green:    sepals,   and  petals,   orange,  the  saccate  sepal  conic,  longer 
than  wide.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and  on  banks  of  spring-runs. 

2.  I.  pallida  Nutt.    Similar  to  I.  biflora  in  habit,  the  foliage  paler:  sepals,  and 
petals,  yellow,  the   saccate   sepal   cup-like,   about   as  wide   as   long.  —  Not   as 
common  as  No.  1,  on  rich  shaded  hillsides. 

3.  I.  Balsamina  L.     Plants  3-6  dm.  tall,  the  stem  succulent,  finely  pubescent: 
leaf -blades  oval  or  oblong  to  elliptic-spatulate,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  larger 


SIMAKOUBACEAE.  175 

than  the  lower  ones,  more  or  less  acuminate  at  both  ends,  rather  sharply  ser- 
rate: flowers  variously-colored:  capsules  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid,  2-3  cm.  long, 
pubescent.  —  Occasional,  in  waste  places  and  about  gardens.  Nat.  of  E.  Indies. 
— GARDEN  BALSAM. 

FAMILY  5.     LIMNANTHACEAE.     FALSE-MERMAID  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  tender  tissues.  Leaves  alternate :  blades  pinnately  divided. 
Flowers  perfect,  axillary.  Calyx  of  2-5  sepals.  Corolla  of  2-5  petals. 
Androeeium  of  4-10  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  2-5  carpels  united  only  by 
their  bases  and  styles.  Fruit  2-5-lobed,  fleshy,  the  carpels  separating  as 
achenes. 

1.  FLOERKEA  Willd.  Annual  diffuse  herbs.  Leaf-segments  narrow. 
Flowers  inconspicuous.  Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  white.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  3- 
celled.  Achenes  1-3,  rough. 

1.  F.  proserpinacoides  Willd.  Stems  decumbent,  1-4  dm.  long :  leaves  2-8  cm. 
long,  the  segments  3-5,  distant:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  3  mm. 
long:  petals  oblong-obovate,  1.5  mm.  in  diameter:  achenes  subglobose,  2-2.5 
mm.  in  diameter.  —  M.  Local,  on  shaded  creek-banks  near  Lancaster.  —  Lime- 
stones. —  Spr. 

FAMILY  6.    RUTACEAE.     RUE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  rarely  herbs,  often  prickle-armed,  and  with 
glandular-punctate  tissues.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite:  blades  simple 
or  pinnately  compound,  sometimes  1-foliolate.  Flowers  perfect  or  polyg- 
amous, mostly  regular.  Calyx  of  3-5,  or  rarely  more,  sepals,  or  wanting. 
Corolla  of  3-5,  or  rarely  more,  petals.  Androeeium  of  as  many  stamens 
as  there  are  sepals  or  petals  or  rarely  thrice  as  many.  Gynoecium  of  2-5 
distinct  or  united  carpels.  Fruit  capsular,  samaroid,  drupaceous,  or 
baccate. 

1.  ZANTHOXYLUM  L.  Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaf -blades  pinnate,  sometimes 
1-foliolate.  Flowers  polygamous,  in  axillary  cymes.  Sepals  present  or  wanting. 
Petals  4  or  5,  mostly  erect.  Mature  carpels  solitary,  or  2-5  together. — 
PRICKLY-ASH. 

1.  Z.  americanum  Mill.  Shrub  1-3  m.  tall,  with  prickly  branches:  leaves  1-3 
dm.  long;  leaflets  4-8  cm.  long,  the  blades  ovate,  oblong  or  rarely  oval:  corolla 
3-3.5  mm.  wide :  capsules  4-5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  M.  S.  Not  common,  in 
thickets  and  on  banks.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Spr.  —  NORTHERN  PRICKLY- 
ASH.  TOOTHACHE-TREE. 

FAMILY  7.    SIMAROUBACEAE.    AILANTHUS  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  rarely  herbs.  Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  opposite : 
blades  pinnately  compound,  1-3-foliolate,  or  rarely  simple.  Flowers  polyg- 
amous, deciduous,  or  rarely  perfect,  solitary,  spicate,  racemose,  or  panicu- 
late. Calyx  of  3-5  sepals.  Corolla  of  3-5  petals,  or  wanting.  Androeeium 
of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  sepals  or  twice  as  many,  or  rarely  very 
many.  Gynoecium  of  2-5  more  or  less  united  carpels.  Ovary  usually 
lobed.  Stigmas  mostly  introrse.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  a  samara,  or  baccate. 

1.  AILANTHUS  Desf.  Trees.  Leaf -blades  unequally  pinnate,  the  leaf- 
lets thin.  Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  paniculate.  Sepals  5,  short.  Petals  5, 


176  POLYGALACEAE. 

valvate,  much  larger  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  10,  unappendaged  at  the  base. 
Ovary  2-5-celled,  deeply  lobed  at  the  apex:  style  columnar.  Fruit  a  cluster  of 
5,  or  fewer,  samaras  with  the  style-bases  lateral. 


1.  A.  glandulosa  Desf.  Tree  becoming  30  m.  tall:  leaflets  13-41; 
lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  7-18  cm.  long:  samaras  4-5  cm.  long,  linear- 
elliptic,  numerous  in  drooping  clusters,  the  seed  in  the  middle.  —  M.  Frequent, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Conestoga  Creek.  Nat.  of  As.  —  Sum.  —  TREE-OP-HEAVEN. 

Order  POL YGAL ALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled,  some- 
times scale-like.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  mostly  irregular,  each  whorl 
of  5,  or  rarely  3  or  4,  parts.  Androecium  of  6,  8,  or  10  stamens,  the  fila- 
ments often  partially  united.  Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores  or 
cracks.  Gynoecium  of  2  united  carpels,  or  rarely  of  more.  Fruit  capsular. 

FAMILY  1.     POLYG-ALACEAE.     MILKWORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaf -blades  mostly  entire.  Flowers 
solitary,  spicate,  or  racemose,  irregular.  Calyx  of  mostly  5  sepals,  the  2 
inner  petaloid.  Corolla  of  5,  or  often  of  3,  small,  partially  united  petals, 
the  lower  one  keel-like.  Androecium  of  6-8  stamens,  partially  coherent 
with  the  petals.  Anthers  1-celled.  Capsule  usually  2-seeded. 

1.  POLYGALA  [Tourn.]  L.  Herbs  or  woody  plants.  Leaf -blades  mostly 
entire.  Spikes  or  racemes  lax  or  dense.  Sepals  5,  the  2  lateral  ones  (wings) 
larger  than  the  others.  Petals  3,  or  rarely  5,  the  middle  one  (keel)  commonly 
lobed  or  crested  at  the  apex.  Stamens  8  or  6:  filaments  united  into  a  tube  or 
into  2  sets.  Style  curved.  Capsule  flattened.  Seed  usually  carunculate.  — 
MILKWORT. 

Flowers  1  or  few,  axillary  to  leaf-like-bracts.  individually  showy.  1.  P.  paucifolia. 
Flowers  several  or  many,  in  terminal,  often  spike-like  racemes, 

not  individually  showy. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Wings  suborbicular :  plants  perennial.  2.  P.  Senega. 

Wings  decidedly  longer  than  wide  :  plants  annual. 

Petals  united  into  a  long  cleft  tube :  keel  long-clawed.      3.  P.  incarnata. 
Petals  not  united  into  a  long  tube :  keel  short-clawed. 

Bracts  persistent :  wings  of  an  elliptic  type.  4.  P.  Nuttallii. 

Bracts  deciduous  :  wings  of  a  broadly  ovate  type.        5.  P.  viridescens. 
Leaves  mainly  opposite  or  whorled. 

Wings  obtuse :   bracts  deciduous :  keel   short-clawed :   ra- 
cemes slender. 
Branches   mostly   alternate :   racemes   long-peduncled : 

flowers  purplish  or  greenish-purple.  6.  P.  amMgua. 

Branches  mostly  opposite  or  whorled :  racemes  short- 

peduncled :  flowers  green  or  greenish.  7.  P.  verticillata. 

Wings    acuminate :    bracts   persistent :    keel    long-clawed : 

racemes  stout.  8.  P.  cruciata. 

1.  P.  paucifciia  Willd.  Plants  0.5-2  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  various,  those  of 
the  lower  leaves  scale-like,  those  of  the  upper  elliptic,  oval,  or  ovate:  bracts 
similar  to  the  upper  leaves:  flowers  rose-colored,  rose-purple,  or  white:  sepals 
4-6  mm.  long:  wings  spatulate  to  obovate,  10-18  mm.  long:  keel  15-20  mm. 
long,  the  claw  longer  than  the  body:  lateral  petals  15-20  mm.  long:  capsules 
suborbicular  or  orbicular-obovate,  5-8  mm.  wide.  —  S.  Occasional,  on  banks  of 
the  Octoraro  Creek.  — Schists.  —  Spr.  —  FLOWERING-WINTERGREEN.  FRINGED- 

POLYGALA. 


POLYGALACEAE.  177 

2.  P.  Senega  L.     Plants  1-5  dm.  tall:   blades  of  the  upper  leaves  linear  to 
lanceolate  or  ovate;  more  or  less  serrulate:  flowers  greenish-white:  sepals  1.5-2 
mm.   long:    wings   orbicular-obovate   or   suborbicular,    2-3    mm.   long,    obtuse: 
keel  about  as  long  as  the  wings,  short-clawed:   lateral  petals  2-3  mm.  long: 
capsules  broader  than  long,  3.5-4.5  mm.  long.  —  M.     Kare,  in  woods.  —  Lime- 
stones. —  Spr.  —  SENECA-SNAKEROOT. 

3.  P.  incarnata  L.     Plants  2-7  dm.  tall:   blades  of  the  upper  leaves  linear- 
subulate  to  subulate:   flowers  pink,  purple,  or  white:    sepals  2-2.5  mm.  long, 
acute:   wings  lanceolate  to  spatulate,  3-4  mm.  long:   keel  6-8  mm.  long,  the 
claw  longer  than  the  body:  lateral  petals  5-7  mm.  long:   capsules  ovoid,  3-4 
mm.  long.  —  S.    Kare,  in  swamps  and  low  grounds.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

4.  P.  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.     Plants  1-2.5  dm.  tall:   blades  of  the  lower  leaves 
linear-spatulate,  those  of  the  upper  ones  narrowly  linear:   flowers  purplish  or 
greenish:  sepals  about  1  mm.  long  or  less:  wings  elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate, 
2-2.5  mm.  long:  keel  about  as  long  as  the  wings:  lateral  petals  about  2  mm. 
long :   capsules  about  1.5  mm.  long :   caruncle  about  £  as  long  as  the  seed.  — 

5.  Eather  common,  on  moist  banks  and  roadsides.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

5.  P.  viridescens  L.    Plants  1-5  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  lower  leaves  spatulate, 
those  of  the  upper  ones  linear  to  linear-oblong:  flowers  reddish-purple,  green, 
or  white:  sepals  1.5-2  mm.  long:  wings  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  4-6  mm.  long: 
keel  2.5-3  mm.  long:    lateral  petals  much  shorter  than  the  wings:    capsules 
about   2   mm.   long:    caruncle   usually   fully   i   as   long   as   the    seed.  —  N.    S. 
Common,  on  banks  and  in  moist  places.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum. 

6.  P.  ambigua  L.    Plants  1-3  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  lower  leaves  spatulate  to 
linear-spatulate,  those  of  the  upper  ones  linear,  usually  narrowly  so:   flowers 
purplish  or  greenish-purple:   sepals  about  1  mm.  long  or  less:  wings  suborbic- 
ular,  1.5-2  mm.  wide:   keel  1.5-2  mm.  long:   capsules  suborbicular,  fully  1.5 
mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides,  and  in  woods.  — Sum. 

7.  P.  verticillata  L.     Plants  0.5-3  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  lower  leaves  spatu- 
late, those  of  the  upper  ones  linear  to  linear-lanceolate:   sepals  1.5  mm.  long 
or  less:   wings  ovate  to  obovate,   1-1.5  mm.  long:   keel  about  1.5  mm.  long: 
capsules  broadly  oblong  to  ovoid-oblong,  2  mm.  long.  —  S.    Kather  common,  in 
fields  and  on  roadsides,  and  in  woods.  —  Sum. 

8.  P.  cruciata  L.     Plants  0.5-4  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  lower  leaves  spatulate 
or  obovate,  those  of  the  upper  ones  linear-spatulate  or  almost  linear:   flowers 
rose-purplish  or  greenish:  sepals  not  ciliate,  1.5-2  mm.  long:  wings  deltoid  or 
hastate-deltoid,  4.5-6  mm.  long,  caudate-acuminate :  capsules  obovate  or  cuneate- 
obovate.  —  S.     Eare,  in  swamps  and  low  grounds.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

Order  EUPHORBIALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  sometimes  aquatic  or  amphibious,  but  mainly 
terrestrial,  commonly  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  various,  sometimes  re- 
duced to  scales,  or  almost  wanting.  Flowers  mainly  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious, regular.  Calyx  of  several  sepals.  Corolla  of  several  petals,  or 
often  wanting.  Androecium  of  more  than  one  stamen,  except  when  the 
staminate  flowers  are  scattered  over  the  inside  of  an  involucre.  Filaments 
distinct  or  united  into  a  column.  Anthers  opening  by  longitudinal  or 
transverse  valves.  Gynoecium  of  2,  3,  or  4,  or  rarely  more,  united  carpels, 
superior.  Styles,  or  stigmas,  usually  distinct  and  cleft  or  foliaceous, 
united  by  pairs  in  Callitrichaceae.  Ovules  1,  2,  or  3  in  each  cavity.  Fruit 

Lancaster  County  Flora  12. 


178  EUPHOBBIACEAE. 

capsular,  sometimes  achene-like,  drupaceous  or  baccate.  Seeds  often 
carunculate. 

Styles  or  stigmas  distinct  or  mainly  so,  cleft  or  f  oliaceous :  ovary  3-celled  or  rarely 
1-  or  2-celled :  stamens  several,  except  when  on  the  inside  of  an  involucre. 

Fam.  1.  EUPHORBIACEAE. 
Styles  united  by  pairs  :  ovary  4-celled :  stamen  solitary.     Fam.  2.  CALLITBICHACEAB. 

FAMILY  1.     EUPHORBIACEAE.     SPURGE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees  often  with  milky  sap.  Leaves  opposite, 
whorled,  or  alternate:  blades  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed.  Flowers  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious,  solitary,  or  variously  clustered,  or  much  reduced  and  in 
an  involucre  (Chamaesyce  and  genera  following).  Calyx  of  2-several 
sepals,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  of  2-several  petals,  or  wanting.  Androecium 
of  few-many  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  3  or  many  united  carpels,  or  1-car- 
pellary.  Fruit  capsular  or  drupaceous. 

Flowers  not  borne  in  an  involucre :  calyx  of  several  sepals. 

Ovules,  and  seeds,  2  in  each  carpel.  1.  PHYLLANTHUS. 

Ovule,  and  seed,  1  in  each  carpel. 

Leaf-blades   not   peltate :    inflorescence    spicate :    stamens 

few ;  filaments  not  forked.  2.  ACALYPHA. 

Leaf-blades    peltate :    inflorescence    racemose    or    panicu- 
late :  stamens  very  numerous  ;  filaments  much  forked.       3.  RICINUS. 
Flowers  borne  in  involucres  :  calyx  a  minute  scale  or  obsolete. 
Glands  of  the  involucres  with  petal-like  appendages. 

Leaves  opposite,  stipulate  ;  blades  inequilateral :  inflores- 
cence axillary  or  clustered  4.  CHAMAESYCE. 
Leaves  alternate   or  scattered,   without  stipules ;   blades 

equilateral :  inflorescence  umbel-like.  5.  TITIIYMALOPSIS. 

Glands   of  the  involucre  without  petal-like  appendages,   en- 
tirely naked,  sometimes  with  crescent-like  horns. 
Stem  topped  by  an  umbel :  stipules  none :  involucres  in 
open  cymes,  each  with  4  glands  and  entire  or  toothed 
lobes.  6.  TITHYMALUS. 

Stem  not  topped  by  an  umbel :  stipules  gland-like :  in- 
volucres in  cluster-like  cymes,  each  with  a  single  gland 
or  rarely  4  glands  and  fimbriate  lobes.  7.  POINSETTIA. 

1.  PHYLLANTHUS  L.     Herbs  or  partially  woody  plants.     Leaf-blades 
entire.     Flowers  apetalous.     Staminate  flowers  with  5  or  6  sepals  and  usually 
3  stamens.     Pistillate  flowers  with  5  or  6  sepals  and  a  3-celled  ovary.     Fruit 
capsular. 

1.  P.  carolinensis  Walt.  Plants  1-5  dm.  tall,  the  stem  glabrous:  leaf -blades 
obovate  to  oblong-obovate,,  rather  gradually  narrowed  to  the  base:  staminate 
calyx  1.5  mm.  wide;  sepals  suborbicular :  mature  pistillate  calyx  2.5  mm.  wide; 
sepals  oblong  to  oblong-spatulate :  capsules  about  2  mm.  wide.  —  S.  Eare,  on 
river-banks  and  roadsides.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

2.  ACALYPHA   L.      Herbs    or    shrubs.      Leaf -blades   entire    or    toothed. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  sometimes  dioecious.     Staminate  flowers  with  4  sepals 
and  8-16  stamens.    Pistillate  flowers  with  3-5  sepals  and  a  3-celled  ovary,  each 
subtended  by  a  foliaceous  bract.     Fruit  a  capsule. 

1.  A.  virginica  L.  Stems  1-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate  or  elliptic,  2-10  cm. 
long,  serrate:  larger  bracts  about  2  cm.  long,  lobed:  capsules  about  3  mm. 
in  diameter:  seeds  nearly  2  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  waste  places,  thickets  and 
woods.  —  Sum.  —  THREE-SEEDED  MERCURY. 

3.  RICINUS   [Tourn.]  L.     Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.     Leaf -blades  peltate, 
palmately  lobed.     Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous.     Staminate  flowers  with  3-5 


EUPHOEBIACEAE.  179 

sepals  and  numerous  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  with  caducous  sepals  and  a 
3-celled  ovary.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

1.  B.  communis  L.  Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  1-5  m.  tall,  or  larger  south- 
ward: leaf -blades  nearly  orbicular,  6-11-lobed:  capsules  12-16  mm.  in  diameter, 
echinate.  —  M.  Occasional,  in  waste  places  and  about  gardens.  Nat.  of  the 
tropics.  —  Sum.  —  CASTOR-BEAN.  CASTOR-OIL  PLANT. 

4.  CHAMAESYCE   S.   F.   Gray.     Annual   or  perennial  herbs,   or  shrubs. 
Leaves  opposite:  blades  oblique  at  the  base.     Involucres  axillary  or  in  axillary 
cluster-like  cymes,  each  with  4  nearly  naked  or  appendaged  glands,  one  sinus 
being   glandless.      Capsules    smooth,    sometimes   pubescent.      Seeds    smooth    or 
transverse-wrinkled.  —  Sum.  — SPURGE. 

Plants   branched   at   the  base,   the   branches   prostrate :   capsules   less   than    2   mm. 

wide :  involucre-appendages  minute. 
Capsules  pubescent :  involucre  not  split :  stem  and  branches  with  appressed  hairs. 

1.  C.  maculata. 

Capsules  glabrous  :  involucre  split  on  one  side :  stem  and 

branches  with  spreading  hairs.  2.  C.  Rafinesquei. 

Plants  not  branched  at  the  base,  erect  or  ascending :  capsules 

over  2  mm.  wide :  involucre-appendages  relatively  large.  3.  C.  PreslU. 

1.  C.  maculata    (L.)    Small.     Stem  and  branches  puberulent  or  pilose:    leaf- 
blades  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  8-12  mm.  long:  involucres  mostly  1  mm.  long, 
pubescent;    appendages  white  or  red,   narrow,   nearly   equal,   entire:    capsules 
less  than  1.5  mm.  wide,  pubescent:  seeds  nearly  1  mm.  long,  black  beneath  the 
pale  coating.  —  Common,  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.  —  MILK-PURSLANE. 

2.  C.  Rafinesquei    (Greene)    Small.     Stem  and  branches  hirsute:    leaf -blades 
oblong,   oblong-ovate,   or   ovate,   4-14   cm.   long,   obtuse   or   acute,   light-green 
above,   pale-green   and   with   scattered   hairs   beneath,   serrate,    short-petioled : 
involucres  about  1  mm.  long,  glabrous;  appendages  obscure  or  very  narrow  and 
pale:   capsules  globose-ovoid,  less  than  2  mm.  wide,  glabrous:   seeds  less  than 
1.5  mm.  long,  red  beneath  the  gray  coating.  —  Local,  on  dry  banks  on  and  near 
the  Welch  mountains.  —  Quartzite. 

3.  C.  Preslii  (Guss.)  Arthur.     Stem  and  branches  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaf- 
blades  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  varying  to  ovate  or  obovate,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long, 
usually    red-margined:    involucres    in    loosely    clustered    cymules;    appendages 
usually  white,   entire :    capsules  fully   2   mm.   wide.  —  Common,   in   fields   and 
waste  places. 

5.  TITHYMALOPSIS  Kl.  &  Garcke.    Perennial  herbs  often  topped  by  an 
umbel.     Leaf -blades  entire.     Involucres  scattered  or  somewhat  clustered  in  an 
umbel-like  inflorescence,  each  with  appendaged  glands.     Capsule  smooth.    Seeds 
punctate. 

1.  T.  corollata  (L.)  Small.  Plants  bright-green,  2-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades 
linear,  oblong,  or  oblong-spatulate,  2-4  cm.  long:  involucres  numerous,  con- 
spicuous, 1-1.5  mm.  long:  appendages  white,  mostly  cuneate  or  orbicular- 
cuneate:  capsules  exserted,  3.5-4.5  mm.  broad:  seeds  2.5  mm.  long.  —  Common, 
in  fields  and  thickets,  and  on  roadsides.  —  Sum.  —  FLOWERING- SPURGE. 

6.  TITHYMALUS  Adans.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  partially  woody 
plants  topped  by  an  umbel.     Leaf-blades  entire  or  finely  toothed.     Stipules 
wanting.     Involucres  in   open   or   compact   cymes,  each  with  4  naked  or   ap- 
pendaged  glands.      Capsule   smooth   or   tuberculate.      Seeds   pitted.  —  Sum.  — 
SPURGE. 


180  >  EUPHORBIACEAE. 

Leaves  mainly  opposite  and  decussate :  capsules  10  mm.  wide  and  more. 

1.  T.  Lathyrus. 

Leaves  alternate  or  scattered:  capsules  less  than  10  mm.  wide. 
Leaf -blades  serrulate :  involucre  with  oblong,  oval,  or  orbicu- 
lar glands  :  plants  annual.  2.  T.  Helioscopia. 
Leaf-blades    entire :    involucre    with    reniform    or    crescent- 
shaped  glands :   plants   annual,   biennial,   or  perennial. 
Plants  annual  or  biennial :  seeds  pitted 

Capsules  with  2-crested  carpels  :  seeds  with  1-4  series 

of  pits.  3.  T.  Peplus. 

Capsules  with  rounded  carpels  :  seeds  pitted  all  over.    4.  T.  commutata. 
Plants  perennial :  seeds  smooth. 

Glands    of    the    involucre    oblong :    leaf-blades    broad.    5.   T.  Darlingtonii. 
Glands  of  the  involucre  lunate :  leaf -blades  narrow.       6.  T.  Cyparissias. 

1.  T.  Lathyrus   (L.)  Hill.     Stems  2-12  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  upper  leaves 
lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  3.5-12  cm.  long:   bracts  ovate  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late: involucres  4-5  mm.  long;  lobes  triangular,  toothed  at  the  apex,  surpassing 
the  broad  crescent-shaped  glands:    capsules   10-12  mm.  broad:    seeds  oblong- 
ovoid,  5-6  mm.  long,  wrinkled.  —  M.  S.     Occasional,  on  roadsides  and  about 
gardens.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  MOLE-PLANT.     CAPER- SPURGE.     MYRTLE- SPURGE. 

2.  T.  Helioscopia   (L.)   Hill.     Stems  1-3.5  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  spatulate  to 
cuneate,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  finely  toothed  near  the  rounded  or  emarginate  apex: 
bracts  of  the  rays  cuneate  to  oblong-cuneate :  involucres  turbinate-campanulate, 
about  1.5  mm.  high,  short -peduncled :   glands  transversely  oval,  about  0.5  mm. 
wide,  unappendaged :    capsules  about  4  mm.  broad,  the  lobes  rounded:    seeds 
ovoid,  nearly  2  mm.  long,  finely  reticulate.  —  S.     Occasional,  in  fields.     Nat. 
of  Eu.  —  WARTWEED. 

3.  T.  Peplus    (L.)    Hill.     Stems  erect,   1-3   dm.  tall:    leaf -blades  oblong   or 
obovate,  1-4  cm.  long:  bracts  ovate  or  triangular-ovate:  involucres  1—1.5  mm. 
long;   horns  less  than  1  mm.  long:   capsules  2.5-3  mm.  broad,  smooth:   seeds 
oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  1.5  mm.  long  or  less,  with  1-4  series  of  pits.  —  M. 
Occasional,  on  roadsides  and  fields.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  PETTY-SPURGE. 

4.  T.  commutatus  (Engelm.)  Kl.  &  Garcke.    Stems  decumbent,  1-4  dm.  long: 
leaf -blades  spatulate  to  ovate,  1—4  cm.  long:  bracts  reniform  or  ovate-renif  orm : 
involucres  2.5  mm.  long;  horns  1  mm.  long  or  nearly  so:   capsules  3.5-4  mm. 
broad,  smooth:    seeds  ovoid,  fully  2-  mm.  long,  or  sometimes  smaller,  irregu- 
larly pitted.  —  S.     Frequent,  in  woods,  especially  near  Safe  Harbor.  —  Schists. 

5.  T.  Darlingtonii  (A.  Gray)  Small.     Stems  3-15  dm.  tall:  leaves  few;  blades 
oblanceolate  to   oblong-lanceolate,   3.5-10   cm.   long:    bracts  broadly  ovate   to 
reniform:  involucres  3-4  mm.  long;  lobes  ovate  or  quadrate,  toothed  or  often 
notched;  glands  oblong:   capsules  &-91  mm.  broad,  warty:   seeds  ovoid-globose, 
3—4  mm.  long.  —  S.     Rare,  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  Schists. 

6.  T.  Cyparissias   (L.)   Hill.     Stems  often  tufted,  1-3  dm.  tall:   leaves  very 
numerous;    blades    linear,    2-4    cm.    long,    acute    or    acutish,    entire:    bracts 
ovate,  deltoid  or  reniform:  involucres  campanulate,  about  2  mm.  long,  sessile: 
glands  lunate,  nearly  1  mm.  wide:  capsules  3-lobed,  about  3  mm.  wide,  granu- 
lar, the  lobes  rounded :  seeds  ovoid,  nearly  2  mm.  long,  smooth.  —  Frequent,  on 
roadsides  and  in  waste  places.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  CYPRESS -SPURGE. 

7.  POENSETTIA  Graham.  Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  woody  plants. 
Leaf -blades  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed.  Stipules  present.  Involucres  solitary  or 
cymose,  each  with  1,  or  rarely  3  or  4,  unappendaged  glands.  Capsule  smooth. 
Seeds  tuberculate. 

1.  P.  dentata  (Michx.)  Small.  Stems  2-4  dm.  tall,  pubescent:  leaf -blades  1-9 
cm.  long,  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  nearly  linear:  involucres  2.5-3  mm.  long;  glands 
usually  solitary :  capsules  4-4.5  mm.  broad :  seeds  prominently  tuberculate.  — 
M.  Bare,  along  the  Conestoga  Creek,  Lancaster.  Nat.  of  the  West.  —  Not 
recently  collected.  —  Sum. 


SPONDIACEAE.  181 

FAMILY  2.    CALLITRICHACEAE.    WATER-STARWORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  often  aquatics,  with  tender  tissues.  Leaves  opposite:  blades 
entire,  3-nerved.  Flowers  polygamous,  minute,  axillary,  often  minutely 
bracted.  Calyx  wanting.  Corolla  wanting.  Androeeium  of  a  single 
stamen.  Gynoecium  of  4  united  carpels.  Ovary  4-celled.  Fruit  leathery, 
indehiscent,  4-lobed. 

1.  CALLITBICHE  L.  Aquatic  or  more  or  less  amphibious  plants,  the 
opposite  leaves  often  approximate  or  congested  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  and 
branches.  Flowers  inconspicuous. 

1.  C.  palustris  L.  Aquatic,  the  foliage  scaly:  blades  of  the  submersed  leaves 
linear,  those  of  the  emersed  ones  spatulate,  shorter  than  the  submersed  ones: 
flower-stalks  with  2  scales :  fruit  obovoid,  about  1.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in 
ponds  and  streams.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  WATER-STARWORT. 

Order  SAPINDALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  various:  blades  simple  and  entire  or  toothed, 
or  compound.  Calyx  of  distinct  sepals.  Corolla  of  distinct  petals,  regular 
or  rarely  irregular,  or  wanting.  Androeeium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there 
are  petals,  or  of  twice  as  many,  or  rarely  of  more  or  fewer.  Filaments 
distinct.  Gynoecium  of  a  single  carpel,  or  of  several  united  carpels. 
Ovary  superior.  Ovules  1  or  2,  or  several,  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary, 
pendulous,  with  the  raphe  away  from  the  axis  of  the  ovary,  or  erect  or 
ascending.  Fruit  various. 

Ovary  1-celled  (in  our  plants)  :  fruit  a  drupe.  Fam.  1.  SPONDIACEAE. 

Ovary  2-several-celled :  fruit  various. 
Leaf -blades  simple :   pinnately  veined. 

Seed  without  an  aril :  fruit  drupaceous.  Fam.  2.  AQUIFOLIACEAE. 

Seed  with  an  aril :  fruit  capsular.  Fam.  3.  CELASTRACEAE. 

Leaf-blades  simple,  palmately  veined,  or  compound. 
Leaves  opposite. 
Fruit  a  capsule. 

Flowers   regular :   fruit   a  bladdery   3-lobed 

capsule.  Fam.  4.  STAPHYLEACEAE. 

Flowers  irregular :  fruit  a  leathery  globular 

capsule.  Fam.  5.  AESCDLACEAE. 

Fruit  a  2-winged  samara.  Fam.  6.  ACERACEAE. 

Leaves  alternate.  Fam.  7.  SAPINDACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.     SPONDIACEAE.     SUMAC  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  vines,  with  milky,  resinous,  often  acid  or  caustic, 
sap.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  simple  or  pinnately  compound.  Flowers 
monoecious,  dioecious,  or  polygamous.  Calyx  of  3-5  sepals.  Corolla  of 
3--5  petals  larger  than  the  sepals.  Androeeium  of  3-6,  or  rarely  more, 
stamens.  Gynoecium  of  1  carpel  or  of  3-5  more  or  less  united  carpels. 
Fruit  a  drupe. 

Flowers   in   terminal   compact   panicles :   drupe   with   a   dark-pubescent   outer   coat : 
stone  smooth.  1.  RHUS. 

Flowers  in  lax  axillary  panicles  :  drupe  with  a  glabrous  or  pale- 
pubescent  outer  coat :  stone  ribbed.  2.  TOXICODENDRON. 

1.  RHUS  L.     Shrubs  or  trees.     Leaf -blades  pinnately  compound,  several- 

foliolate.     Flowers  polygamous,  borne  in  terminal,  compact  panicles.  Sepals 

commonly  5.  Petals  commonly  5.  Ovary  pubescent.  Style  short.  Drupe 
pubescent.  Stone  smooth  and  even.  —  Sum.  —  SUMAC. 


182  AQUIFOLIACEAE. 

Rachis  of  the  leaf  winged.  1.  R.  copallina. 

Rachis    of  the   leaf  not  winged. 

Leaves  and  twigs   copiously   bristly   pubescent :   leaflets   not 

glaucous.  2.  R.  hirta. 

Leaves   and   twigs   glabrous    or   nearly   so :    leaflets   glaucous 

beneath.  3.  R.  gldbra. 

1.  R.  copallina  L.     Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  10  m.  tall:  leaflets  9-21;  blades 
oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate  or  sometimes  oval,  3-10   cm.   long:    stone   of  the 
drupe  about  4  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  old  fields,  thickets  and  waste  places.  — 
DWARF-SUMAC. 

2.  R.  hirta  (L.)   Sudw.     Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  12  m.  tall:  leaflets  11-31; 
blades  oblong  to  lanceolate,  or  that  of  the  terminal  one  ovate-lanceolate,  4-15 
cm.  long:  petals  about  3  mm.  long:   drupes  bristly,  the  stone  3-3.5  mm.  long. 
—  Common,  on  roadsides  and  hillsides,  and  in  thickets.  —  STAGHORN-SUMAC. 

3.  R.  glabra  L.     Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  2-4  m.  tall:  leaflets  11-31;  blades 
oblong  or  lanceolate    (that  of  the  terminal  one  often  ovate),  3-8  cm.  long: 
petals  about  2  mm.  long:  drupes  velvety,  the  stone  3-3.5  mm.  long.  —  Common, 
in  fields  and  thickets.  —  SMOOTH-SUMAC. 

2.  TOXICODENDRON  [Tourn.]  Mill.  Shrubs,  trees,  or  vines,  with 
poisonous  sap.  Leaf-blades  pinnately  compound.  Flowers  polygamous,  in 
rather  dense  panicles.  Sepals  4-6.  Petals  4-6.  Ovary  glabrous:  styles  short. 
Drupe  glabrous,  the  sarcocarp  wax-secreting.  Stone  ribbed. 

Leaves  with   3  leaflets :   vine  :   panicles   short-peduncled.  1.  T.  radicans. 

Leaves  with  7-13  leaflets  :  shrub  or  tree :  panicles  long-peduncled.     2.  T.  Vernix. 

1.  T.   radicans    (L.)    Kuntze.     Stems  climbing:    blades   of   the   leaflets   mem- 
branous, ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  4-20  cm.  long:   sepals  ovate,  1  mm.  long: 
petals  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  2.5-3  mm.  long:  drupes  5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  in 
spreading  panicles.  —  Common,  in  thickets,  woods  and  fence-rows.  —  Sum.  — 
POISON-IVY.    POISON-OAK. 

2.  T.  Vernix  (L.)  Kuntze.     Shrubs  or  small  tree:  blades  of  the  lateral  leaflets 
oblong,  elliptic,  or  oval,  4-15  cm.  long,  undulate:   petals  linear-oblong,  about 
2  mm.  long :   drupes  subglobose,  about  5  mm.  broad,  in  drooping  panicles.  — 
Frequent,     in     swamps.  —  Spr.  —  POISON-SUMAC.     POISON -DOGWOOD.       POISON- 
ELDER. 

FAMILY  2.    AQUIFOLIACEAE.     HOLLY  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  simple.  Flowers  perfect 
or  polygamous.  Calyx  of  4-6  persistent  sepals.  Corolla  of  4-6  petals, 
which  are  often  united  at  the  base.  Androecium  of  4-6  stamens.  Gynoe- 
cium  of  4-8  united  carpels.  Fruit  drupaceous. 

1.  ILEX  L.  Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  mostly  persistent:  blades  entire  or 
toothed.  Flowers  sometimes  nearly  dioecious.  Sepals  persistent.  Corolla 
rotate,  deciduous.  Drupe  with  4-8  nutlets.  —  Spr.  —  HOLLY. 

Leaves  deciduous ;  blades  not  leathery,  not  spiny-toothed :  nutlets  smooth. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  short-pedicelled  :  sepals  ciliolate. 

1.  /.  verticillata. 

Staminate    flowers    long-pedicelled,    pistillate    flowers    short- 
pedicelled  :   sepals  not  ciliolate.  2.  /.  laevigata. 
Leaves  persistent ;  blades  leathery,  spiny-toothed  :  nutlets  ribbed.     3.  /.  opaca. 

1.  I.  verticillata  (L.)  A.  Gray.  Shrub,  or  small  tree  sometimes  7  m.  tall,  with 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  twigs:  leaf -blades  thickish,  elliptic  or  oval, 
varying  to  ovate  or  obovate,  2-8  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  often  reticulate,  serrate:  Staminate  calyx  about 
2.5  mm.  wide:  Staminate  corolla  6-7  mm.  wide:  drupes  6-8  mm.  in  diameter, 
red.  —  Frequent,  in  swamps  and  low  grounds.  —  WINTERBERRY.  BLACK-ALDER. 


CELASTEACEAE.  183 

2.  I.  laevigata  (Pursh)  A.  Gray.     Shrub,  or  small  tree  rarely  6  m.  tall,  with 
glabrous  twigs:   leaf -blades  thinnish,  elliptic  or  oval,  or  sometimes  lanceolate 
or  oblanceolate,  3-9  cm.  long,  acute  or  mostly  acuminate,   appressed-serrate, 
glabrous  on  both  surfaces  or  sometimes  sparingly  pubescent  on  the  veins  be- 
neath:   staminate  calyx  3.5-4  mm.  wide:    staminate  corolla  6-7.5  mm.  wide: 
drupes  8^10  mm.  in  diameter,  orange-red.  —  S.     Eare,  in  woods.  —  Schists. — 
SMOOTH-WINTERBERRY. 

3.  I.  opaca  Ait.     Tree  15  m.  tall  or  less,  the  bark  white  or  pale-gray:  leaf- 
blades  oval,  elliptic,  or  obovate,  4-10  cm.  long,  spine-toothed  or  individually 
entire,  lustrous  and  dark-green  above,  pale  and  dull  beneath:    corolla  5.5-6.5 
mm.  broad:   drupes  globose  or  globose-ovoid,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter,  red  or 
rarely  yellow.  —  S.     Frequent,  in  woods  on  the  banks  and  islands  of  the  lower 
Susquehanna.  —  Schists.  —  AMERICAN-HOLLY. 

FAMILY  3.    CELASTRACEAE.     STAFF-TREE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled: 
blades  simple.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious,  variously  borne. 
Calyx  of  3-5  sepals.  Corolla  of  3-5  petals.  Androecium  of  3-5  stamens 
borne  on  or  under  the  disk.  Gynoecium  of  3-5  united  carpels.  Fruit  a 
capsule,  a  drupe  or  a  berry.  Seed  often  arillate. 

Flowers  borne  in  axillary  cymes,  or  solitary  :  fruits  3-5-iobed :  leaves  opposite. 

1.  EUONYMUS. 
Flowers  borne  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles  :  fruits  terete  :  leaves 

alternate.  2.  CBLASTBUS. 

1.  EUONYMUS    [Tourn.]    L.      Shrubs,    trees,    or    rarely   vines.      Leaves 
opposite:  blades  entire  or  toothed.     Flowers  perfect.     Sepals  4  or  5.     Petals  4 
or  5.     Stamens  4  or  5,  borne  on  the  lobes  of  the  disk:   filaments  very  short: 
anther-sacs  diverging.     Stigmas  3-5.  —  Early  sum. 

Capsules  warty,  shallowly  lobed :  leaf -blades  short-petioled  or  nearly  sessile :  parts  of 
the  flower  usually  in  fives.  1.  E.  americanus. 

Capsules    smooth,     deeply    lobed :     leaf-blades     rather     long- 

petioled  :  parts  of  the  flower  usually  in  fours.  2.  E.  atropurpureus. 

1.  EL  americanus  L.     Erect  or  straggling  shrub  2  m.  tall  or  less:  leaf -blades 
oval  to  lanceolate,  2-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  crenate-serrate :    calyx 
about  5  mm.  wide;   sepals  usually  5,  equal:   corolla  mostly  over  1  cm.  wide; 
petals  greenish  or  greenish-purple :  filaments  arising  from  the  edge  of  the  disk ; 
anthers  fully  1  mm.  wide :    seed-body  4.5-5.5  mm.  long.  —  S.     Not   common, 
in  thickets  near  the  Susquehanna.  —  Schists.  —  STRAWBERRY-BUSH. 

2.  E.   atropurpureus  Jacq.     Erect  shrub,   or  tree  becoming  8  m.   tall:    leaf- 
blades  oblong,  elliptic,  oval,  ovate,  or  obovate,  5-16  cm.  long,  short-acuminate, 
serrate:   calyx  about  4  mm.  wide;  sepals  usually  4,  in  unequal  pairs:   corolla 
mostly  less  than  1  cm.  wide;   petals  dark-purple:   filaments  arising  from  the 
top  of  the  disk ;  anthers  less  than  1  mm.  wide :  seed-body  8-9  mm.  long.  —  M. 
S.    Not  common,  in  thickets  and  on  river-banks  and  creek-banks.  —  Limestones. 
Schists.  —  BURNING-BUSH.    WAAHOO.     SPINDLE-TREE.    BLEEDING-HEART. 

2.  CELASTBUS  L.     Vines  with  woody  stems.     Leaves  alternate,  decid- 
uous:  blades  membranous,  broad,  entire  or  toothed.     Flowers  inclined  to  be 
dioecious,  racemose  or  paniculate.     Sepals  5.     Petals  5.     Stamens  5,  borne  at 
the  sinuses  of  the  disk.     Capsules  in  drooping  clusters. 

1.  C.  scandens  L.  Diffuse  climber:  leaf -blades  elliptic,  oval,  or  oblong,  vary- 
ing to  ovate  or  obovate,  6-10  cm.  long,  serrate:  panicles  drooping:  corolla 
greenish,  about  8  mm.  broad:  capsules  subglobose,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter, 


184  ACEEACEAE. 

orange,  3-valved,  the  scarlet  seeds  persistent  and  conspicuous  in  early  winter.  — 
Common,  in  thickets  and  fence-rows.  —  Early  sum.  STAFF-TREE.  SHRUBBY- 
BITTERSWEET.  CLIMBING-BITTERSWEET.  WAXWORK. 

FAMILY  4.    STAPHYLEACEAE.     BLADDERNUT  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  mostly  opposite :  blades  pinnately  compound. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  racemose  or  paniculate,  drooping.  Calyx 
of  5  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  equal  petals.  Androecium  of  5  stamens. 
Gynoeeium  of  2  or  3  partially  or  wholly  united  carpels.  Fruit  an  inflated 
capsule. 

1.  STAPHYLEA  L.  Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaf -blades  pinnate,  often 
3-foliolate.  Racemes  cluster-like,  drooping.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  erect. 
Capsule  bladdery,  2-3-lobed. 

1.  S.  trifoliata  L.  Shrub:  leaflets  3:  blades  oval  or  elliptic,  varying  to  ovate 
or  obovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  serrate:  racemes  5-10  cm.  long:  sepals  7-10  mm. 
long:  petals  spatulate,  surpassing  the  sepals:  capsules  4-6  cm.  long,  the  lobes 
apiculate.  —  Common,  in  rich  woods  and  along  streams.  —  Spr.  —  BLADDERNUT. 

FAMILY  5.    AESCULACEAE.    BUCKEYE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite:  blades  palmately  compound. 
Flowers  polygamous,  in  terminal  erect  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  of  4  or 
5  partially  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  unequal  clawed  petals. 
Androecium  of  5-8  stamens.  Gynoeeium  of  3  united  carpels.  Fruit  a 
leathery  loculicidal  capsule. 

1.  AESCULUS  L.  Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaf -blades  palmately  5-9-foliolate. 
Petals  with  their  claws  mostly  in  the  calyx-tube.  Filaments  slender.  Capsule 
smooth  or  echinate.  —  HORSE-CHESTNUT. 

1.  A.  parviflora  Walt.  Shrub:  leaflets  5-7:  blades  elliptic-oblanceolate  to 
obovate,  5-18  cm.  long:  calyx  5-7  mm.  long:  lateral  petals  12-15  mm.  long: 
capsules  globular,  2.5-3  cm.  in  diameter.  —  S.  In  thickets,  near  Fishing  Creek. 
Nat.  southward.  —  Early  sum.  —  BUCKEYE. 

FAMILY  6.    ACERACEAE.    MAPLE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite:  blades  simple  or  compound. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  in  cymes,  racemes,  or  panicles,  or  often  in 
congested  clusters.  Calyx  of  4  or  5,  or  rarely  more,  deciduous  sepals. 
Corolla  of  4  or  5,  or  rarely  more,  petals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  as 
many  stamens  as  there  are  sepals.  Gynoeeium  of  2  more  or  less  united 
carpels.  Fruit  2  nutlets  with  wings  (samaras). 

Leaves    with    simple    or    rarely    digitately    compound    blades :    flowers    polygamo- 

dioecious.  1.  ACER. 

Leaves   with    pinnately    compound   blades  :    flowers    dioecious.  2.  NEGUNDO. 

1.  ACER  [Tourn.]  L.  Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaf -blades  simple  or  digitately 
compound.  Flowers  polygamous-dioecious.  Disk  present.  Stamens  mostly  8. 
Samaras  2  together.  —  Spr.  —  MAPLE. 

Flower-clusters  expanding  before  the  leaves,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  not  drooping. 

Petals  wanting  or  obsolete :  ovary  pubescent.  1.  A.  saccharinum. 

Petals  present :   ovary  glabrous.  2.  A.  rubrum. 

Flower-clusters    expanding    with    the    leaves,    drooping :    petals 
wanting. 


SAPINDACEAE.  185 

Leaf-blades  scarcely  paler  beneath  than  above ;   lobes  entire 

or  undulate.  3.  A.  nigrum. 

Leaf -blades  pale  or  glaucous  beneath ;  lobes  coarsely  toothed.    4.  A.  Baccharum. 

1.  A.  saccharinum  L.    Tree  rarely  36  m.  tall,  the  bark  flaky  at  maturity,  gray, 
or  that  of  the  twigs  reddish-brown:  leaf -blades  about  as  long  as  broad,  10-15 
cm.  long,  with  3-5  prominent  incised  lobes  longer  than  the  body,  silky  when 
young,  glabrate,  bright-green  above,  glaucous  or  silvery-white  beneath,  truncate 
or  cordate  at  the  base:   calyx  greenish  or  yellowish:    samaras  5-6  cm.  long, 
tomentose,    or    glabrate    at    maturity,    green,    at    length    widely    spreading.  — 
Common,  on  river-banks  and  on  creek-banks.  —  SILVER-MAPLE.     WHITE-MAPLE. 

2.  A.  rubnun  L.     Tree  sometimes  35  m.  tall,  the  bark  dark-gray  and  fissured 
on  the  trunk,  smooth  and  pale  or  white-gray  on  the  branches:  leaf -blades  com- 
monly broader  than  long,  deep-green  above,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  mostly 
shallowly  5-lobed,  rather  evenly  serrate,  cordate   at  the  base:    flower-clusters 
red    or   yellowish:    sepals   nearly   distinct:    petals   narrower   than   the    sepals: 
samara-wings  commonly  red.  —  Common,  in  low  grounds  and  swamps.  —  KED- 
MAPLE.     SWAMP-MAPLE. 

3.  A.  nigrum  Michx.  f.     Tree  sometimes  30  m.  tall,  the  bark  dark,  coarsely 
flaky,   the   twigs   light   orange-brown:    leaf -blades   mainly   broader   than   long, 
often  15-20  cm.  broad,  relatively  thin,  deep-green  above,  scarcely  paler  and 
more  or  less  downy  beneath,  with  3-5  entire  or  merely  undulate  lobes ;  basal  sinus 
closed  by  the  overlapping  lobes:  calyx  campanulate,  about  5  mm.  long;  sepals 
rounded :    samaras  3-4   cm.   long,'  slightly   spreading.  —  S.     Not   common,   on 
river  hills.  —  Schists.  —  BLACK-MAPLE. 

4.  A.  Saccharum  Marsh.     Tree  sometimes  40  m.  tall,  the  bark  usually  separat- 
ing in  coarse  scales  at  maturity,  the  twigs  red-brown:  leaf -blades  firm,  mostly 
with  5  sinuate-toothed  lobes,  8-15  cm.  in  diameter,  deep-green  above,  pale  or 
glaucous  beneath,  with  an  open  shallow  sinus:  calyx  campanulate,  about  5  mm. 
long ;  sepals  obtuse :  samaras  slightly  spreading,  3.5-4  cm.  long.  —  Common,  on 
river-banks    and    creek-banks.  —  SUGAR-MAPLE.      HARD-MAPLE.      EOCK-MAPLE. 
SUGAR-TREE. 

2.  NEGUNDO  [Ray]  Ludwig-Boehmer.  Trees.  Leaf -blades  pinnately 
compound.  Flowers  dioecious.  Disk  wanting.  Stamens  mostly  5  or  4.  Fruit 
resembling  that  of  Acer. 

1.  N.  Negundo  (L.)  Karst.  Tree  becoming  25  m.  tall:  leaflets  3-9;  blades 
oval,  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  often  5-12  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed:  flowers 
greenish,  drooping:  samaras  2.5-3.5  cm.  long.  —  Common,  along  creeks  and 
the  Susquehanna.  —  Spr.  —  BOX-ELDER. 

FAMILY  7.     SAPINDAOEAE.     SOAPBERRY  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate:  blades  simple 
or  pinnate,  sometimes  1-foliolate.  Flowers  dioecious,  polygamous,  or 
polygamo-dioecious,  or  rarely  perfect,  in  racemes,  panicles,  or  corymbs. 
Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  petals,  or  wanting.  Disk  some- 
times gland-bearing.  Androecium  mostly  of  5  or  more  stamens.  Gynoe- 
cium  of  2-4  more  or  less  united  carpels.  Fruit  capsular  or  baccate. 

1.  CABDIOSPERMUM  L.  Herbaceous  or  woody  vines.  Leaves  alternate : 
blades  biternate  or  decompound.  Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  irregular. 
Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  unequal.  Disk  1-sided,  with  2  glands  opposite  the  lower 
petals.  Stamens  8.  Capsule  bladdery. 

1.  C.  Halicacabum  L.  Leaflets  3;  blades  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely 
serrate,  incised,  or  parted :  petals  3.5-4.5  mm.  long :  capsules  obovoid.  —  M. 
Occasional,  about  gardens.  Nat.  of  trop.  Am.  —  Sum.  —  BALLOON-VINE. 


186  VITACEAE. 

Order  RHAMNALES. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  typically  alternate.  Flowers  regular, 
sometimes  imperfect  or  incomplete.  Calyx  present.  Corolla  present  or 
wanting.  Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  sepals.  Gynoecium 
of  2  or  more  united  carpels.  Ovary  superior  or  nearly  so.  Fruit  a  capsule 
or  a  berry  or  drupaceous. 

Sepals  manifest :  petals  involute :  fruit  capsular  or  drupaceous. 

Fam.  1.  FRANGULACEAE. 
Sepals  minute  or   obsolete :   petals  valvate :   fruit  baccate.     Fam.  2.  VITACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    FRANGULACEAE.    BUCKTHORN   FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaf-blades  simple,  pinnately  veined. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  or  sometimes  dioecious.  Calyx  of  4  or  5 
sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  petals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  4  or  5 
stamens  opposite  the  petals.  Gynoecium  of  2  or  3  united  carpels.  Fruit 
capsular  or  drupaceous,  sometimes  separating  into  nutlets. 

Fruits  pulpy  :   disk  free  from   the   ovary.  1.  RHAMNUS. 

Fruits  dry  :  disk  adnate  to  the  ovary.  2.  CEANOTHUS. 

1.  RHAMNTTS   [Tourn.]   L.     Shrubs  o?  trees.     Leaves  alternate:   blades 
entire  or  toothed,  many-ribbed.    Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious.     Sepals 
4  or  5,  keeled  within.    Petals  4  or  5,  commonly  concave,  clawless,  or  nearly  so, 
shorter  than  the  sepals,  or  wanting.    Stamens  4  or  5,  surrounded  by  the  petals: 
anthers  acute.    Drupe  berry-like,  not  lobed,  with  3  or  4  nutlets. 

1.  R.  alnifolia  L'Her.  Shrub  mostly  1  m.  tall  or  less,  the  twigs  glabrous  or 
puberulent:  leaf -blades  elliptic  or  oval,  varying  to  ovate  or  obovate,  3-10  cm. 
long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  rather  finely  serrate,  short-petioled :  flowers  short- 
pedicelled:  sepals  triangular  or  triangular-lanceolate,  1.5  mm.  long:  fruits 
obovoid  or  globose,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  black.  —  M.  Eare,  in  the  Diller- 
ville  swamp,  Lancaster.  —  Limestones.  —  Spr.  —  BUCKHORN. 

2.  CEANOTHUS  L.     Shrubs  or  trees.     Leaves  alternate:   blades  usually 
toothed,  commonly  3-ribbed.     Flowers  perfect.     Sepals  5,  converging.     Petals 
5,  longer  than  the  sepals,  clawed,  the  blades  hooded.     Stamens  5,  exserted: 
anthers  emarginate.     Drupe  lobed,  separating  into  3  carpels. 

1.  C.  americanus  L.  Shrub  2-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
or  rarely  orbicular-ovate,  serrate:  sepals  about  1.5  mm.  long:  petals  about  2 
mm.  long :  fruits  5-6  mm.  broad.  —  Common,  in  dry  thickets  and  woods.  — 
Spr.  and  sum.  —  NEW-JERSEY  TEA.  EED-ROOT. 

FAMILY  2.     VITACEAE.     GRAPE  FAMILY. 

Vines,  sometimes  shrubby  or  tree-like,  usually  with  tendrils.  Leaves 
alternate  or  the  lower  ones  opposite :  blades  simple  or  compound.  Flowers 
perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious,  often  fragrant.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals, 
or  obsolete.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  often  caducous  petals,  or  wanting.  Androe- 
cium of  4  or  5  stamens  opposite  the  petals.  Gynoecium  of  usually  2 
united  carpels.  Fruit  a  berry. 

Corolla  not  expanding :  inflorescence  elongate  :  hypogynous  disk  present :  leaf -blades 
simple.  1.  VITIS. 

Corolla  expanding :  inflorescence  flat-topped :  hypogynous  disk 

wanting,   or  obsolete  :   leaf -blades  compound.  2.  PARTHBNOCISSDS. 


VITACEAE.  187 

1.  VITIS  [Tourn.]  L.  Vines.  Leaf-blades  palmately  lobed,  angled  or 
coarsely  toothed.  Flowers  in  elongate  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  minute. 
Petals  cohering.  Berries  juicy,  mostly  edible.  Seeds  pyriform.  —  GRAPE. 

Leaf-blades  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Leaf-blades  not  glaucous  beneath. 

Leaves  with  merely  coarsely  toothed  blades,  scarcely  lobed. 

Bushy  vine :  leaf -blades  mostly  less  than  10  cm.  long :  berries  sweet. 

1.  V.  rupestris. 
High  climbing  vine :   leaf-blades  mostly  over   10   cm. 

long :  berries  sour.  2.  V.  cordifolia. 

Leaves  with  prominently  3-5-lobed  blades.  3.  V.  vulpina. 

Leaf-blades  glaucous  beneath.  4.  V.  bicolor. 

Leaf-blades  woolly  or  copiously  pubescent  beneath. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaf-blade   loosely   tomentose :   berries 

8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  not  murky.  5.  V.  aestivalis. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaf -blade  felty-tomentose :  berries  15- 

20  mm.  in  diameter,  murky.  6.  V.  Labrusca. 

1.  V.   rupestris  Scheele.     Stems  1-2   m.   tall:    leaf -blades   commonly  broader 
than  long,  reniform  to  ovate-reniform,  4-10  cm.  in  diameter,  coarsely  toothed 
and  rarely  slightly,  and  sometimes  somewhat  irregularly,  lobed,  and  with  an 
abrupt  tip  at  the  apex,  mostly  lustrous  above,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent 
on  the  veins  beneath,  somewhat  glaucescent  on  both  sides:   panicles  2-10  cm. 
long,   slender,  not   dense:    berries  subglobose,   7-14  mm.   in   diameter,  purple- 
black,  somewhat  glaucous,  pleasant-tasted.  —  W.     Occasional,  along  the  river 
at  Collin's  Ferry.  —  Limestones.  —  Spr.  —  SAND-GRAPE.     SUGAR-GRAPE. 

2.  V.  cordifolia  Lam.     Stems  greatly  elongate:   leaf -blades  thin,  deep-green, 
longer  than  broad,  commonly  ovate  in  outline,  rarely  3-lobed  or  3-angled  near 
the    apex,    rather    coarsely    and    irregularly    toothed,    glabrous    or    sometimes 
sparingly  pubescent  beneath,  more  or  less  deeply  cordate  at  the  base:  panicles 
1-3   dm.   long,   commonly   drooping:    berries  globose,   8-10   mm.   in   diameter, 
black  under  a  slight  bloom,  pleasantly  acid,  persistent.  —  Common,  in  thickets 
and  woods.  —  Early  sum.  —  FROST-GRAPE.     CHICKEN-GRAPE. 

3.  V.  vulpina  L.     Leaf -blades  thin,  commonly  longer  than  broad,  5-20   cm. 
broad,  mostly  sharply  3-lobed  and  coarsely  and  irregularly  toothed,  glabrate  or 
pubescent  on  and  about  the  nerves  beneath,  cordate  or  nearly  truncate  at  the 
base,   the    teeth   and   lobes   acuminate:    panicles    6-20    cm.    long,    often    much 
branched:   berries  globose,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  very  dark  with  a  copious 
bloom,  the  pulp   sour.  —  S.     Islands   of   the   Susquehanna,   and   on  the   river 
hills.  —  Schists.  —  Early  sum.  —  EIVERSIDE-GRAPE.     FROST-GRAPE. 

4.  V.  tricolor  Le  Conte.     Leaf -blades  thinnish,  mostly  longer  than  broad,  1-3 
dm.  in  diameter,  3-5-lobed,  shallowly  toothed,  glabrous   above,  glaucous  and 
glabrous  beneath  or  the  veins  sparingly  pubescent,  or  dull-green  at  maturity: 
panicles  5-10  cm.  long,  commonly  long-peduncled :  berries  globose,  10-14  mm. 
in  diameter,  black  beneath  the  bloom,  rather  sour  but  pleasant-tasted.  —  W.  S. 
Occasional,  in  woods,  and  on  islands  and  river  hills.  —  Sandstones  and  shales, 
schists.  —  Early  sum.  —  SUMMER-GRAPE.     BLUE-GRAPE.     WINTER-GRAPE. 

5.  V.  aestivalis  Michx.    Leaf -blades  varying  from  broader  than  long  to  longer 
than   broad,   1-3    dm.   in   diameter,   angularly   or   deeply   3-5-lobed,   shallowly 
toothed,  dull-green  and  glabrate  above,  more  or  less  densely,  often  unevenly, 
tomentose  beneath,  with  rusty  or  brown  hairs,  cordate;   petioles  usually  gla- 
brous: panicles  1-2.5  dm.  long,  often  conspicuously  elongate  and  rather  simple: 
berries  globose,  8-101  mm.  in  diameter,  black,  under  a  bloom,  with  a  tough 
skin,  and  pulp  varying  from  sweet  to  very  astringent.  —  Common,  in  thickets 
and  woods.  —  Early  sum.  —  SUMMER-GRAPE.    PIGEON-GRAPE. 

6.  V.  Labrusca  L.     Leaf -blades  thickish,  suborbicular  to  broadly  ovate,  mostly 
longer  than  broad,  shallowly  toothed  or  scalloped,  otherwise  entire,  or  3-lobed 
near  the  apex,  becoming  glabrous  above,  densely  tomentose  beneath:   panicles 
5-12  cm.  long,  usually  simple:   berries  globose,  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter,  amber 


188  MALVACEAE. 

to  purple,  with  a  slight  bloom,  the  skin  and  tough  pulp  sweet  and  musky,  or 
astringent.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  woods.  —  Early  sum.  —  FOX-GRAPE. 
PLUM-GRAPE. 

2.  PARTHENOCISSUS  Planch.  Vines,  the  tendrils  often  disk-bearing. 
Leaf -blades  digitately  compound.  Flowers  in  compound  cymes.  Petals  spread- 
ing. Berries  inedible. 

1.  P.  quinquefolia  (L.)  Planch.  Leaflets  5;  blades  usually  thinnish,  oval, 
elliptic,  or  oblong,  the  lateral  ones  inequilateral,  coarsely  serrate  above  the 
middle  with  rather  appressed  teeth:  tendrils  with  disks:  berries  8-9  mm.  in 
diameter,  deep-blue  with  scant  bloom,  pulpy:  seeds  4-4.5  mm.  long,  prominently 
rugose,  rather  dull,  each  with  an  orbicular  raphe.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and 
on  rocky  river-banks.  —  Sum.  —  VIRGINIA- CREEPER.  WOODBINE.  AMERICAN- 
IVY. 

Order  MALVALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite:  blades  simple, 
often  lobed  and  toothed.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  regular  and  involucrate. 
Calyx  of  distinct  or  partially  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  distinct  petals. 
Androecium  of  numerous  monadelphous  or  grouped  stamens.  Gynoecium 
of  several  distinct  or  united  carpels.  Fruit  capsular,  follicular,  berry-like, 
or  nut-like. 

Stamens  in  several  groups  :  anthers  2-celled :  embryo  straight.     Fam.  1.  TILIACEAB. 
Stamens  monadelphous  :   anthers  1-celled :   embryo  curved.  Fam.  2.  MALVACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    TILIACEAE.    LINDEN  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  rarely  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  alternate:  blades 
simple.  Flowers  usually  perfect.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or 
5  petals  which  sometimes  bear  a  petaloid  scale  at  the  base.  Androecium  of 
usually  numerous  stamens,  sometimes  of  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the 
sepals.  Gynoecium  of  2-several  united  carpels.  Fruit  capsular,  nut-like, 
or  berry-like. 

1.  TILIA  [Tourn.]  L.  Trees.  Leaf-blades  oblique,  toothed.  Sepals  5. 
Petals  5,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Stamens  sometimes  in  groups  opposite  the 
petals  and  accompanied  by  staminodia.  Anther-sacs  separated.  Berry  1-2- 
seeded.  —  LINDEN.  LINN.  LIME-TREE.  BEE-TREE.  WAHOO. 

1.  T.  americana  L.  Tree  becoming  40  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  orbicular- 
ovate,  8—15  cm.  long,  bright-green  beneath:  bracts  decurrent  nearly  to  the 
base  of  the  peduncles:  sepals  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  6-8  mm.  long, 
acute,  puberulent:  petals  9-11  mm.  long,  pale-yellow,  obtuse:  staminodia 
spatulate:  berries  oval,  about  1  cm.  long.  —  Common,  on  rocky  hillsides  and 
river-banks.  —  Sum.  —  WHITEWOOD.  BASSWOOD. 

FAMILY  2.    MALVACEAE.    MALLOW  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  simple,  palmately 
veined.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  of  5  more  or  less  united  valvate  sepals. 
Corolla  of  5  convolute  petals.  Androecium  of  numerous  monadelphous 
stamens.  Gynoecium  of  several  united,  often  whorled,  carpels.  Fruit 
capsular  or  sometimes  baccate. 


MALVACEAE.  189 

Fruit  of  several  radial  carpels  about  an  axis  :  stamen-column  anther- 
bearing  at  the  top. 
Stigmas  terminal,  capitate  :  mature  carpels  persistent  and  dehiscent. 

Carpels  2-few-seeded.  1.  ABUTILON. 

Carpels  1-seeded.  2.  SIDA. 

Stigmas  introrse,  elongate :  mature  carpels  deciduous. 

Involucels  of  6-9  bractlets.  3.  ALTHAEA. 

Involucels  of  1-3  bractlets.  4.  MALVA. 

Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule :  stamen-column  anther-bearing  below  the  top. 

5.  HIBISCUS. 

1.  ABUTILON    [Tourn.]    Mill.      Herbs,    shrubs,    or   rarely   trees.     Leaf- 
blades  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed.     Involucel  wanting.     Sepals  5,  united  below. 
Petals  5,  often  yellow.     Carpels  5-30,  beaked  at  maturity. 

1.  A.  Abutilon  (L.)  Busby.  Stems  3-18  dm.  tall,  velvety-pubescent:  leaf- 
blades  suborbicular  to  ovate  or  reniform-orbicular,  9-30  cm.  long:  calyx-lobes 
abruptly  pointed:  petals  yellow,  10-15  mm.  long:  carpels  15-20  mm.  long.  — 
Common,  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.  Nat.  of  As.  —  Sum. —  INDIAN- 
MALLOW.  VELVET-LEAF. 

2.  SIDA  L.    Herbs  or  partially  woody  plants.    Leaf -blades  usually  toothed. 
Involucel  wanting.     Sepals   5,  partially  united.     Petals   5,  white   or  colored. 
Carpels  5-many,  1-celled,  commonly  singly  or  doubly  beaked.  —  Sum. 

Leaf -blades  toothed  :  flowers  solitary  :  corolla  yellow  :  carpels  5.       1.  S.  spinosa. 

Leaf -blades  lobed  :  flowers  clustered  :  corolla  white  :  carpels  10.        2.  8.  hermaphrodita. 

1.  S.  spinosa  L.     Plants  1-6  dm.  tall,  pubescent:  leaf -blades  oblong  to  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate;   1-5  cm.  long,  serrate:   calyx-lobes  tri- 
angular: corolla  pale-yellow:  mature  carpels  about  5,  4  mm.  long.  —  Common, 
in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of  trop.  Am. 

2.  S.  hermaphrodita   (L.)    Eusby.     Plants  erect,   9-40'  dm.  tall:    leaf -blades 
palmately  3-7-lobed:  calyx-lobes  triangular:  petals  white:  mature  carpels  6-7 
mm.  long.  —  S.     Eare,  on  river  bank  at  Cooks  Landing.  —  Schists. 

3.  ALTHAEA    L.      Herbs    resembling    Malvae    in    habit.      Involucel    of 
several,  mostly  6-9,  bractlets  which  are  more  or  less  united  at  the  base. 

1.  A.  officinalis  L.  Perennial,  the  stem  branched:  leaf -blades  ovate  in  outline, 
3-5-angled  or  3-5-lobed,  irregularly  and  prominently  toothed:  cymes  several- 
flowered:  lobes  of  the  involucel  subulate  or  lanceolate-subulate:  calyx-lobes 
4-6  mm.  long,  acuminate:  corolla  white  or  pink,  2-3  cm.  wide:  carpel-heads 
about  1  cm.  wide.  —  M.  Local,  about  Lancaster.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  — 
MARSH-MALLOW. 

4.  MALVA   [Tourn.]   L.     Herbs.     Leaf -blades  lobed  or  dissected.     Invo- 
lucel of  usually  3  bractlets.     Sepals  5,  partially  united.     Petals  5,  sometimes 
eroded.    Carpels  many,  1-celled,  beakless,  the  faces  radially  striate  or  ribbed  at 
maturity.  —  MALLOW. 

Petals  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  twice  as  long :  mature  carpels  smooth. 

1.  M.  rotundifolia. 
Petals  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  four  times  as  long :  mature 

carpels  veiny.  2.  M.  sylvestris. 

1.  M.  rotundifolia  L.     Plants  depressed:  leaf -blades  obscurely  lobed,  crenate- 
dentate;  calyx-lobes  ovate  to  triangular-ovate:  petals  light-blue  or  white,  9-14 
mm.  long :  carpels  1.5-2  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste 
places.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  CHEESES. 

2.  M.  sylvestris  L.     Plants  3-4  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  prominently  lobed  and 
crenate-dentate :    calyx-lobes   triangular    or   nearly   so:    petals   light-purple   to 


190  HYPERICACEAE. 

reddish-purple,  2-2.5  cm.  long:   carpels  obovate,  3  mm.  long.  —  Rare,  in  fields 
and  waste  places  and  about  gardens.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  HIGH-MALLOW. 

5.  HIBISCUS  L.  Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaf -blades  entire,  lobed,  or 
parted.  Involucel  of  several,  rarely  3  or  5,  bractlets.  Sepals  5,  more  or  less 
united.  Petals  53  broad.  Carpels  forming  a  5-valved  capsule.  —  Sum.  — 
ROSE-MALLOW. 

Shrub  or  tree.  1.  H.  syriacus. 

Herbs. 

Calyx  fitting  closely  to  the  capsule  :  perennial  plants  :  leaf- 
blades  toothed  or  hastate. 
Leaf-blades   white-pubescent  beneath :   seeds   glabrous   or 

nearly  so.  2.  H.  Moscheutos. 

Leaf-blades  glabrous  :  seeds  pubescent.  3.  H.  militaris. 

Calyx  inflated  :  annual  plants  :  leaf -blades  pedately  lobed.          4.  H.  Trionum. 

1.  H.  syriacus  L.     Plants  1-6  m.  tall   (occasionally  tree-like)  :   leaf -blades  3- 
lobed,   coarsely   crenate,   3-12   cm.   long:    bractlets   linear   or   linear-spatulate, 
10-20  mm.  long:  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate:  petals  deep-pink,  or  white  with 
crimson  blotches  at  the  base:    capsules  oblong-ovoid,  2-2.5  cm.  long.  —  Com- 
mon, in  waste  places  and  about  gardens.     Nat.  of  As.  —  SHRUBBY-ALTHAEA. 

2.  H.   Moscheutos  L.     Plants   8-20   dm.   tall,  velvety-tomentose :    leaf -blades 
lanceolate  to  broadly  ovate,   dentate-serrate   and   often  angulately  3-5-lobed: 
petals  mainly  pink,  10-12  cm.  long:  capsules  2.5-3  cm.  long.  —  N.  M.     Rare, 
on  banks  of  the  Conestoga  Creek  and  the  Susquehanna,  also  locally  in  ponds.  -— 
Limestones.  —  SWAMP  ROSE-MALLOW. 

3.  H.  militaris  Cav.     Plants  9-20  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaf -blades 
ovate   to    broadly   lanceolate   in    outline,    6-16   cm.    long,    serrate-dentate    and 
hastately  3-5-lobed:   bractlets  1.5-2  cm.  long:   calyx-lobes  ovate:   petals  pink 
with  a  purple  blotch:    capsules  1.5-2.5  cm.  long.  —  S.     Islands  of  the  lower 
Susquehanna.  —  Schists.  —  HALBERD-LEAVED  ROSE-MALLOW. 

4.  H.  Trionum  L.    Plants  1-4  dm.  tall,  hispid:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  suborbicu- 
lar  in  outline,  pedately  3-5-lobed  or  3-5-parted,  the  lobes  coarsely  toothed  or 
incised:   bractlets  about  1  cm.  long:   calyx-lobes  triangular:   petals  yellow  or 
whitish  with  a  purple  or  brown-purple  blotch :  capsules  about  1.5  cm.  long.  — 

5.  Common,  in  cultivated  fields  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  FLOWER-OP- 

AN-HOUR. 

Order  HYPERICALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  various.  Flowers  mostly  perfect, 
complete  and  regular  (irregular  in  Violaceae),  sometimes  involucrate. 
Calyx  of  distinct  or  essentially  distinct  sepals.  Corolla  of  distinct  petals, 
rarely  wanting.  Androecium  of  usually  numerous  stamens,  but  sometimes 
as  few  as  5.  Gynoecium  of  several  united  carpels.  Ovary  superior, 
mostly  with  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  capsular,  baccate,  or  drupaceous. 

Corolla  regular ;  petals  often  inequilateral. 

Styles  distinct,  or  partially  united  or  coherent  until  maturity:  seeds  with  little 
or  no  endosperm.  Fam.  1.  HYPERICACEAE. 

Styles    wholly    and    permanently    united :    seeds    with 

copious  endosperm.  Fam.  2.  CISTACEAE. 

Corolla  irregular  ;  petals  very  unequal,  one  of  them  spurred.      Fam.  3.  VIOLACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    HYPERICACEAE.     ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite:  blades  mostly  punctate,  entire  or 
nearly  so,  sometimes  scale-like.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  some- 
times unequal  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  yellow  or  pink  petals.  Androe- 


HYPEEICACEAE.  191 

cium  of  few  or  many  stamens,  sometimes  grouped,  the  groups  sometimes 
alternating  with  glands.  Gynoecium  of  2-5  united  carpels.  Fruit  a 
capsule. 

Sepals  4,  in  more  or  less  unequal  pairs  :  petals  mostly  4.  1.  ASCYRUM. 

Sepals  and  petals  mostly  5. 
Petals  yellow. 

Leaves  with  flat  more  or  less  spreading  blades.  2.  HYPERICUM. 

Leaves    reduced   to    erect    or    appressed    minute    or    slightly 

elongate  scales  without  blades.  3.  SAROTHRA. 

Petals  pink,  sometimes  tinged  with  green  or  purple.  4.  TRIADENUM. 

1.  ASCYRUM    L.      Shrubs.     Sepals    4,    very    unequal.      Stamens    not    in 
groups.     Styles  relatively  short.    Capsule  included  in  the  calyx.  —  ST.  PETER 's- 
WORT. 

1.  A.  hypericoides  L.  Plants  diffuse:  leaf -blades  narrowly  oblong-obovate, 
spatulate,  or  linear,  5-15  mm.  long:  outer  sepals  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  7-9 
mm.  long,  the  inner  much  smaller  than  the  outer:  petals  linear-oblong:  cap- 
sules 7-8  mm.  long.  —  S.  Common,  on  dry  banks.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  ST. 
ANDREW  'S-CROSS. 

2.  HYPEEICTJM    [Tourn.]    L.     Herbs   or   shrubs.      Sepals  5,   essentially 
equal.    Stamens  mostly  in  groups.    Style  relatively  long.    Capsule  not  included. 
—  Sum.  —  ST.  JOHN  'S-WORT. 

Styles  3,  or  rarely  4  :  capsule  3-celled  or  rarely  4-celled  :  stigmas  slender  or  slightly 

thickened. 

Herbs  :  stems  simple  or  sparingly  branched. 
Stamens  few,  5-12. 

Leaf-blades  linear,  3-veined,  not  clasping.  1.  H.  canadense. 

Leaf-blades  oblong  to  ovate,  5-nerved,  clasping.  2.  H.  mutilum. 

Stamens  numerous,  15-40. 

Capsules  3-celled :  stamens  grouped :  petals  with  black 

dots  or  lines. 

Petals  pale-yellow,  with  dots  and  lines  :  stem  terete.      3.  H.  maculatum. 
Petals    deep-yellow,    with    marginal    dots :    stem 

flattened.  4.  H.  perforatum. 

Capsules  1-celled :  stamens  not  grouped :  petals  with- 
out dots.  5.  H.  ellipticum. 
Shrub  :  stems  bushy-branched.                                                                6.  H.  prolificum. 
Styles  5  :  capsule  5-celled :  stigmas  discoid.  7.  H.  Ascyron. 

1.  H.  canadense  L.     Plants  1-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  3-nerved:  sepals  lanceo- 
late or  linear-lanceolate,  3-5  mm.  long:  petals  3-6  mm.  long:  capsules  4-8  mm. 
long,  acute.  —  N.  S.     Common,  in  moist  sandy  soil.  —  Sandstones  and  shales, 
schists. 

2.  H.  mutilum  L.     Plants  1-8  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong-ovate  to  ovate,  or 
sometimes  oblong,  5-nerved:   sepals  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate:   petals  about 
3.5  mm.  long :  capsules  2-3  mm.  long,  obtuse.  —  Common,  in  moist  places. 

3.  H.  maculatum  Walt.     Plants  2-9  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  leathery,  ovate  to 
oblong-ovate  or  nearly  oblong,  1-6  cm.  long,  obtuse,  punctate:   sepals  lanceo- 
late, 3-4  mm.  long,  acute:  corolla  pale-yellow,  8-13  mm.  wide;  petals  delicate, 
copiously  black-dotted :  capsules  ovoid,  3-6  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  dry  fields 
and  on  hillsides. 

4.  H.  perforatum  L.     Plants  4-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  linear-oblong,  5-20  mm. 
long,    glandular-punctate,   those   of   the   main   stem   usually   subtending   leafy 
branches:    sepals  linear-lanceolate,   3-4  mm.   long,   acute,   glandular-punctate: 
corolla   deep-yellow,   19-24  mm.   wide;    petals  toothed   on   one   side   from   the 
middle  to  the  apex,  bearing  black  glands  near  the  teeth :  capsules  ovoid,  oblique, 
6-8  mm.  high.  —  Common,  in  dry  ifcelds  and  waste  places.    Nat.  of  Eu. 

5.  H.  ellipticum  Hook.     Plants  1-5  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  oblong  to  oval  or 
slightly  broadest   above  the  middle,   1-3   cm.   long,   obtuse,   sessile   and   often 


192  CISTACEAE. 

slightly  clasping:  cymes  few-flowered:  sepals  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  4-5.5 
mm.  long:  petals  bright-yellow,  7-10  mm.  long:  capsules  globose-ovoid,  4-5 
mm.  long,  obtuse.  —  S.  Islands  and  sandy  shore  of  the  Susquehanna.  —  Schists. 

6.  H.  prolificum  L.     Plants  shrubby,  3-12  dm.  tall,  the  branches  narrowly  2- 
winged:  leaf -blades  narrowly  oblong  or  rarely  lanceolate,  2-8  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled:    cymes    few-flowered,    short-peduncled,    in    cylindric   panicles:    sepals 
mostly  obovate,  4-6  mm.  long:    petals  deep-yellow,   8-10  mm.   long:    capsules 
conic  or  narrowly  ovoid,  8-10  mm.  long,  acute.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Fre- 
quent, on  shores  and  islands.  —  SHRUBBY  ST.  JOHN  'S-WORT. 

7.  H.  Ascyron  L.     Plants  mostly  1-2  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate-lanceolate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  or  narrowly  ovate,  3-8  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  clasping: 
cymes  few-flowered:   sepals  ovate,  7-11  mm.  long:   petals  bright-yellow,  2-2.5 
cm.   long:    capsules  conic,   2-3   cm.  long.  —  M.   S.     Islands  and  shore  of  the 
Susquehanna,  and  along  the  Little  Conestoga.  —  Limestones,  schists. 

3.  SAROTHRA  L.     Partially  succulent  annual  herbs.     Sepals  5,  equal  or 
nearly  so.     Stamens  grouped.     Styles  relatively  long.     Capsule  exserted. 

1.  S.  gentianoides  L.  Stems  1-5  dm.  tall:  leaves  scale-like,  appressed,  often 
subulate  or  those  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  sometimes  linear  or  narrowly 
oblong:  sepals  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  2-3  mm.  long:  corolla  yellow,  4-8 
mm.  broad :  stamens  5-10 :  capsules  conic,  4-5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  sandy 
and  gravelly  soil.  —  Sum.  —  PINEWEED.  ORANGE-GRASS. 

4.  TRIADENUM  Baf.     Herbs,  resembling  species  of  Hypericum.     Sepals 
5,  equal.     Stamens  mostly  9,  grouped  in  3  's,  the  filaments  of  each  group  well 
united.     Styles  relatively  long.     Capsule  exserted. 

1.  T.  virginicum  (L.)  Eaf.  Stems  2-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong,  elliptic, 
or  ovate,  2-1Q  cm.  long,  obtuse,  clasping:  sepals  lanceolate  to  oblong,  5-6  mm. 
long,  acute:  petals  obovate  to  oblanceolate  or  nearly  oblong,  8-10  mm.  long, 
acute,  delicately  nerved :  capsules  oblong,  8-10  mm.  long.  —  N.  S.  Eare,  in 
swamps.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum.  —  MARSH  ST.  JOHN  'S-WORT. 

FAMILY  2.     CISTACEAE.     ROCK-ROSE   FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  partially  woody  plants.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite: 
blades  simple.  Flowers  generally  perfect.  Calyx  of  3-5  persistent  sepals. 
Corolla  of  5  or  3  often  fugaceous  petals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  6  or 
more  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  usually  3  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

Petals  5,  yellow,  fugaceous,  or  wanting :  stigmas  not  fimbriate.  1.  CKOCANTHEMUM. 
Petals  3,  not  yellow,  marcescent-persistent :  stigmas  fimbriate.  2.  LECHEA. 

1.  CROCAJNTHEMUM  Spach.  Erect  plants.  Leaf -blades  linear  or  wider. 
Flowers  complete  and  showy,  and  with  many  stamens  in  the  early  part  of  the 
season,  inconspicuous  and  with  few  stamens  later  or  sometimes  all  conspicu- 
ously petaliferous.  Ovules  pendulous.  Capsules  of  the  petaliferous  flowers 
larger  than  those  of  the  apetalous  ones.  —  EOCK-ROSE. 

1.  C.  canadense  (L.)  Britton.  Stems  1-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong,  linear- 
oblong,  or  oblanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  1.2-3  cm.  long,  rough  and  dark-green 
above,  paler  and  canescent  beneath:  petaliferous  flowers  with  30  stamens  and 
30-60  ovules,  their  corollas  1.8-3  cm.  wide,  their  capsules  ovoid  or  obovoid  and 
6-8  mm.  long:  apetalous  flowers  appearing  later,  axillary,  nearly  sessile,  with 
4  stamens  and  6-20  ovules,  their  capsules  about  4  mm.  in  diameter:  seeds 
papillose.  —  Common,  on  dry  banks  and  in  stony  soil.  —  Spr.  and  sum. — 
FROST-WEED. 


VIOLACEAE.  193 

2.  LECHEA  Kalm.  Erect  plants  with  many  very  leafy  shoots  at  the 
base  of  the  stem  in  the  fall.  Leaf -blades  narrow,  or  those  of  the  leaves  on  the 
shoots  often  broad  and  short.  Flowers  complete,  minute.  Corolla  purplish  or 
greenish.  Ovules  erect.  Capsules  all  alike.  —  Sum.  —  PINWEED. 

Capsules  oblong :  pedicels  over  1.5  mm.  long :  calyx  glabrous  at  maturity. 

1.  L.  racemulosa. 

Capsules  globular :   pedicels   1  mm.  long  or  less  :   calyx  perma- 
nently pubescent.  2.  L.  villosa. 

1.  L.   racemulosa   Michx.     Stems   1.5-5    dm.   tall,   the   branches   divergent   or 
ascending:    stem-leaves  with  oblong   or  linear-oblong  blades  narrowed  at  the 
base,  8-18  mm.  long;  leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  smaller  than  the  stem-leaves: 
panicle  sparsely  leafy:  flowers  not  close  together:  inner  sepals  broadly  oblong, 
about  1.5  mm.  long:  petals  linear-oblong,  about  1.5  mm.  long:  pods  oblong  or 
nearly  so,  longer  than  the  sepals.  —  M.  S.     Common,  on  dry  banks  and  road- 
sides. —  Quartzite,  schists. 

2.  L.  villosa  Ell.    Stems  3-8  dm.  tall,  the  branches  ascending:  stem-leaves  with 
oblong  or  elliptic  blades  15-25  mm.  long;   leaves  of  the  basal  shoots  broader 
than  the  stem-leaves:  panicle-branches  ascending:  flowers  close  together:  inner 
sepals  broadly  oblong,  1.5-1.8  mm.  long:   petals  linear-oblong,  about  1  mm. 
long:   pods  globose,  about  1.5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  M.  S.     Occasional,  on  the 
river  shore,  and  along  the  Conestoga.  —  Limestones,  schists. 

FAMILY  3.    VIOLACEAE.     VIOLET  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite :  blades 
simple.  Flowers  perfect,  irregular.  Calyx  of  5  nearly  equal  sepals. 
Corolla  of  5  unequal  petals.  Androecium  of  5  converging  or  syngenesious 
stamens.  Gynoecium  of  3  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

Sepals  auricled  at  the  base :  lower  petal  spurred :  stamens  distinct.     1.  VIOLA. 
Sepals  not  auricled  at  the  base :  lower  petal  not  spurred :  stamens 

united.  2.  CUBBLIUM. 

1.  VIOLA  [Tourn.]  L.  Scapose  or  caulescent  herbs,  with  short  or  elon- 
gate rootstocks.  Leaf-blades  narrow  or  broad,  often  of  a  cordate  type. 
Flowers  various:  petaliferous  ones  appearing  in  spring,  solitary  on  elongate 
peduncles;  later  cleistogamous  flowers  appear  which  produce  fruits  with  abun- 
dant seed.  Corolla  mostly  violet,  purple,  yellow,  or  white.  Stamens  5  in  each 
petaliferous  flower,  the  two  lower  ones  with  appendages  that  project  into  the 
sac  or  spur  of  the  lower  petal;  these  two  stamens  alone  develop  in  the 
cleistogamous  flowers.  Capsule  often  nodding,  elastically  3-valved.  —  Allied 
species  freely  hybridize;  the  hybrids  show  marked  vegetative  vigor,  but  im- 
paired fertility.  —  VIOLET.  —  The  following  treatment  of  Viola  is  taken  from 
that  written  by  Professor  Ezra  Brainerd  for  my  Flora  of  the  Southeastern 
United  States.  (Second  Edition,  1913.)  —J.K.S. 

Plants  acaulescent :  leaves  and  scapes  from  a  rootstock  or  from  runners. 
Flowers  without  marked  fragrance  :  native  plants. 
Corolla  violet  or  purple  :  plants  without  stolons. 

All  petals  beardless :  cleistogamous  flowers  wanting.       1.  V.  pedata. 
Lateral     petals     bearded :     cleistogamous     flowers 

present. 
Cleistogamous  flowers  ovoid,  on  short  prostrate 

peduncles  :  capsules  usually  brown. 
All,  or  all  except  the  early  and  late,  leaves 
with    lobed,    parted   or    divided   blades. 
All    leaves,    except    sometimes    the    first 
leaf   of   spring,    with    palmately    5- 
11-lobed  or  -parted  blades. 
Lancaster  County  Flora  13. 


194 


VIOLACEAE. 


Plants    with    villous    foliage :     seeds 

brown. 
Plants  with  nearly  or  quite  glabrous 

foliage :  seeds  buff. 

Earliest  and  latest  leaves  with  entire  or 
merely  toothed  blades,  the  others  usu- 
ally    pedately     3-7-lobed,     -parted     or 
-divided. 
All    leaves    with    entire    or    merely    toothed 

blades. 
Plants    with    nearly    or    quite    glabrous 

foliage. 

Plants  with  markedly  pubescent  foliage. 

Leaves  with  villous   petioles  and   lower 

blade-surface :      seeds      dark-brown. 

Leaves    with    hirsutulous    upper    and 

glabrous  lower  surface :   seeds  buff. 

Cleistogamous    flowers    on    ascending    or    erect 

peduncles. 

Cleistogamous  flowers  ovoid,  on  long  ascend- 
ing peduncles  :  capsules  brown. 
Cleistogamous  flowers  subulate  or  sagittate, 

on   erect   peduncles :    capsules   green. 
Spurred    petal    glabrous ;    lateral    petals 
bearded  with  clavate  hairs  :  leaves  gla- 
brous ;    blades    broadly    ovate-cordate, 
toothed. 

Spurred  petal  villous  at  the  base;  lat- 
eral petals  bearded  with  capillary 
hairs. 

Plants  with   finely   pubescent  foliage. 
Plants  with  nearly  or  quite  glabrous 

foliage. 

Leaf-blades    lanceolate    to    oblong- 
lanceolate,   incised   at   the   base. 
Leaf-blades     deltoid     to     broadly 
ovate,    coarsely    toothed    at   the 
base. 
Corolla  white  or  yellow  and  sometimes  dark-streaked : 

plants  stoloniferous. 
Corolla  white. 

Cleistogamous  flowers  on  prostrate  peduncles, 
their  capsules  ovoid,  commonly  reddish- 
brown  :  plants  of  cold  ravines  and  low  rich 
woods. 

Cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect  peduncles,  their 
capsules   ellipsoid,   green :   plants   of   open 
bogs  or  swamps. 
Leaf-blades  broad. 

Leaf-blades   broadly  cordate-ovate :   seeds 

1  mm.  long. 
Leaf-blades    oblong   to    ovate :    seeds    1.5 

mm.  long. 
Leaf-blades   narrow,   lanceolate  to   narrowly 

elliptic. 

Corolla  yellow. 

Flowers  very  fragrant :  naturalized  plant. 
Plants  caulescent :  flowers  axillary. 

Style-tip  slender  or  enlarged,  but  not  hollow  at  the  apex  : 

stipules  entire  or  bristly  toothed. 
Style-tip   swollen :    corolla-spur   short :    stipules   nearly 

entire. 
Petals  yellow. 

Basal  leaves  usually  1-3  :  plants  sparingly  pubes- 
cent. 
Basal  leaves  usually  wanting :  plants  markedly 

pubescent. 

Petals  white  within,  usually  violet  without. 
Style-tip  slender :   corolla-spur  at  least  twice  as  long 

as  thick  :  stipules  bristly  toothed. 
Spur  short,   less   than   8  mm.   long :   lateral   petals 

bearded. 

Corolla  white  or  cream-colored. 
Corolla  violet-blue. 
Spur    elongate,    over    10   mm.    long :    lateral    petals 

beardless. 

Style-tip  markedly  swollen,  the  globose  apex  hollow  :  stip- 
ules foliaceous,  pectinate  at  the  base. 


2.  V.  palmata. 

3.  V.  Stoneana. 

4.  V.  triloba. 

5.  V.  papilionacea. 

6.  V.  sororia. 

7.  V.  hirsutula. 

8.  V.  aflinis. 

9.  V.  cucullata, 

10.  V.  fimlriatula. 

11.  V.  sagittata. 

12.  V.  emarginata. 

13.  V.  Wanda. 


14.  V.  pollens. 

15.  V.  primulifolia. 

16.  V.  lanceolata. 

17.  V.  rotundifolia. 

18.  V.  odorata. 


19.  7.  eriocarpa. 

20.  7.  pubescens. 

21.  7.  canadensis. 


22.  7.  striata. 

23.  7.  conspersa. 

24.  7.  rostrata. 


VIOL  ACE  AE.  195 

Blades  of  the  upper  leaves  and  of  the  terminal  stipule- 
lobe  entire  or  nearly  so :  petals  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals  or  less  ;  lateral  ones  narrow.  25.  V.  Raflnesquii. 

Blades  of  the  upper  leaves  and  of  the  terminal  stipule- 
lobe  markedly  toothed:  petals  over  twice  the  length 
of  the  sepals,  the  lateral  ones  broad.  26.  V.  tricolor. 

1.  V.  pedata  L.     Plant   nearly   glabrous:    rootstock  short,   erect:    leaf -blades 
3 -divided,    the    lateral    divisions   pedately    3-5-parted    or    cleft,    the    segments 
linear  to  spatula  te,  often  2-4-toothed  or  -cleft  near  the  apex;  the  leaf -blades  of 
early  spring  and  of  late  autumn  often  smaller  and  less  deeply  dissected :  corolla 
2-3  cm.  broad,  the  upper  petals  dark- violet,  the  three  lower  lilac-purple  (or  all 
petals  lilac-purple  in  V.  pedata  lineariloba} ,  all  beardless:  the  orange  tips  of 
the  stamens  large  and  conspicuous  at  the  center  of  the  flower:  capsules  green, 
glabrous:    seeds    copper-colored:    apetalous   flowers   wanting,   but   petaliferous 
frequent  in  late  summer  and  fall.  —  N.  S.     Common,  on  dry  banks.  —  Sand- 
stones and  shales,  schists.  —  BIRDFOOT-VIOLET. 

2.  V.  palmata  L.     Leaf-blades  palmately  5-11-lobed  or  -parted,  the  segments 
variously  toothed  or  cleft,  the  middle  segment  usually  widest;   petioles,  and 
veins  of  the  lower  leaf -surf  ace  villous,  the  upper  surface  often  glabrous:  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate,  rather  blunt :    corolla  violet-purple,  2-3  cm.  broad :    cleistog- 
amous  flowers  on  prostrate  peduncles,  their  capsules  ovoid,  mottled  with  brown, 
8-12  mm.  long :  seeds  brown.  —  Common,  in  dry  rich  woods. 

3.  V.  Stoneana  House.     Similar  to  V.  palmata  in  habit,  glabrous,  except  for 
few  fine  hairs  on  the  leaf -margins  and  veins:  leaf -blades  palmately  3-parted  or 
3-divided,    the    divisions    2-3-cleft    into    dilated    toothed   segments:    peduncles 
often  as  tall  as  the  leaves:  petals  violet,  paler  toward  the  tips,  the  outer  ones 
bearded,  the  spurred   one  glabrous:    cleistogamous  flowers   on  short  prostrate 
peduncles,  their  capsules  ovoid,  mottled  with  purple:   seeds  buff.  —  E.     Occa- 
sional, in  moist  woods  and  on  banks.  —  Quartzite,  schists. 

4.  V.  triloba  Schwein.     Earliest  leaf -blades,  and  those  put  forth  in  late  sum- 
mer, broadly  cordate-ovate,  usually  uncut,  sparsely  pubescent  or  glabrate;  those 
unfolding  at  petaliferous  flowering,  densely  villous  beneath  like  the  petioles, 
3-lobed    or    rarely    3-parted,    the    middle    segment    broad,    the    lateral    lunate, 
divaricate,  often  coarsely  toothed  or  pedately  cleft,  the  upper  subdivision  nar- 
row; blades  10-15  cm.  wide  when  mature:  peduncles  mostly  glabrous,  shorter 
than    the    leaves:     outer    sepals    ovate-lanceolate,    somewhat    obtuse,    slightly 
ciliate:   petals  deep-violet:   cleistogamous  capsules  ovoid,  purplish:   seeds  buff 
or  brown.  —  Frequent,  in  dry  rich  woods. 

5.  V.  papilionacea  Pursh.     Plants  glabrous,  commonly  robust,  from   a   stout 
horizontal   branching   rootstock:    leaf -blades    often    12    cm.    broad,    sometimes 
deltoid  in  outline  above   the   cordate  base,   sometimes   rounded  and  abruptly 
pointed;    petioles    often    sparingly    pubescent:    outer    sepals    ovate-lanceolate: 
corolla   deep-violet,   white   or   greenish-yellow    at   the   base,    sometimes    wholly 
white,  the  odd  petal  often  narrow  and  boat-shaped,  usually  glabrous:  cleistog- 
amous flowers  ovoid,  on  horizontal  peduncles  usually  underground  but  length- 
ened and  erect  when  the  capsules  ripen:   capsules  ellipsoid  or  cylindric,  green 
or  reddish-brown,  10-15  mm.  long:   seeds  2  mm.  long,  dark-brown.  —  Common, 
in  moist  meadows  and  woods,  and  about  dwellings. 

6.  V.    sororia    Willd.      Leaf -blades    broadly    cordate-ovate,    villous-pubescent 
especially  on  the  under  surface  when  young,  and  on  the  petioles,  often  10  cm. 
wide  when  mature :  vernal  flowers  on  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  leaves : 
outer  sepals  ovate-oblong,  commonly  obtuse,  all  finely  ciliate  below  the  middle 
and  on  the  short  rounded  auricles:  corolla  violet  to  lavender  and  occasionally 
white:   cleistogamous  capsules  usually  mottled  with  brown:   seeds  dark-brown, 
2  mm.  long.  —  Occasional,  in  moist  meadows  and  on  shaded  banks,  and  about 
dwellings. 


196  VIOLACEAE. 

7.  V.   hirsutula  Brainerd.     Plants   of   small   size:    leaf -blades   frequently   ap- 
pressed  to  the  ground,  2-5  cm.  wide,  cordate-ovate  to  renif  orm,  obtuse,  purplish 
and  glabrous  beneath,  silvery  pubescent  above,  often  purple-veined  and  mottled 
with  different   shades  of   green:    flowers   on  peduncles   exceeding  the   leaves: 
corolla    reddish-purple:    apetalous    flowers    small,    ovoid,    on    short    prostrate 
peduncles,    developing    ovoid   capsules   6-8   mm.    long,   purplish,   bearing   each 
20-30  light-brown  seeds.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     Occasional,  on  shaded 
banks.  —  Schists. 

8.  V.  affinis  LeConte.    Plant  nearly  glabrous:  leaf -blades  that  unfold  at  vernal 
flowering   narrowly   cordate-ovate   and   commonly   attenuate   toward   the  apex, 
becoming   4-6   cm.   wide   in    summer,   the   margin    noticeably    crenate-serrate; 
petioles  slender:    corolla  violet  with  the  white  base  conspicuous,  the   spurred 
petal  more  or  less  villous:   cleistogamous  flowers  small,  ovoid,  on  rather  long 
ascending  peduncles:    capsules   oblong,   5-8   mm.   long,  usually  reddish-brown, 
sometimes   green,   either   glabrous   or   clothed  with   minute   dense   pubescence: 
sepals  half  the  length   of  the   capsule,  with  small   appressed   auricles:    seeds 
normally  buff.  —  Frequent,  in  moist  meadows  and  low  woods,  and  along  streams. 

9.  V.  cucullata  Ait.     Plant  glabrous:  leaf -blades,  except  the  earliest,  cordate- 
ovate,  acute  or  subacuminate,  often  9  cm.  wide  when  mature:  peduncles  com- 
monly much  exceeding  the  leaves:    sepals  narrowly  lanceolate:    corolla  violet- 
blue,   darker-colored   at   the   throat,   the   lateral   petals   with   strongly   clavate 
beard,  the  spurred  petal  glabrous,  generally  somewhat  shorter  than  the  lateral 
ones :  cleistogamous  flowers  long  and  slender,  on  erect  often  elongated  peduncles : 
capsules  ovoid-cylindric,  green,  10-15  mm.  long,  but  little  exceeding  the  long- 
auricled  sepals:  seeds  nearly  black,  1.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  wet  places. 

10.  V.  fimbriatula  J.  E.  Smith.     Eootstock  becoming  long  and  stout,  usually 
erect:    earliest   leaf -blades   ovate,   obtuse,   the   later   ones   ovate-oblong,   acute, 
finely  pubescent,  obscurely  crenulate  toward  the  apex,  the  basal  lobes  often 
sharply  toothed,  incised  or  auriculate:  scapes  commonly  exceeding  the  leaves: 
auricles  of  the  sepals  somewhat  spreading  and  ciliate:    corolla  violet-purple: 
capsules  green,  ovoid,  6-10  mm.  long:   seeds  brown:   cleistogamous  flowers  on 
erect  peduncles.  —  E.     Occasional,  on  dry  banks.  —  Quartzite. 

11.  V.  sagittata  Ait.     Plant  usually  glabrous,  except  the  often  ciliate  leaves, 
or   finely   pubescent    throughout:    leaf -blades    lanceolate    or    oblong-lanceolate, 
becoming  4-8  cm.  long,  hastately  or  sagittately  toothed  or  cleft  at  the  base ;  the 
earliest  and  those  produced  in  late  summer  often  deltoid-ovate,  obtuse,  merely 
crenate  at  the  base:  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous:  corolla  violet- 
purple:  capsules  8-14  mm.  long,  containing  50-70  brown  seeds.  —  N.  S.     Com- 
mon,  in    dry   places   and   on    roadsides   and   banks.  —  Sandstones   and   shales, 
schists. 

12.  V.  emarginata  (Nutt.)  LeConte.     Plant  glabrous:  mature  leaf -blades  del- 
toid or  broadly  ovate,  the  base  truncate  or  subcordate,  often  decurrent,  obscurely 
crenate-serrate  above  the  middle,   coarsely  toothed   or  incised  below:    corolla 
violet -blue,  the  petals  sometimes  emarginate:   cleistogamous  capsules  ellipsoid, 
8-14   mm.   long:    peduncles   erect,    somewhat    shorter   than    the    leaves:    seeds 
brown.  —  Frequent,  in  dry  woods  and  on  hillsides. 

13.  V.  blanda  Willd.     Leaf -blades  cordate-ovate  with  narrow  sinus,  commonly 
acute,  often  acuminate,  glabrous  except  for  minute  scattered  hairs  on  the  upper 
surface;  petioles,  and  scapes,  usually  tinged  with  red:  lateral  petals  beardless, 
the  upper  pair  often  long,  narrow,  and  strongly  reflexed,  sometimes  twisted: 
cleistogamous  capsules  ovoid,  dark-purple:   seeds  dark-brown,  minutely  rugose, 
acute  at  base,  1.5  mm.  long:  plants  freely  producing,  in  summer,  slender  leafy 
runners.     [V.  LeContecma  G.  Don.]  — N.  S.    Occasional,  in  cool  ravines  and  on 
shaded  slopes.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 


VIOLACEAE.  197 

14.  V.  pallens   (Banks)   Brainerd.     Leaf-blades  broadly  cordate-ovate,  obtuse 
or  rarely  acute,  glabrous  on  both  sides;  petioles  and  scapes  often  dotted  with 
red  in  summer  and  more  or  less  hirsutulous:   lateral  petals  usually  bearing  a 
small  tuft  of  hairs,  the  upper  petals  broadly  obovate :  seeds  1  mm.  long,  almost 
black.     [F.  llanda  of  recent  authors,  not  of  Willd.] — N.  S.     Occasional,  in 
springy  places  and  along  streams.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

15.  V.  primulifolia  L.     Plant  often  quite  glabrous,  but  usually  more  or  less 
pubescent   especially  toward  the  base   of  the  petioles:    leaf -blades  oblong  or 
ovate,  the  base  slightly  cordate,  rounded  or  tapering,  obscurely  crenate-serrate ; 
petioles   often    broadly   winged   above:    flowers   white:    capsules    green,    their 
peduncles  erect  as  in  F.  lanceolata:  seeds  reddish-brown,  1.5  mm.  long.  —  N.  S. 
Frequent,  in  moist  open  grounds.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

16.  V.  lanceolata  L.    Stolons  leafy,  often  bearing  apetalous  flowers:  leaves  and 
scapes  glabrous,  5-8  cm.  high  at  time  of  vernal  flowering;   later  leaves  with 
lanceolate    or    elliptic    blades,    10-15    mm.    wide,    7-15    cm.    long,    obscurely 
crenulate,   gradually   tapering   into   margined,   often   reddish,   petioles:    sepals 
broadly  lanceolate,  acute:  lateral  petals  usually  beardless:   cleistogamous  cap- 
sules 6-12  mm.  long,  on  erect  peduncles  but  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves: 
seeds  dark-brown.  —  E.  S.     Eather  rare,  in  moist  meadows.  —  Quartzite,  schists. 

17.  V.  rotundifolia  Michx.     Eootstock  long  and  stout,  jagged  with  the  per- 
sistent bases  of  former  leaves:  runners  short,  usually  without  roots  or  leaves, 
bearing  1-4  cleistogamous  flowers:   leaf -blades  oval  or  orbicular,  cordate  with 
short  and  narrow  sinus,  repand-crenulate,  at  vernal  flowering  sparsely  hirtellous, 
2-3  cm.  wide,  in  midsummer  mostly  glabrate,  6-10  cm.  wide,  prostrate:  corolla 
bright -yellow,  the  three  lower  petals  with  brown  veins,  the  lateral  ones  bearded: 
style  clavate,  abruptly  capitate,  beakless:  capsules  ovoid,  6-8  mm.  long,  closely 
dotted  with  purple :  seeds  nearly  white.  —  N.  S.     Eare,  in  dry  or  rocky  woods. 
—  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

18.  V.  odorata  L.     Plant  producing  above  ground  leafy  stolons  rooting  freely 
at  the  nodes :  leaf -blades  broadly  cordate-ovate,  finely  pubescent :  flowers  violet 
or  white,  very  fragrant :    style  hook-shaped :    capsules  from  apetalous  flowers 
broadly  ovoid,  angled,  pubescent,  purple:    seeds  large,  cream-colored.  —  Com- 
mon, on  roadsides  and  about  dwellings.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  SWEET-VIOLET.    ENGLISH- 
VIOLET. 

19.  V.  eriocarpa  Schwein.    Plant  glabrous  except  for  minute  pubescence  along 
veins  on  lower  leaf -surf  aces  and  on  upper  parts  of  petioles  and  stem:   stems 
ascending,  commonly  2-4  from  one  rootstock:   radical  leaves  1-5;  blades  cor- 
date-reniform,  on  long  petioles;   cauline  leaves  only  on  upper  half   of  stem; 
blades  broadly  ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate,  the  uppermost  smaller,  truncate, 
nearly   sessile;    stipules   ovate   to   lanceolate,   nearly   entire,    glabrous,   tardily 
scarious:    sepals  narrowly   lanceolate:    lateral  petals   bearded:    capsule   ovoid, 
woolly  or  sometimes  glabrous:   cleistogamous  flowers  on  short  peduncles  from 
axils  of  upper  leaves:  seeds  brown,  2.5  mm.  long.     [F.  scabriuscula  Schwein.] 
— •  Common,  in  low  open  woods.  —  SMOOTH  YELLOW-VIOLET. 

20.  V.  puTbescens   Ait.     Plant   softly  pubescent:    stems  2-3   dm.   high,   often 
solitary:   leaves,  either  cauline,  2-4,  near  the  summit,  or  occasionally  a  long- 
petioled  root-leaf  is  present;  blades  broadly  ovate,  cordate  or  truncate-decur- 
rent   at   the   base,   crenate-dentate,   somewhat   pointed;    stipules   large,    ovate- 
oblong:    sepals   narrowly   lanceolate:    lateral   petals   bearded:    capsules    ovoid, 
10-12  mm,  long,  glabrous  or  sometimes  woolly:  seeds  brown,  2.5  mm.  long. — 
Common,  in  dry  rich  woods.  —  DOWNY  YELLOW-VIOLET. 

21.  V.  canadensis  L.     Stems  usually  3-4  dm.  high,  minutely  pubescent:  leaf- 
blades    cordate-ovate,    pointed,    serrate;    stipules    sharply    lanceolate:     sepals 
slender,  acuminate,  spreading:  lateral  petals  bearded,  the  spurred  petal  yellow 
at  the  base  and  striped  with  fine  dark  lines:   capsules  subglobose,  6-10  mm. 


198  VIOLACEAE. 

long,  often  downy  or  puberulent :  seeds  brown.  —  N.  Bare,  in  woods.  —  Sand- 
stones and  shales.  —  CANADA-VIOLET. 

22.  V.  striata  Ait.     Stems  several,  ascending,  15-30  cm.  long  when  in  flower, 
in  late  summer  often  6  dm.  long,  decumbent :    leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so ; 
blades  cordate-ovate,  2-4  cm.  broad,  usually  acuminate,  finely  crenate-serrate; 
stipules   large,   oblong-lanceolate:    sepals   ciliolate,   narrow,   attenuate:    corolla 
white  or  cream-colored:  style  beaked:  capsules  ovoid,  glabrous,  4-6  mm.  long: 
seeds  light -brown.  —  Common,  in  low  thickets  and  woods. 

23.  V.  conspersa  Eeichenb.     Eootstock  oblique,  often  much  branched:    stems, 
at  time  of  vernal  flowering,  8—16  cm.  high:  lower  leaf -blades  cordate-orbicular, 
obtuse,  the  upper  ones  cordate-ovate,  crenate,  subacuminate,  becoming  2-4  cm. 
wide:  flowers  numerous,  usually  pale-violet,  sometimes  white,  raised  above  the 
leaves  on  axillary  peduncles  5-8  cm.  long:  cleistogamous  flowers  in  summer  on 
short  peduncles  from  the  same  axils  that  bore  vernal  flowers,  or  from  axils  of 
later  leaves   of  the  lengthened   stem:    styles   bent   downward  at  the   tip   and 
slightly  hairy:  seeds  light -brown.  —  Common,  in  low  woods  and  shaded  grounds. 

24.  V.  rostrata  Pursh.     Stems  often  numerous,  commonly  1-2  dm.  high:  leaf- 
blades  orbicular  to  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  serrate,  the 
upper  acute  or  pointed:  petaliferous  flowers  borne  on  long  peduncles  above  the 
leaves:  petals  spotted  with  darker-violet,  all  beardless,  the  spur  slender,  10-12 
mm.  long:   later  cleistogamous  flowers  with  minute  or  aborted  petals  and  on 
short  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves:    style  straight,  beakless, 
glabrous :    capsules   ovoid,    3-5   mm.    long,    glabrous :    seeds   light-brown.  —  N. 
Occasional,  in  woods.  —  Sandstones  and  shales.  —  LONG-SPURRED  VIOLET. 

25.  V.  Rafinesquii  Greene.    Plant  annual,  glabrous,  with  the  slender  stem  often 
branched  from  the  base:  leaf -blades  small,  the  lowest  6-10  mm.  wide,  orbicu- 
lar,   on    slender   petioles,   the    upper    obovate    to    linear-oblanceolate,    sparsely 
crenulate,  attenuate  at  the  base;   stipules  pectinately  cut,  the  upper  segment 
elongated,  narrowly  spatulate,  mostly  entire;  internodes  usually  exceeding  the 
leaves:    flowers   small,   but    the   obovate   bluish- white   to    cream-colored   petals 
nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate  sepals:    seeds  light -brown,  1.2  mm. 
long.  —  Common,  on  banks  and  roadsides  and  in  fields. 

26.  V.  tricolor  L.     Similar  to  the  preceding  but  stouter,  often  3   dm.  high, 
erect  or  branching  and  decumbent:  leaf -blades  ovate  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
stem,  lanceolate  or  oval  above,  noticeably  crenate  or  crenate-serrate;   stipules 
laciniate   or  pinnatifid,   the   upper  lobe   usually   much   enlarged,   oblanceolate, 
crenate:   corolla  much  longer  than  the  lanceolate  sepals,  mostly  yellow,  violet, 
purple,  or  white,  or  variegated :  capsules  obovoid  or  oval.  —  Occasional,  about 
gardens  and  on  roadsides.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  PANSY. 

2.  CUBELIUM  Kaf.  Caulescent  herbs.  Leaf -blades  relatively  broad. 
Corolla  green.  Style  bent  above  the  ovary.  Capsule  several-seeded. 

1.  C.  concolor  (Forst.)  Eaf.  '  Plant  pubescent,  3-9  dm.  high:  leaf -blades 
oblong  or  elliptic,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole;  stipules  linear:  flowers  on  short 
recurved  peduncles,  1-3  in  the  axils:  petals  3.5-4.5  mm.  long:  capsules  oblong, 
1.5-2  cm.  long:  seeds  ovoid,  4-5  mm.  long.  —  M.  S.  Occasional,  in  rich  woods. 
—  Limestones,  quartzite,  schists.  —  Spr.  —  GREEN-VIOLET. 

Order  PASSIFLORALES. 

Herbs,  vines,  or  shrubby  plants,  or  succulent  trees  with  milky  sap. 
Leaves  alternate:  blades  entire  or  lobed.  Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious. 
Calyx  of  4  or  5  more  or  less  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  distinct  or 
united  petals,  sometimes  accompanied  by  a  fringed  crown,  or  rarely  want- 


OPUNTIACEAE.  199 

ing.  Androecium  of  5  stamens,  or  of  10  stamens  in  2  equal  rows.  Gynoe- 
cium  of  3-5  carpels.  Ovary  superior.  Fruit  a  berry  or  a  capsule. 

FAMILY  1.    PASSIFLORACEAE.    PASSION-FLOWER  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  tendril-bearing  vines,  or  shrubby  plants.  Leaves  with  entire 
or  lobed,  simple  or  rarely  compound,  blades.  Corolla  mostly  rotate. 
Stamens  5 :  filaments  usually  monadelphous  around  the  gynoecium.  Fruit 
baccate. 

1.  PASSIFLORA  L.  Perennial  vines.  Leaf -blades  entire,  lobed,  or 
parted.  Crown  filamentous,  single,  double,  or  triple.  Anthers  versatile. 

1.  P.  lutea  L.  Twigs  finely  pubescent  or  glabrous :  leaf -blades  3-15  cm.  broad, 
mostly  obtuse,  glabrous:  cymes  1-flowered:  sepals  8-12  mm.  long:  corolla 
greenish-yellow,  about  2  cm.  broad:  berries  10-15  mm.  in  diameter,  purple. — 
Lower  Susquehanna  valley.  Frequent,  in  woods,  on  the  river  shore  and  islands. 
—  Schists.  —  Early  sum.  —  PASSION-FLOWER. 

Order  OPUNTIALES. 

Succulent  typically  spine-armed  herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  nearly  leafless 
or  essentially  so,  or  leafy  rigid  herbs  with  more  or  less  specialized  hairs. 
Flowers  perfect.  Hypanthium  present.  Calyx  of  4  or  5,  or  of  many 
sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5,  or  of  many  petals.  Androecium  of  usually 
many  stamens,  in  several  series  or  groups,  sometimes  partially  reduced  to 
staminodia.  Gynoecium  of  4,  or  2-several  united  carpels.  Ovary  inferior. 
Fruit  baccate  or  capsular. 

FAMILY  1.    OPUNTIACEAE.     CACTUS  FAMILY. 

Succulent  plants  typically  spine-armed  and  often  with  cushions  of 
bristles  or  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  spines.  Leaves  mostly  wanting  or 
obsolete. 

1.  OPUNTIA  [Tourn.]  Mill.  Plants  conspicuously  jointed,  with  separated 
usually  spine-bearing  areolae.  Flowers  arising  from  the  cushions  of  remote 
bristles  of  the  areolae.  Style  cylindric. 

1.  O.  Opuntia  (L.)  Coulter.  Stems  prostrate,  the  joints  orbicular  to  obovate, 
5-10  cm.  long:  leaves  thick,  4-5  mm.  long:  bristle-cushions  rather  remote, 
usually  unarmed:  bristles  few,  yellowish-green:  spines  few,  when  present  soli- 
tary, less  than  2.5  cm.  long,  variegated:  flowers  pale-yellow,  5-6  cm.  broad: 
fruit  obovoid  or  clavate-obovoid,  2-3  cm.  long:  seeds  5  mm.  long,  thick- 
margined. —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.  Local,  on  rocks  on  Mountain  island, 
Peach  Bottom.  —  Schists.  —  Spr.  and  early  sum.  —  PRICKLY-PEAR.  INDIAN-FIG. 

Order  THYMELEALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  partially  herbaceous  plants.  Leaves  opposite  or 
alternate,  the  blades  simple,  rarely  mere  scales,  or  obsolete.  Flowers  per- 
fect, polygamous,  or  dioecious,  regular  or  nearly  so.  Calyx  of  5  or  fewer 
sepals.  Corolla  wanting  (in  our  species).  Androecium  of  as  many 
stamens  as  there  are  sepals  or  twice  as  many.  Anthers  opening  by  slits 


200  DAPHNACEAE. 

or  hinged  valves.  Gynoecium  a  single  carpel.  Ovary  superior.  Ovule 
mostly  solitary.  Fruit  usually  baccate  or  drupaceous. 

Anthers  opening  by  slits  :  plants  not  aromatic.  Fam.  1.  DAPHNACEAE. 

Anthers  opening  by  hinged  valves  :  plants  aromatic.  Fam.  2.  LAUEACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    DAPHNACEAE.    MEZEREON  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  rarely  herbs,  often  pubescent.  Leaves  opposite  or 
alternate:  blades  entire.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals,  sometimes  with  4  or  5 
scales  within.  Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  sepals  or  twice 
as  many.  Gynoecium  seated  in  the  bottom  of  the  hypanthium.  Style 
usually  eccentric. 

1.  DIKCA  L.  Shrubs.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  appearing  before  the 
leaves.  Sepals  usually  shorter  than  the  hypanthium.  Filaments  slender.  Ovary 
1-celled:  style  filiform.  Drupe  slightly  elongate. 

1.  D.  palustris  L.  Shrub  0.5-2  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval  or  obovate,  4-8  cm. 
long:  flowers  lemon-yellow:  hypanthium  7-8  mm.  long:  sepals  very  short: 
drupe  oval,  7-9  mm.  long,  red.  —  M.  Kather  rare,  in  woods  and  thickets  along 
creeks.  —  Limestones.  —  Spr.  —  MOOSE- WOOD.  LEATHER-WOOD. 

FAMILY  2.    LAURACEAE.    LAUREL  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite :  blades  entire  or  lobed. 
Flowers  in  open  or  congested  cymes.  Perianth  of  6  (rarely  4-10)  sepals 
in  2  series.  Androecium  of  usually  more  stamens  than  there  are  sepals,  in 
2-4  series,  those  of  the  third  series  usually  glandular-appendaged,  those 
of  the  fourth  series  mostly  mere  staminodia.  Gynoecium  a  single  carpel. 
Ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  drupaceous. 

Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved :  flowers  borne  in  peduncled  corymb-like  racemes. 

1.  SASSAFRAS. 
Anthers  2-celled,  2-valved :  flowers  borne  in  sessile  or  nearly  sessile 

clusters.  2.  BENZOIN. 

1.  SASSATRAS  Nees.     Trees.     Leaves  alternate,  dioecious:   blades  lobed 
or   individually   entire.     Flowers   in   axillary   peduncled   corymb-like    racemes. 
Style  columnar:  stigma  depressed.    Drupe  somewhat  elongate. 

1.  S.  Sassafras  (L.)  Karst.  Large  tree  with  ridged  bark:  leaf -blades  3-lobed 
or  rarely  entire  or  2-lobed:  flowers  greenish-yellow:  sepals  6,  narrowly 
oblong,  2.5-3  mm.  long:  drupes  oval,  8-10  mm.  long,  red  or  orange.  —  Common, 
on  dry  hills  and  in  woods.  —  Spr.  —  SASSAFRAS. 

2.  BENZOIN  Fabr.     Shrubs  or  trees,   strong-scented.     Leaves  alternate, 
deciduous:  blades  entire.     Flowers  in  sessile  cluster-like  or  umbel-like  cymes. 
Style  slender-columnar.     Drupes  somewhat  elongate. 

1.  B.  aestivale  (L.)  Nees.  Shrub  1-3  m.  tall,  the  branches  glabrous:  leaf- 
blades  thin,  obovate,  oval  or  elliptic,  5-12  cm.  long,  pale  beneath:  flowers 
yellow,  in  clusters  before  the  leaves :  calyx  6-8  mm.  wide ;  sepals  obtuse :  drupe 
oval,  about  1  cm.  long,  red.  —  Common,  along  streams  and  in  moist  soil,  usually 
in  thickets.  —  Spr.  —  SPICE-BUSH.  FEVER-BUSH.  BENJAMIN-BUSH. 

Order  MYRTALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  sometimes  aquatic  or  amphibious.  Leaves 
alternate  or  opposite.  Flowers  regular  or  irregular,  complete  or  much 
reduced.  Hypanthium  merely  enclosing  the  ovary  or  adnate  to  it. 


LYTHEACEAE.  201 

Style  present,  simple  or  compound :  stigma  terminal. 

Anthers  opening  by  pores.  Fam.  1.  MELASTOMACEAE. 
Anthers  opening  by  longitudinal  valves. 

Hypanthium  merely  enclosing  the  ovary.  Fam.  2.  LYTHKACEAB. 

Hypanthium  adnate  to  the  ovary  or  mainly  so.  Fam.  3.  EPILOBIACEAE. 

Style  wanting :  stigmas  sessile.  Fam.  4.  GUNNERACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    MELASTOMACEAE.    MEADOW-BEAUTY  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite :  blades  with  3-several  ribs. 
Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  of  3-6  sepals  surmounting  the  hypanthium. 
Corolla  of  3-6  oblique  petals.  Androecium  of  6-12  stamens,  those  opposite 
the  petals  sometimes  abortive.  Gynoecium  of  mostly  4  united  carpels. 
Ovary  enclosed  in  or  adnate  to  the  hypanthium.  Fruit  baccate  or  cap- 
sular. 

1.  RHEXIA  L.  Perennial  herbs  with  rootstocks.  Leaf-blades  usually 
3-5-ribbed.  Hypanthium  urceolate,  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary.  Sepals  4, 
persistent.  Petals  4,  deciduous.  Ovary  4-celled,  free.  Capsule  included,  4- 
valved.  —  DEERGRASS. 

1.  R.  virginica  L.  Stems  2-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong-elliptic,  oval,  lan- 
ceolate, or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-10  cm.  long:  sepals  lanceolate  or  triangular- 
lanceolate  :  petals  bright -purple,  11-17  mm.  long :  capsules  7-10  mm.  long.  —  S. 
Bare,  in  moist  sandy  soil.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  MEADOW -BEAUTY. 

FAMILY  2.    LYTHRACEAE.    LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  tropical  trees.  Leaves  mostly  opposite:  blades 
usually  entire.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals,  commonly  with 
accessory  teeth.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  petals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  few 
or  many  stamens:  anthers  versatile.  Gynoecium  of  mostly  2-6  united 
carpels.  Ovary  2-6-celled,  or  rarely  1-celled,  free  from  the  hypanthium. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  included  in  the  hypanthium. 

Hypanthium  campanulate  or  turbinate,  becoming  hemispheric  or  globose. 

Herbs  :  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils  :  capsule  septicidal :  stamens  4. 

1.    ROTALA. 

Shrubs  :  flowers  in  axillary  cymes  :   capsule  loculicidal :  stamens 

8-10.  2.  DECODON. 

Hypanthium  elongate,  cylindric  or  tubular. 

Flowers  regular  :  hypanthium  symmetrical.  3.  LYTHRUM. 

Flowers  irregular :  hypanthium  oblique.  4.  PAESONSIA. 

1.  ROTAIiA  L.     Annual   leathery-succulent   herbs.     Leaf -blades    narrow, 
entire.     Flowers  usually   solitary  in  the   axils.     Sepals  with  accessory  teeth. 
Petals  usually  4.     Stamens  4.     Style  very  short. 

1.  R.  ramosior  (L.)  Koehne.  Stems  0.5-4  dm.  long:  leaf -blades  oblong  to 
linear  or  spatulate,  1-3  cm.  long:  sepals  acute:  petals  minute:  capsules  2.5- 
3.5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Mostly  on  islands  and  shores  of  the  Susquehanna,  and 
swamps  in  the  southern  part.  —  Sum. 

2.  DECODON  J.   F.   Gmel.     Aquatic  shrubs.     Leaves  deciduous:    blades 
entire.     Flowers  in   axillary  peduncled  cymes.     Sepals   5-7,   alternating  with 
small  teeth.     Petals  5-7.     Stamens  10  or  rarely  8,  alternating  short  and  long, 
the  longer  exserted.     Capsule  loculicidally  3-6-valved. 

1.  D.  verticillatus  (L.)  Ell.  Stems  arching,  mostly  4-16  dm.  long:  leaf- 
blades  lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  3-20  cm.  long:  sepals  acuminate:  petals 
purple,  lanceolate  to  ovate,  7-9  mm.  long:  capsules  about  5  mm.  in  diameter. 


202  EPILOBIACEAE. 

—  S.  Eiver  valley  near  Safe  Harbor.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  SWAMP-LOOSESTRIFE. 
WATER- WILLOW. 

3.  LYTHRUM  L.     Herbs  or  shrubs.     Leaf -blades  entire.     Flowers  axil- 
lary or  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.     Sepals  4-6,  alternating  with  spreading 
teeth.     Petals  4-6,  nearly  equal.     Stamens  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the 
hypanthium.     Embryo  with  auricled  cotyledons. 

1.  L.  Salicaria  L.  Plant  perennial,  1  m.  tall  or  less,  with  finely  pubescent 
branches:  leaf -blades  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  3-11  cm.  long,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  and  clasping  at  the  base:  panicle  many- 
flowered,  showy:  hypanthium  5-6  mm.  long,  ribbed:  sepals  deltoid,  -5-5  as 
long  as  the  slender,  subulate  appendages:  petals  magenta,  oblong  or  nearly  so, 
8-10  mm.  long :  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  the  hypanthium.  —  W.  Swamps, 
near  Columbia.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  LOOSESTRIFE. 

4.  PABSONSIA  P.  Br.    Herbs  or  woody  plants,  mostly  clammy-pubescent. 
Leaf -blades  entire.     Flowers  axillary,  or  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.     Sepals 
6,  alternating  with  small  teeth.     Petals  6,  unequal.     Stamens  adnate  to  near 
the  top  of  the  hypanthium.     Embryo  with  orbicular  cotyledons. 

1.  P.  petiolata  (L.)  Eusby.  Plants  annual,  1-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  lanceo- 
late to  ovate-lanceolate,  1-1.5  cm.  long:  petals  purple,  mostly  ovate,  the  upper 
ones  4.5-5.5  mm.  long:  capsules  6-8  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  woods, 
and  on  roadsides.  —  Sum.  —  CLAMMY- WEED. 

FAMILY  3.     EPILOBIACEAE.    EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite:  blades  simple. 
Flowers  typically  perfect.  Hypanthium  often  elongate.  Calyx  of  2-6, 
usually  4,  sepals.  Corolla  of  2-9,  usually  4,  petals,  or  rarely  wanting. 
Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  the  sepals,  or  twice  as  many.  Gynoe- 
cium  of  several,  usually  4,  united  carpels.  Ovary  1-6-celled,  usually  4- 
celled,  inferior.  Styles  united.  Fruit  capsular  or  nut-like. 

Floral  whorls  of  4  parts  or  more. 

Fruit  a  many-seeds  capsule,  opening  by  valves  or  by  a  pore,  or  by  the  breaking 

down  of  the  walls. 

Hypanthium  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 
Seed  naked,  i.  e.,  without  a  tuft  or  hairs. 

Leaves  opposite :  stems  prostrate,  creeping  or  floating :  flowers  sessile 

or  nearly  so  :  corolla  wanting  or  very  small.          1.   ISNARDIA. 
Leaves  alternate :  stems  erect :  flowers  peduncled  : 

corolla  showy.  2.  LUDWIGIA. 

Seeds  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs.  3.  CHAMAEXERIOX. 

Hypanthium  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 

Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs.  4.  EPILOBIUM. 

Seeds  naked  or  merely  tuberculate. 

Flowers  with  all  the  stamens  equal  in  length.  5.  OEXOTHERA. 

Flowers  with  the  alternate  stamens  longer.  0.  KXEIFFIA. 

Fruit  indehiscent,  nut-like.  7.  GAURA. 

Floral  whorls  of  2  parts.  8.  CIRCAEA. 

1.  ISNARDIA  L.  Perennial  succulent  herbs.  Leaf -blades  relatively  wide. 
Flowers  axillary.  Sepals  4,  broad.  Petals  minute,  reddish  to  greenish,  or 
wanting.  Filaments  very  short.  Ovary  short.  Style  wanting  or  nearly  so. 
Capsule  obovoid  or  turbinate. 

1.  I.  palustris  L.  Stem  diffusely  branched:  leaf -blades  spatulate  to  oval  or 
ovate,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long:  hypanthium  glabrous:  sepals  triangular:  petals  want- 
ing or  minute  and  reddish :  capsules  3-4  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  swamps.  — 
Sum.  —  MARSH-PURSLANE.  WATER-PURSLANE. 


EPILOBIACEAE.  203 

2.  LUDWIGIA  L.    Annual  or  perennial  herbs.    Leaf -blades  narrow,  entire 
or  rarely  shallowly  toothed.     Flowers  axillary  or  terminal.     Sepals  generally 
persistent.     Petals  usually  4.     Ovary  usually  4- celled.     Capsule   cylindric  or 
prismatic  to  globose.  —  FALSE-LOOSESTRIFE. 

1.  L.  alternifolia  L.  Plants  6-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  lanceolate,  6-12  cm. 
long:  sepals  ovate:  petals  about  equalling  the  sepals:  capsules  slightly  winged 
on  the  angles,  5-7  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  wet  places.  —  Sum.  —  SEEDBOX. 

3.  CHAMAENEBION  Adans.     Perennial   herbs.     Leaf-blades  entire   or 
nearly  so.     Flowers  irregular,  in  showy  racemes.     Sepals  4,  deciduous.     Petals 
4,  entire.     Stamens  8,  declined.     Stigmas  4.     Capsule  elongate,  obtusely  angled. 
Seeds  comose. 

1.  C.  angustifolium  (L.)  Scop.  Plants  5-25  dm.  tall,  often  clustered:  leaf- 
blades  lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long:  corolla  purple  or  sometimes  white;  petals 
1-1.5  cm.  long:  capsules  5-7.5  cm.  long:  coma  of  seeds  about  10  mm.  long. — 
Occasional,  in  woods  and  thickets  and  on  hillsides.  —  Sum.  —  FIRE- WEED. 
WILLOW-HERB. 

4.  EPILOBIUM  L.     Perennial  herbs  or  somewhat  woody  plants.     Leaf- 
blades  entire  or  toothed.     Flowers  solitary,  spicate,  or  racemose.     Sepals  4, 
short,  deciduous.    Petals  4,  pink  or  white,  often  notched.    Stamens  8.    Stigmas 
4,  or  united  and  clavate.     Capsules  elongate,  4-sided.     Seeds  comose.  —  Sum. 
and  fall.  —  WILLOW-HERB. 

Stem    and    branches    terete :    leaf-blades    linear    to    lanceolate,    revolute,    essentially 

entire. 
Corolla  small,  about  1  cm.  wide :  leaf-blades  petioled :  plants  canescent. 

1.  E.  lineare. 
Corolla  large,  about  1.5  cm.  wide :  leaf -blades  sessile :  plants 

glandular-pubescent.  2.  E.  strictum. 

Stem  and  branches  with  decurrent  ridges  below  the  leaf -bases  : 

leaf-blades  ovate  to  lanceolate,  flat,  serrate.  3.  E.  coloratum. 

1.  E.  lineare  Muhl.     Plants  3-5  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  linear  or  nearly  so,  2.5-5 
cm.  long:  flowers  erect:  sepals  2-3  mm.  long:  petals  4-5  mm.  long,  shallowly 
notched :  capsules  3.5-5.5  cm.  long :  seeds  about  1.5  mm.  long.  —  S.     Bare,  in 
moist  grounds.  —  Schists. 

2.  E.  strictum  Muhl.     Plants  3-9  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  lanceolate  to  linear, 
1.5-4  cm.  long,  entire  or  obscurely  toothed,  veiny,  sessile:  sepals  3-4  mm.  long: 
petals  cuneate,  about  8  mm.  long,  deeply  notched:  capsules  5-7  cm.  long:  seeds 
about  2  mm.  long.  —  M.     Bare,  Dillerville  swamp,  Lancaster.  —  Limestones. 

3.  E.  coloratum  Muhl.     Plants  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  lanceolate,  5-15  cm. 
long:  flowers  generally  nodding:  sepals  2.5-3.5  mm.  long:  petals  3-4  mm.  long, 
shallowly  notched :  capsules  4.5-6  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  low  grounds. 

5.  OENOTHEEA  L.    Annual  or  biennial  large  herbs.     Leaf -blades  undu- 
late or  toothed.     Buds  erect.     Flowers   nocturnal,   spicate.     Sepals  elongate. 
Corolla  yellow.    Capsules  4-sided,  tapering.     [Onagra  Adans.]  —  Sum.  —  EVEN- 
ING-PRIMROSE. 

Sepals  less  than  3  cm.  long,  the  free  tips  subulate,  less  than  4  mm.  long :  corolla 
2-5  cm.  wide.  1.  O.  Mennis. 

Sepals  over  3  cm.  long,  the  free  tips  filiform,  over  5  mm.  long : 

corolla  8-12  cm.  wide.  2.  O.  grandiflora. 

1.  O.  biennis  L.  Stems  13-25  dm.  tall,  hirsute:  leaf -blades  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, 2.5-15  cm.  long,  repand-denticulate :  petals  bright -yellow,  1-2.5  cm.  long: 
capsules  narrowly  oblong-conic,  18-25  mm.  long,  nearly  terete.  —  Common,  on 
roadsides  and  in  thickets. 


204  EPILOBIACEAE. 

2.  O.  grandiflora  Ait.  Similar  to  0.  biennis,  but  larger  throughout,  sometimes 
3  m.  tall:  petals  4-6  cm.  long,  golden-yellow:  capsules  linear-conic,  3-4  cm. 
long,  4-sided.  —  Occasional,  on  roadsides  and  in  fence  rows.  Nat.  of  Ala. 

6.  KNEIFFIA   Spach.     Annual    or   perennial    small   herbs.      Leaf -blades 
entire   or    shallowly   toothed.     Buds   mostly   erect.     Flowers    spicate,    diurnal. 
Petals  yellow.     Ovary  clavate  or  stout.     Capsule  clavate  or  with  an  oblong  or 
ovoid  body,  4- winged,  or  4-angled.    Seeds  not  tubercled.  —  Sum.  — SUNDROPS. 

Capsules  clavate. 

Young  inflorescence  erect :  capsules  pubescent :  petals  over  1  cm.  long. 

Pubescence    of    the    capsule    of    straight    spreading    hairs :    pedicel-like    base 
longer  than  the  capsule-body  whose  thick  wings  are  pubescent. 

1.  K.  longipedicellata. 

Pubescence  of  the  capsule  of  minute  curved  hairs : 
pedicel-like  base  shorter  than  the  capsule-body  whose 
thin  wings  are  often  glabrous.  2.  K.  linearis. 

Young  inflorescence  nodding  at  the  tip  :  capsules  glabrous 

or  nearly  so :  petals  less  than  1  cm.  long.  3.  K.  pumila. 

Capsules  oblong  or  nearly  so.  4.  K.  fruticosa. 

1.  K.  longipedicellata  Small.     Stems  puberulent  or  short-hirsute,  3-8.5   dm. 
tall:  basal  leaves  with  spatulate  or  obovate-spatulate  blades  3.5-7.5  cm.  long: 
stem-leaves  few;   blades  linear-lanceolate,  2.5-6.5  cm.  long,  entire,  sometimes 
undulate:    sepals  hirsute,   12-19  mm.  long:    petals  mostly  over   2   cm.   long: 
capsule-body  narrowly  obovoid,  6-10  mm.  long,  hirsute.  —  Occasional,  in  low 
grounds. 

2.  K.  linearis   (Michx.)   Spach.     Stems  puberulent,  short-pilose  or  nearly  gla- 
brous,  1.5-5   dm.   tall:    basal  leaves  with   spatulate   or  broadly  oblanceolate 
blades,   5-8   cm.  long,  entire   or  nearly  so:    stem-leaves  usually  few;    blades 
linear   or   linear-lanceolate,   2.5-7.5   cm.   long,   slightly   toothed:    sepals   about 
1   cm.  long,  pubescent:    petals  mostly   1.5-2   cm.  long:    capsule-body  oblong- 
clavate,  7-14  mm.  long,  canescent.  —  S.     Occasional,  in  the  Susquehanna  valley 
and  adjacent  parts.  —  Schists. 

3.  K.  pumila  (L.)  Spach.     Stems  puberulent,  2-6  dm.  tall:  basal  leaves  with 
oblanceolate   or   spatulate  blades:    stem-leaves  few   or  many;    blades   oblong, 
linear  or  elliptic,  2-8  cm.  long,  entire  or  very  nearly  so:  sepals  5-7  mm.  long: 
petals  6-9  mm.  long:  capsule-body  obovoid  or  oblong-obovoid,  6-12  mm.  long, 
glabrous   or   nearly   so. —  W.   S.     Not   very   common,   in   moist   sandy   places. 
—  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

4.  K.  fruticosa   (L.)  Eaimann.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  green  or  purple,  puberu- 
lent: leaf -blades  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  mostly 
denticulate:  sepals  15-20  mm.  long:  petals  2-3  cm.  long:  capsule-body  oblong, 
6-9  mm.  long,  prominently  winged.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil. 

7.  GAURA  L.     Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs.     Leaf -blades  entire, 
toothed,   or  pinnatifid.     Flowers   spicate   or   racemose.      Hypanthium   narrow, 
somewhat  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary.     Petals  unequal,  with  clawed  blades. 
Stamens  8,  declined.    Style  declined.    Stigma  4-lobed,  surrounded  by  a  cup-like 
border.     Fruit  ribbed  or  angled,  often  with  a  pedicel-like  base. 

1.  G.  biennis  L.  Stems  6-15  dm.  tall,  villous-hirsute :  leaf -blades  lanceolate, 
oblong-lanceolate,  or  elliptic,  3-10  cm.  long,  remotely  denticulate  or  merely 
undulate:  buds  pubescent:  base  of  the  hypanthium  villous:  sepals  8-9.5  mm. 
long:  petals  white,  sometimes  turning  pink,  7—11  mm.  long:  fruit  elliptic  to 
oval-elliptic,  6-10  mm.  long,  more  or  less  hirsute.  —  Bather  common,  in  dry 
soil  and  along  streams.  —  Sum. 

8.  CIRCAEA    [Tourn.]    L.     Perennial   herbs.      Leaves    opposite:    blades 
mostly  toothed,  petioled.     Flowers  racemose.     Sepals  2.     Petals  2,   notched. 


NYSSACEAE.  205 

Stamens  2,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  1-2-celled.  Fruit  obovoid,  usually 
bristly  with  hooked  hairs. 

1.  O.  lutetiana  L.  Plants  3-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate,  5-10  cm.  long, 
remotely  denticulate:  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long:  corolla  about  3  mm.  broad:  fruits 
broadly  obovoid,  about  4  mm.  long,  with  stiff  hairs.  —  Common,  in  woods  and 
thickets.  —  Sum.  —  ENCHANTER  'S-NIGHTSHADE. 

FAMILY  4.     GUNNERACEAE.     WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY. 

Perennial,  or  rarely  annual,  aquatic  or  amphibious  herbs.  Leaves 
alternate  or  whorled:  blades  entire  to  dissected,  often  of  2  kinds  on  the 
same  plant.  Flowers  perfect  or  monoecious.  Calyx  of  2-4  sepals. 
Corolla  of  2-4  small  petals,  or  wanting.  Androeeium  of  1-8  relatively 
large  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  1,  or  of  2-4,  sometimes  united,  carpels. 
Ovary  inferior.  Stigmas  1-4.  Fruit  an  angled,  ribbed,  or  winged  nutlet 
or  drupe. 

1.  PROSERPINACA  L.  Herbs  with  creeping  stems.  Leaves  alternate: 
blades  toothed  or  pectinate-pinnatifid,  the  lower  ones  more  finely  dissected. 
Flowers  perfect,  axillary.  Petals  wanting. 

1.  P.  pectinata  Lam.  Leaf -blades  pectinate  or  pectinate-pinnatifid:  fruits 
3.5-4  mm.  long,  the  angles  rather  obtuse.  —  M.  Bare,  in  swamps  along  the 
Conestoga  near  Lancaster.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum.  —  MERMAID- WEED. 

Order  AMMIALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite :  blades 
simple  or  compound.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious,  often 
borne  in  umbels.  Calyx  of  typically  5  small  sepals  surmounting  the 
hypanthium.  Corolla  of  typically  5  petals,  or  wanting.  Androeeium  of 
as  many  stamens  as  sepals.  Gynoecium  2-carpellary  or  rarely  several-1- 
carpellary.  Ovary  inferior.  Fruit  drupaceous  or  baccate,  or  dry  (a 
cremocarp). 

Fruit  drupaceous   or  baccate :   gynoecium   1-several-carpellary,  if  2-carpellary,  stig- 
mas introrse. 
Styles   single   or   united:    ovule   with   a   dorsal    raphe :    leaves   mostly   opposite; 

blades  entire  or  merely  toothed.  Fam.  1.  NYSSACEAE. 

Styles  distinct :  ovule  with  a  ventral  raphe  :  leaves  mostly 

alternate ;  blades  lobed  or  compound.  Fam.  2.  HEDERACEAE. 

Fruit    dry,    a    cremocarp :    gynoecium    2-carpellary :    stigmas 

terminal.  Fam.  3.  AMMIACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    NYSSACEAE.    DOGWOOD  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  rarely  partly  herbaceous  plants.  Leaves  opposite 
or  alternate:  blades  usually  entire.  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  borne 
in  naked  or  involucrate,  open  or  congested  cymes.  Calyx  of  mostly  4  or  5 
sepals.  Corollas  of  4  or  5,  or  rarely  more,  petals,  or  wanting.  Androeeium 
of  usually  as  many  stamens  as  sepals.  Gynoecium  of  1  carpel  or  of  2-4 
united  carpels.  Styles  single  or  united.  Fruit  mostly  a  drupe,  or  baccate. 

Flowers    dioecious   or   polygamo-dioecious :   stigmas   lateral :    drupe  with   a    1-celled, 

1-seeded  stone.  1.  NYSSA. 

Flowers  perfect :  stigmas  terminal :  drupe  with  a  2-celled,  2-seeded 

stone. 
Flowers  in   open   cymes,   not   subtended  by  an   involucre :   fruit 

surmounted  by  the  style,  globular,  not  red.  2.   SVIDA. 

Flowers  in  a  head,  subtended  by  a  large  involucre :  fruit  sur- 
mounted by  the  calyx,  elongate,  red.  3.  CYNOXYLON. 


206  HEDEEACEAE. 

1.  NYSSA  L.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  terete  branches.     Leaves  alternate, 
deciduous.     Flowers  poly gamo- dioecious,  on  spreading  peduncles,  the  staminate 
with  5-several  sepals  and  5-many  stamens,  the  pistillate  with  5  sepals  and  a  1- 
celled  pistil.     Drupe  somewhat  elongate.  — TUPELO. 

1.  N.  sylvatica  Marsh.  Tree  becoming  50  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval  or  obovate, 
or  rarely  oblanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long:  flowers  slender-peduncled,  green:  drupes 
oval,  15-17  mm.  long,  dark-blue.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil.  —  Spr.  —  SOUR-GUM. 
BLACK-GUM.  PEPPERIDGE. 

2.  SVIDA  Opiz.     Shrubs  or  trees.     Leaves  opposite  or  rarely  alternate. 
Flowers  in  naked  erect  corymb-like  cymes.     Sepals  4,  minute.     Petals  4,  white, 
spreading.     Stamens  4.     Drupe  globular  or  depressed.  —  Spr.  or  early  sum. — 
CORNEL.    DOGWOOD. 

Leaves  opposite,  remote  :  drupes  white  or  pale-  or  light-blue. 

Drupes  blue :  leaf -blades  copiously  pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young. 

Leaf-blades  orbicular  or  ovate-orbicular  :  sepals  deltoid.  1.  S.  circinata. 

Leaf -blades  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  :  sepals  lanceolate.  2.  S.  Amomum. 

Drupes  white  :  leaf-blades  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath.  3.  S.  candidissima. 
Leaves  alternate,   approximate  at  the  end  of  the  branches : 

drupes  deep-blue  or  blue-black.  4.  8.  alternifolia. 

1.  S.  circinata  (L'Her.)  Small.    Shrub  3  m.  tall  or  less  with  green  twigs:  leaf- 
blades  oval,  or  somewhat  ovate  to  suborbicular,  5-15  cm.  long,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate,   sparingly  pubescent  but  green  above,  pale  and  rather   copiously 
woolly   beneath:    cymes    dense,   4-9    cm.    wide:    sepals   deltoid,   acute:    petals 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-3.5  mm.  long:  stamens  exceeding  the  petals: 
drupes  globose,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter,  light-blue.  —  M.     Bare,  along  the 
Conestoga  above  Lancaster.  —  Limestones. 

2.  S.  Amomum   (Mill.)   Small.     Shrub  with  purple  twigs:   leaf -blades  lanceo- 
late to  broadly  ovate,  3-13  cm.  long,  silky  and  often  somewhat  rusty  beneath: 
drupes  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  pale-blue.  —  Common,  in  moist  thickets  and  along 
streams.  —  KINNIKINNIK.     SILKY-CORNEL. 

3.  S.  candidissima  (Marsh.)  Small.    Shrub  with  gray  twigs:  leaf -blades  ellip- 
tic or  lanceolate,  4-15  cm.  long:   sepals  triangular:   petals  oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate  :  drupes  subglobose,  4-5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  N.  E.     Eather  rare,  in 
thickets  and  on  roadsides.  —  Sandstones  and  shales. 

4.  S.  alternifolia   (L.  f.)   Small.     Shrub,  or  tree  sometimes  9  m.  tall:   leaf- 
blades  elliptic  or  oval,  varying  to  ovate  or  obovate,  5-15  cm.  long,  whitish 
beneath,  prominently  ribbed:    petals   oblong-ovate:    drupes   depressed-globose, 
8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  blue-black.  —  N.     Eather  rare,  in  woods  and  thickets. 
—  Sandstones  and  shales. 

3.  CYNOXYLON  Eaf.     Trees  or  shrubs.     Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  per- 
fect, in  conspicuously  involucrate  heads.     Sepals  4,  broadly  ovate  to  oblong. 
Petals  4,  greenish  or  yellow-green,  recurving.     Stamens  4.     Drupe  elongate. 

1.  C.  floridum  (L.)  Eaf.  Shrub,  or  tree  sometimes  15  m.  tall,  with  very  rough 
black  bark:  leaf -blades  elliptic  to  oval,  6-18  cm.  long,  pale  beneath:  involucral 
bracts  white  or  pink,  obovate,  4-6  cm.  long:  petals  linear.  3-4.5  mm.  long: 
drupes  oblong  to  oval,  about  15  mm.  long,  red.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  on 
hillsides.  —  Spr.  —  FLOWERING-DOGWOOD. 

FAMILY  2.     HEDERACEAE.     IVY  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  simple  or 
compound.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  often  umbellate.  Calyx  of 
5  sepals,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  of  5  or  10  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  2-5 
united  carpels.  Styles  distinct.  Fruit  a  berry  or  a  drupe. 


AMMIACEAE.  207 

Umbel  simple :  plants  scapose,  the  bracts  whorled :  styles  2  or  3.  1.  PANAX. 

Umbel  compound :  plants  caulescent,  the  leaves  alternate :  styles  5.  2.  ABALIA. 

1.  PANAX  L.   Perennial  herbs.   Leaf -blades  palmately  compound.    Scape 
topped  with  a  whorl  of  bracts  quite  similar  to   the  leaves.     Umbel  simple. 
Ovary  mostly  2-  or  3-celled.    Styles  distinct.     Fruit  red,  yellowish  or  yellow. 

Rootstock  globular  :  leaflets  sessile,  obtuse  :  berries  yellow.         1.  P.  trifolium. 
Rootstock  fusiform  :  leaflets  stalked,  acuminate :  berries  bright- 
crimson.  2.  P.  quinquefolium. 

1.  P.  trifolium  L.    Plants  1-2  dm.  tall :  bracts  3 :  leaflets  3,  the  blades  oblong 
or  elliptic,  1-8  cm.  long:  petals  white:  berries  4-5  mm.  broad.  —  Common,  in 
damp  places  in  woods.  —  Spr.  —  DWARF-GINSENG.     GROUND-NUT. 

2.  P.  quinquefolium  L.     Plants  2-4  dm.  tall:  bracts  3  or  5:  leaflets  5-7,  the 
blades  obovate,  or  those  of  the  basal  leaflets  oval  or  suborbicular,  2-12  cm. 
long :  petals  greenish :  berries  8-10  mm.  broad.  —  Rare,  in  rich  woods.  —  Sum. 

—  GINSENG. 

2.  ABATJA    [Tourn.]    L.     Perennial  herbs,   shrubs,   or  trees,   sometimes 
prickle-armed  or  spiny.     Leaves  alternate:  blades  pinnately  or  ternately  com- 
pound.   Umbel  compound.    Ovary  mostly  5-celled.    Styles  distinct  or  united  at 
the  base.    Fruit  black.  —  SPIKENARD.     SARSAPARILLA. 

Umbels  few,  in  terminal  corymbs  or  few-rayed  umbels. 

Plants  with  elongate  rootstocks,  a  peduncle  or  a  leaf,  or  both,  arising  together 
at  intervals  from  the  rootstock  :  anthers  globular.  1.  A.  nudicaulis. 

Plants  with  leafy  branches  arising  from  the  rootstocks  :  anthers 

oblong.  2.  A.  hispida. 

Umbels  numerous,  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes  or  panicles. 

Large  unarmed  herb  :   leaflets  membranous  :   hypanthium   cam- 

panulate :  anthers  globular.  3.  A.  racemosa. 

Shrub  or  small  tree,  with  prickle-armed  stems  :  leaflets  leathery  : 

hypanthium  broadly  turbinate  :  anthers  oblong.  4.  A.  spinosa. 

1.  A.  nudicaulis  L.     Plants  2-3.5  dm.  tall,  sparingly  soft-pubescent  or  gla- 
brous: leaf  usually  solitary:  inflorescence  overtopped  by  the  leaf:  berries  6-8 
mm.  in  diameter :  seeds  4.5-5  mm.  long,  very  flat.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  on 
rocky  hillsides.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  WILD  SARSAPARILLA. 

2.  A.  hispida  Vent.     Plants  2-9  dm.  tall,  bristly  pubescent:  leaves  several  or 
many:  inflorescence  overtopping  the  leaves:  berries  rather  smaller  than  those 
of  A.   nudicaulis:   seeds   2.5-3   mm.   long,   swollen.  —  E.    S.     Eather  rare,   in 
thickets  and  rocky  woods.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum.  —  WILD- 
ELDER.     BRISTLY-SARSAPARILLA. 

3.  A.  racemosa  L.     Herb  1-2  m.  tall,  unarmed:  blades  of  the  leaflets  mem- 
branous:   hypanthium    campanulate:    petals   rather    shorter   than   the   hypan- 
thium :  berries  4-5  mm.  in  diameter :  seeds  about  2.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in 
rich  woods.  —  Sum.  —  SPIKENARD. 

4.  A.  spinosa  L.     Shrub  or  small  tree,  prickle-armed:   blades  of  the  leaflets 
leathery:    hypanthium  broad-turbinate :    petals  longer   than  the  hypanthium: 
berries  6-7  mm.  in  diameter :  seeds  about  4  mm.  long.  —  Locally  escaped  from 
cultivation.  —  Sum.  —  PRICKLY-ASH.     TOOTHACHE-TREE.     HERCULES  '-CLUB. 

FAMILY  3.    AMMIACEAE.     CARROT  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  hollow  stems.  Leaves  typically  alternate :  blades  dissected, 
or  sometimes  merely  toothed,  or  entire.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous, 
umbellate.  Calyx  of  5  tooth-like  sepals,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  of  5  petals. 
Androecium  of  5  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  2  united  carpels,  often  with  a 
stylopodium.  Fruit  dry,  a  cremocarp,  the  ribbed  or  winged  carpels 
separating  at  maturity. 


208 


AMMIACEAE. 


Fruit  with  obscure  or  obsolete  oil-tubes. 
Fruit  strongly  flattened  laterally. 

Fruit  not  strongly  flattened  laterally,  sometimes  turgid. 
Seed-face  concave. 
Stylopodium  conic. 

Fruit  bristly-pubescent. 
Fruit  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Stylopodium  obsolete  or  flat. 

Fruits    turgid,    prominently    ribbed :    leaf -blades 

dissected. 
Fruits  of  an  oblong  type,  inconspicuously  ribbed  : 

leaf-blades  entire,  perfoliate. 
Seed-face  essentially  flat. 
Fruit  with  distinct  oil-tubes. 

Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally,   the  lateral   ribs  of  the 

carpels  more  or  less  strongly  winged. 
Stylopodium  conic. 

Fruit  not  notched  at  the  apex,  the  carpels  not  very 

flat. 

Fruit  notched  at  the   apex,   the   carpels   very  flat. 
Stylopodium  obsolete  or  flat. 
Corolla  white. 
Fruit  spineless. 

Fruit  armed  with  barbed  spines. 
Corolla  yellow. 
Fruit  more  or  less  flattened  laterally,  sometimes  slightly 

dorsally  flattened. 
Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 
Stylopodium  conic. 

Leaf-segments,    at    least    those    of    the    upper 

leaves,  narrowly  linear  or  filiform. 
Leaf-segments   neither  narrowly   linear  nor  fili- 
form. 

Seed-face  concave  or  grooved. 
Seed-face  flat. 

Fruit  short,  often  as  wide  as  long. 
Fruit  elongate-oblong. 
Stylopodium  obsolete  or  flat. 
Corolla  white. 
Corolla  yellow. 

Fruit  with  winged  ribs. 
Fruit  with  merely  filiform  ribs. 
Oil-tubes  more  than  one  on  the  intervals. 
Stylopodium  conic. 
Stylopodium  flat  or  obsolete. 
Fruit  without  ribs,  spiny. 
Fruit  ribbed,  spineless. 
Carpel-ribs  filiform. 

Carpel-ribs  corky,  at  least  the  lateral  ones. 
Oil-tubes     continuous     around     the     seed 

cavity  :  Stylopodium  flat. 
Oil-tubes    2-3    in    the    intervals :    stylo- 
podium  obsolete. 


1.  HYDROCOTYLE. 


5.  WASHINGTONIA. 
4.  CEREFOLIUM. 


7.  CONIUM. 

8.  BUPLEURUM. 
14.  AEGOPODIUM. 


19.  OXYPOLIS. 
21.  HERACLEUM. 


18.  ANGELICA. 
22.  DADCUS. 
20.  PASTINACA. 


6.  CORIANDRUM. 

3.  CHAEROPHYLLUM. 

11.  CICUTA. 

12.  DERINGA. 

9.  CELERI. 

17.  THASPIUM. 
10.  ZIZIA. 

16.    LlGUSTICUM. 

2.  SANICULA. 

13.  TAENIDIA. 

8.  BUPLEURUM. 
15.  SIUM. 

1.  HYDROCOTYLE    [Tourn.]    L.     Perennial   amphibious  herbs.     Leaves 
solitary  at  each  node.    Umbels  simple  or  proliferous.    Sepals  manifest.    Petals 
valvate.     Carpels  with  distinct  ribs,  and  oil-bearing  tissues  beneath  the  epi- 
dermis. —  Sum.  —  MARSH-PENNYWORT.     WATER-PENNYWORT. 

Umbels  nearly  sessile :  leaf-blades  shallowly  lobed.  1.  H.  americana. 

Umbels  long-peduncled :   leaf-blades  deeply  lobed.  2.  H.  ranunculoides. 

1.  H.  americana  L.    Leaf -blades  reniform,  2-5  cm.  wide,  crenate-lobed :  petals 
less  than  1  mm.  long:   fruits  1—1.5  mm.  wide,  sharply  ribbed,  oval  in  cross- 
section.  —  Common,  in  swamps. 

2.  H.  ranunculoides  L.  f.     Leaf -blades  reniform  to  orbicular-reniform,  2-5  cm. 
wide,  deeply  lobed:  petals  over  1  mm.  long:  fruits  2.5-3  mm.  wide,  obscurely 
ribbed,  oblong  in  cross-section.  —  Bare,  in  wet  places,  especially  abundant  in 
the  Susquehanna  valley. 

2.  SANICULA    [Tourn.]    L.     Biennial   or  perennial,   glabrous  or   nearly 
glabrous  herbs.    Leaves  alternate :  blades  pinnatifid  or  palmately  3-7-f oliolate : 


AMMIACEAE.  209 

leaflets  toothed  or  incised.  Umbels  irregular,  compound,  few-rayed.  Bracts  of 
the  involucres  resembling  the  leaves.  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  white,  yel- 
lowish, or  purple.  Fruit  subglobose  or  oblong,  somewhat  dorsally  flattened, 
armed  with  hooked  bristles:  carpels  ribless:  oil- tubes  usually  5.  —  Sum. — 
SNAKE-ROOT.  BLACK  SNAKE-ROOT.  SANICLE. 

Plants  perennial  :  stamens  and  style  much  exserted  :  fruits  mostly  over  6  mm.  long. 

1.  8.  marylandica. 
Plants  biennial :  stamens  and  style  included  :  fruits  mostly  less 

than  6  mm.  long.  2.  S.  canadensis. 

1.  S.  marylandica  L.     Stems  4.5-13  dm.  tall,  mostly  simple  below  the  inflo- 
rescence: leaves  bluish-green:  involucels  of  scale-like  bractlets:  petals  slightly 
longer  than  the  sepals :  fruits  obovoid,  not  stipitate.  —  Common,  in  woods  and 
thickets. 

2.  S.  canadensis  L.     Stems  3-13  dm.  tall:  divisions  of  the  leaf -blade  cuneate- 
obovate   to  narrowly  oblong:    involucre   of  minute  bracts:    fruits   subgobose, 
3-5  mm.  long,  very  short-stipitate.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets. 

3.  CHAKROPHYLLUM    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual   herbs.      Leaf-blades    ter- 
nately  decompound,  the  segments  narrow.     Umbels  irregular,  compound.     Invo- 
lucres of  1  or  2  bracts,  or  usually  wanting.     Involucels  of  several  small  bracts. 
Sepals  obsolete.     Petals  white,  usually  unequal,  inflexed  at  the  apex.     Fruit 
elongate:  carpels  5-angled,  the  angles  equally  ribbed:  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals  and  2  in  the  inner  face. 

1.  C.  procumbens  (L.)  Crantz.  Plants  decumbent  or  spreading:  umbels  few- 
flowered  :  fruits  narrow,  about  8  mm.  long,  glabrous.  —  Frequent,  in  rich  woods 
along  the  Conestoga  and  the  Susquehanna.  —  Spr.  —  CHERVIL. 

4.  CEBEFOLIUM    [Eivin.]    Haller.      Annual   herbs,    resembling   Chaero- 
phyllum.    Leaf -blades  ternately  decompound,  the  segments  small.    Umbels  com- 
pound, regular  or  nearly  so.     Involucre  of  toothed  or  compound  bracts.     In- 
volucels of  narrow,  mostly  entire,  bractlets.     Sepals  obsolete.     Petals  white, 
usually  nearly  or  quite  equal,  inflexed  at  the  apex.     Fruit  elongate.     Carpels 
more  or  less  angled,  but  not  ribbed:  oil- tubes  wanting.     [Anthriscus  Bernh.] 

1.  C.  Cerefolium  (L.)  Britton.  Plants  1  m.  tall  or  less,  often  weak-stemmed: 
leaf -blades  broad,  the  segments  rather  numerous,  thin:  umbels  long-peduncled, 
the  rays  few,  2-4  mm.  long:  petals  white,  obovate,  1.5-2  mm.  long:  fruits 
linear-subulate,  8-10  mm.  long,  shining  slender-beaked.  —  M.  Locally  abun- 
dant on  moist  banks.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  CHERVIL. 

5.  WASHINGTONIA  Eaf.     Perennial  herbs.     Leaf -blades  ternately  com- 
pound, the  segments  broad.     Umbels  loose,  compound.     Involucres  and  invo- 
lucels of  few  bracts  or  bractlets,  or  wanting.     Sepals  obsolete.     Petals  white, 
inflexed  at  the  apex.    Fruits  elongate :  carpels  5-angled,  with  barely  equal  ribs : 
oil-tubes  obsolete  or  wanting.  —  Spr.  —  SWEET-CICELY. 

Rachis  of  the  leaf-blades  glabrous  or  with  short  hairs  :  stylopodium  and  styles  fully 
3  mm.  long.  1.  W.  longistylis. 

Rachis   of  the  leaf -blades  with  villous   hairs  :   stylopodium  and 

styles  about  1  mm.  long.  .  2.  W.  ClaytonU. 

1.  W.  longistylis  (Torr.)  Britton.     Eoots  sweet-aromatic:  foliage  finely  pubes- 
cent :  fruits  15-18  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  rich  woods. 

2.  W.  Claytonii   (Michx.)  Britton.     Boots  slightly  if  at  all  aromatic:  foliage 
more  copiously  pubescent  than  in   W.   longistylis :   fruits  18-20   mm.  long.  — 
Common,  in  rich  woods. 

Lancaster  County  Flora  14. 


210  AMMIACEAE. 

6.  COBIANDRUM  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  slender  herbs.     Leaf -blades  pin- 
nately  dissected.     Umbels  compound.     Involucres  wanting.     Sepals  acute,  un- 
equal.    Petals  white,  often  unequal,  broadest  above  the  middle.     Fruit  sub- 
globose,  not  constricted  at  the  commissure:   carpels  with  5  delicate  ribs:   oil- 
tubes  solitary  under  the  secondary  ribs. 

1.  C.  sativum  L.  Stems  2-6  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  lower  cauline  and  basal 
leaves  with  coarse-toothed,  incised,  or  lobed  segments,  those  of  the  upper  leaves 
with  narrowly  linear  segments:  umbel-rays  4-8,  12-21  mm.  long:  pedicels  1-3 
mm.  long:  fruits  subglobose  or  ovoid-globose,  3-3.5  mm.  long:  carpels  slightly 
ribbed.  —  M.  Occasional,  in  waste  places.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  CORIANDER. 

7.  CONIUM  L.     Biennial  large  herbs  with  spotted  stems.     Leaf-blades 
broad,  pinnately   decompound.     Umbels  compound,  the  rays  unequal.     Invo- 
lucres   and    involucels    inconspicuous,    of   entire,    scarious-margined   bracts   or 
bractlets.    Sepals  minute  or  obsolete.    Petals  white,  somewhat  unequal,  broadest 
above  the  middle,  inflexed  at  the  apex.     Fruit  short  and  thick:  carpels  with 
prominent  wavy  ribs:  oil-tubes  wanting. 

1.  0.  maculatum  L.  Plants  1-2  m.  tall,  the  stem  usually  much  branched :  leaf - 
blades  broad,  the  segments  very  numerous:  umbels  rather  long-peduncled ;  rays 
2-4  cm.  long:  petals  white,  obovate  or  cuneate.  mostly  about  1  mm.  long: 
fruits  ovoid,  2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  M.  Frequent,  in  waste  places.  Nat.  of  Eu. 
—  Sum.  —  POISON-HEMLOCK. 

8.  BUFLEUBUM   [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs.     Leaf-blades 
entire.     Umbels  compound.     Involucre  wanting    (in  our  species).     Involucels 
conspicuous,   of  entire   bractlets.     Sepals   obsolete.     Petals  broad,   yellow  or 
greenish.     Fruit  oblong  or  oval:  carpels  with  slender  ribs  and  no  oil-tubes  in 
our  species. 

1.  B.  rotundifolium  L.  Plants  3-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong,  ovate  or 
elliptic,  2-8  cm.  long,  perfoliate:  corolla  yellow:  fruits  3-3.5  mm.  long,  about 
2.5  mm.  broad.  —  Occasional,  on  roadsides  and  in  fields.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum. 
— THOROUGH-WAX. 

9.  CELEE-I  Adans.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs.     Leaf -blades  pinnate  or 
ternately   decompound.     Umbels   compound.     Involucres   present   or   wanting. 
Sepals  obsolete  or  minute.     Petals  white,  broad.     Fruit  somewhat  smooth  or 
tuberculate:   carpels  5-angled  or  5-ribbed,  with  1  oil-tube  in  each  interval  or 
2  in  the  inner  face. 

1.  C.  graveolens  (L.)  Britton.  Stems  2-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -segments  cuneate  to 
suborbicular,  incised  and  toothed:  petals  0.5-1  mm.  long:  fruits  ovoid,  about 
1.5  mm.  long.  [Apium  graveolens  L.] — M.  Occasional,  on  roadsides  and 
about  gardens.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  CELERY. 

10.  ZIZIA  Koch.     Perennial  erect  herbs.     Leaf -blades  3-foliolate  or  ter- 
nately compound,  or  the  basal  ones  sometimes  simple.     Umbels  compound,  the 
central  umbellet  sessile.     Involucres  wanting.     Involucels  of  a  few  bractlets. 
Sepals  prominent.    Petals  yellow.    Fruit  somewhat  elongate,  laterally  flattened : 
carpels  with  5  slender  wingless  ribs  and  an  oil-tube  in  each  interval  and  under 
each  rib.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  MEADOW-PARSNIP. 

Fruits  oblong:  basal  leaves  with  ternately  2-3-compound  blades.  1.  Z.  aurea. 

Fruits  ovate  or  oval :  basal  leaves  with  merely  toothed  cordate  blades.  2.  Z.  cordata. 


AMMIACEAE.  211 

1.  Z.  aurea  (L.)  Koch.    Blades  of  the  basal  leaves  ternate;  segments  oblong- 
ovate  to  lanceolate:  umbels  with  9-25  rays:  fruits  oblong,  about  4  mm.  long. 

—  Common,  in  wet  places.  —  GOLDEN-ALEXANDERS. 

2.  Z.  cordata  (Walt.)  DC.    Blades  of  the  basal  leaves  ovate  to  orbicular,  3-10 
cm.  long,  crenate :  fruits  ovate  or  oval,  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  moist 
places. 

11.  CICUTA  L.     Perennial  herbs  with  tuberous  roots.     Leaf-blades  pin- 
nately    compound    or    decompound.      Umbels    compound.      Involucres    of    few 
bracts  or  wanting.    Involucels  of  several  small  bractlets.     Sepals  acute.    Petals 
white.     Fruit  short:   carpels  with  5  corky  ribs,  and  oil-tubes  in  each  interval 
and  2  in  the  linear  face.     Sum.  and  fall.  —  WATER-HEMLOCK. 

Plants  not  bulblet-bearing :  leaf-segments  of  a  lanceolate  type.  1.  C.  maculata. 
Plants  bulblet-bearing  :  leaf -segments  of  a  linear  type.  2.  C.  bulbifera. 

1.  C.  maculata  L.     Plants  stout,  1-2  m.  tall:   leaf -blades  1-6  dm.  long,  the 
veins  ending  in  the  notches  of  the  segments:    fruits  with  lateral  ribs  mani- 
festly much  larger  than  the  others  and  wedge-shaped  in  section,  and  contiguous. 

—  Common,  in  swamps. — SPOTTED-COWBANE.     MUSQUASH-ROOT. 

2.  C.  "bulbifera  L.     Plants  slender,  mostly  1  mm.  tall  or  less:   leaf -segments 
linear   to   narrowly   linear-lanceolate,   sharply   few-toothed:    umbels   few-rayed 
(or  replaced  by  clusters  of  bulblets) :  petals  white,  orbicular-obovate,  less  than 
1   mm.  long:    fruits  globose-ovoid,  about   1.5   mm.  long.  —  Occasional,  in  the 
Susquehanna  valley  and  along  tributary  streams. 

12.  DERINGA  Adans.     Perennial  herbs  with  fibrous  roots.     Leaf -blades 
3-foliolate.     Umbels  irregular,  compound.     Involucres  and  involucels  wanting. 
Sepals  obsolete.     Petals  white.     Fruit  elongate:   carpels  with  5  low  ribs,  and 
an  oil-tube  beneath  each  rib  and  in  each  interval. 

1.  D.  canadensis  (L.)  Kuntze.  Plants  3-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate,  oval, 
or  elliptic,  4-10  cm.  long,  serrate:  umbels  few-rayed:  fruits  oblong,  4-6  mm. 
long,  often  curved.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  waste  places.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

—  HONEWORT. 

13.  TAENIDIA  Drude.     Perennial  herbs  with  fibrous  roots.     Leaf -blades 
pinnate  or  ternately  compound.     Umbels  compound.     Involucres  and  involucels 
wanting:   sepals  obsolete  or  minute.     Petals  5,  their  tips  inflexed.     Fruit  ob- 
long:   carpels   5-angled,   with   slender   ribs    and   3    oil-tubes   in   the   intervals. 
Seeds  nearly  terete  except  the  flat  face. 

1.  T.  integerrima  (L.)  Drude.  Plants  3-9  dm.  tall,  from  a  tough  root:  leaflets 
ovate  to  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  1-3  cm.  long,  entire:  umbel-rays  10-20, 
elongate:  corolla  yellow:  fruits  broadly  oblong,  3.5-4  mm.  long.  —  M.  Fre- 
quent, along  the  Conestoga  above  Lancaster.  —  Limestones.  —  Spr.  —  PIM- 

PERNELL. 

14.  AEGOPODIUM  L.     Perennial  caulescent  herbs.     Leaf -blades  ternate, 
the  leaflets  or  segments  large,  toothed.     Umbel  compound,  the  rays  equal  or 
nearly  so.     Involucres  and  involucels  of  narrow  bracts  and  bractlets,  or  want- 
ing.    Sepals  minute   or  obsolete.     Petals  white,  equal  or  nearly  so,  broadest 
above  the  middle,  inflexed  at  the  apex.     Fruit  short,  but  longer  than  thick: 
carpels  turgid,  the  angles  margined :  oil-tubes  wanting. 

1.  A.  Podagraria  L.  Plants  3-11  dm.  tall,  simple  or  sparingly  branched: 
leaflets  oblong  or  elliptic  to  ovate,  2.5-9  cm.  long,  serrate,  incised  or  lobed: 


212  AMMIACEAE. 

umbels  long-peduncled ;  rays  2-4  cm.  long:  petals  white,  obovate  or  orbicular- 
obovate,  1-1.5  mm.  long:  fruits  conic-ovoid,  about  4  mm.  long.  —  M.  Occa- 
sional, on  roadsides  and  in  thickets  near  Lancaster.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  — 
GOUTWEED. 

15.  SIUM    [Tourn.]    L.      Perennial    herbs.      Leaf -blades    pinnately    com- 
pound.    Umbels  compound.     Involucres  and  involucels  of  narrow  bracts  and 
bractlets.     Sepals  small,  acute.     Petals  white.     Fruit  stout,  somewhat  laterally 
flattened:  carpels  ribbed,  the  intervals  with  1-3  oil-tubes.     Seeds  5-angled. 

1.  S.  cicutaefolium  Schrank.  Plants  5-18  dm.  tall:  leaflets  7-17,  linear, 
oblong,  or  lanceolate,  4-15  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate  (submersed  leaves  some- 
times finely  dissected)  :  fruits  orbicular  to  oblong-orbicular,  3-3.5  mm.  long. 
—  Frequent,  in  the  Susquehanna  valley.  —  Sum.  —  WATER-PARSNIP. 

16.  LIGUSTICUM   L.      Perennial    herbs    with    large    roots.      Leaf-blades 
ternately  compound.     Umbels  compound.     Involucres  of  a  few  narrow  bracts. 
Involucels    of    numerous    narrow    bractlets.      Sepals    obsolete.      Petals    white, 
broadened  upward.     Fruit  more  or  less  elongate:  carpels  with  sharp  prominent 
ribs  and  2-6  oil-tubes  in  each  interval. 

1.  L.  canadense  (L.)  Britton.  Stems  5-20  dm.  tall:  leaflets  oblong,  elliptic- 
oval,  or  ovate,  3-8  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed:  fruits  oblong,  oval,  or  ovate,  4-6 
mm.  long,  the  ribs  narrow-winged.  —  S.  Rare,  in  rich  woods.  —  Schists.  — 
Sum.  —  ANGELICO.  NONDO. 

17.  THASPIUM  Nutt.     Perennial  herbs.     Leaf-blades  3-foliolate  or  ter- 
nately   compound,   or   those    of   the   basal   leaves   sometimes    simple.      Umbels 
compound.      Involucre    of    few   bracts.      Involucels    of    many    bracts.      Sepals 
present.      Petals    yellow   or   purple.      Fruit   longer   than   wide:    carpels   with 
winged  ribs  and  2-6  oil-tubes  in  each  interval.  —  Sum.  —  MEADOW-PARSNIP. 

Petal-blades  less  than  1   mm.   long :   leaves   with   ternate  blades :  leaflets   relatively 

.  thick,  crenate.  1.  T.  trifoliatum. 
Petal-blades  over  1  mm.  long :  leaves  with  biternate  blades : 

leaflets  relatively  thin,  incised  or  lobed.  2.  T.  barbinode. 

1.  T.  trifoliatum   (L.)  A.  Gray.     Stems  2-7  dm.  tall:   leaf -segments  ovate  to 
lanceolate,    serrate:    corolla    dark-purple    (or    deep-yellow    in    T.    trifoliatum 
aureum) :  fruits  globose-ovoid,  about  4  mm.  long.  —  M.    Rare,  in  the  Dillerville 
swamp,  Lancaster.  —  Limestones. 

2.  T.  barbinode  (Michx.)  Nutt.    Stems  3-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -segments  commonly 
ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  cleft,  or  parted:    corolla  pale-  or  light-yellow:   fruits 
oblong  or  oval,  5-6  mm.  long,  glabrous.  —  Common,  in  moist  places. 

18.  ANGELICA  L.     Perennial  caulescent  herbs.     Leaf -blades  pinnate  or 
decompound.     Umbels  compound.     Involucres  and  involucels  present  or  want- 
ing.    Sepals  small  or  obsolete.     Petals  white  or  greenish,,  broadest  above  the 
middle.     Fruit   longer   than  broad:    carpels   with  the   dorsal  and   contiguous 
ribs  prominent,  and  broadly  winged  lateral  ribs:    oil-tubes  solitary  or  several 
in  the  intervals   and   2-10,   or  more,   in  the   inner   face.  —  Sum.   and  fall.  — 
ANGELICA. 

Fruit  glabrous :  branches  of  the  umbel   glabrous   or  nearly  so :   leaves  with   acute 
or   acutish   segments.  1.  A.  atropurpurea. 

Fruit  pubescent :  branches  of  the  umbel  copiously  pubescent : 

leaves  with  obtuse  segments  2.  A.  villosa. 

1.  A.  atropurpurea  L.  Plant  11-21  dm.  tall,  the  stem  dark-purple:  leaflets 
2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  blades  thick,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate:  umbel- 


AMMIACEAE.  213 

rays  2.5-7.5  cm.  long:  pedicels  10-16  mm.  long:  corolla  white  or  greenish- 
white:  fruits  oblong  to  oval-orbicular,  6-6.5  mm.  long,  glabrous.  —  Occasional, 
in  low  grounds. 

2.  A.  villosa  (Walt.)  B.S.P.  Plants  6-18  dm.  tall:  leaflets  2-5  cm.  long,  the 
blades  thickish,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  oval,  2-5  cm.  long,  serrate: 
umbel-rays  2-5  cm.  long:  pedicels  3-4  mm.  long:  corolla  white:  fruits  orbicu- 
lar or  orbicular-obovate,  4.5-5  mm.  long,  pubescent.  —  Common,  in  dry  thickets 
and  woods. 

19.  OXYPOLIS  Eaf.     Perennial  herbs.     Leaf -blades  pinnate  or  ternate, 
or  rarely  reduced  to  hollow  septate  phyllodia.     Umbels  compound.     Involucres 
and  involucels  present.     Sepals  acute.     Petals  white.     Fruit  longer  than  broad, 
dorsally   flattened:    carpels   with   the    dorsal   and    contiguous    ribs   thin,   and 
winged  lateral  ribs,  the  latter  nerved  near  the  inner  part  of  the  wing:  oil-tubes 
solitary  in  the  intervals  and  2-6  in  the  inner  face. 

1.  O.  rigidior  (L.)  Raf.  Plants  5-18  dm.  tall:  leaves  with  relatively  short, 
often  broad,  leaflets;  blades  entire  or  saliently  toothed,  pale  beneath:  umbel 
usually  many-rayed:  fruits  oblong  or  oval,  5-6.5  mm.  long,  pale-winged.  —  S. 
Rare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

20.  PASTINACA  L.     Annual   or  biennial  herbs.     Leaf -blades  pinnately 
compound.      Umbels    compound.      Involucres   and    involucels   usually   wanting. 
Sepals   obsolete.     Petals   yellow.      Fruit    somewhat    longer   than   broad,   much 
dorsally  flattened:    carpels  with  the  dorsal  and  contiguous  ribs  slender,   and 
thin  lateral  wings:  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  and  2-4  in  the  inner  side. 

1.  P.  sativa  L.  Plants  coarse,  strong-scented,  6-20  dm.  tall:  leaf -segments 
ovate  or  oblong,  crenate-serrate,  incised  or  lobed:  fruits  obovate,  oval,  or 
orbicular-oval,  5-6  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on  roadsides  and  in  waste  places.  — 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  WILD-PARSNIP. 

21.  HEUACLEUM  L.     Perennial  herbs.     Leaf -blades  ternately  compound. 
Umbels  compound.     Involucres  and  involucels  of  few,  often  deciduous,  bracts 
and   bractlets    or   the    former   wanting.      Sepals    minute    or    obsolete.      Petals 
white,  broadest  above  the  middle,  those  of  the  outer  and  inner  flowers  different 
in  shape.    Fruit  usually  longer  than  broad,  strongly  dorsally  flattened:  carpels 
with  the  dorsal  and  contiguous  ribs  slender,  and  broadly  winged  lateral  ribs, 
the  latter  nerved  near  the  outer  edge:   oil-tubes  solitary  in  each  interval,  and 
2-4  in  the  outer  face,  rarely  extending  beyond  the  middle  of  the  carpel. 

1.  H.  lanatum  Michx.  Plants  coarse  and  heavy-scented,  6-25  dm.  tall:  leaf- 
blades  1-4  dm.  long,  the  segments  sharply  toothed:  umbel-rays  8-30,  stout, 
3-15  cm.  long :  fruits  oval  to  obovate-oval,  8-12  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in 
fields  and  waste  places.  —  Sum.  —  COW-PARSNIP. 

22.  DAUCUS    [Tourn.]   L.     Annual  or  biennial  herbs.     Leaf -blades  pin- 
nately   decompound.     Umbels   compound.      Involucres   and   involucels   various, 
or  wanting.     Sepals  minute  or  obsolete.     Petals  white  or  rarely  colored,  often 
unequal,  broadest  above  the  middle,  inflexed  at  the  apex.     Fruit  longer  than 
broad:  carpels  with  5  low  primary  ribs  and  4  winged  secondary  ribs  which  are 
also  armed  with  a  row  of  barbed  bristles:  oil-tubes  solitary  under  the  secondary 
ribs  and  2  on  the  inner  face.  —  CARROT. 

1.  D.  Carota  L.  Plants  hispid,  4-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -segments  very  numerous: 
umbel-rays  many:  corollas  unequal  in  size  and  the  central  one  often  purple: 


214  PYROLACEAE. 

petals  unequal :  fruit  3-4  mm.  long,  the  wings  prickly.  —  Common,  in  fields 
and  waste  places.  —  Sum.  —  WILD-CARROT. 

Series  2.     GAMOPETALAE. 

Petals  more   or  less  united,   or  occasionally   distinct,   or  very 
rarely  wanting. 

Order  ERICALES. 

Herbs,  undershrubs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  sometimes  humus-plants  or 
saprophytes.  Leaves  alternate,  often  evergreen:  blades  simple.  Flowers 
mainly  perfect  and  complete.  Calyx  of  2-8,  usually  5,  partially  united 
sepals.  Corolla  of  2-8,  usually  5,  mostly  united  petals.  Androecium  of  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  stamens  as  petals,  sometimes  partially  reduced  to 
staminodia:  filaments  mostly  free.  Gynoeciurn  of  several  united  carpels. 
Fruit  capsular,  baccate,  or  drupaceous. 

Gynoecium    superior :    fruit    capsular,    sometimes  fleshy    but   not  truly    baccate    or 

drupaceous. 
Corolla  of  essentially  distinct  petals. 

Herbaceous  perennials  with  persistent  green  leaves.     Fam.  1.  PYKOLACEAB. 

Herbaceous  saprophytes  destitute  of  green  leaves.     Fam.  2.  MONOTEOPACEAE. 

Corolla  of  manifestly  united  petals.  Fam.  3.  ERICACEAE. 

Gynoecium  inferior :  fruit  baccate  or  drupaceous.  Fam.  4.  VACCINIACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.     PYROLACEAE.     WINTBBGBEEN  FAMILY. 

Perennial  evergreen  herbs,  with  elongate  rootstocks.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, mostly  near  the  base  of  the  stem:  blades  leathery.  Flowers  in 
terminal  clusters  or  solitary,  sometimes  irregular.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  per- 
sistent sepals.  Corolla  often  white  or  pink,  of  4  or  5  essentially  distinct, 
wax-like  petals.  Androecium  of  twice  as  many  stamens  as  there  aft 
petals :  anthers  inverted  in  anthesis.  Gynoecium  of  4  or  5  united  carpels : 
stigmas  united.  Fruit  a  4-  or  5-valved  loculicidal  capsule. 

Style   elongate :   flowers   racemose :   filaments   unappendaged :   capsule   opening  from 
base  to  top.  1.  PYROLA. 

Style  very  short :  flowers  corymbed  or  umbeled  :  filaments  append- 

aged  at  the  base :  capsule  opening  from  top  to  base.  2.  CHIMAPHILA. 

1.  PYROLA  [Tourn.]  L.  Leaves  with  broad  blades.  Flowers  in  elongate 
racemes.  Filaments  unappendaged  and  glabrous.  Capsule  nodding,  the  valve- 
margins  cobwebby.  —  Sum.  —  WINTERGREEN.  SHIN-LEAF. 

Stamens  converging :  style  straight :  anthers  not  contracted  below  the  opening. 

1.  P.  secunda. 
Stamens  declined :  style  declined :  anthers  contracted  below  the 

opening. 

Leaf-blades  lustrous  :  sepals  oblong  or  lanceolate.  2.  P.  americana. 

Leaf -blades  not  lustrous  :  sepals  ovate  to  triangular. 

Anther-horns  long  :   leaf -blades  orbicular,  leathery,  mostly 

shorter  than  the  petioles.  3.  P.  chlorantha. 

Anther-horns  very  short  and  stout :  leaf -blades  oval,  mem- 
branous, mostly  longer  than  the  petioles.  4.  P.  elliptica. 

1.  P.  secunda  L.  Plants  mostly  1-1.5  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate,  oval,  or 
orbicular-ovate,  1-3  cm.  long,  acute  or  mucronate,  shallowly  serrate,  longer 
than  the  petioles:  calyx  1.5-2  mm.  long;  sepals  ovate  to  ovate-oblong:  petals 
oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  4-6  mm.  long:  anthers  1.5  mm.  long:  capsules  4-5  mm. 
wide.  —  Very  rare.  Collected  many  years  ago,  perhaps  in  the  western  or 
northern  part  of  the  county. 


MONOTEOPACEAE.  215 

2.  P.  americana  Sweet.     Plants  2-3  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  thickish,  2-5  cm. 
long,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole:  sepals  2-3  mm.  long:  petals  obovate  to 
orbicular-obovate,  7-9  mm.  long:  capsules  6-7  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  woods. 

3.  P.  chlorantha  Sw.     Plants  mostly  1.5-3  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  suborbicular, 
varying  to   oval  or  reniform,   1-2.5   cm.   long,  obtuse,  undulate,   or  obscurely 
toothed,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles:   sepals  deltoid:   petals  suborbicular 
to  orbicular-obovate,  6.5-9  mm.  long:  anthers  2.5  mm.  long:  capsules  7-9  mm. 
wide.  —  Turkey  Hill,  along  the  Susquehanna.  —  Limestones,  schists. 

4.  P.  elliptica  Nutt.     Plant  1-3  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  thinnish,  3-9  cm.  long, 
mostly    longer    than    the    petiole:    sepals    triangular-ovate:    petals    oblong    to 
oblong-obovate,  5.5-7  mm.  long :  capsules  5—6  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  woods. 

2.  CHIMAPHILA  Pursh.  Leaves  with  relatively  narrow  blades.  Flowers 
in  corymbs.  Filaments  with  pubescent  or  erose-ciliate  appendages  at  the  base. 
Capsule  erect,  the  valve-margins  glabrous.  —  Sum.  —  PIPSISSEWA. 

Sepals  longer  than  wide :  petals  ciliolate  all  around :  filament-appendages  pubescent. 

1.  C.  maculata. 
Sepals  wider  than  long :  petals  erose-ciliolate  and  jagged  at  the 

apex  :  filament-appendages  erose-ciliate.  2.  O.  umbellata. 

1.  0.  maculata    (L.)    Pursh.     Plant  7-22'  cm.  tall:    leaf -blades  lanceolate  or 
sometimes  broader,    2-5   cm.    long,   variegated:    sepals   rounded   at   the   apex, 
ciliolate :   petals  10-12  mm.  long :   filament-appendages  narrow.  —  Common,  in 
woods.  —  SPOTTED-WINTERGREEN. 

2.  C.  umbellata   (L.)    Nutt.     Plant   9-32   cm.  tall:    leaf -blades   oblanceolate, 
cuneate,  or  obovate-cuneate,  2-10  cm.  long,  not  variegated:  sepals  not  rounded 
at    the   apex,    erose:    petals    9-11    mm.    long:    filament -appendages    broad. — 
Common,  in  woods.  —  PRINCE 'S-PINE. 

FAMILY  2.    MONOTROPACEAE.     INDIAN-PIPE  FAMILY. 

Saprophytic  or  humus  herbs,  with  matted  roots.  Stems  scape-like, 
simple.  Leaves  reduced  to  scales.  Flowers  in  racemes,  or  solitary,  nod- 
ding. Calyx  of  2-6  deciduous  sepals.  Corolla  white  or  colored,  of  3-6 
petals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  6—12  stamens :  anthers  with  valves  or 
pores.  Gynoecium  of  4r-Q  united  carpels :  stigma  capitate,  disc-like,  or 
funnelform.  Fruit  a  ^6-valved  loculicidal  capsule. 

Flower  solitary :  anthers  opening  by  2  pores :  plant  white  or  pale  pink,  drying  black. 

1.  MONOTROPA. 
Flowers  several :  anthers  unequally  valvate :  plant  yellowish  or  red.     2.  HYPOPITYS. 

1.  MONOTROPA  L.     White  or  pale-pink  wax-like  herbs.     Flowers  color- 
less.    Sepals  2-4,  unequal.     Petals  5  or  6,  dilated  at  the  apex.     Gynoecium 
glabrous. 

1.  M.  uniflora  L.  Plant  1-3  dm.  tall,  black  when  dry:  sepals  spatulate  or  ob- 
long-spatulate,  10-16  mm.  long:  erose  at  the  apex:  petals  17-18  mm.  long. — 
Common,  in  rich  woods.  —  Sum.  —  INDIAN-PIPE.  CORPSE-PLANT. 

2.  HYPOPITYS  Adans.     Colored  fragrant  herbs.     Flowers  in  a  terminal 
raceme,  deep-pink,  yellow,  red,  or  crimson.     Sepals  and  petals  5  each  in  the 
earliest  flower,  3   or  4  in  the  later  ones.     Gynoecium  pubescent.  —  Sum.  and 
fall.  —  PINE-SAP.     FALSE  BEECH-DROPS. 

Stigma  not  retrorsely  bearded:  style  sparingly  pubescent:  sepals  and  petals   with 
short  cilia.  .  1.  H.  americana. 

Stigma    retrorsely   bearded :    style   copiously    pubescent :    sepals 

and  petals  with  long  cilia.  2.  H.  lanuginosa. 


216  ERICACEAE. 

1.  H.  anaericana   (D.C.)    Small.     Plants  tawny  or  yellow,  finely  pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous,  1-3  dm.  tall:   sepals  7-10  mm.  long:   petals  sparingly  pubes- 
cent :  capsules  oval  or  oblong-oval,  7-10  mm.  long.  —  S.     Occasional,  in  woods. 

2.  H.  lanuginosa  (Michx.)  Nutt.     Plants  deep  pink  and  crimson,  markedly  or 
copiously  pubescent,  0.5-3.5  dm.  tall:   sepals  6-9  mm.  long:   petals  markedly 
pubescent :  capsules  globular,  4-5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets. 

FAMILY  3.     ERICACEAE.     HEATH  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  undershrubs.  Leaves  often  persistent:  blades  com- 
monly leathery.  Flowers  typically  perfect.  Calyx  of  4-7  distinct  or 
partially  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  4—7  distinct  or  partially  united  petals, 
sometimes  slightly  2-lipped.  Androecium  of  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
stamens  as  there  are  petals:  anthers  opening  by  pores,  chinks,  or  valves. 
Gynoecium  of  2-7  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  capsule,  or  sometimes  baccate 
or  drupaceous. 

Capsule  septicidal :  anthers  unappendaged. 

Anthers    opening    by    pores :    corolla    not    salverform :    erect 

shrubs  or  trees  :  capsules  dry. 
Flowers  from  scaly  buds  :  corolla  irregular  :  seeds  winged. 

Corolla  of  a  funnelform  type  :  leaves  deciduous  ;  blades  gland-tipped. 

1.  AZALEA. 
Corolla    of   a    campanulate    type :    leaves    persistent ; 

blades  not  gland-tipped.  2.  RHODODENDRON. 

Flowers  not  from  scaly  buds :  corolla  regular  :  seeds  not 

winged.  3.  KALMIA. 

Anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent :   corolla   salverform :   pros- 
trate and  creeping  slightly  shrubby  plants  :  capsules  fleshy.     4.  EPIGAEA. 
Capsule  loculicidal,  sometimes  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  accrescent 

hypanthium  and  calyx   (Gaultheria) . 
Calyx  dry,  not  accrescent :  fruit  dry,  not  berry-like. 

Capsules   not   angled,    the   valve-margins    not   thickened : 

calyx-lobes  imbricate,  at  least  in  the  bud.  5.  EUBOTEYS. 

Capsules  angled  or  the  valve-margins  thickened  :  calyx-lobes 

valvate  or  separate  in  the  bud. 
Filaments    appendaged :    corolla    of    a    cylindraceous- 

campanulate  type.  6.  NEOPIERIS. 

Filaments  unappendaged  :  corolla  of  an  urceolate  type.    7.  ARSENOCOCCUS. 
Calyx  fleshy,  accrescent :  fruit  fleshy,  berry-like.  8.  GAULTHERIA. 

1.  AZALEA  L.  Erect  deciduous-leaved  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate:  blades 
sometimes  bristle-toothed.  Calyx  deciduous:  lobes  5,  conspicuously  ciliate. 
Corolla  variously  colored,  funnelform:  tube  elongate:  limb  2-lipped.  Stamens 
5  or  rarely  10,  conspicuously  exserted:  anthers  with  terminal  pores.  Style 
declined.  Capsule  elongate. 

Corollas  expanding  before  the  leaves ;  limb  deep-pink  or  purple.      1.  A.  nudiflora. 
Corollas  expanding  after  the  leaves  ;  limb  white  or  pale-pink. 
Calyx-lobes  ovate  to  triangular-ovate :  leaves  with  the  midrib 

strigillose  beneath.  2.  A.  viscosa. 

Calyx-lobes  lanceolate  to  linear, :  leaves  with  the  midrib  gla- 
brous beneath.  3.  A.  arborescens. 

1.  A.  nudiflora  L.     Shrub  0.5-3  m.  tall,  the  twigs  tomentulose  and  strigose- 
hispid:    leaf -blades    oblong   to    obovate,   3-10    cm.    long,   hispidulous   beneath: 
pedicels  10-20  mm.  long:   corolla  deep-pink  to  purple,  or  rarely  white;   tube 
about  2  cm.  long :   capsules  1-3  cm.  long,  strigose  or  hirsute-strigose.  —  Com- 
mon, in  woods.  —  Spr.  —  HONEYSUCKLE.     PINXTER-FLOWER. 

2.  A.  viscosa  L.     Shrub  1-3  m.  tall,  the  twigs  hispidulous:  leaf -blades  oblong 
to  elliptic-oblanceolate,  cuneate,  or  obovate,  2-6  cm.  long,  strigillose  beneath: 
calyx-lobes  1-2  mm.  long:    corolla  white  or  pale-pink;    tube  2-2.5  cm.  long: 
anthers  about  2  mm.  long:   capsules  1.5-2  cm.  long,  slender,  rather  strigose, 
gradually  narrowed  at  the  apex.  —  N.  S.     Common,  in  moist  thickets.  —  Sand- 
stones and  shales,  schists.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  SWAMP-HONEYSUCKLE.     CLAMMY- 
AZALEA. 


ERICACEAE.  217 

3.  A.  arborescens  Pursh.  Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  6  m.  tall,  the  twigs  gla- 
brous: leaf -blades  elliptic,  oval,  oblanceolate,  or  cuneate,  4-10  cm.  long,  gla- 
brous beneath:  calyx-lobes  4-6  mm.  long:  corolla  white  or  pale-pink;  tube 
2.5-3  cm.  long:  anthers  about  3  mm.  long:  capsules  1-2  em.  long,  stout, 
bristly-glandular,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex.  —  Islands  and  shores  of  the 
Susquehanna.  —  Schists.  —  Late  spr.  and  early  sum.  —  SMOOTH-AZALEA. 

2.  RHODODENDRON  L.     Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees.     Leaves  alternate: 
blades  leathery,  not  ciliate.     Calyx  persistent:  lobes  broad  and  short.     Corolla 
variously    colored,    campanulate:    tube    very    short;    limb    2-lipped.      Stamens 
usually  10,  slightly  exserted,  with  terminal  pores.     Style  declined.     Capsule 
elongate.  -1*! 

1.  R.  maximum  L.  Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  12  m.  tall,  the  twigs  glabrous  or 
nearly  so:  leaf -blades  oblong  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  10-25  cm.  long,  bright- 
green:  calyx-lobes  4-6  mm.  long:  corolla  white  or  pink,  mottled  with  yellow 
or  orange,  3-6  cm.  wide.  —  Eavines,  near  the  Susquehanna  and  rarely  near 
other  large  streams.  —  Sum.  —  GREAT-LAUREL. 

3.  KALMIA  L.     Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees.     Leaves  alternate,  opposite, 
or  whorled:  blades  entire.     Calyx  persistent:   lobes  5,  leathery.     Corolla  regu- 
lar, white,  pink,  purple,  or  crimson,  rotate,  the  lobes  obtuse :  tube  short,  with 
10  sacs.     Stamens  10:  filaments  elastically  straightening  at  maturity:  anthers 
short,  attached  near  the  top.     Capsule  spheroidal.  —  Sum.  —  LAUREL. 

Corolla  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx :  inflorescence  lateral :  sepals  not  ciliate. 

1.  K.  angustifolia. 

Corolla  several  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  :  inflorescence  termi- 
nal :  sepals  ciliate.  2.  K.  latifolia. 

1.  K.  angustifolia  L.     Shrub  2-12  dm.  tall,  the  twigs  glabrous  or  nearly  so: 
leaf -blades  oblong  to  lanceolate,  2-6  cm.  long,  pale  beneath:  calyx-lobes  ovate 
to   oblong-ovate,  1-1.5  mm.   long:    corolla  purple  to   crimson,   6-8   mm.  wide: 
filaments  3-4  mm.  long :  capsules  3-3.5  mm.  wide.  —  S.     Eare,  on  moist  banks 
near  New  Texas.  —  Schists.  —  SHEEP-LAUREL.     LAMBKILL.     WICKY. 

2.  K.  latifolia  L.     Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  12  m.  tall,  the  twigs  often  fuzzy 
when  young:  leaf -blades  elliptic  to  oval,  5-12  cm.  long,  glabrous,  dark-green: 
calyx-lobes  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  about  2  mm.  long:   corolla  white  or  pink, 
20-25  mm.  wide:   filaments  10-12  mm.  long:   capsules  5-7  mm.  wide.  —  Com- 
mon, in  dry  woods.  —  MOUNTAIN-LAUREL.     CALICO-BUSH.    SPOON-WOOD. 

4.  EPIG-AEA    L.      Evergreen    creeping    undershrubs.      Leaves    alternate: 
blades  entire.     Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious,  in  axillary  clusters.     Calyx-lobes 
5,  persistent,  but  scarcely  accrescent.     Corolla  white  or  pink,  salverform,  the 
limb  5-lobed.    Filaments  slender,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  near  the  middle:  anthers 
oblong-ovoid,  awnless.     Stigma  5-lobed.     Capsule  depressed. 

1.  E.  repens  L.  Stem  and  branches  5-30  cm.  long,  hirsute:  leaf -blades  oblong 
to  oblong-ovate  or  suborbicular,  2-10  cm.  long,  finely  reticulate:  calyx-lobes 
lanceolate,  acuminate:  corolla  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  lobes  ovate: 
capsules  spheroidal,  5-lobed.  —  N.  S.  Common,  in  dry  woods  and  on  banks.  — 
Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Spr.  —  TRAILING-ARBUTUS.  MAYFLOWER. 

5.  EiUBOTRYS    Nutt.     Deciduous-leaved  shrubs    with    rigid    stems    and 
branches.     Leaves    alternate:     blades    finely  toothed.     Flowers    in    terminal 
racemes.     Calyx-lobes    very    short.     Stamens  10,    included:     anthers    awned. 
Capsule  depressed. 


218  ERICACEAE. 

1.  E.  racemosa  (L.)  Nutt.  Shrub  1-4  m.  tall,  the  twigs  glabrous,  at  least 
in  age:  leaf -blades  oblong  or  elliptic,  2-7  cm.  long:  calyx-lobes  triangular, 
becoming  triangular-lanceolate  or  deltoid-ovate:  corolla  8-9>  mm.  long:  anthers 
much  shorter  than  the  filaments :  capsules  4-5  mm.  wide.  —  S.  Bare,  in  swamps 
and  lower  Susquehanna  valley.  —  Schists.  —  Spr.  —  FETTER-BUSH. 

6.  NEOPIERIS     Britton.     Deciduous-leaved     shrubs.     Leaves     alternate: 
blades  entire.     Flowers  in  clusters  or  leafless  branches.     Calyx-lobes  5,  much 
longer  than  the  tube.     Corolla  white   or  pink,   cylindraceous-campanulate,   5- 
lobed.     Filaments  appendaged  near  the  top:  anthers  awnless.     Capsules  of  an 
ovoid  type. 

1.  N.  mariana  (L.)  Britton.  Deciduous-leaved  shrub  1-2  m.  tall:  leaf -blades 
membranous,  oblong  to  oval,  or  broadened  upward,  2-6  cm.  long,  obtuse  or 
apiculate:  flower-clusters  lateral:  calyx-lobes  broadly  lanceolate,  acute:  corolla 
white  or  pinkish,  10-12  mm.  long,  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  cap- 
sules 7-9  mm.  long,  rib-angled.  —  S.  Rare,  in  dry  soil  or  woods.  —  Schists.  — 
Spr.  —  STAGGER-BUSH. 

7.  ARSENOCOCCUS  Small.     Deciduous-leaved  shrubs  with  more  or  less 
pubescent  foliage.     Leaves  alternate:  blades  membranous  or  thickish.     Flower- 
clusters  in   terminal  panicled   racemes.     Calyx-lobes   broad,    short,   persistent. 
Corolla  urceolate,  usually  globular  or  depressed,  with  very  short  spreading  or 
recurved  lobes.     Filaments  thickened  below  the  anthers,  unappendaged.     Cap- 
sule depressed,  usually  spheroidal,  not  angled. 

1.  A.  ligustrinus  (L.)  Small.  Desiduous-leaved  shrub  1-4  m.  tall:  leaf -blades 
oblong,  elliptic,  or  obovate,  3-7  cm.  long,  entire  or  indistinctly  serrulate: 
corolla  mostly  over  3.5  mm.  long,  not  appressed:  capsules  globular,  mainly  3-4 
mm.  wide.  —  N.  S.  Common,  in  dry  woods  and  thickets.  —  Sandstones  and 
shales,  schists.  —  Sum.  —  MALE-BERRY. 

8.  GAULTHEBJA  L.     Evergreen  undershrubs,  with  rootstocks.     Leaves 
alternate,    approximate    near    the    ends    of    the    branches:    blades    shallowly 
toothed.     Flowers  axillary.     Calyx-lobes  5,  persistent  and  accrescent.     Corolla 
urceolate,  5-lobed.    Filaments  dilated  near  the  base,  pubescent:  anthers  awned. 
Capsule  enclosed  in  the  accrescent  fleshy  calyx. 

1.  G.  procumbens  L.  Plants  3-15  cm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval  or  elliptic,  vary- 
ing to  ovate  or  obovate,  1.5-6  cm.  long,  serrate:  calyx-lobes  ovate:  corolla 
white,  6-7  mm.  long;  lobes  recurved:  fruit  globular,  7-11  mm.  thick,  red  or 
white,  spicy.  —  Common,  in  moist  woods.  —  Sum.  —  WINTERGREEN.  CREEP- 

ING-WINTERGREEN.       CHECKERBERRY. 

FAMILY  4.    VACCINIACEAE.     HUCKLEBERRY   FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  simple.  Flowers  perfect, 
regular,  solitary  or  variously  clustered,  drooping.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals. 
Corolla  of  4  or  5  usually  partially  united  petals.  Androecium  of  twice  as 
many  stamens  as  there  are  corolla-lobes.  Gynoecium  of  several  united 
carpels,  the  ovary  wholly  inferior  or  half  inferior.  Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe. 

Ovary  10-celled :  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe  with  10  nutlets.  1.  GAYLUSSACIA. 

Ovary  4-5-celled  :  fruit  a  many-seeded  berry. 

Petals    more   or    less    united :    berries   blue   or    black :    erect 

shrub  or  trees. 

Anthers  exserted,  awned  :  corolla  campanulate.  2.  POLYCODIUM. 

Anthers  included,  awnless  :  corolla  globose,  ovoid,  urceo- 
late or  cylindric.  3.  VACCINIUM. 
Petals   distinct :    berries   red :    trailing   and   creeping   under- 

shrubs.  4.  OXYCOCCUS. 


ERICACEAE.  219 

1.  GAYLUSSACIA   H.B.K.      Shrubs.      Leaves   deciduous:    blades   entire, 
commonly   reticulate-veiny.      Flowers   in   lateral   racemes.     Sepals   5.     Corolla 
campanulate,  globular-campanulate,  or  conic.     Stamens  included:  anthers  tubu- 
lar at  the  top,  unappendaged.     Drupe  globular,  nodding,  with  10  nutlets.  — 
HUCKLEBERRY. 

Anthers  several  times  as  long  as  the  filaments,  the  tubular  appendages  much  longer 

than  the  sacs.  1.  G.  dumosa. 

Anthers  slightly  if  at  all   longer  than  the  filaments,  the  tubular 

appendages  scarcely  if  at  all  longer  than  the  sacs. 
Corolla    campanulate    to    globular-campanulate :    drupes    blue, 

glaucous.  2.  G.  frondosa. 

Corolla  conic,  sometimes  becoming  cylindraceous  :  drupes  black, 

not  glaucous.  3.  G.  baccata. 

1.  G.  dumosa  (Andr.)  Nutt.     Shrub  1-5  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval,  obovate,  or 
oblanceolate,    or    rarely    narrower,    2-4    cm.    long:     hypanthium    and    sepals 
minutely    glandular-pubescent:    corolla    5-6    mm.    long:    drupes    6-8    mm.    in 
diameter.  —  S.     Frequent,  mostly  in  sphagnous   swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  — 
DWARF-HUCKLEBERRY. 

2.  G.  frondosa   (L.)   T.  &  G.     Shrub  10-30  dm.  tall,  with  puberulent  foliage, 
at  least  when  young:  leaf -blades  oblong-oblanceolate,  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate, 
glaucous  and  globular-resiniferous  beneath:   hypanthium  and  sepals  glabrous: 
anthers  about  as  long  as  the  filaments :   drupes  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  blue.  — 
S.     Bare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Early  sum.  —  BLUE-TANGLE. 

3.  G.  baccata    (Wang.)    C.  Koch.     Shrub  3-11  dm.  tall,  with  sticky-resinous 
foliage:  leaf -blades  elliptic,  oval,  or  oblong,  2-4.5  cm.  long:  hypanthium  and 
sepals    resinous-atomif erous :     corolla    red    or    reddish-green,    5-6    mm.    long: 
drupes   6-10   mm.   in   diameter,  black.  —  N.   S.     Common,  in   dry  woods   and 
thickets.  —  Early  sum.  —  BLACK-HUCKLEBERRY. 

2.  POLYCODIUM    Raf.       Shrubs.       Leaves    mainly    deciduous:     blades 
entire.     Flowers  in  leafy-bracted  racemes.     Sepals  5.     Corolla  open-campanu- 
late:  lobes  not  contiguous  in  the  bud.     Stamens  exserted:   anthers  tubular  at 
the  top  and  appendaged.     Berry  globular  or  pyriform,  often  mawkish,  green 
or  yellowish,  few-seeded.  —  Spr.  —  BUCKBERRY.     SQUAW-HUCKLEBERRY.     DEER- 
BERRY. 

Leaf-blades  green  beneath,  the  hairs  inconspicuous  :  berries  green  or  yellowish. 

1.  P.  stamineum. 
Leaf-blades  glaucous  beneath,   the   hairs   pale   or   white :   berries 

glaucous.  2.  P.  candicans. 

1.  P.   stamineum    (L.)    Greene.     Plants   1-2   m.  tall.     Leaf -blades   oblong  to 
elliptic,  varying  to   oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong-cuneate,   7-8  cm.  long,  green 
and  inconspicuously  pubescent  beneath:   corolla  about  5  mm.  long:   filaments 
slightly  longer  than  the  anther-sacs:   berries  about  10  mm.  in  diameter.  —  S. 
Common,  in  thickets  and  woods.  —  Schists. 

2.  P.  candicans   (C.  Mohr)   Small.     Plants  1-2  m.  tall.     Leaf -blades  narrowly 
oblong  or  elliptic,  3-8  cm.  long,  narrowly  subcordate  or  truncate  at  the  base, 
glaucous  and  pubescent  beneath  with  pale  or  white  hairs:  filaments  decidedly 
longer  than  the  anther-sacs:   berries  fully  10  mm.  long,  glaucous. — E.     Fre- 
quent, in  woods  on  the  Welsh  mountains.  —  Quartzite. 

3.  VACCINIUM  L.      Shrubs   or   small  trees.     Leaves  mostly   deciduous: 
blades  entire  or  slightly  toothed.     Flowers  in  racemes  or  clusters.     Sepals  5. 
Corolla     ovoid,    cylindraceous,     or    campanulate-oblong.       Stamens    included: 
anthers  tubular  at  the  apex,  unappendaged.     Berry  globular,  blue  or  black.  — 
BLUEBERRY. 


220  EEICACEAE. 

Corolla  cylindric  or  nearly  so,  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  thick.         1.  V.  corymbosum. 
Corolla  urn-shaped,  oblong  or  cylindric-oblong,  once  or  twice 

as  long  as  thick. 
Leaf -blades  not  glaucous  beneath :  twigs  green. 

Berries    black :     leaf-blades    entire    or    essentially    so, 

pubescent  beneath.  2.  V.  atrococcum. 

Berries  glaucous  :  leaf-blades  manifestly  serrulate,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so.  3.  V.  angustifolium. 
Leaf-blades  glaucous  beneath  :  twigs  yellowish.                           4.  V.  vacillans. 

1.  V.  corynibosum  L.    Plant  1-4  m.  tall,  the  twigs  glabrous  or  nearly  so :  leaf- 
blades  oblong  to  elliptic,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  entire,  pubescent  on  or  near  the  veins 
beneath:    corolla  white   or   pale-pink,   cylindric   or   narrowly   ovoid,    8-12   mm. 
long :   berries  6-10  mm.   in  diameter,   deep-blue  and  glaucous.  —  Common,  in 
moist  thickets.  —  Spr.  —  HIGH-BLUEBERRY.     SWAMP-BLUEBERRY. 

2.  V.  atrococcum    (A.  Gray)    Heller.     Plant  0.4-4  m.  tall,  the  twigs  finely 
pubescent:    leaf -blades  oval  to  elliptic,  or  sometimes  slightly  broadest  above 
the  middle,  2-7  cm.  long,  entire,  dark-green  above,  pubescent  beneath:  corolla 
yellowish    or    greenish-white,    and    sometimes    red-tinged,    ovoid-campanulate, 
4-8  mm.  long :  berries  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  not  glaucous.  —  Common,  in  moist 
thickets.  —  Spr.  —  BLACK  HIGH-BLUEBERRY. 

3.  V.    angustifolium   Ait.     Plant   mostly   2-3    dm.   tall,   the    twigs   minutely 
pubescent:  leaf -blades  oblong  or  elliptic,  varying  to  broadest  above  or  below 
the  middle,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  acute  at  both  ends,  ciliate,  pubescent  on  the  mid- 
rib or  veins  beneath:  sepals  deltoid:  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  long-campanulate, 
4-6  mm.  long:   berry  globular,  6-10  mm.  in  diameter,  glaucous,  very  sweet. 
[F.    pennsylvanicum   Lam.] — M.      Bare,   in    open   woods,    near    Fruitville. — 
Limestones.  —  Spr.  —  LOW-BLUEBERRY.     EARLY-BLUEBERRY.     SWEET-BLUEBERRY. 

4.  V.  vacillans  Kalm.     Plant  1-12  dm.  tall,  the  twigs  glabrous:   leaf -blades 
oval,  broadly  oblong,  or  sometimes  ovate  to  obovate,  2-5  cm.  long,  more  or  less 
distinctly  serrulate,  glabrous  beneath:   corolla  greenish-yellow,  and  sometimes 
red- tinged,  cylindric-oblong,  4-7  mm.  long:  berries  4-7  mm.  in  diameter,  blue 
and  glaucous.  —  Common,  in   dry  places.  —  Early  sum.  —  LATE   SWEET-BLUE- 
BERRY. 

4.  OXYCOCCTJS  Hill.  Vines.  Leaves  persistent:  blades  entire.  Flowers 
solitary  or  several  together  on  terminal  peduncles.  Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals 
4  or  5,  pink  or  red,  distinct.  Stamens  conspicuously  exserted.  Anthers  termi- 
nating in  long  tubes.  Berry  mainly  globose,  rarely  elongate  or  depressed,  red. 

1.  O.  macrocarpus  (Ait.)  Pers.  Stems  trailing  and  creeping,  sometimes  1  m. 
long:  leaf -blades  oblong,  rarely  varying  to  ovate  or  orbicular,  6-14  mm.  long, 
revolute:  sepals  fully  as  broad  as  long:  petals  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late, 7-9  mm.  long:  berries  1-2  cm.  in  diameter,  acid.  —  E.  S.  Bare,  in  wet 
sandy  soil.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  CRANBERRY. 

Order  PEIMULALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  some- 
times all  basal.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious,  variously  disposed. 
Calyx  of  2-several  partially  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  2-several  distinct  or 
partially  united  petals.  Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are 
sepals  or  petals,  sometimes  accompanied  by  staminodia.  Gynoecium  of 
4-6  united  carpels,  or  rarely  more.  Fruit  capsular  or  drupaceous,  or 
rarely  an  achene  or  a  utricle. 


PEIMULACEAE.  221 

FAMILY  PEIMULACEAE.     PRIMROSE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  various  in  habit.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled, 
sometimes  all  basal:  blades  entire,  toothed,  or  rarely  dissected.  Flowers 
perfect.  Calyx  of  4-9  partially  united  sepals,  commonly  persistent. 
Corolla  of  4-9  partially  united  petals,  or  rarely  wanting.  Androecium  of 
as  many  stamens  as  there  are  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  sometimes 
with  staminodia.  Gynoecium  a  single  pistil,  with  central  placentae.  Style 
single.  Fruit  a  1-celled  2-8-valved  capsule. 

Ovary  superior. 

Corolla-lobes  erect  or  merely  spreading :  anthers  not  sagittate. 

Plants  with  a  whorl  of  leaf -like  bracts  subtending  the  inflorescence :  corolla 

white.  1.  TRIENTALIS. 

Plants   without  a   whorl    of  bracts   subtending  the   inflo- 
rescence :   corolla  colored. 
Capsule  opening  lengthwise,  not  nodding. 

Androecium  without  staminodia  :  filaments  united 

below  the  middle  :  anthers  ovoid.  2.  LYSIMACHIA. 

Androecium  with  staminodia  :  filaments  distinct  or 

essentially  so  :  anthers  linear.  3.   STEIRONEMA. 

Capsule  circumscissile,  nodding,  4.  ANAGALLIS. 

Corolla-lobes  reflexed  :  anthers  sagittate.  5.  DODECATHEON. 

Ovary  half-inferior.  6.   SAMOLDS. 

1.  TRIENTALIS  L.     Perennial  caulescent  herbs  with  slender  rootstocks. 
Leaves  mostly  reduced  to  minute  scales  on  the  scape-like  stem.     Flowers  soli- 
tary or  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  slender-pedicelled,  subtended  by  a 
whorl  of  leaf -like  bracts.     Calyx-lobes   narrow.     Corolla  rotate:    lobes  much 
longer  than  the  tube.     Filaments  slender.     Anthers  narrow,  curved.     Capsule 
short. 

1.  T.  borealis  Eaf.  Plants  5-25  cm.  tall,  slender:  leaves  (scales)  remote, 
mostly  2-8  mm.  long:  bracts  leaf -like,  5-10;  blades  elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceo- 
late, 3-10  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends:  pedicels  filiform,  2-5  cm.  long: 
sepals  linear:  corolla  1.5-2  cm.  wide;  lobes  oblong  or  elliptic,  acuminate:  cap- 
sules 3-4  mm.  in  diameter.  —  S.  Bare,  in  woods  near  Wakefield.  —  Schists.  — 
Spr. —  STAR-FLOWER.  CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. 

2.  LYSIMACHIA    [Tourn.]    L.      Perennial    or   rarely   annual   herbs,   the 
foliage  glandular-punctate.     Leaves  opposite  or  apparently  whorled.     Corolla 
yellow,  rotate  or  nearly  so:  lobes  entire,  acute  or  obtuse.     Filaments  partially 
united.     Staminodia  wanting.     Anthers  ovoid.  —  Sum.  —  LOOSESTRIFE. 

Calyx-lobes  ovate  :  stem  and  branches  creeping.  1.  L.  Nummularia. 

Calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear  :  stems  erect. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  the  racemes  sometimes  leafy 

bracted  :  corolla  streaked. 
Inflorescence  extending  nearly  the  length  of  the  plant : 

flowers  axillary  to  leaf-like  bracts.  2.  L.  guadrifolia. 

Inflorescence  a  terminal  virgate  raceme  :  flowers  axillary 

to  small  bracts.  3.  L.  terrestris. 

Flowers    in    a    terminal    panicle :    corolla    without    dots    or 

streaks.  4.  L.  vulgaris. 

1.  L.    Nummularia   L.     Stem   and  branches    1-7    dm.   long:    leaf -blades    sub- 
orbicular,  0.8-3  cm.  long:  calyx-lobes  ovate,  8-9  mm.  long,  cordate  at  the  base: 
corolla-lobes  11-14  mm.  long,  obovate  to  ovate:    capsules  about  4  mm.  thick. 
—  Common,  on  moist  banks,  and  about  gardens.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  MONEYWORT. 

2.  L.  quadrifolia  L.     Stem  2-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  lanceolate  to  oval,  1.5-9 
cm.   long:    pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts:    calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  5-6  mm. 
long,   acuminate:    corolla-lobes   oblong  to   ovate-oblong,   exceeding  the   calyx: 
capsules  2.5-3  mm.  thick.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  woods. 


222  PEIMULACEAE. 

3.  L.  terrestris  (L.)  B.S.P.    Stem  5-8  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  lanceolate,  oblong- 
lanceolate,    or    narrowly    elliptic,    2-6    cm.    long,    abruptly    smaller    near    the 
inflorescence:    pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts:    calyx-lobes  oblong-lanceolate, 
about    2    mm.    long:    corolla-lobes    oblong-lanceolate:    capsules    about    2   mm. 
thick.  —  Common,  in  wet  sandy  soil  and  swamps. 

4.  L.  vulgaris  L.     Stems  commonly  1  m.  tall  or  less,  softly  fine-pubescent: 
leaf -blades  lanceolate,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  narrowly  ovate,  5.5-13  cm. 
long,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate:  flowers  short-pedicelled :  calyx-lobes  lanceo- 
late, dark-margined,  acuminate :  corolla  deep-yellow,  1.5-2  cm.  wide ;  lobes  ovate 
or  oblong-ovate :  capsules  3.5-4.5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  S.     Shore  of  the  Susque- 
hanna  at  Tucquan.    Nat.  of  Eu. 

3.  STEIRONEMA  Eaf.     Perennial  herbs,  the  foliage  not  glandular-punc- 
tate.    Leaves  opposite.     Corolla  yellow,  rotate:   lobes  erose  or  erose-ciliate, 
mucronate.     Filaments  distinct  or  nearly  so,  alternating  with  manifest  stami- 
nodia.     Anthers  linear.  —  Sum.  —  LOOSESTRIFE. 

Bracts  with  ovate  blades  :  leaf-blades  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base. 

1.  S.  ciliatum. 
Bracts    with    linear,    oblong    or    narrowly    lanceolate    blades : 

leaf-blades  narrowed  at  the  base.  2.  S.  lanceolatum. 

1.  S.  ciliatum  (L.)  Eaf.     Stem  2-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate,  oblong-ovate 
or  broadly  lanceolate,  4-12  cm.  long,  like  the  petioles  ciliate:  calyx-lobes  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  6-7  mm.  long:   corolla-lobes  ovate  or  obovate,  erose-ciliate: 
capsules  about  5  mm.  thick.  —  Common,  in  damp  thickets. 

2.  S.  lanceolatum  (Walt.)  A.  Gray.     Stem  2-6  dm.  tall:  lower  cauline  leaves 
with  oblong  or  lanceolate  blades;  upper  cauline  leaves  much  longer  than  the 
lower  ones,  the  blades  mainly  linear,  3-10  cm.  long,  the  petiole-like  bases  only 
or  mainly  ciliate  near  the  stem:   calyx-lobes  4-5  mm.  long:   corolla-lobes  5-8 
mm.  long :  staminodia  ovate :   capsules  2.5-3  mm.  thick.  —  S.     Eare,  in  sandy 
soil,  islands  at  McCall  's  Ferry.  —  Schists. 

4.  ANAG-A LTiIS  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  or  rarely  perennial  herbs  of  culti- 
vated  or   waste   places.      Leaves   mostly   opposite:    blades   thinnish.      Corolla 
rotate,  longer  than  the  calyx;   lobes  dilated.     Filaments  pubescent:    anthers 
oblong. 

1.  A.  arvensis  L.  Stem  and  branches  5-30  cm.  long:  leaf -blades  ovate,  or 
oval,  5-20  mm.  long,  entire,  sessile:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  about  2  mm.  long: 
corolla  scarlet  or  rarely  white  (blue  in  A.  arvensis  coerulea),  5-7  mm.  wide; 
lobes  glandular- ciliate :  capsules  about  4  mm.  in  diameter,  on  recurved  pedicels. 
—  Common,  in  sandy  soil  and  in  fields  and  waste  places.  Nat.  of  Eu.  — 
Sum.  —  POOR-MAN  's  WEATHER-GLASS.  SHEPHERD  's  WEATHER-GLASS.  PIMPERNEL. 

5.  DODECATHEON    L.      Perennial    scapose    herbs    of    cliffs    or    bluffs. 
Leaves  on  a  short  caudex:  blades  entire  to  coarsely  toothed.     Flowers  showy, 
in  a  terminal  umbel,  nodding.     Calyx-lobes  reflexed  in  anthesis.     Corolla  with 
a  very  short  tube  and  reflexed  longer  lobes.     Stamens  erect. 

1.  D.  Meadia  L.  Leaf-blades  spatulate  to  oblong,  5-20  cm.  long,  entire  to 
coarsely  crenate:  scapes  overtopping  the  leaves:  calyx-lobes  linear  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  much  longer  than  the  tube:  corolla  pink-purple  or  almost  white; 
petals  1-1.5  cm.  long:  capsules  oblong- cylindric,  1.2-1.5  cm.  long,  much  longer 
than  the  calyx.  —  M.  S.  Occasional,  on  rocky  hillsides  along  the  Conestoga 
Creek  and  the  Susquehanna.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Spr.  —  MEADIA.  SHOOT- 
ING-STAR. AMERICAN-COWSLIP. 

6.  SAMOLUS  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs  of  wet 
places.      Leaves    alternate:    blades    entire.      Flowers   in    simple    or   branched, 


OLEACEAE.  223 

sessile  or  nearly  sessile,  racemes.  Calyx  perigynous:  sepals  5.  Corolla  perig- 
ynous:  lobes  5,  imbricate,  with  staminodia  at  the  sinuses.  Stamens  5:  fila- 
ments very  short,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  very  short  corolla-tube.  Ovary  and 
capsule  half -inferior. 

1.  S.  floribundus  H.B.K.  Plant  glabrous,  1-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  spatulate 
to  oval  or  obovate,  3-15  cm.  long:  sepals  ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  barely  1 
mm.  long,  acute:  corolla  white,  3  mm.  wide;  lobes  oblong:  capsules  2.5-3  mm. 
in  diameter.  —  M.  Bare,  in  wet  soil,  along  the  Conestoga  Creek.  —  Limestones. 
—  Sum.  — •  WATER-PIMPERNEL.  BROOKWEED. 

Order  EBENALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled:  blades 
simple.  Flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  or  dioecious.  Calyx  of  3-12  par- 
tially united  sepals.  Corolla  of  3-12  partially  united  petals.  Androecium 
of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  corolla-lobes  or  twice  as  many,  or  more, 
sometimes  accompanied  by  staminodia.  Gynoecium  of  3-several  united 
carpels.  Fruit  capsular  or  baccate. 

FAMILY  1.    EBENACEAE.    EBONY  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  mostly  alternate:  blades  entire.  Flowers 
solitary  or  in  cymes.  Calyx  of  3-7  partially  united  sepals,  persistent, 
accrescent.  Corolla  of  3-7  partially  united  petals,  often  urceolate.  Androe- 
cium of  3  or  4  times  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  corolla-lobes.  Gynoe- 
cium of  3-several  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  berry,  or  sometimes  capsular. 

1.  DIOSPYROS  L.  Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  scattered:  blades  entire. 
Calyx  3-7-lobed.  Stamens  with  pubescent  filaments  and  anthers  opening 
lengthwise.  Berry  spheroidal  or  elongate. 

1.  D.  virginiana  L.  Shrub,  or  tree  becoming  35  m.  tall,  the  bark  very  rough: 
leaf -blades  ovate,  oval,  or  elliptic,  8-20  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate:  corolla 
8-13  mm.  long;  lobes  reniform:  berries  3-4  cm.  in  diameter,  astringent  when 
green,  yellow  or  reddish  and  sweet  when  ripe.  —  Common,  in  fields,  thickets 
and  open  woods.  —  Sum.  —  PERSIMMON. 

Order  OLEALES. 

Shrubs,  trees,  undershrubs,  or  herbaceous  plants.  Leaves  opposite,  or 
rarely  alternate  or  whorled :  blades  simple  or  pinnately  compound.  Flowers 
perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious.  Calyx  of  4  or  more  partially  united 
sepals,  or  wanting.  Corolla  of  2-6  distinct  or  partially  united  petals,  or 
wanting.  Androecium  of  2-4  stamens  partially  adnate  to  the  corolla  when 
it  is  present.  Gynoecium  of  2  united  carpels,  the  ovary  superior.  Fruit  a 
capsule,  a  samara,  or  a  berry,  usually  1-celled  by  suppression. 

FAMILY  1.     OLEACEAE.     OLIVE  FAMILY. 

Woody  or  partially  woody  plants  with  erect  or  climbing  stems.  Leaves 
predominatingly  opposite:  blades  simple  and  entire  or  toothed,  or  pin- 
nately compound. 


224  OLEACEAE. 

Fruit  a  samara  :   leaf-blades   pinnately   compound.  1.  FRAXINUS. 

Fruit  fleshy,  a  drupe  or  a  berry  :  leaf -blades  simple. 

Corolla     of    nearly     distinct     petals :     flowers     in     drooping 

panicles.  2.  CHIONANTHDS. 

Corolla  of  united  petals  :  flowers  in  erect  panicles.  3.  LIGUSTRUM. 

1.  FUAXINUS    [Tourn.]   L.     Shrubs  or  trees.     Leaves  opposite:    blades 
unequally  pinnate.     Flowers  polygamous,  dioecious,  or  rarely  perfect,  in  clus- 
ters or  panicles.     Calyx  unequally  4-lobed,  or  obsolete.     Corolla  of  2-4  petals, 
or  wanting.     Stamens  2  or  rarely  3  or  4.     Stigma  2-lobed.     Samara  winged  at 
the  tip  or  all  around.  —  Spr.  —  ASH. 

Samara-wing  extending  along  the  sides  of  the  slender  body.  1.  F.  pennsylvanica. 
Samara-wing  terminal  on  the  stout  body. 

Samara-body  long,  several  times  as  long  as  thick,  tapering 
to  the  base ;  wing  with  decidedly  curved  sides  :  leaves 
glabrous.  2.  F.  americana. 

Samara-body  short,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick,  abruptly 
narrowed  at  the  base ;  wing  with  parallel  or  almost 
parallel  sides  :  leaves  pubescent.  3.  F.  Mltmoreana. 

1.  F.  pennsylvanica  Marsh.     Tree  becoming  26  m.  tall,  the  twigs  pubescent  or 
glabrous:  leaflets  5-7;  blades  of  the  lateral  ones  lanceolate,  elliptic-lanceolate, 
or  elliptic,  5-15  cm.  long,  undulate  or  irregularly  serrulate:   samaras  2-6  cm. 
long,  the  wing  linear  or  nearly  so.  —  Common,  in  low  grounds.  —  BED-ASH. 

2.  F.  americana  L.     Tree  becoming  40  m.  tall,  the  twigs  glabrous:   leaflets 
5-9;  blades  of  the  lateral  ones  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  elliptic,  5-15  cm.  long, 
relatively  thin,  entire  or  shallowly  toothed:  samaras  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  the  wing 
linear-spatulate    or    oblong-spatulate,    terminal    or    nearly    so    on    the    oblong- 
cylindric  body.  —  Common,  in  low  rich  woods  and  on  hillsides.  —  WHITE-ASH. 

3.  F.  biltmoreana  Beadle.     Tree  becoming  18  m.  tall,  the  twigs  densely  soft- 
pubescent:  leaflets  7-9;  blades  of  the  lateral  ones  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
7-14  cm.  long,  relatively  thick,  entire  or  obscurely  toothed:  samaras  3.5-5  cm. 
long,  the  wing  linear  or  nearly  so,  terminal  or  nearly  so  on  the  stout  elliptic 
body.  —  S.     Occasional,  especially  at  McCall's  Ferry.  —  Schists. 

2.  CHIONANTHUS  L.    Shrubs  or  trees.    Leaves  opposite:  blades  simple. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  in  drooping  festoon-like  panicles.     Calyx  deeply 
4-lobed.     Corolla  white:  lobes  narrow,  many  times  longer  than  the  tube.     Sta- 
mens  2 :    filaments   adnate   to   the   corolla-tube.     Stigma   notched   or    2-lobed. 
Drupe  oval  to  subglobose. 

1.  C.  virginica  L.  Shrub,  or  tree  rarely  10  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval,  oblong, 
or  elliptic,  varying  to  obovate,  5-15  cm.  long:  panicles  5-20  cm.  long:  calyx- 
lobes  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute:  petals  linear,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long:  drupes  1.5-2 
cm.  long,  deep-purple  or  nearly  black.  —  S.  Kather  common,  in  damp  woods. 
—  Schists.  —  Spr.  —  FRINGE-TREE.  OLD-MAN  's  BEARD.  FLOWERING-ASH.  SUN- 
FLOWER-TREE. 

3.  LIGUSTRUM  [Tourn.]  L.     Shrubs  or  trees.     Leaves  opposite:  blades 
simple.     Flowers  perfect,  in  erect  panicles.     Calyx  shallowly  4-lobed  or  nearly 
truncate.     Corolla  white  or  greenish,  funnelform:  lobes  broad,  about  as  long 
as  the  tube.    Stigmas  2:  filaments  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube.     Stigma  2-lobed. 
Drupe  mostly  subglobose. 

1.  L.  vulgare  L.  Shrub  becoming  3  m.  tall:  leaves  tardily  deciduous;  blades 
oblong,  elliptic,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  1-6  cm.  long,  entire:  calyx  fully  1  mm. 
long :  corolla  4-6  mm.  long :  drupes  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  black.  —  M.  S. 
Common,  on  roadsides  and  in  thickets.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  PRIVET.  PRIM. 


GENTIANACEAE.  225 

Order  GENTIANALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  sometimes  aquatic  or  humus  plants  or  vines. 
Leaves  mainly  opposite:  blades  simple  or  3-foliolate.  Flowers  mostly 
perfect,  solitary  or  in  cymes.  Calyx  of  5  partially  united  sepals,  or  more 
or  fewer.  Corolla  of  5  partially  united  petals,  or  more  or  fewer.  Androe- 
cium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  corolla-lobes:  filaments  often  par- 
tially adnate  to  the  corolla-tube.  Gynoecium  of  2  more  or  less  united 
carpels.  Fruit  capsular,  baccate,  or  drupaceous. 

Leaves  opposite  :  corolla-lobes  convolute  or  imbricate  in  the  bud. 

Fam.  1.  GENTIAN IACEAE. 
Leaves    alternate  :    corolla-lobes   induplicate-valvate.  Fam.  2.  MENYANTHACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.     GENTIANACEAE.     GENTIAN  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves 
typically  opposite:  blades  entire,  sometimes  connate.  Flowers  perfect, 
solitary  or  variously  clustered.  Calyx  of  2,  4  or  5,  or  more,  partly  united 
sepals,  persistent.  Corolla  of  4  or  5,  or  more,  partly  united  petals,  vary- 
ing from  rotate  to  tubular.  Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are 
corolla-lobes,  the  filaments  partly  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube.  Gynoecium 
of  2  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

Corolla-lobes  convolute  in  the  bud  :  leaves  with  dilated  blades  present. 

Style  filiform,  mostly  deciduous  :  anthers  recurving  or  twisting  at  maturity. 
Stigmas  roundish,  much  shorter  than  the  style.  1.  CENTAUBIDM. 

Stigmas  linear  or  nearly  so,  about  as  long  as  the  style.      2.   SABBATIA. 
Style  stout,  short  or  wanting  :  anthers  straight  at  maturity. 
Corolla  without  plaits  in  the  sinuses  of  the  lobes  :  calyx 

without  an  interior  membrane.  3.  ANTHOPOGON. 

Corolla  with  plaits   in  the  sinuses   of  the  lobes  :   calyx 

with  an  interior  membrane.  4.  DASYSTEPHANA. 

Corolla-lobes  imbricate   in  the  bud :   leaves,   or  those   of  stem, 

reduced  to  scales. 

Calyx-lobes  2,  broadened  upward :  petals  well  united.  5.  OBOLARIA. 

Calyx-lobes  4,  narrowed  upward  :  petals  slightly  united.  6.  BARTONIA. 

'1.  CENTAURIUM  Hill.  Annual,  biennial,  or  sometimes  perennial,  rela- 
tively small  herbs.  Flowers  in  terminal  cymes.  Calyx-lobes  4  or  5,  keeled. 
Corolla  white,  or  commonly  deep-pink  or  rose-purple,  salverform:  lobes  4  or  5, 
shorter  than  the  tube,  often  strongly  involute  and  thus  acuminate. 

1.  C.  pulchellum  (Sw.)  Druce.  Stem  3-25  cm.  tall:  blades  of  the  upper  leaves 
oblong  to  ovate,  5-20  mm.  long,  obtuse:  calyx  6-8  mm.  long:  corolla  9-10  mm. 
long;  lobes  oblong-ovate,  5-6.5  mm.  long,  obtuse:  capsule  7.5-8  mm.  long. 
—  Common,  on  roadsides  and  in  waste  places.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  — 
CENTAURY. 

2.  SABBATIA    Adans.      Annual    or    biennial,    relatively    slender    herbs. 
Flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes.     Calyx-lobes  4-12,  narrow.     Corolla  white,  or  of 
pale  tints,  often  with  a  distinct  eye,  rotate:  lobes  entire,  longer  than  the  tube. 

1.  S.  angularis  (L.)  Pursh.  Stem  3-8  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  upper  leaves 
ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  1.5-3  cm.  long:  flowers  fragrant:  calyx  7-8  mm. 
long ;  lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube :  corolla  typically  deep-pink ;  lobes  10-18 
mm.  long:  capsules  4.5-5.5  mm.  long.  —  N.  E.  Bather  common,  on  serpentine 
especially.  —  Sum.  —  EOSE-PINK.  BITTER-BLOOM. 

3.  ANTHOPOGON  Neck.     Annual,  biennial,   or  rarely  perennial  herbs. 
Flowers  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  and  its  branches,  the  whorls  mostly 

Lancaster  County  Flora  15. 


226  GENTIANACEAE. 

of  4  parts  each.  Calyx  relatively  large:  lobes  keeled,  unequal,  the  inner  ones 
broader  than  the  outer  and  hyaline  or  scarious-margined.  Corolla  salverform- 
funnelform:  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  without  plaits  in  the  sinuses.  Stigmas 
very  broad. 

1.  A.  crinitum  (Froel.)  Eaf.  Stem  2-5  dm.  tall,  mostly  branched:  leaf -blades 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  mainly  2-5  cm.  long,  partly  clasping:  calyx  25-30  mm. 
long:  corolla  sky-blue,  4-5  cm.  long;  lobes  fimbriate:  capsule  about  3  cm. 
long.  —  M.  S.  Bare,  in  swamps  and  moist  thickets.  —  Limestones,  schists, — 
Fall.  —  FRINGED-GENTIAN. 

4.  DASYSTEPHANA    Adans.      Annual,    biennial,    or    perennial    herbs. 
Flowers    in   a    compact    terminal    cyme    and   axillary    cymes    or    solitary,    the 
whorls  mainly  of  5  parts  each.     Calyx  persistent:  lobes  minute  or  foliaceous, 
essentially  equal.     Corolla   salverform,   funnelform,   or   clavate,  with  neither 
glands  at  the  base  of  the  tube  nor  filaments  at  the  base  of  the  lobes:  lobes 
much  shorter  than  the  tube,  with  plaits  at  the  sinuses.    Stigmas  narrow.    Cap- 
sule stipitate.  —  Fall.  —  GENTIAN. 

Calyx-lobes  spatulate  to  linear-lanceolate :  corolla-lobes  about  as 

long  as  the  plaits. 

Calyx-lobes  ciliolate-scabrous  :  corolla  rose-purple  to  blue.  1.  D.  Saponaria. 

Calyx-lobes    smooth    and   glabrous :    corolla   greenish-white    or 

purplish-green.  2.  D.  villosa. 

Calyx-lobes     elliptic,     oval     or     ovate :     corolla-lobes     minute     or 

obsolete.  3.  D.  Andrewsii. 

1.  D.  Saponaria  (L.)  Small.    Stem  3-8  dm.  tall,  glabrous:  leaf -blades  lanceo- 
late to  oblong  or  elliptic,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long:  calyx  15-20  mm.  long;  lobes  spatu- 
late to  linear-spatulate,  mainly  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  blue  or  purplish- 
blue,  3.5-4  cm.  long;  lobes  mainly  shorter  than  the  plaits:  capsule-body  fully 
1.5    cm.    long.  —  S.     Eather    common,    on    moist    shaded    banks.  —  Schists.  — 

SOAPWORT-GENTIAN. 

2.  D.  villosa  (L.)  Small.     Stem  1-6  dm.  tall,  glabrous:  leaf -blades  spatulate 
to  obovate,  oblong,  or  oval,  2-8  cm.  long:  calyx  25-30  mm.  long;  lobes  linear 
to  linear-spatulate,  longer  than  the  tube:   corolla  greenish- white  or  purplish- 
green,  4.5-5  cm.  long;  lobes  much  longer  than  the  plaits:   capsule-body  2.5-3 
cm.  long.  —  S.     Bather  rare,  in  open  woods.  —  Schists.  —  SAMPSON  'S-SNAKE- 

EOOT. 

3.  D.  Andrewsii   (Griseb.)   Small.     Stem  3-6  dm.  tall,  glabrous:   leaf -blades 
lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  mainly  4-9  cm.  long:   calyx 
8-18  mm.  long;  lobes  elliptic,  oval,  or  ovate,  shorter  than  the  tube,  unequal: 
corolla  blue,  or  purplish,  or  rarely  white,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long;   lobes  minute  or 
obsolete :    plaits    conspicuous :    capsule-body    2-2.5    cm.    long.  —  Common,    in 
swamps  and  moist  thickets.  —  CLOSED-GENTIAN. 

5.  OBOLABIA    L.     Perennial    small,    but    stout    herbs.      Leaves    mere 
dilated  scales.    Flowers  in  spike-like  cymes,  each  subtended  by  a  dilated  bract. 
Calyx-lobes  2,  dilated  upward.     Corolla  white,  pinkish,  or  purplish,  broadly 
funnelform:  lobes  4,  about  as  long  as  the  tube. 

1.  O.  virginica  L.  Plant  purplish-green,  5-20  cm.  tall:  leaves  (scales)  5-10 
mm.  long,  the  upper  ones  broadened  upward,  longer  than  the  lower  ones:  calyx- 
lobes  spatulate  or  oblong- spatulate :  corolla  7-10  mm.  long;  lobes  nearly  as 
long  as  the  tube,  acute :  capsules  5-6  mm.  long.  —  S.  Kare,  in  rich  woods.  — 
Schists.  —  Spr.  —  PENNYWORT. 

6.  BABTONIA  Muhl.     Annual  or  biennial,  slender  herbs.     Leaves  mere 
narrow  scales.     Flowers  in  racemose  or  panicled  cymes,  or  solitary,  each  sub- 


APOCYNACEAE.  227 

tended  by  a  narrow  bract.  Calyx-lobes  4,  keeled,  narrowed  upward.  Corolla 
white  or  yellowish,  rotate :  lobes  4,  longer  than  the  tube.  —  Sum.  and  f alL 

Corolla-lobes   oblong,   more  or  less   erose,   abruptly   pointed:  branches   and  pedicels 
stiff.  i.  B.  virginica. 

Corolla-lobes    lanceolate,    entire,    acute    or    acuminate :    branches 

and  pedicels  lax.  2.  B.  lanceolata. 

1.  B.  virginica  (L.)  B.S.P.     Plant  1-4  dm.  taU:  leaves  (scales)  opposite,  or 
alternate  on  small  plants:  calyx-lobes  subulate  or  lanceolate-subulate:  corolla 
yello  wish- white ;   lobes  mostly  2-2.5  mm.  long:    capsules   3-5  mm.  long.  —  S. 
Bare,  on  grassy  banks.  —  Schists. 

2.  B.  lanceolata  Small.    Plants  2-6  dm.  tall:  leaves  (scales)  opposite  or  alter- 
nate:   calyx-lobes   similar  to   those  of  B.   virginica:   corolla  greenish- white ; 
lobes  mostly  2.5-3  mm.  long :   capsules  4-5  mm.  long.  —  S.     Bather  rare,  in 

swamps.  — •  Schists. 

FAMILY  2.    MENYANTHACEAE.    BUCKBEAN  FAMILY. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  bog  herbs.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  simple  or 
3-foliolate.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary,  or  in  clusters  or  racemes.  Calyx  of 
5  partly  united  sepals.  Corolla  white  or  colored,  rotate,  or  funnelf  orm. 
Androecium  of  5  stamens,  with  the  filaments  partly  adnate  to  the  corolla- 
tube.  Gynoecium  of  2  united  carpels.  Style  very  short.  Fruit  a  capsule, 
sometimes  indehiscent. 

1.  MENYANTHES  [Tourn.]  L.  Bog  herbs  with  stout  rootstocks.  Leaves 
erect:  blades  3-foliolate.  Eaceme  or  panicle  erect.  Calyx  persistent:  lobes  5. 
Corolla  funnelf  orm,  deciduous:  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer,  bearded 
within.  Filaments  slender.  Anthers  curved.  Capsule  erect,  short,  opening 
irregularly. 

1.  M.  trifoliata  L.  Bootstock  sheathed:  leaflets  3-11  cm.  long;  blades  oblong 
to  obovate,  sessile:  scape  1-3  dm.  tall:  bracts  fleshy:  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceo- 
late to  lanceolate,  4-5  mm.  long:  corolla  white  or  reddish,  8-11  mm.  long: 
capsules  *subglobose,  6-7.5  mm.  in  diameter,  apiculate.  —  M.  Bare  and  local, 
in  Dillerville  swamp  and  along  the  Oonestoga  Creek  above  Lancaster.  —  Lime- 
stones.—  Spr.  and  sum.  —  BUCKBEAN. 

Order  ASCLEPIADALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  commonly  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate 
or  opposite:  blades  entire.  Inflorescence  cymose,  sometimes  umbellate. 
Calyx  of  usually  5  partially  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  partially  united 
petals.  Androecium  of  mostly  5  distinct  or  monadelphous  stamens,  par- 
tially adnate  to  the  corolla  in  Asclepiadaceae  and  accompanied  by  a  5- 
lobed  crown.  Pollen  granular  or  in  waxy  masses.  Gynoecium  of  usually 
2  carpels  sometimes  united  only  at  the  apex.  Stigma  terminal.  Fruit  a 
pair  of  follicles,  or  drupaceous. 

Styles  united :  stamens  distinct :  pollen  loosely  granular.     Fam.  1.  APOCYNACEAE. 
Styles    distinct :    stamens    monadelphous :    pollen    united 
into  waxy  masses.  Pam.  2.  ASCLEPIADACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    APOCYNACEAE.    DOGBANE  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbaceous  or  woody  plants,  with  mostly  dichotomous 
cymose  inflorescence.  Androecium  of  mostly  5  stamens,  with  the  anthers 


228  ASCLEPIADACEAE. 

converging  around  the  stigma  or  slightly  adhering  to  it,  not  accompanied 
by  a  crown.  Gynoecium  of  2  carpels,  the  styles  and  stigmas,  and  sometimes 
the  carpel-bodies,  united :  two  carpels  usually  maturing. 

Anthers   unappendaged   at  the   base,   not   connected   with   the   stigma :    corolla-lobes 
sinistrorsely  convolute  :   flowers   axillary  to  leaf-like  bracts.  1.  VINCA. 

Anthers  appendaged  at  the  base,  converging  around  the  stigma 
and  partially  adherent  to  it :  corolla-lobes  dextrorsely  convolute  : 
flowers  in  terminal  cymes.  2.  APOCYNUM. 

1.  VINCA   L.     Trailing   or    creeping  herbs.     Leaves   opposite.      Corolla- 
tube  dilated  at  the  mouth. 

1.  V.  minor  L.  Stems  2-7  dm.  long:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  oblong,  1.5-4  cm. 
long:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  to  subulate-lanceolate,  3-3.5  mm.  long:  corolla 
blue;  tube  9-10  mm.  long;  lobes  undulate-truncate.  —  Rather  common,  on 
banks  near  dwellings.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  PERIWINKLE.  MYRTLE. 

2.  APOCYNUM    [Tourn.]    L.     Upright   herbs.     Leaves  opposite:    blades 
relatively  broad.     Corolla  campanulate  to  urceolate,  with  entire  appendages 
near    the    base,    the    lobes    erect    or    recurved,    narrow.  —  Sum.  —  DOGBANE. 
INDIAN-HEMP. 

Corolla  pink,  5-9  mm.  long :  lobes  revolute  :  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla- 
tube,  l.  A.  androsaemifolium. 
Corolla  white  or  greenish,  2.5-4  mm.  long :  lobes  erect  or 
nearly  so  :   stamens  much   shorter  than  the  corolla- 
tube. 

Leaf-blades  narrowed  at  the  base,  distinctly  petioled. 
Corolla    greenish,    3.5-4    mm.    long ;    follicles    12-20 

cm.  long.  2.  A.  cannaltinum. 

Corolla    white,    2.5-3    mm.    long :    follicles    6-9    cm. 

long.  3.  A.  album. 

Leaf-blades,    at    least    those    of    the   stem-leaves,    with 

broad  cordate-clasping  bases,  sessile.  4.  A,  sibiricum. 

1.  A.  androsaemifolium  L.     Plants  3-15  dm.  tall :  leaf -blades  ovate,  oblong,  or 
oval,  4-11  cm.  long:  cymes  rather  long:  calyx-lobes  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
2-2.5  mm.  long:   corolla-lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube:   follicles  10-17  cm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  thickets. 

2.  A.  cannabinum  L.    Plants  8-18  dm.  tall :  leaf-blades  oblong  to  oblong-ovate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  5-12  cm.  long:    cymes  rather  dense:    calyx-lobes  lanceo- 
late, 2.5-3  mm.  long:  corolla-lobes  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube:  follicles  12- 
20  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  thickets. 

3.  A.    album   Greene.      Stems    3-9    dm.    tall,    with   spreading   often   glaucous 
branches:  leaf -blades  oblong,  elliptic,  or  ovate-oblong,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  acute  at 
both  ends,  or  rounded  at  the  base,  short-petioled :    cymes  rather  lax:    calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  acuminate:  corolla  white  or  whitish,  3-4  mm. 
long;  lobes  ovate,  erect  or  nearly  so:   follicles  6-9  cm.  long.  —  Susquehanna 
valley.     Frequent,  in  rocky  places. 

4.  A.  sibiricum  Jacq.     Stems  3-8   dm.   tall,  with  ascending  usually  glaucous 
branches:  leaf -blades  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong,  3-9  cm.  long,  abruptly 
pointed,  those  of  the  cauline  leaves  subcordate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  sessile 
or  nearly  so:    cymes  rather   dense:    calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate   or   subulate. 
2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  acuminate:  corolla  greenish-white,  3-4  mm.  long;  lobes  ovate, 
erect  or  nearly  so:    follicles   11-14   cm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Eather 
common,  in  rocky  places. 

FAMILY  2.    ASCLEPIADACEAE.    MILKWEED  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbaceous  or  woody  plants,  with  usually  umbel-like  cymes. 
Androecium  of  usually  5  stamens,  with  the  anthers  more  adherent  to  the 


ASCLEPIADACEAE.  229 

stigma  than  in  Apocynaceae,  the  filament-appendages  forming  a  crown. 
Gynoecium  of  2  carpels  with  the  stigmas  united:  one  carpel  usually 
maturing. 

Erect  or  spreading  herbs  :  pollinia  pendulous  :  stigma  neither  saucer-shaped  nor  cup- 
shaped. 

Hoods  of  the  crown  without  horns.  1.  ACERATES. 

Hoods  of  the  crown  each  with  a  projecting  horn.  2.  ASCLEPIAS. 

Vines  :  pollinia  horizontal  :  stigma  saucer-shaped  or  cup-shaped.      3.  VINCETOXICUM. 

1.  ACERATES  Ell.     Erect  or  spreading  herbs,  with  narrow  or  relatively 
narrow  leaf -blades.     Calyx-lobes  5.     Corolla  rotate:  lobes  reflexed.     Hoods  of 
the  crown  approximate  to  the  anthers,  the  column  very  short  or  stout. 

1.  A.  viridiflora  (Eaf.)  Eaton.  Plants  2-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval  to 
oblong,  4-6  cm.  long:  corolla-lobes  5-6  mm.  long:  hoods  3-4  mm.  long: 
column  very  short:  anther-wings  about  4  mm.  long:  pollinium-bodies  2-3  mm. 
long:  seed-coma  2.5-3  cm.  long.  —  1ST.  S.  Common,  in  dry  soil.  —  Sandstones 
and  shales,  schists,  and  especially  common  in  serpentine.  —  Sum.  —  GREEN- 
MILKWEED. 

2.  ASCLEPIAS   [Tourn.]  L.     Erect  or  spreading  herbs,  with  narrow  or 
broad  leaf -blades.     Calyx-lobes  5.     Corolla  rotate:   lobes  reflexed.     Hoods  of 
the  crown  (corona)  approximate  to  the  anthers,  or  nearly  so,  not  adnate  to  the 
anther- column,  the  horn  mainly  adnate  only  to  the  base  of  the  hood.     Anther- 
wings    salient    at    the   base.      Pollinia   longer    than    the    caudicles.  —  Sum.  — 
MILKWEED.     SILKWEED. 

Corolla  and  hoods  orange-yellow  :  leaves,  or  some  of  them,  alternate. 

Stems  decumbent  or  procumbent :  leaves,  at  least  the  upper  ones,  opposite ;  blades 

mainly  oblong.  1.  A.  decumbens. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending  :  leaves  mainly  alternate  ;  blades 

lanceolate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate.  2.  A.  tuberosa. 

Corolla  and  hoods  red,  purple,  green  or  white :  leaves  oppo- 
site or  whorled. 
Leaf-blades  broad. 

Follicles  erect  on   deflexed  pedicels. 

Leaf-blades  sessile  and  sometimes  clasping. 

Leaf-blades   rounded   or   abruptly   narrowed   at 
the  apex :   hoods  broad,  truncate  and  blunt- 

mucronate,   the  horn  exserted.  3.  A.  amplexicaulis. 

Leaf-blades    acuminate :    hoods   narrow,    obtuse 

or  acutish,   the  horn  not  exserted.  4.  A.  rubra. 

Leaf-blades  petioled. 
Corolla  colored. 

Corolla  dark-purple  :  hoods  narrow,  obtuse  : 

petals  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  crown.        5.  A.  purpurescens. 
Corolla    paler :    hoods    broad,    truncate    or 
broadly    rounded :    petals    over    twice 
as  long  as  the  crown. 
Leaf-blades  not  acuminate  at  both  ends  : 
hoods   rounded   and   slightly   auricled, 
the  horns  scarcely  exserted.  6.  A.  syriaca. 

Leaf-blades  decidedly  acuminate  at  both 
ends  :  hoods  truncate  and  prominently 
auricled,  the  horns  long  exserted.  7.  A.  exaltata. 

Corolla  white.  8.  A.  variegata. 

Follicles  erect  on  erect  pedicels. 

Leaves  all  opposite  :  hoods  slightly  auricled. 

Leaf-blades   typically   lanceolate  or   oblong-lan- 
ceolate :  plant  glabrous  or  puberulent.  9.  A.  incarnata. 
Leaf -blades    typically    oblong :    plant    copiously 

pubescent.  10.  A.  pulcUra. 

Leaves,    at    least   the   main    ones,    whorled   in    4's 

or  6's  :  hoods  prominently  auricled.  11.  A.  quadrifoUa. 

Leaf-blades  narrow,  linear  or  nearly  so,  usually  elongate.      12.  A.  verticillata. 

1.  A.  decumbens  L.  Stems  decumbent  or  procumbent,  3-6  dm.  long,  hirsute  or 
hispid:  leaf -blades  mainly  oblong  above  the  more  or  less  hastate  base,  3-19  cm. 


230  ASCLEPIADACEAE. 

long:  corolla -lobes  6-7  mm.  long:  horn  arising  above  the  hood-auricles:  follicles 
mostly  over  10  cm.  long.  —  Occasional,  in  dry  soil. 

2.  A.  tufoerosa  L.     Stems  mostly  erect  or  ascending,  3-6  dm.  tall,  hirsute: 
leaf -blades  lanceolate-oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  3-9  cm.  long:    corolla-lobes 
5-6  mm.  long:   horn  arising  opposite  the  hood-auricles:    follicles  mostly  less 
than  10  cm.  long.  —  N.  S.     Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.  —  Sandstones 
and  shales,  schists.  —  BUTTERFLY- WEED.     PLEURISY-ROOT. 

3.  A.  amplexicaulis  J.  E.  Smith.     Stems  3-10  dm.  tall,  glabrous:  leaf -blades 
horizontal,  oblong  or  elliptic,  6-12  cm.  long:  corolla-lobes  greenish  or  greenish- 
purple,  7—9.5  mm.  long:  hoods  about  4  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  androecium, 
shallowly  lobed;  horn  subulate,  much  exserted:  anther- wings  twice  as  long  as 
wide :    follicles    10-16    cm.    long.  —  S.     Not   very    common,    on    roadsides.  — 
Schists. 

4.  A.   rubra   L.     Stems    3-12    dm.    tall,    glabrous:    leaf -blades   ovate,    ovate- 
lanceolate,   or  oblong-lanceolate,   7-20  cm.  long:    corolla-lobes  purple-red,  or 
rarely  purplish-green,   7-8   mm.   long:    hoods   lanceolate,   about   6   mm.   long, 
narrowed  to  the  apex;  horn  nearly  as  long  as  the  hood:  follicles  9-11  cm.  long. 
—  S.    Bare,  in  swamps.  —  Schists. 

5.  A.  purpurascens  L.     Stems  3-12  dm.  tall,  becoming  glabrous:   leaf -blades 
mainly  oblong-ovate,  9-20  cm.  long:  corolla-lobes  purple,  8-10  mm.  long:  hoods 
4.5-5.5  mm.  long,  fully  twice  as  long  as  the  androecium,  oblong-ovate  at  the 
entire  apex;  horn  much  shorter  than  the  hood:   anther- wings  nearly  as  wide 
as  long :  follicles  10-12  cm.  long.  —  Common,  on  roadsides  and  in  thickets.  — 
PURPLE-MILKWEED. 

6.  A.  syriaca  L.     Stems  5-15  dm.  tall,  becoming  glabrous:  leaf -blades  hori- 
zontal, oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  9-15  cm.  long:    corolla-lobes  greenish-purple, 
6-8  mm.  long:  hoods  3-4  mm.  long,  about  equalling  the  androecium,  broadly 
rounded;  horn  subulate,  about  as  long  as  the  hood:  anther-wings  much  longer 
than   wide:    follicles    7-9   cm.    long.  —  Common,    in   fields    and    fence-rows. — 
COMMON-MILKWEED. 

7.  A.  exaltata  (L.)  Muhl.     Stems  9-15  dm.  tall,  sometimes  pubescent  in  lines 
above:  leaf -blades  mainly  elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  1-2.5  cm.  long:  corolla- 
lobes  flesh-colored  or  bluish,  7-8  mm.  long:  hoods  3.5-4  mm.  long,  about  equal- 
ling the  androecium,  erose-truncate ;  horn  with  a  much  exserted  subulate  in- 
curved tip :   anther-wings  much  longer  than  wide :  follicles  12-16  cm.  long.  — 
Not  common,  in  thickets  and  on  roadsides.  —  POKE- MILKWEED. 

8.  A.  variegata  L.     Stems  3-9   dm.   tall,  sometimes  pubescent  above:    leaf- 
blades  typically  oval,  varying  to  ovate  or  obovate,  6-14  cm.  long:  corolla-lobes 
white,  6-8  mm.  long:  hoods  about  3  mm.  long,  rounded,  much  exceeding  the 
androecium;  horn  very  broad,  with  a  horizontal  tip:   anther-wings  nearly  as 
wide  as  long :  follicles  10-13  cm.  long.  —  N.  S.     Common,  in  woods.  —  Quartz- 
ite,  schists. 

9.  A.  incarnata  L.     Stems  6-11  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  puberulent:  leaf -blades 
mainly  oblong-lanceolate,  4-17  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:   corolla-lobes 
pink  or  rarely  white,  4-6  mm.  long:  hoods  oblong,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  somewhat 
exceeding  the  androecium;  horn  slender,  much  longer  than  the  hood:  follicles 
7-9  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  low  meadows  and  swamps  and  on  roadsides.  — 
SWAMP-MILKWEED. 

10.  A.   pulchra  Ehrh.     Stems   5-15   dm.   tall,   closely  pubescent:    leaf -blades 
broadly  lanceolate  to   oblong,   6-12   cm.   long,  pubescent:    corolla-lobes  rose- 
purple   or  rarely  white,   5-6  mm.  long:   hoods   oblong,   about  2.5  mm.  long, 
slightly  exceeding  the  androecium;  horn  slender,  much  longer  than  the  hood: 
follicles   5-7    cm.   long.  —  N.    S.     Common,    in   low    meadows   and    swamps.  — 
Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE.  231 

11.  A.   quadrifolia  Jacq.     Steins  3-6   dm.   tall,  sometimes  puberulent:    leaf- 
blades  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  4-10  em.  long:   corolla-lobes  pink  or  nearly 
white,  about  5  mm.  long:   hoods  ovate-oblong,  4-5  mm.  long,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  androecium;  horn  slender,  much  shorter  than  the  hood:   follicles 
10-12  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  woods. 

12.  A.  verticillata  L.    Stems  3-8  dm.  tall,  commonly  pubescent  in  lines:  leaf- 
blades  narrowly  linear  to  linear-filiform,  2-6  cm.  long:  corolla-lobes  greenish- 
white,  3-4  mm.  long:  hoods  about  1  mm.  long,  about  equalling  the  androecium 
or  shorter,  with  erect  auricles  within;  horn  slender,  much  exceeding  the  hood: 
column  mostly  less  than  1  mm.  long :   follicles  7-10  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in 
dry  soil  and  fields. 

3.  VINCETOXICUM  Walt.  Stout  vines  with  broad  leaf-blades.  Calyx- 
lobes  longer  than  the  corolla-tube.  Corolla  rotate  or  campanulate:  lobes  often 
relatively  long.  Crown  saucer-shaped  or  cup-like,  sometimes  lobed,  single  or 
double.  Stigma  flat  or  depressed. 

1.  V.  ofoliquum  (Jacq.)  Britton.  Leaf -blades  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular- 
ovate,  7-20  cm.  long,  the  basal  lobes  mostly  forming  a  closed  sinus  by  the  over- 
lapping edges:  calyx-lobes  about  3  mm.  long:  corolla  reddish-purple;  lobes  9-14 
mm.  long:  crown  with  the  longer  lobes  truncate  or  emarginate:  follicles  7-8 
cm.  long :  seeds  about  7  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  Occasional,  in 
woods  and  thickets.  —  Sum.  —  ANGLE-POD. 

Order  POLEMONIALES. 

Herbs,  or  sometimes  shrubs  or  trees,  the  'plants  of  some  groups  para- 
sitic. Leaves  with  dilated  blades,  or  scale-like.  Flowers  mainly  perfect. 
Calyx  of  partially  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  partly  united  petals,  regular 
or  irregular.  Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  corolla-lobes, 
or  fewer,  sometimes  partly  represented  by  staminodia,  or  partly  obsolete. 
Gynoecium  of  2  distinct  or  several  united  carpels.  Ovary  superior.  Fruit 
a  capsule,  a  berry,  or  a  drupe,  or  a  group  of  nutlets,  or  utricle-like. 

Stamens  5. 

Fruit  capsular  or  baccate :  ovary  not  4-lobed. 
Styles  or  stigmas  distinct. 

Ovary  1-2-celled,  or  rarely  4-celled :  stigmas  2. 
Ovary  2-celled  or  4-celled. 

Corolla  unappendaged  within  :  plants  with  well-developed  leaves,  at 
least  if  vines.  Fam.    1.  CONVOLVULACEAE. 

Corolla  appendaged  within  :   parasitic 

twining  plants  with  scale-like  leaves.      Fam.    2.  CUSCUTACEAE. 
Ovary  1-celled.  Fam.    3.  HYDROLEACEAE. 

Ovary  3-celled :  stigmas  3. 

Calyx-lobes     imbricate:     corolla     mostly 

plaited  in  the  bud.  Fam.    1.  CONVOLVULACEAE. 

Calyx-lobes  valvate :   corolla  merely  con- 
volute in  the  bud.  Fam.    4.  POLEMONIACEAE. 
Styles    or  stigmas  wholly  united. 

Median   axis  of  the  gynoecium  in  the  same 

axis    as    the    stem :    seeds    mostly    pitted.      Fam.    5.  SOLANACEAE. 
Median  axis  of  the  gynoecium  not  in  the  axis 

of  the  stem  :  seeds  mostly  tuberculate.  Fam.  10.  RHINAXTHACEAE. 

Fruit  drupaceous,  or  of  2  or  4  nutlets.  Fam.    6.  BOBAGINACEAE. 

Stamens  4  and  didynamous,  or  1  or  2. 

Carpels    ripening    into    a    group    of    4    nutlets,    an 

achene  or  a  drupe. 
Style  apical  on  the  lobeless  ovary. 

Ovary  2-celled.  Fam.    7.  VERBENACEAE. 

Ovary  1-celled.  Fam.    8.  PHRYMACEAE. 

Style  arising  between  the  4  lobes  of  the  ovary.      Fam.    9.  LAMIACEAE. 
Carpels  ripening  into  a  capsule. 


232 


CONVOLVULACEAE. 


Placentae  of  the  ovary  axial. 

Ovary  2-celled,  or  rarely  3-5-celled. 

Corolla-lobes  imbricate  :  capsule  not  elas- 

tically  dehiscent. 
Corolla-lobes     convolute :     capsules     elas- 

tically  dehiscent. 
Ovary  1-celled. 
Placentae  of  the  ovary  parietal. 

Herbs  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants  : 

leaves  scale-like :  foliage  not  green. 
Trees,  shrubs  or  woody  vines,  or  herbs,  but 
not  parasitic :   leaves  not   scale-like :   foli- 
age green. 
Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled :  trees,  shrubs 

or  woody  vines  :  seeds  winged. 
Ovary  and  capsule  1-celled:  herbs:  seeds 
wingless. 


Fam.  10.  RHINANTHACEAE. 

Fam.  11.  ACANTHACEAE. 
Fam.  12.  PINGDICULACEAE. 


Fam.  13.  OROBAKCHACEAE. 


Fam.  14.  BIGNOKIACEAE. 
Fam.  15.  MARTYNIACEAE. 


FAMILY  1.    CONVOLVULACEAE.    MORNING-GLORY  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  vines,  or  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves 
alternate,  without  stipules:  blades  various.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  sol- 
itary or  cymose.  Calyx  of  5  more  or  less  united  sepals,  equal  or  unequal, 
in  one  or  two  series.  Corolla  superior,  convolute  in  aestivation,  its  limb 
often  entire.  Androecium  of  5  stamens,  partially  adnate  to  the  corolla- 
tube,  alternate  with  the  lobes.  Gynoecium  free,  of  two  united  carpels. 
Ovary  2-4-celled  (rarely  5-celled  or  1-celled  by  the  breaking  down  of  the 
septa).  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cavity,  often  villous. 

Stigmas  ovoid  or  subglobose. 

Stamens  and  style  exserted :   corolla  salverform. 
Stamens  and  style  included :  corolla  funnelform. 

Calyx-lobes  coriaceous  or  membranous,  not  elongate :  ovary 

2-  or  4-celled. 

Calyx-lobes    herbaceous,    elongate,    usually    pilose :    ovary 
3-celled. 


Stigmas  filiform  or  oblong-cylindric. 


1.  QUAMOCLIT. 

2.  IPOMOEA. 

3.  PHARBITIS. 

4.  CONVOLVULUS. 

1.  QUAMOCLIT    [Tourn.]    Moench.     Annual    (ours)    or  perennial   vines, 
with  twining,  glabrous  stems.     Blades  entire,  lobed,  or  divided.     Flowers  in 
axillary  cymes  or   solitary.     Calyx-lobes  equal   or  nearly  so.     Corolla  scarlet, 
salverform:  tube  narrowly  funnelform;  limb  spreading,  shorter  than  the  tube. 
Ovary  2-  or  falsely  4-celled.     Capsules  usually  4-celled  and  4-seeded.  —  Sum. 
and  fall. 

Leaf-blades  pinnately  parted,  the  segments  narrow  :  calyx-lobes  obtuse  or  mucronate. 

1.  Q.  Quamoclit. 
Leaf-blades  entire  :   calyx-lobes  acuminate.  2.  Q.  coccinea. 

1.  Q.  Quamoclit  (L.)  Britton.     Leaf -blades  2-10  cm.  long;  segments  narrowly 
linear :  pedicels  clavate :  calyx-lobes  appressed  to  the  corolla-tube :  corolla-tube 
clavate,  2.5-3  cm.  long;  lobes  ovate  or  triangular.  —  M.     Occasional,  in  waste 
places.     Nat.  of  trop.  Am.  —  CYPRESS-VINE. 

2.  Q.  coccinea   (L.)    Moench.     Leaf -blades  ovate,  3-10  cm.  long,  acuminate, 
angled    or    entire:    peduncles   usually    stouter    than    the    pedicels:    calyx-lobes 
oblong:   corolla  scarlet  or  orange,  rarely  white;  tube  2-4  cm.  long;  limb  cup- 
like,  1.5-2  cm.  broad.  —  S.     Bather  rare,  in  fields.     Nat.  of  trop.  Am. 

2.  IPOMOEA   L.      Annual   or   perennial,    climbing   or   trailing   vines,   or 
rarely  upright  plants.    Leaf -blades  entire,  angled,  or  divided.    Flowers  solitary 
on   axillary   peduncles   or   in   cymes.     Calyx-lobes   coriaceous   or   membranous, 
rarely  fleshy.    Corolla  funnelform,  the  limb  usually  spreading.    Capsules  mostly 
septifragally    2-    or    4-valved.      Seeds    often    pubescent.  —  Sum.    and    fall.  — 
MORNING-GLORY. 


CONVOLVULACEAE.  233 

Calyx-lobes  obtuse :   corolla-limb   over   5   cm.   wide.  1.  I.  pandurata. 

Calyx-lobes  acute  or  acuminate  :  corolla-limb  less  than  5  cm.  wide.     2.  /.  lacunosa. 

1.  I.  pandurata   (L.)   G.  F.  W.  Mey.     Perennial  by  a  huge  root:   stems  gla- 
brous or  glabrate,  trailing  or  twining:   leaf -blades  ovate,  often  fiddle-shaped, 
3-10   cm.    long:    peduncles   5-10    cm.   long,    1-5-flowered :    calyx-lobes    oblong, 
12-18  mm.  long,  obtuse,  erect,  imbricate  and  forming  a  tube:  corolla  7-10  cm. 
broad ;    tube    lavender    within.  —  Common,    in    waste    places    and    cultivated 
grounds.  —  WILD  POTATO-VINE.    MAN-OF-THE-EARTH. 

2.  I.  lacunosa  L.    Annual:  stems  twining,  sparingly  hirsute  or  glabrate:  leaf- 
blades  ovate,  entire  or  3-lobed,  2-7  cm.  long,  deeply  cordate:   peduncles  1-3- 
flowered:    calyx-lobes  oblong  or  ovate,  lft-12  mm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate: 
corolla    1.5-2    cm.    long;    limb    often    purple-margined.  —  Susquehanna    valley. 
Frequent,  on  islands.  —  Schists. 

3.  PHARBITIS  Choisy.     Annual   (ours),  or  perennial,  climbing  or  trail- 
ing vines.     Leaf -blades  entire,  lobed,  or  angled.     Calyx-lobes  equal  or  unequal, 
herbaceous,  each  with  a  pubescent  base  and  a  narrow  tip.     Corolla  white,  blue, 
or  purple,  funnelform.     Ovary  3-5-celled.     Seeds  smooth.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  — 
MORNING-GLORY. 

Calyx-lobes  1-1.5  cm.  long,  the  tips  acute  or  acuminate.  1.  P.  purpurea. 

Calyx-lobes  2-3  cm.  long,  the  tips  elongate.  2.  P.  hederacea. 

1.  P.  purpurea   (L.)    Voigt.     Stems  twining:   leaf -blades  ovate  or  orbicular- 
ovate,  6-18  cm.  long,  short-acuminate,  cordate:    calyx-lobes  10-15  mm.  long: 
corolla  5-7  cm.  long;   limb  purple  or  sometimes  pink,  blue,  white,  or  varie- 
gated,  4-6    cm.    broad.  —  Common,   in    waste   places.      Nat.    of   trop.    Am.  — 
COMMON  MORNING-GLORY. 

2.  P.    hederacea    (L.)    Choisy.      Stems   twining:    leaf -blades   5-12.  cm.    long, 
deeply  3-lobed;  lobes  acuminate:   peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  petioles: 
calyx-lobes  2-3  cm.  long,  the  bases  ovate  or  oval:  corolla  3-4.5  cm.  long,  deep- 
blue,  or  the  tube  white ;  limb  about  3  cm.  broad.  —  S.    Occasional,  in  cultivated 
grounds.     Nat.  of  trop.  Am. 

4.  CONVOLVULUS    [Tourn.]   L.     Annual  or    (ours)    perennial,   trailing 
or  twining  vines.     Leaf -blades  usually  hastate  or  cordate  at  the  base.    Flowers 
solitary,   or   clustered   on   axillary   peduncles.     Calyx  naked   or   subtended   by 
bracts.    Calyx-lobes  equal  or  the  outer  longer.    Corolla  funnelform  or  campanu- 
late.     Ovary  1-  or  2 -celled.     Ovules  4.     Capsule  globose  or  nearly  so.     Seeds 
glabrous.  —  Sum.  —  BINDWEED. 

Calyx  enclosed  by  2  large  bracts  which  subtend  it. 
Stems  trailing  or  twining. 

Leaf-blades  broadly  hastate  or  triangular-hastate :  corolla  single. 

1.  C.  americanus. 

Leaf-blades  narrowly  hastate  :  corolla  double.  2.  0.  japonicus. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending.  3.  C.  spithameus. 

Calyx  without  bracts.  4.  C.  arvensis. 

1.  C.    americanus    (Sims)    Greene.      Stems    twining,    1-3    m.    long,    glabrate. 
Leaf-blades   broadly   hastate    or   ovate-hastate,    5-12    cm.    long,   acuminate    or 
apiculate:    peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer:    bracts  2-3   cm.  long: 
corolla  pink  or  rose-purple,  5-7  cm.  broad.  —  Common,  in  thickets,  fields,  and 
fence-rows.  —  HEDGE-BINDWEED. 

2.  C.  japonicus  Thunb.     Similar  to  C.  americanus  in  habit,  but  usually  smal- 
ler: leaf -blades  narrowly  hastate:  corolla  double,  pink,  mostly  4-5.5  cm.  wide. 
—  E.     Occasional,  in  fields.    Nat.  of  Japan. 


234  CUSCUTACEAE. 

3.  (X    spithameus    L.     Stems    finely    pubescent,    1-7    dm.    long:    leaf -blades 
oblong-ovate   or  fiddle-shaped,   4-10  cm.   long,  rounded   or   subcordate   at   the 
base:  peduncles  usually  from  the  lower  axils:   bracts  1.5-3  cm.  long:   corolla 
white  or  pink,  4-6  cm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides. 

4.  O.  arvensis  L.     Stems  branched  at  the  base,  the  branches  prostrate  or  low- 
twining:   leaf -blades  oblong,  ovate-sagittate,  or  linear-hastate,   1-5  cm.  long: 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves:  calyx-lobes  oval  or  suborbicular,  3-3.5  mm. 
long:  corolla  white  or  pink,  1.5-2  cm.  long.  —  M.    Common,  in  fields  and  waste 
places,  and  on  roadsides.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  FIELD-BINDWEED. 

FAMILY  2.     CUSCUTACEAE.    DODDER  FAMILY. 

Herbaceous  parasitic  vines,  with  pale  foliage.  Leaves  mere  alternate 
scales.  Flowers  perfect,  cymose.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  distinct  or  partly 
united  sepals.  Corolla  regular,  of  4  or  5  partly  united  petals,  usually 
bearing  fringed  scales  below  the  sinuses.  Androecium  of  4  or  5  stamens, 
the  filaments  partly  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube.  Gynoecium  of  2  partly 
united  carpels,  the  styles  distinct,  or  partly  united:  stigmas  capitate. 
Capsule  circumscissile  or  indehiscent. 

1.  CUSCUTA  [Tourn.]  L.  Annual,  slender,  yellow  or  reddish  vines  twin- 
ing on  herbs  and  shrubs  and  adhering  to  the  bark  by  means  of  suckers.  The 
plants  arise  from  the  ground,  but  later  become  wholly  parasitic,  the  stems  and 
branches  often  matted.  —  DODDER.  LOVE- VINE. 

Scales  within  the  corolla  merely  crenulate :  stigmas  slender :  capsule  circumscissile. 

1.  C.  Epilinum. 
Scales  within  the  corolla  fringed:  stigmas  capitate:  capsule 

utricle-like. 
Sepals  partially  united. 

Flowers    sessile    or    essentially    so :    corolla    persistent 

around  the  base  of  the  fruit. 

Calyx-lobes  obtuse  :   corolla-scales  ovate,  fringed.          2.  C.  arvensis. 
Calyx-lobes    acutish :    corolla-scales    obsolete    or    of 

several  processes.  3.  C.  Polygonorum. 

Flowers   markedly   pedicelled :    corolla    surrounding   or 

capping  the  fruit,  or  deciduous. 
Capsule  depressed  :   corolla-scales  shorter  than  the 

corolla-tube.  4.  0.  Cephalanthi. 

Capsule  globose  and  umbonate :  corolla-scales  exceed- 
ing the  corolla-tube.  5.  C.  Gronovii. 
Sepals  distinct,  accompanied  by  nearly  similar  bracts.  6.  C.  compacta. 

1.  C.  Epilinum  Weihe.    Branches  slender,  lax:  flowers  in  dense  heads:  corolla 
2-2.5  mm.  long;  lobes  acutish,  about  $  the  length  of  the  tube:  scales  less  than 
$  the  length  of  the  corolla-tube,  divided,  the  lobes  crenulate  near  the  top: 
capsules  about  3  mm.  long.  —  S.    Found  in  a  field  of  flax,  New  Texas.    Nat.  of 
Eu.     Not  recently  collected.  —  FLAX-DODDER. 

2.  C.  arvensis  Beyrich.     Branches  slender,  loosely  matted :   corolla  2-2.5  mm. 
long;  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  tube:   scales  short -fringed  all 
around :  capsules  barely  2  mm.  long.  —  S.     Rare,  on  herbs. 

3.  C.  Polygonorum  Engelm.     Branches  rather  coarse,  often  loosely  matted: 
corolla  about  2  mm.  long;  lobes  acute,  longer  than  the  tube:   scales  obsolete, 
usually  of  1-3  processes  on  either  side  of  the  filament:   capsules  2.5-3  mm. 
long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Occasional,  on  herbs. 

4.  C.  Cephalanthi  Engelm.     Branches  rather  coarse,  seldom  matted:    corolla 
about  2  mm,  long;  lobes  obtuse,  about  £  as  long  as  the  tube:   scales  fringed 
mainly  near  the  tip :  capsules  3.5-4.5  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Occa- 
sional, on  shrubs  and  tall  herbs. 


HYDEOLEACEAE.  235 

6.  C.  Gronovii  .Willd.  Branches  slender,  sometimes  matted:  corolla  about  3 
mm.  long;  lobes  obtuse,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  tube:  scales  sparingly 
fringed  at  the  top,  more  sparingly  so  on  the  sides:  capsules  about  3  mm.  long. 
—  Common,  on  bushes  and  herbs. 

6.  C.  compacta  Juss.  Branches  stoutish,  often  widely  matted:  corolla  about 
4  mm.  long;  lobes  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  tube:  scales  fringed  mainly 
near  the  top:  capsules  3-3.5  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  —  Common,  on 
shrubs. 

FAMILY  3.    HYDROLEACEAE.    WATER-LEAF  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  shrubby  plants.  Leaves  alternate  or  op- 
posite: blades  toothed,  lobed,  or  dissected,  or  rarely  entire.  Flowers 
purple,  in  scorpioid  racemes,  or  in  cymes.  Calyx  of  5  partly  united  sepals. 
Corolla  regular,  of  5  partly  united  petals,  the  tube  often  appendaged 
within.  Androecium  of  5  stamens,  the  filaments  partly  adnate  to  the 
corolla.  Gynoecium  2-carpellary.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

Corolla-lobes  convolute  in  the  bud :  ovary-placentae  dilated. 

Calyx  not  much  enlarged  at  maturity :  stamens  exserted.  1.  HYDROPHYLLUM. 

Calyx  much  enlarged  at  maturity :  stamens  included.  2.  NYCTELEA. 

Corolla-lobes  imbricate  in  the  bud :  ovary-placentae  narrow.  3.  PHACELIA. 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM  [Tourn.]  L.     Perennial  herbs.    Leaf -blades  lobed, 
pinnatifid,    or    pinnately    divided.      Cymes    long-peduncled.      Calyx    but    little 
changed  in  fruit.     Corolla  white  or  colored.     Filaments  surpassing  the  corolla- 
lobes,  bearded  at  the  middle.     Seeds  reticulate.  —  WATER-LEAF. 

Calyx  unappendaged ;  lobes  linear :  plants  perennial. 

Leaf -blades  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  lobed.  1.  3.  virginicum. 

Leaf-blades  palmately  lobed.  2.  H.  canadense. 

Calyx  with  reflexed  appendages  at  each  sinus ;  lobes  lanceo- 
late:  plants  biennial.  3.  H.  appendiculatum. 

1.  H.  virginicum  L.     Plants  2-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -segments  coarsely  toothed  or 
incised:   cymes  open:  calyx-lobes  linear,  about  5  mm.  long,  much  longer  than 
the  tube:    corolla  white  or  purplish,  -8.5-10  mm.  long;   lobes  rounded  at  the 
apex.  —  Common,  in  rich  woods.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

2.  H.  canadense  L.    Plants  2-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -lobes  coarsely  toothed  or  again 
lobed:   cymes  open:   calyx-lobes  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  much  longer  than 
the  tube:  corolla  white,  9-10  mm.  long,  the  lobes  notched  at  the  apex.  —  Sus- 
quehanna valley.     Occasional,  in  rich  soil,  on  the  river  shore  and  islands.  — 
Schists.  —  Sum. 

3.  H.  appendiculatum  Michx.    Plants  3-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -lobes  coarsely  toothed, 
acute  or  acuminate:   cymes  open:   calyx-lobes  narrowly  lanceolate  or  subulate- 
lanceolate,  much  longer  than  the  tube:   corolla  9-11  mm.  long;  lobes  rounded 
at  the  apex.  —  M.     Rare,  in  rich  soil.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum. 

2.  NYCTELEA    Scop.      Annual   herbs.      Leaf-blades   pinnately    divided 
or  1-3 -pinnatifid.     Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.     Calyx  accrescent.     Corolla 
white  or  bluish,  commonly  smaller  than  the  calyx.     Filaments  included,  often 
unequal,  not  dilated.     Styles  united. 

1.  N.  Nyctelea  (L.)  Britton.  Plants  0.5-3  dm.  tall,  ultimately  diffusely 
branched:  leaf -blades  with  spreading  segments:  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long:  calyx- 
lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  becoming  7-8  mm.  long:  corolla  4-6  mm.  long: 
capsules  5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  pubescent.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  —  Occasional, 
in  rich  soil,  on  the  river  shore  and  islands.  —  Spr. 


236  POLEMONIACEAE. 

3.  PHACELIA  Juss.  Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaf-blades 
toothed  or  dissected.  Flowers  in  scorpioid  racemes  or  cymes.  Calyx  slightly 
accrescent.  Corolla  white  or  variously  colored:  lobes  entire  to  fimbriate. 
Filaments  not  dilated  at  the  base.  Styles  partly  united.  —  Spr. 

Corolla-lobes  entire :  filaments  longer  than  the  corolla :  capsules  2.5-3  mm.  long. 

1.  P.  dubia. 

Corolla-lobes  fimbriate :  filaments  about  as  long  as  the  corolla :  cap- 
sules about  4  mm.  long.  2.  P.  PursMi. 

1.  P.  dufoia   (L.)    Small.     Plants  0.5-4  dm.  tall,  often  diffuse,  strigillose,  as 
well  as  glandular:  stem-leaves  with  3-5  short  broad  lobes:  calyx-lobes  narrowly 
oblong  or  nearly  so,  3-4  mm.  long:    corolla  mainly  pale-lilac,  5-6  mm.  long; 
appendages  obsolete:    stamens  longer  than  the  corolla:    ovary  and  style-base 
pubescent:   capsules  2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Common,  on  rich 
hillsides  and  in  thickets.  —  Schists. 

2.  P.  Purshii  Buckl.     Plants  1-3  dm.  tall,  with  rather  stiff  stems:  stem-leaves 
with  5-9  lanceolate  or  oblong  lobes:  calyx-lobes  linear  to  oblong-spatulate,  4-5 
mm.    long:    corolla    light-blue    or    rose-colored,    6-7    mm.    long;    lobes    short- 
fimbriate ;    appendages    manifest :    filaments    about    as    long    as    the    corolla : 
capsules  about  4  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.    Eare,  near  Safe  Harbor.  — 
Schists. 

FAMILY  4.    POLEMONIACEAE.    PHLOX  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  woody  plants.  Leaves  opposite  or  alter- 
nate: blades  various.  Flowers  perfect,  in  variously  disposed  cymes. 
Calyx  of  5  partly  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  partly  united  petals,  mostly 
rotate,  funnelform,  or  salverform.  Androecium  of  5  stamens,  partly 
adnate  to  the  corolla.  Gynoecium  3-carpellary.  Fruit  a  capsule  mostly 
included  in  the  calyx. 

Calyx  not  accrescent,  the  tube  distended  or  ruptured  by  the  capsule :  stamens  not 
declined.  1.  PHLOX. 

Calyx  accrescent,  the  tube  not  distended  by  the  capsule :  sta- 
mens declined.  2.  POLBMONIDM. 

1.  PHLOX  L.  Herbaceous  or  woody,  erect,  diffuse,  or  creeping  plants. 
Leaves  mainly  opposite:  blades  entire.  Corolla  salverform.  Filaments  un- 
equally adnate  to  the  corolla-tube. 

Calyx-lobes  fully  as  long  as  the  tube. 

Plants  with  prostrate  sterile  shoots  :  leaf-blades  obtuse,  acute,  or  acutish. 

1.  P.  divaricata. 

Plants  without  prostrate  sterile  shoots  :  leaf-blades  acuminate.      2.  P.  pilosa. 
Calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube. 

Shrubby  plants  with  prostrate  stems  and  branches,  in  dense 

mats  :  leaves  clustered ;   blades  very  narrow.  3.  P.  subulata. 

Herbaceous    plants    with    erect    stems    and    branches,    not 

matted :  leaves  not  clustered ;  blades  broad. 

Calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate.  4.  P.  maculate. 

Calyx-lobes  subulate  and  awn-tipped.  5.  P.  paniculata. 

1.  P.  divaricata  L.    Leaf -blades  oblong  to  lanceolate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  1.5-5 
cm.  long,  entire,  sessile,  the  upper  ones  sometimes  cordate;  those  of  the  shoots 
often  longer,  sometimes  broadest  above  the  middle,  sessile:    calyx  6-10   mm. 
long;    lobes  linear-subulate,   curved   at  maturity:    corolla   lavender   or  bluish; 
tube  1-1.5  cm.  long;  limb  2.5-3  cm.  broad,  the  lobes  apiculate  or  notched:  cap- 
sules  subglobose,  4-5   mm.   long.  —  Common,   in   rich   woods.  —  Spr.  —  BLUE- 
PHLOX. 

2.  P.    pilosa   L.      Leaf -blades   linear    to    narrowly    lanceolate,    3-8    cm.    long, 
attenuate,  sessile:  corymbs  becoming  lax:  calyx  about  1  cm.  long;  lobes  subu- 
late-setaceous, as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer:    corolla  pink-purple   or  white; 


SOLANACEAE.  237 

tube  1-1.5  cm.  long,  more  or  less  pubescent;  limb  2  cm.  broad,  the  lobes  obo- 
vate  or  cuneate,  sometimes  apiculate:  capsules  globose-oblong,  about  5  mm. 
long.  —  S.  Bare,  in  low  thickets,  near  Pleasant  Grove.  —  Schists.  —  Spr. 

3.  P.  sufoulata  L.    Leaf -blades  linear  or  linear-subulate,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  acute, 
sessile :  calyx  8-9  mm.  long,  pubescent  like  the  stem ;  lobes  lanceolate-subulate, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  tube :  corolla  purple,  pink,  or  white ;  tube  1-1.5  cm.  long ; 
limb  1.6-2  cm.  broad,  the  lobes  cuneate,  emarginate  or  slightly  notched:  cap- 
sules oblong-ovoid,  4-4.5  mm.  long.  —  S.    Abundant,  on  serpentine  hills.  —  Spr. 
— GROUND-PINK.    MOSS-PINK. 

4.  P.  maculata  L.     Leaf-blades  oblong-lanceolate,  lanceolate,  or  linear,  5-12' 
cm.  long,  acuminate,  becoming  parchment-like  in  texture,  sessile  or  nearly  so: 
panicles    cylindric,    1-4    dm.    long,    often    glandular-pubescent:    calyx    mostly 
deep-green;   lobes  lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate,  about  1  as  long  as  the 
tube:    corolla  pink-purple;   tube  1.5-2   cm.   long;    limb   2-2.5   cm.   broad;    the 
lobes   orbicular-obovate   or  broadly   cuneate:    capsules  broadly  oblong,  4  mm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  swamps.  —  Early  sum.  —  WILD  SWEET-WILLIAM. 

5.  P.  paniculata  L.     Leaf -blades  elliptic,   elliptic-lanceolate,  or  narrowly  ob- 
long-elliptic,   8-20    cm.    long,    acuminate,    undulate,    narrowed    into    margined 
petioles  or  nearly  sessile:    panicles  corymbose-pyramidal:    calyx  glandular  or 
sparingly  pubescent;  lobes  subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  pink-purple 
or  white;  tube  about  2  cm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  thick;  limb  15-17  mm.  broad,  the 
lobes  obovate  or  cuneate-obovate :  capsules  oval,  4-5  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna 
valley.     Occasional,  in  thickets.  —  Sum. 

2.  POLEMONIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Herbaceous  plants  with  rootstocks. 
Leaves  alternate:  blades  pinnate.  Corolla  funnelform  to  almost  rotate.  Fila- 
ments equally  adnate  to  the  corolla,  declined.  —  GREEK-VALERIAN. 

1.  P.  reptans  L.  Plants  3-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -segments  oblong,  elliptic,  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  1.5-3  cm.  long:  calyx  5-6  mm.  long  and  with  ovate  lobes 
during  anthesis,  becoming  10-13  mm.  long,  and  with  lanceolate  lobes  at 
maturity:  corolla  blue;  lobes  spatulate  to  obovate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube: 
capsules  oval  or  ovoid-oval,  5-7  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  rich  thickets.  —  Spr. 

FAMILY  5.     SOLANACEAE.     POTATO  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate :  blades  entire,  toothed, 
or  lobed.  Calyx  of  5  (4-6),  more  or  less  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  (4r-6), 
more  or  less  united  petals.  Androecium  of  5  (4-6),  stamens,  the  filaments 
partly  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube.  Gynoeciuni  2-carpellary  or  3-5-carpel- 
lary.  Fruit  a  berry  or  a  capsule. 

Fruit  a  berry. 

Corolla  plicate  ;  lobes  usually  induplicate. 

Berry  enclosed  in  the  accrescent  calyx  :  anthers  not  connected. 

Sepals   nearly   distinct,    auricled :    ovary    3-5-celled.          1.  PHYSALODES. 
Sepals  united  to  near  their  tips,  not  auricled  :  ovary 

2-celled.  2.  PHYSALIS. 

Berry  seated  in  the  little  changed  calyx  (except  in  Sola- 
num    rostratum)  :    anthers    converging    or    connate. 
Anther-sacs  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  short  slits.      3.   SOLANUM. 
Anther-sacs  opening  lengthwise  and  introrsely.  4.  LYCOPERSICOX. 

Corolla  little,  if  at  all,  plicate ;  lobes  imbricate.  5.  LYCIUM. 

Fruit  a  capsule. 

Capsule  prickle-armed  :  calyx  circumscissile  at  the  base.  0.  DATURA. 

Capsule  unarmed  :  calyx  not  circumscissile.  7.  PETUNIA. 

1.  PHYSALODES  Boehm.  Annual  herbs.  Leaf -blades  sinuate  or  lobed. 
Flowers  axillary,  nodding.  Calyx  acressent:  lobes  cordate  or  sagittate,  con- 
verging, inflated.  Corolla  open-campanulate,  slightly  5-lobed.  Ovary  3-5- 
celled. 


238  SOLANACEAE. 

1.  P.  Physalodes  (L.)  Britton.  Plants  nearly  glabrous,  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf- 
blades  ovate,  oval,  or  oblong,  5-15  cm.  long,  angulate-lobed  or  sinuate:  calyx 
1.5  cm.  long,  becoming  3.5  em.  long;  lobes  broadly  ovate:  corolla  blue  or 
violet,  about  2.5  cm.  wide:  berries  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter.  —  Rather  common, 
in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Peru.  —  Sum.  — 

APPLE-OF-PEEtJ. 

2.  PHYSALIS  L.  Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaf -blades  entire  or 
sinuate.  Flowers  axillary,  nodding,  mostly  solitary.  Calyx  bladder-like  at 
maturity:  lobes  short  and  converging.  Corolla  mainly  yellow  or  whitish,  often 
dark  in  the  center.  Ovary  2-celled.  —  Sum.  —  GROUND-CHERRY. 

Plants  annual,  with  fibrous  roots. 

Foliage  manifestly  pubescent  even  in  age :  berry  yellow  or  green. 

1.  P.  pruinosa. 

Foliage    glabrous,    at    least    in    age :    berry    red    or    purple.  2.  P.  subglabrata. 
Plants  perennial  by  rootstocks  and  roots. 

Leaves  glabrous.  2.  P.  subglabrata. 

Leaves  pubescent. 

Stem  strigose  with  flat  hairs  :  berry  reddish.  3.  P.  virginiana. 

Stem    clammy-pubescent    with    spreading    hairs :    berry 

yellow.  4.  P.  TieteropTiylla. 

1.  P.  pruinosa  L.    Stems  stout,  generally  erect  or  often  ascending  and  obtusely 
angled,  finely  villous  or  viscid:   leaf -blades  firm,  3-10  cm.  long,  finely  pubes- 
cent, ovate- cor  date,  generally  very  oblique  at  the  base,  and  deeply  sinuate- 
toothed,  the  teeth  broad  and  often  obtuse:   peduncles  2-4  mm.,  at  maturity 
about  1  cm.  long:  calyx  villous  or  viscid;  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube,  narrow, 
but  without   subulate  tips:    corolla  3-8   mm.   in   diameter:    anthers  yellow   or 
tinged  with  purple:   fruiting  calyx  firm,  pubescent,  reticulate,  2-3  em.  long, 
ovoid-cordate :  berry  yellow  or  green.  —  Eare,  in  rich  soil. 

2.  P.    subglabrata    Mack.    &    Bush.      Stems    0.5-1.5    m.    tall,    dichotomously 
branched,  glabrous  or  sometimes  slightly  pubescent  with  sparse  and  short  hairs 
on  the  upper  parts:   leaf -blades  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  often  very  oblique 
at  the  base  and  more  or  less  acuminate,  entire  or  repand-denticulate,  6-10  cm. 
long:  peduncles  slender,  often  in  pairs,  1-2  cm.  long,  generally  longer  than  the 
flower:    calyx   glabrous,   or   minutely   ciliolate;    lobes    ovate-lanceolate    or   tri- 
angular, sometimes  broadly  ovate  and  unequal,  generally  equalling  the  tube: 
corolla  yellow  or  greenish-yellow  with  a  purplish  throat,  1.5-2.5  cm.  in  diam- 
eter:  anthers  tinged  with  purple:   fruiting  calyx  at  first  somewhat   10-angled 
and  sunken  at  the  base,  at  maturity  often  filled  with  or  even  burst  by  the  large 
red  or  purple  berry.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides. 

3.  P.  virginiana  Mill.     Kootstoek  fleshy:   stems  0.5-1  m.  tall,  dichotomously 
branched,  somewhat  angular,  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs,  sometimes  some- 
what glandular,  or  in  some  forms  nearly  glabrous:  leaf -blades  ovate-lanceolate, 
tapering  to  both  ends,  3-6  cm.  long,  generally  sinuately  dentate,  often  yellowish- 
green  :    calyx    strigose-hirsute,    or    at    least    puberulent ;    lobes    triangular    or 
broadly  lanceolate,  nearly  equalling  the  tube  in  length:   corolla  sulphur -yellow 
with  purplish  spots,  1.5-2.5  cm.  in  diameter:   fruiting  calyx  pyramidal-ovoid, 
5-angled  and  sunken  at  the  base:   berry  reddish.  —  Occasional,  in  rich,  often 
dry  soil. 

4.  P.  heterophylla  Nees.     Eootstock  slender:    stems  0.5-1  m.   tall,   erect,  or 
later   generally   decumbent   and    spreading,   viscid   and   glandular-villous   with 
moderately   long   jointed   flat   hairs:    leaf -blades    generally   over   5    cm.   long, 
usually  broadly   cordate,   often   acute  and  very   rarely  with   an   acumination, 
thick,  sinuately  toothed,  or  sometimes  subentire:   calyx  long-villous ;  lobes  tri- 
angular, generally  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  in  diameter:  berry 
yellow.  —  Occasional,  in  rich  soil,  especially  in  fields. 


SOLANACEAE.  239 

3.  SOLANTJM  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  vines.     Leaf- 
blades  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed.    Flowers  variously  clustered.     Calyx  sometimes 
accrescent.      Corolla   rotate,   of   various   colors:    lobes   longer   than    the    tube. 
Anthers  narrow,  converging  or  united,  much  longer  than  the  filaments.  —  Sum. 

Climbing  vine :  berries  red.  1.  8.  Dulcamara. 

Upright  or  spreading  herbs  :  berries  not  red. 

Plants    glabrous    or    simply    pubescent,    not    prickle-armed : 

corolla  white.  2.  8.  nigrum. 

Plants    stellate-pubescent,    prickle-armed :    corolla    violet    or 

yellow,  or  rarely  white. 
Berry  not  enclosed  in  the  calyx  :  anthers  equal :  perennial 

plants.  3.  8.  carolinense. 

.  Berry  enclosed  in  the  accrescent  calyx :  anthers  unequal : 

annual  plants.  4.  8.  rostratum. 

1.  S.  Dulcamara  L.     Partially  woody  climber:    leaf -blades  ovate,   3-10   cm. 
long,  entire  or  with  1  or  2  basal  lobes,  thin:  corolla  white  or  blue,  8-10  mm. 
long;    lobes  lanceolate  to   oblong-lanceolate:    berries   oval,   9-15  mm.   long. — 
Common,  in  thickets  and  waste  places.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  BITTERSWEET. 

2.  S.   nigrum   L.      Herbaceous    annual,    1-12    dm.    tall:    leaf -blades   ovate   to 
oblong-ovate,  2-8  cm.  long,  undulate  or  deeply  repand:  calyx-lobes  fully  1  mm. 
long:   corolla  white;  lobes  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate:   berries  subglobose, 
4-8  mm.  in  diameter,  black.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and  fields.  —  COMMON- 
NIGHTSHADE. 

3.  S.   carolinense  L.     Herbaceous  perennial,   2-7   dm.  tall,  hirsute   or  rough- 
pubescent  :    leaf -blades  oblong  to  ovate  in  outline,  5-12  cm.  long,  sinuate  or 
pinnately  sinuate-lobed,  the  lobes  of  a  triangular  type:  calyx  spinescent;  lobes 
lanceolate,  often  narrowly  so,  acuminate:  corolla  violet  or  rarely  white,  25-30 
mm.  wide;  lobes  ovate:  berries  globular,  10-15  mm.  in  diameter,  orange-yellow. 
—  M.  S.     Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.  —  HORSE-NETTLE. 

4.  S.   rostratum   Dunal.     Herbaceous   annual,   hoary-    or   yellowish-pubescent, 
2-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  mostly  ovate  or  oval,  1-2-pinnatifid,  5-22  cm.  long: 
calyx  spinescent;    lobes  lanceolate   or  linear-lanceolate:    corolla  yellow,   about 
25  mm.  wide;  lobes  ovate  to  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  tube:  berries  enclosed. 
— •  M.     Occasional,  on  roadsides  and  along  railroads.     Nat.   of  the  Plains.  — 
BUFFALO-BUR. 

4.  LYCOPERSICON    Mill.      Annual    or    perennial    heavy-scented    herbs. 
Leaf-blades  1-2-pinnately  divided.     Flowers  in  cymes.     Calyx  not  accrescent. 
CoroUa  rotate,  yellow:  lobes  longer  than  the  tube. 

1.  L.  Lycopersicon  (L.)  Karst.  Plants  clammy-pubescent,  3-12  dm.  tall: 
leaf-blades  1-4  dm.  long,  the  divisions  ovate  to  oblong,  coarsely  toothed  or 
incised:  calyx-lobes  narrow,  acute:  corolla  mainly  1.5-2  cm.  wide:  berries 
depressed,  mainly  5-15  cm.  wide,  and  red  or  yellow.  —  Occasional,  in  culti- 
vated grounds.  Nat.  of  trop.  Am.  —  Sum.  —  TOMATO.  LOVE-APPLE. 

5.  LYCIUM  L.     Shrubs  or  woody  vines,   commonly  spiny.     Leaf -blades 
thick,  flat  or  sometimes  terete,  entire.     Flowers  axillary,  sometimes  clustered. 
Calyx  markedly  lobed.     Corolla  white  or  colored,  funnelform,  salverform,  or 
nearly    campanulate:    lobes    longer   than   the   usually   short   tube,    or    shorter. 
Filaments  adnate   to   the   lower  part    of   the   corolla-tube,   pubescent   below: 
anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments.     Stigma  dilated. 

1.  L.  halimifolium  Mill.  Plant  irregularly  branched,  sometimes  vine-like: 
leaves  herbaceous,  1.5-5  cm.  long;  blades  oblong,  oval,  ovate,  lanceolate,  or 
spatulate:  calyx-lobes  ovate  to  somewhat  triangular,  obtuse:  corolla  purplish 
or  greenish;  lobes  4-5  mm.  long:  berries  oval  or  ovoid,  orange  or  orange-red, 


240  BORAGINACEAE. 

10-15  mm.  long.  —  Common,  near  dwellings  or  gardens,  or  in  fence-rows.  Nat. 
of  Eu.  —  Early  sum.  —  MATRIMONY-VINE. 

6.  DATURA  L.     Herbs  (ours  annual) ,  or  shrubs  or  trees.     Leaf -blades 
undulate  or  lobed.     Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.     Calyx  tubular,  sometimes 
prismatic,  more  or  less  lobed.  Corolla  white  or  colored,  funnelf orm.     Filaments 
slightly  unequal. 

1.  D.  Stramonium  L.  Plant  green  or  purple-tinged,  2-12  dm.  tall:  leaf-blades 
ovate  to  oblong,  10-20  em.  long,  sinuate  or  laciniate-toothed :  calyx  3-5  cm. 
long;  lobes  5-7  mm.  long:  corolla  white,  violet,  or  lavender,  6-10  mm.  long: 
capsules  4-6  cm.  long,  the  prickles  equal  or  the  lower  ones  rather  shorter  than 
the  upper.  [D.  Tatula  L.]  —  Kather  common,  in  waste  places.  Nat.  of  trop. 
—  Sum.  —  THORN-APPLE.  JIMSON-WEED.  JAMESTOWN-WEED.  STRAMONIUM. 

7.  PETUNIA  Juss.     Herbs.     Leaf -blades  entire.     Flowers  solitary  in  the 
axils.     Sepals  united  to  below  the  middle.     Corolla  white  or  colored,  funnel- 
form  or  salverf orm.     Filaments  unequal,  4  of  them  didynamous. 

1.  P.  axillaris  (Lam.)  B.S.P.  Stem  and  branches  rather  stout,  clammy- 
pubescent:  leaf -blades  oblong  to  ovate-oblong,  3-6  cm.  long,  those  of  the  lower 
leaves  petioled:  calyx  1.5-2  cm.  long;  lobes  mostly  oblong:  corolla  white, 
almost  salverf  orm ;  limb  mostly  4-5  cm.  wide.  —  M.  Occasional,  in  waste 
places.  Nat.  of  Brazil.  —  Sum. 

FAMILY  6.    BORAGINACEAE.     BORAGE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  the  foliage  usually  bristly  pubescent.  Leaves 
alternate:  blades  mostly  entire.  Flowers  typically  perfect,  the  spikes  or 
racemes  often  scorpioid.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  slightly  united  sepals.  Corolla 
of  4  or  5  partly  united  petals.  Androeciuna  of  4  or  5  stamens,  the  fila- 
ments partly  adnate  to  the  corolla.  Gynoecium  of  4  nearly  distinct 
carpels,  the  style  arising  from  between  the  lobes.  Fruit  of  4  or  fewer 
nutlets. 

Corolla  regular. 

Nutlets  armed  with  barbed  prickles. 

Nutlets  spreading,  covered  with  prickles.  1.  CYNOGLOSSUM. 

Nutlets   erect   or   incurved,   with   prickles   on   the   back 

or  angles.  2.  LAPPULA. 

Nutlets  unarmed. 

Nutlets  attached  laterally  to  the  receptacles  :  free  por- 
tions of  the  filaments  elongate.  3.  MERTEXSIA. 
Nutlets    attached    to    the    receptacles    by    their   bases : 

free  portions  of  the  filaments  very  short. 
Nutlets  each  with  a  small  flat  scar  where  attached  : 

scales  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla  broad. 
Corolla  funnelf  orm  or  salverf  orm  ;  lobes  obtuse, 

spreading,  broad. 
Racemes   without   bracts :    calyx-lobes    about 

as  long  as  the  tube.  4.  MYOSOTIS. 

Racemes  with  bracts  :  calyx-lobes  much  longer 

than  the  tube. 
Corolla   slightly   longer   than   the    calyx : 

style  as  long  as  the   ovary  or   longer.        5.  LITHOSPERMUM. 
Corolla    much    longer    than    the    calyx : 

style  much  elongate.  6.  BATSCHIA. 

Corolla     tubular ;     lobes     acute     or     acuminate, 

erect,  narrow.  7.  OXOSMODIUM. 

Nutlets  each  with  a  large  hollow  scar  where  at- 
tached :  scales  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla 
narrow. 

Corolla  tubular.  8.  STMPHTTUM. 

Corolla  rotate.  9.  BORAGO. 

Corolla  irregular.  10    ECHIUM 


BOEAGINACEAE.  241 

1.  CYNOGLOSSUM   [Tourn.]   L.     Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  pubes- 
cent herbs.     Calyx  manifestly  accrescent.     Corolla  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Style  relatively  long.     Fruit  surpassing  the  calyx.  —  Sum. 

Stem  copiously  leafy  to  the  top :  corolla  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx :  nutlets  flat. 

1.  C.  ofllcinale. 
Stem  terminated  by  a  long  peduncle  :  corolla  much  longer  than 

the  calyx:  nutlets  convex.  2.  C.  virginicum. 

1.  C.  officinale  L.     Stems  2-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong  to  linear-oblong  or 
linear-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long:   calyx-lobes  becoming  6-8  mm.  long  or  more: 
corolla  reddish-purple  or  rarely  white,  mostly  8-10  mm.  wide;  lobes  reniform: 
nutlets  smooth  between  the  spines.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil,  on  roadsides,  and  in 
thickets.    Nat.  of  EU.  —  HOUND  'S-TONGUE. 

2.  C.  virginicum  L.     Stems  2-11  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  oval  to  oblong,  8-32 
cm.  long:   calyx-lobes  becoming  3-4  mm.  long:   corolla  white  or  purplish,  7-8 
mm.  wide ;  lobes  ovate :  nutlets  coarsely  wrinkled  between  the  spines.  —  Bather 
common,  in  dry  soil,  on  roadsides,  and  in  thickets.  —  WILD-COMFREY. 

2.  LAPPITLA   [Rivinius]   Moench.     Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial,  often 
hirsute  or  hispid,  herbs.    Calyx  scarcely  accrescent :  lobes  spreading  at  maturity. 
Corolla  scarcely  as  long  as,  or  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx.     Style  relatively 
short.     Fruit  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 

1.  L.  virginiana  (L.)  Greene.  Plants  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong  or 
elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  10-20  cm.  long:  calyx-lobes  becom- 
ing 2-2.5  mm.  long:  corolla-tube  about  1.5  mm.  long,  the  appendages  reni- 
form :  fruit  about  4  mm.  wide ;  nutlets  papillose  and  spiny.  —  Common,  in 
thickets.  —  Sum.  — BEGGAR  'S-LICE.  STICK-WEED.  BUR-SEED. 

3.  MERTENSIA  Roth.    Perennial  glabrous  (ours)  herbs.     Calyx  scarcely, 
if    at    all,   accrescent.      Corolla    showy,    conspicuously   longer   than    the    calyx. 
Style  and  free  portion  of  the  filaments  elongate.     Fruit  much  longer  than  the 
calyx. 

1.  M.  virginica  (L.)  DC.  Stems  often  clustered,  2-6  dm.  tall:  leaves  5-20 
cm.  long;  blades  oblong-elliptic  to  oval:  calyx  2-3  mm.  long,  becoming  5-6 
mm.  long;  lobes  oblong  to  lanceolate  or  ovate:  corolla  blue  or  rarely  white, 
2.5-3  cm.  long,  the  cup-like  limb  10-15  mm.  wide,  shallowly  lobed:  nutlets 
ovoid,  2.5  mm.  long.  —  Frequent,  in  rich  woods  and  low  grounds.  —  Spr. — 
LUNGWORT.  VIRGINIA-COWSLIP. 

4.  MYOSOTIS    [Rupp.]    L.      Annual,    biennial,    or    perennial,    pubescent 
herbs.     Calyx  slightly  accrescent.     Corolla   manifestly  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Style  and  free  portions  of  the  filaments  short.    Fruit  surpassed  by  the  calyx.  — 
Spr.  and  sum.  —  FORGET-ME-NOT.     SCORPION-GRASS. 

Calyx  open  at  maturity,  pubescent  with  straight  hairs  :  perennial  plants. 

1.  M.  laxa. 
Calyx  closed  at  maturity,  pubescent  with  hooked  hairs  :  annual  or 

biennial  plants. 
Pedicel  longer  than  the  mature  calyx :  style  slender,  about  as 

long  as  the  ovary  :  calyx  regular.  2.  M.  arvensis. 

Pedicel  shorter  than  the  calyx :  style  stout,  very  short :  calyx 

2-lipped.  3.  M.  virginica. 

1.  M.  laxa  Lehm.  Stems  1-5  dm.  long:  leaf -blades  spatulate  to  oblong-lance- 
olate: pedicels  5-10  mm.  long:  calyx-lobes  triangular  to  triangular-lanceolate: 
corolla  mainly  pale-blue ;  lobes  about  1  mm.  long :  nutlets  about  1  mm.  long.  — 
Common,  in  spring-runs  and  muddy  places. 

Lancaster  County  Flora  16. 


242  BOEAGINACEAE. 

2.  M.   arvensis    (L.)    Willd.      Steins   1-3    dm.   tall:    leaf -blades   spatulate   to 
oblong   or   oblong-lanceolate,   1-5   cm.   long:    calyx  becoming   3-4  mm.   long; 
lobes  equal  or  nearly  so:  corolla  blue  or  sometimes  white;  lobes  over  -J  as  long 
as  the  tube :  nutlets  about  1.5  mm.  long.  —  S.    Bare,  in  low  grounds.  —  Schists. 

3.  M.  virginica  (L.)  B.S.P.     Stems  1-4  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  similar  to  those 
of  M.  arvensis,  1-3  cm.  long:  pedicels  1-3  mm.  long:  calyx  becoming  6-7  mm. 
long;  lobes  slightly  unequal:   corolla  white;   lobes  less  than  £  as  long  as  the 
tube:  nutlets  about  1.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on  dry  hills  and  in  fields. 

5.  LITHOSPEBMUM  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs. 
Calyx  slightly  enlarged  at  maturity.     Corolla  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx, 
white,  greenish,  or  yellowish.     Style  as  long  as  the  ovary  or  somewhat  longer. 
Fruit  surpassed  by  the  calyx.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  GROMWELL. 

Annual  or  biennial  plants  :  corolla  white  or  whitish,  slightly  surpassing  the  calyx, 
not  appendaged  in  the  throat :  nutlets  dull. 

1.  L.  arvense. 

Perennial  plants  :  corolla  pale  yellow  or  yellow-white,  surpass- 
ing the  calyx,  appendaged  in  the  throat :  nutlets  shining.  2.  L.  latifoUum. 

1.  L.    arvense   L.      Stems    and   branches    1-8    dm.    long:    leaf -blades   linear- 
oblanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  acutish:   calyx-lobes  narrowly 
linear  to  linear-subulate,  8-10  mm.  long,  revolute:    corolla  white  or  pinkish; 
lobes  |— £  as  long  as  the  tube:  nutlets  about  3  mm.  long,  pitted  and  wrinkled. 

—  Common,  in  fields  and  on  dry  hills.  —  CORN-GROMWELL. 

2.  L.  latifolium  Michx.    Stem  and  branches  3-7  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  cauline 
leaves   elliptic   to    elliptic-lanceolate,   4-12    cm.    long,   acuminate:    calyx-lobes 
narrowly  linear,  becoming  8-10  mm.  long,  flat:   corolla  yellow-white  or  pale- 
yellow;  lobes  over  •£  as  long  as  the  tube:  nutlets  ovoid,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  smooth. 

—  M.     Bare,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides. 

6.  BATSCHIA  G.  F.  Gmel.     Perennial  herbs,  with  colored  roots.     Calyx 
nearly  unchanged  at  maturity.     Corolla  much  longer  than  the  calyx  (except  in 
cleistogamous    flowers),   yellow.      Style    many    times    longer    than    the    ovary. 
Fruit  surpassed  by  the  calyx,  the  nutlets  mainly  ovoid. 

1.  B.  canescens  Michx.  Plants  1-4  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  linear  to  oblong  or 
ovate-oblong,  9-21  mm.  long:  calyx-lobes  linear  or  nearly  so,  becoming  3-5 
mm.  long:  corolla  orange-yellow;  tube  9-11  mm.  long:  nutlets  about  2.5  mm. 
long. — W.  Frequent,  in  woods.  Nat.  of  the  West.  —  Sandstones  and  shales. 
— Sum.  —  PUCCOON. 

7.  ONOSMODIUM  Michx.    Perennial  herbs  with  hard  roots.    Sepals  nearly 
distinct.      Corolla   much   longer   than   the    calyx,   without    appendages   in    the 
throat,  the  lobes  relatively  long. 

1.  O.  virginianum  (L.)  DC.  Stems  strigose-hispid,  2-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades 
oblong  to  linear-oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  2.5-12  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish: 
calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  becoming  6-8  mm.  long:  corolla  yel- 
lowish, 8-10  mm.  long;  lobes  subulate-lanceolate,  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
tube :  nutlets  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  open  woods.  — 
Sum.  —  FALSE-GROMWELL. 

8.  SYMPHYTUM  L.     Perennial  herbs  with  mucilaginous  roots.     Sepals 
manifestly  united  into  a  tube.     Corolla  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  long 
appendages  in  the  throat,  the  lobes  relatively  short. 

1.  S.  officinale  L.  Stems  and  branches  3-10  dm.  tall,  hirsute:  leaf -blades  ob- 
long, lanceolate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  or  sometimes  ovate,  8-30  cm.  long:  calyx- 


VEBBENACEAE.  243 

lobes  acuminate,  each  with  an  ovate  to  lanceolate  body:  corolla  yellowish  or 
purplish,  10-15  mm.  long;  lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  the  appendages  lanceolate: 
nutlets  3-4  mm.  long.  —  Occasional,  on  roadsides  and  about  gardens.  Nat.  of 
Eu.  —  Sum.  —  COMFREY.  HEALING-HERB. 

9.  BORAGO  L.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs.     Corolla  rotate,  regular  or 
nearly  so,  the  throat  appendaged.    Tree  portions  of  the  filaments  short. 

1.  B.  officinalis  L.  Plant  2-10  dm.  tall,  hirsute:  leaf -blades  oblong  to  oblong- 
ovate,  4-9  cm.  long,  shallowly  toothed,  on  winged  petioles:  cymes  few-many- 
flowered:  calyx  bristly;  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  10-13  mm.  long:  corolla  blue 
or  rarely  white,  3-4  cm.  wide;  lobes  ovate-lanceolate:  nutlets  4-5  mm.  long, 
tubercled.  —  M.  Occasional,  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  BORAGE. 

10.  ECHIUM   [Tourn.]  L.     Biennial  or  perennial  herbs.     Corolla  funnel- 
form,    markedly   irregular,    the    throat    unappendaged.      Free    portion    of    the 
filaments  elongate. 

1.  E.  vulgare  L.  Plants  3-7  dm.  tall,  bristly-pubescent:  leaf -blades  linear- 
oblanceolate  below,  linear  to  linear-lanceolate  above,  2-15  cm.  long:  calyx- 
lobes  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  becoming  8-12  mm.  long:  corolla  blue  or 
purplish,  or  rarely  white ;  lobes  5-6  mm.  long :  style  pubescent :  nutlets  about 
3  mm.  long,  wrinkled.  Common,  in  old  fields  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  — 
Sum.  —  VIPER  'S-BUGLOSS.  BLUE-DEVIL.  BLUEWEED. 

FAMILY  7.    VERBENACEAE.     VERVAIN  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Stems  commonly  angled.  Leaves  alternate, 
opposite,  or  whorled :  blades  simple  or  rarely  compound.  Calyx  of  4  or  5 
partially  or  wholly  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  partially  united  petals, 
sometimes  2-lipped.  Androecium  of  2  or  4  stamens,  the  filaments  more  or 
less  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube.  Gynoecium  2-4-carpellary,  the  style  ter- 
minal. Fruit  baccate  or  drupaceous  or  an  aggregate  of  2  or  4  nutlets. 

Corolla  nearly  regular ;  lobes  5  :  fruit  of  4  nutlets.  1.  VERBENA. 

Corolla  2-lipped ;  lobes  4  :  fruit  of  2  nutlets.  2.  PHYLA. 

1.  VERBENA  [Tourn.]  L.  Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaf- 
blades  entire,  toothed  or  parted.  Flowers  in  elongate,  often  very  slender 
spikes,  the  bracts  narrow.  Calyx  mainly  tubular,  5-lobed.  Corolla  white  or 
colored,  salverform:  lobes  5,  unequal.  Anthers  unappendaged.  Fruit  an 
aggregate  of  4,  often  narrow,  nutlets  filling  the  calyx.  —  Sum.  —  VERBENA. 
VERVAIN. 

Bracts  inconspicuous,  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  the  corolla. 
Spikes  slender,  continuous  by  the  imbricate  fruits. 

Spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so  :  corolla-limb  8-9  mm.  wide :  plants  densely  soft- 
pubescent.  1.  V.  stricta. 
Spikes   peduncled :    corolla-limb    2.5-6  mm.    wide :    plants 

sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous. 
Leaf -blades    lanceolate    to    ovate-lanceolate :    nutlets 

smooth  or  nearly  so.  2.  V.  hastata. 

Leaf-blades  linear-spatulate  to  linear :  nutlets  reticu- 
late. 3.  V.  angustifolia. 
Spikes    very    slender,    becoming    interrupted,    the    fruits,    at 

least,  not  imbricate. 

Leaf-blades  merely  toothed:  corolla  white.  4.  V.  urticaefolia. 

Leaf-blades  pinnately  1-2-cleft  or  incised  :  corolla  purple 

or  blue.  5.  ym  officinalis. 

Bracts   conspicuous,   much   longer   than   the   calyx   and   corolla.    6.  V.  bracteosa. 

1.  V.  stricta  Vent.     Perennial,  2-12  dm.  tall,  densely  pale-pubescent:  leaves 
3-10  cm.  long;  blades  suborbicular,  oval,  or  oblong,  serrate  or  incised:  spikes 


244  PHEYMACEAE. 

compact  and  stout:  calyx  becoming  5  mm.  long:  corolla  deep-blue  or  purple; 
limb  8-9  mm.  wide:  nutlets  oblong,  2.5  mm.  long,  or  sometimes  longer. — 
Frequent,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  the  West.  —  HOARY-VERBENA. 

2.  V.  hastata  L.     Perennial,  4-15  dm.  tall,  roughish-pubescent :   leaves  4-14 
cm.    long:    blades    lanceolate,    oblong-lanceolate,    or    ovate-lanceolate,    sharply 
serrate  and  often  incised  or  hastate  at  the  base:  spikes  relatively  slender  and 
compact:   calyx  becoming  2.5  mm.  long:   corolla  violet-blue;  limb  2.5-3.5  mm. 
wide :  nutlets  linear,  1.5-2  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  moist  fields  and  meadows. 

—  BLUE-VERBENA. 

3.  V.   angustifolia  Michx.     Perennial,   1-5  dm.  tall,  puberulent   or  sparingly 
pubescent:   leaves  2-12  cm.  long;   blades  linear-spatulate  to  linear-oblong  or 
linear,   distantly  or  coarsely  serrate:    spikes  slender:    calyx  becoming  4  mm. 
long:  corolla  blue  or  purple;  limb  5-6  mm.  wide:   nutlets  linear,  3  mm.  long. 

—  Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides. 

4.  V.  urticaefolia  L.     Annual  or  perennial,  4-15  dm.  tall,  pubescent;   leaves 
8-21    cm.   long;    blades   broadly   lanceolate   to    ovate-lanceolate,    or    sometimes 
ovate  to  oval,  coarsely  crenate-serrate :   spikes  loosely-fruited:   calyx  becoming 
2.5  mm.  long:   corolla  white;  limb  3-4  mm.  wide:   nutlets  oblong,  1.5-2  mm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  moist  fields  and  meadows.  —  WHITE-VERBENA. 

5.  V.  officinalis  L.    Annual,  2-6  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaves  2-6  cm. 
long;  blades  of  the  lower  ones  1-2-pinnatifid  and  incised:  spikes  very  slender: 
calyx  2  mm.  long:  corolla  blue  or  purple;  tube  mostly  less  than  3  mm.  long; 
lobes  mainly  rounded:   nutlets  broadly  oblong,  about  1.5  mm.  long.  —  M.  S. 
Not  common,  in  fields  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  EUROPEAN-VERBENA. 

6.  V.  bracteosa  Michx.     Annual,  the  prostrate   or  procumbent  branches   1-5 
dm.   long,   hirsute:    leaves   1-6.5    cm.   long;    blades   pinnatifid,   2-3    cm.    long: 
spikes  thick,  sessile,  continuous  or  mainly  so:   calyx  becoming  3-4  mm.  long: 
corolla  purple  or  bluish;  limb  2-2.5  mm.  wide:  nutlets  linear,  2-2.5  mm.  long. 

—  S.     Occasional,  along  railroad  tracks.     Nat.  of  the  West. 

2.  PHYLA  Lour.  Perennial  procumbent  or  creeping  herbs.  Leaf-blades 
toothed  or  lobed.  Flowers  in  congested  axillary  spikes,  the  bracts  cuneate  to 
flabellate.  Calyx  short,  flattened,  2-lobed.  Corolla  2-lipped:  tube  scarcely 
exceeding  the  calyx.  Fruit  as  broad  as  long. 

1.  P.  lanceolata  (Michx.)  Greene.  Branches  creeping,  1-4  dm.  long:  leaf- 
blades  elliptic-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  1.5-5  cm.  long:  spikes  9-15  mm.  long; 
bracts  erose-ciliolate :  corolla  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  Fre- 
quent, on  sandy  islands  and  shores.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  FROG  'S-FRUIT. 

FAMILY  8.    PHRYMACEAE.     LOPSEED  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  angled  stems.  Leaves  opposite:  blades  toothedf. 
Flowers  in  slender  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes.  Calyx  of  5  partially 
united  sepals,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  very  short.  Corolla  white  and 
magenta-tinged,  of  5  partially  united  petals,  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  3- 
lobed.  Androecium  of  4  didynamous  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  2  united 
carpels,  the  style  bent  at  the  base.  Fruit  an  achene  included  in  the  de- 
flexed  accrescent  calyx. 

1.  PHRYMA  L.  Caulescent  herbs  with  spreading  branches.  Leaf -blades 
broad,  coarsely  toothed,  petioled.  Spikes  or  racemes  elongate,  the  small 
flowers  opposite.  Achene  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx. 

1.  P.  Leptostachya  L.  Stems  3-10  dm.  tall,  sparingly  branched  above,  re- 
flexed-pubescent :  leaf -blades  ovate  to  elliptic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3-15 


LAMIACEAE. 


245 


cm.  long:  calyx  3-5  mm.  long,  accrescent;  tube  ribbed,  little  longer  than  the 
slender  upper  lobes  during  anthesis:  corolla  white  and  magenta-tinged,  about 
8  mm.  long:  achenes  4-5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets. — 
Sum.  — •  LOPSEED. 


FAMILY  9.    LAMIACEAE.     MINT   FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  woody  plants,  often  aromatic.  Stems  4-sided.  Leaves  op- 
posite or  whorled:  blades  simple,  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed.  Flowers  per- 
fect, in  open  or  compact  cymes.  Calyx  of  5  partly  united  sepals,  regular 
or  2-lipped.  Corolla  of  5  partly  united  petals,  2-lipped  or  nearly  regular. 
Androecium  of  2  or  4  stamens,  the  pairs  often  unequal.  Gynoecium  2- 
carpellary.  Ovary  4-celled.  Fruit  of  4  nutlets  included  in  the  calyx. 

Ovary  of  2  united  carpels,  4-lobed  :  style  not  basal :  nutlets  laterally  attached. 
Corolla  very  irregular ;  limb  nearly  1-lipped,  the  upper  lip  very  short. 

1.  TEUCRIUM. 
Corolla    nearly    regular    or    slightly    2-lipped,    the    lobes 

nearly  equal. 
Calyx  nearly  regular  :  stamens  only  slightly  exserted, 

nearly  equal. 

Calyx   decidedly   2-lipped :    stamens   conspicuously   ex- 
serted, didynamous. 
Ovary  of  4  distinct  or  nearly  distinct  carpellary  lobes  :  style 

basal  :  nutlets  basally  attached. 
Calyx  with  a  crest  on  the  upper  side  or  on  the  upper  lip : 

lips  2,  entire. 

Calyx  without  a  crest  on  the  upper  side :  lips  not  entire. 
Stamens  included. 

Anther-sacs  divergent. 
Anther-sacs  contiguous  and  confluent. 
Stamens  exserted. 

Corolla  conspicuously  2-lipped ;   lips  different,  the 

upper  concave. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Upper    pair    of    filaments    longer    than    the 

lower. 

Anther-sacs  parallel   or  nearly  so. 
Anther-sacs  diverging. 

Calyx  barely  2-lipped,  with  5  nearly 

equal  lobes  :  erect  herbs. 
Calyx   2-lipped,   with   unequal   lobes : 

trailing  herbs. 
Upper   pair   of   filaments   shorter   than   the 

lower. 

Calyx  manifestly  2-lipped. 
Calyx  merely  with  3-10  lobes. 

Tube    of    the    calyx    faintly    nerved, 

inflated  at  maturity. 
Tube  of  the  calyx  prominently  5-10- 
nerved,  not  inflated  at  maturity. 
Nutlets  3-sided,  truncate  above. 
Calyx-lobes  not  spine-tipped. 
Calyx-lobes   spine-tipped. 
Nutlets    nearly     terete,     rounded 

above. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  2. 

Connective  of  the  anther  elongate,  bearing  a 
perfect   sac   at   one   end   and   a   rudimen- 
tary one  at  the  other. 
Connective  short :   anther-sacs   confluent. 
Corolla  regular,  or  if  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  flat 

or  not  concave. 

Flowers   in   axillary  whorls  or  clusters ;   these 
sometimes  forming  terminal  spike-like  ra- 
cemes or  panicles. 
Corolla  2-lipped." 

Filaments  curved,  converging  under  the 

upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  2. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 
Corolla-tube  strongly  bent. 


2.  ISANTHDS. 

3.  TBICHOSTEMA. 


4.    SCUTELLARIA. 


5.  SlDERITIS. 

6.  MABKUBIDM. 


7.  AGASTACHE. 


8.  NEPETA. 

9.  GLECOMA. 


10.  PBUNELLA. 


11.  DRACOCEPHALUM. 


12.  LAMIUM. 

13.  LEONUBUS. 


14.   STACHYS. 


15.  SALVIA. 

16.  MONABDA. 


17.  HEDEOMA. 


18.  MELISSA. 


246  LAMIACEAE. 

Corolla-tube  straight. 

Calyx    with    5    nearly    equal 

lobes,  not  2-lipped.  19.  SATUREIA. 

Calyx  2-lipped.  20.  CLINOPODIUM. 

Filaments  straight,  often  spreading. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 
Anther-sacs  divergent. 

Calyx    equally    5-lobed :    erect 

herbs.  21.  ORIGANUM. 

Calyx  2-lipped  :  creeping  herbs.      22.  THYMUS. 
Anther-sacs  parallel.  23.  KOELLIA. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2.  24.  CDNILA. 

Corolla  regular  with  4-5  lobes. 

Anther-bearing   stamens    2 :    foliage   not 

aromatic.  25.  LYCOPUS. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4  :   foliage  aro- 
matic. 26.  MENTHA. 
Flowers  in  loose  terminal  panicles. 

Stamens    2 :    lower   lip   of   corolla   fringed : 

native  species.  27.  COLLINSOXIA. 

Stamens  4  :  lower  lip  of  corolla  not  fringed  : 

naturalized  species.  28.  PERILLA. 

1.  TEUCTHUM  [Tourn.]  L.    Perennial  strict  herbs.    Leaf-blades  toothed. 
Flowers  in  raceme-like  panicles.     Calyx  2-lipped.     Corolla  mainly  pink,  very 
irregular:    upper  lip  minute,  split:   lower  lip  3-lobed,  projecting  beyond  the 
upper  one:  tube  relatively  long.    Stamens  lying  against  the  upper  side  of  the 
corolla. 

1.  T.  canadense  L.  Stem  2-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  relatively  thin,  ovate  to 
oblong-ovate,  6-14  cm.  long,  pubescent  beneath:  calyx  becoming  6-8  mm. 
long;  lower  lobes  acuminate:  corolla  purplish  or  pink,  15-20  mm.  long:  nutlets 
about  2.5  mm.  long,  wrinkled.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  waste  places,  and  on 
roadsides.  —  Sum.  —  WOOD-SAGE.  GERMANDER. 

2.  ISANTHUS  Michx.     Annual  herbs.     Leaf -blades  entire   or  sparingly 
toothed.     Flowers  in  axillary  cymes.     Calyx  nearly  regular.     Corolla  nearly 
regular,  the  lobes  spreading.     Stamens  slightly  ascending. 

1.  I.  brachiatus  (L.)  B.S.P.  Plants  1-4  dm.  tall,  viscid-pubescent:  leaf- 
blades  elliptic  to  linear-elliptic,  1-4  cm.  long:  calyx  becoming  5-6  mm.  long; 
lobes  lanceolate  to  triangular-lanceolate:  corolla  blue;  lobes  mainly  ovate: 
nutlets  2-2.5  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  Frequent,  on  low  islands  and 
shores.  — •  Schists.  —  Sum.  — •  FALSE-PENNYROYAL. 

3.  TRICHOSTEMA   L.     Annual   or   perennial   herbs   or   shrubby   plants. 
Leaf -blades  entire  or  repand.     Flowers  in  axillary  cymes.     Calyx  very  irregular, 
2-lipped.     Corolla  somewhat  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  longer  and  narrower  than 
the  lower  lip.    Stamens  lying  against  the  lower  corolla-lip. 

1.  T.  dichotonram  L.  Plants  1-20  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong  to  oblong-lanceo- 
late, 2-7  cm.  long:  calyx  becoming  5-6  mm.  long;  lobes  acuminate:  corolla 
blue  to  white,  about  5  mm.  long:  nutlets  1.5-2  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  dry 
fields.  — •  Sum.  —  BASTARD-PENNYROYAL.  BLUE-CURLS. 

4.  SCUTELLABIA    L.     Annual   or   perennial   herbs   or   shrubby   plants. 
Leaf -blades  entire  or  toothed.    Flowers  axillary  or  in  racemes.    Calyx  2-lipped, 
the  upper  lip  crested.     Corolla  blue,  violet,  pink,  or  white,  with  a  long  curved 
tube,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  arching.  —  SKULLCAP. 

Nutlets  wingless  :  fruit  very  slightly  elevated  on  the  small  gynobase. 

Corolla  less  than  1  cm.  long :  flowers  in  secund  elongating  lateral  racemes. 

1.  8.  lateriflora. 

Corolla  over  1   cm.   long :   flowers  not  in  secund  elongating 
racemes. 


LAMIACEAE.  247 

Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles. 
Leaves  with  toothed  blades. 

Corolla  over  2  cm.  long,  copiously  pubescent :  seeds 

about  1  mm.  long.  2.  8.  incana. 

Corolla  less  than  2  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so : 

seeds  about  2  mm.  long.  3.  8.  pilosa. 

Leaves,  at  least  those  above  the  middle  of  the  stem, 

with  entire  blades.  4.  8.  integrifolia. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaf-like  bracts. 

Rootstock  tuber-bearing :  corolla  less  than  1.5  cm. 
long,  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  less,  the  upper 
lip  much  shorter  than  the  lower.  5.  8.  parvula. 

Rootstock  not  tuber-bearing :  corolla  over  1.5  cm.  long, 
several  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip 
about  equalling  the  lower.  6.  8.  galericulata. 

Nutlets  winged  :  fruit  elevated  on  a  slender  gynobase.  7.  8.  nervosa. 

1.  S.  lateriflora  L.     Plants   erect   or  reclining,   2-10   dm.  long,   glabrous,  or 
puberulent  above:  leaf -blades  thinnish,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2-6  cm.  long, 
coarsely  serrate:  calyx  becoming  3-4  mm.  long:  corolla  6-7  mm.  long:  nutlets 
about  1  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  moist  soil.  —  Sum.  —  MAD-DOG  SKULLCAP. 

2.  S.  incana  Muhl.     Plants  5-12  dm.  tall,  finely  pubescent:  leaf -blades  4-12 
cm.  long,  serrate  or  crenate-serrate :    calyx  becoming  6-7  mm.  long:    corolla 
15-20  mm.  long;  lower  lip  6-8  mm.  wide:  nutlets  1.5  mm.  long. — -N.  S.     Not 
very  common,  in  thickets.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum. 

3.  S.  pilosa  Michx.     Plants  1-6  dm.  tall,  finely  pubescent:  leaf -blades  ovate, 
oval,    or    deltoid-ovate,    1.5-4.5    cm.    long,    coarsely    crenate:    calyx   becoming 
about  5  mm.  long:  corolla  12-13  mm.  long;  lower  lip  5-7  mm.  wide:  nutlets  1 
mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  meadows.  — •  Sum. 

4.  S.  integrifolia  L.     Plants  2-6  dm.  tall,  softly  pubescent:   blades  of  the 
lower  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  crenate,  those  of  the  upper  ones 
oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear,  entire:    calyx  becoming  6-7  mm.  long: 
corolla   21-25   mm.   long;    lower  lip   shallowly  notched:    nutlets  fully  1   mm. 
long.  —  Eather  common,  in  pastures  and  thickets.  —  Early  sum. 

5.  S.  parvula  Michx.    Plants  0.5-3  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent: 
leaf-blades  broadly   ovate  to   lanceolate,   1-2   cm.   long,   shallowly  toothed  or 
entire:   calyx  becoming  5-6  mm.  long:   corolla  about  11  mm.  long;  lower  lip 
4-4.5  mm.  wide:  nutlets  1  mm.  long.  —  M.  S.     Common,  in  dry  soil.  —  Lime- 
stones, quartzite,  serpentine.  —  Early  sum. 

6.  S.  galericulata  L.     Plants  2-9  dm.  long,  sometimes  finely  pubescent:  leaf- 
blades  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong,  2-6  cm.  long,  shallowly  serrate:   calyx  be- 
coming 6-7  mm.  long:  corolla  16-20  mm.  long;  lower  lip  about  5  mm.  wide: 
nutlets  1.5-2  mm.  long.  —  Not  very  common,  in  swamps.  —  Sum. 

7.  S.  nervosa  Pursh.     Plants   1-4  dm.  tall,  minutely  pubescent:    leaf -blades 
suborbicular  to  oval,  or  lanceolate  above,  2-4  cm.  long,  undulate  or  coarsely 
serrate:   calyx  becoming  about  5  mm.  long:  corolla  9-12  mm.  long,  the  lower 
lip  about  5  mm.  wide :  nutlets  1-2  mm.  long.  —  M.     Rare,  in  woods.  —  Sand- 
stones and  shales,  limestones.  —  Early  sum. 

5.  SIDEKITIS  [Tourn.]  L.  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite:  blades 
entire  or  toothed.  Flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  slightly  2-lipped:  tube 
5-10-ribbed:  lobes  spine-tipped,  the  middle  one  of  the  upper  lip  usually 
broader  than  the  others.  Corolla  yellow,  white,  or  pink,  slightly  longer  than 
the  calyx,  2-lipped:  upper  lip  entire  or  lobed:  lower  lip  longer,  with  a  broad 
middle  lobe.  Nutlets  obovoid. 

1.  S.  romana  L.  Annual,  softly  pubescent,  the  stem  and  branches  0.5-3  dm, 
tall:  leaf -blades  obovate  to  oblong,  1-3  cm.  long,  crenate,  sessile  or  nearly  so: 
calyx  7-9  mm.  long;  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  the  middle  one  of  the  upper 


248  LAMIACEAE. 

lip  ovate,  all  subulate-tipped:  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  slightly  exceeding  the 
calyx ;  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  renif orm :  nutlets  fully  1  mm.  long.  —  S. 
Bare,  in  fields.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr. 

6.  MAEBUBIUM    [Tourn.]    L.     Perennial  low   or   diffuse  herbs.     Leaf- 
blades  toothed,  often  rugose.    Flowers  in  dense  axillary  clusters.    Calyx  nearly 
regular,   10-lobed;    lobes   slender,   spreading   or   recurved,   sometimes   unequal. 
Corolla  2-lipped:  upper  lip  erect:  lower  lip  spreading,  the  broad  middle  lobe 
much  larger   than   the   2   lateral   ones.      Filaments   scarcely   longer   than   the 
anthers. 

1.  M.  vulgare  L.  Plant  2-9  dm.  tall,  white-woolly:  leaf -blades  suborbicular, 
oval,  or  ovate,  1-4  cm.  long,  crenate,  rugose:  calyx  4-5  mm.  long;  lobes 
hooked:  corolla  white,  5-6  mm.  long;  upper  lip  deeply  notched:  nutlets  about 
2  mm.  long.  —  Eather  common,  in  waste  places  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu. 

—  Sum.  —  HOARHOUND. 

7.  AGASTACHE  Clayt.    Perennial  tall  herbs.    Leaf -blades  many-toothed, 
not  rugose.     Flowers  many  in  dense  panicles.     Calyx  nearly  regular,  scarcely 
ribbed,  5-lobed:  lobes  erect,  the  upper  ones  sometimes  broader  than  the  lower. 
Corolla  2-lipped:    upper  lip  erect:   lower  lip  with  2  small  lateral  lobes  'and 
a  large  spreading  middle  lobe.     Filaments  elongate.  —  Sum.  —  GIANT-HYSSOP. 

Calyx-lobes  barely  acute :  corolla  greenish-yellow  :  bracts  acute  or  acutish. 

1.  A.  nepetoides. 
Calyx  lobes  acuminate :  corolla  purplish  :  bracts  acuminate.  2.  A.  scrophulariaefolia. 

1.  A.  nepetoides    (L.)    Kuntze.     Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  1-2  m.  tall: 
leaf -blades  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  5-12  cm.  long:  calyx  5-6  mm.  long;  lobes 
ovate   or   oblong-ovate:    corolla   7-9  mm.  long,   slightly  exceeding  the   calyx: 
nutlets  minutely  pubescent.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  woods. 

2.  A.  scrophulariaefolia  (Willd.)   Kuntze.     Stems  finely  hirsute,  1-2  m.  tall: 
leaf -blades  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  or  elliptic  above:    calyx  6-7  mm.  long; 
lobes   lanceolate:    corolla  6-8   mm.  long,   much  exceeding   the   calyx:    nutlets 
hispidulous.  —  N.  M.     Frequent,  in  woods  and  fence-rows.  —  Sandstones  and 
shales,  limestones. 

8.  NEPETA    L.     Annual    or    perennial,    erect    or    diffuse    herbs.      Leaf- 
blades  toothed  or  incised.     Flowers  in  axillary  clusters  which  are  sometimes 
borne   in   racemes.     Calyx   slightly   irregular,    15-ribbed,    5-lobed:    lobes   rela- 
tively long,  the  upper  lobes  slightly  longer  than  the  lower.     Corolla  2-lipped: 
upper  lip  erect:   lower  lip  spreading,  the  larger  middle  lobe  toothed.     Fila- 
ments relatively  long. 

1.  N.  Cataria  L.  Plants  pale-green,  3-11  dm.  tall,  closely  pubescent:  leaf- 
blades  ovate  to  triangular-ovate,  4-7  cm.  long,  crenate  or  serrate-crenate, 
mostly  cordate:  calyx  5-6  mm.  long;  lobes  subulate  or  lanceolate-subulate: 
corolla  pale,  6-7  mm.  long :  nutlets  about  1  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  waste 
places,  and  fields  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  CAT-MINT.  CATNIP. 

9.  GLECOMA  L.     Perennial  creeping  herbs.     Leaf -blades  toothed.    Flow- 
ers   in   axillary   clusters.      Calyx    slightly   2-lipped,    15-ribbed,   5-lobed:    lobes 
unequal,  relatively  short.     Corolla  2-lipped:  upper  lip  erect:  lower  lip  spread- 
ing, the  large  middle  lobe  notched.     Filaments  relatively  short. 

1.  G.  hederacea  L.  Plants  dark-green,  the  branches  1-11  dm.  long,  hirsute: 
leaf -blades  renif  orm  to  suborbicular,  2-4  cm.  in  diameter,  coarsely  crenate: 
calyx  5-7  mm.  long;  lobes  subulate-tipped:  corolla  blue  or  white,  10-15  mm. 


LAMIACEAE.  249 

long :  nutlets  about  1.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  near  dwellings,  in  thickets  and 
on  hillsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  GROUND-IVY.     GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND. 

10.  PRUNELLA  L.     Perennial  erect  or  diffuse  herbs.     Leaf -blades  toothed 
or  laciniate.     Flowers   mostly   in   compact   panicles.      Calyx   2-lipped:    upper 
lip   with   3  broad  lobes:    lower  lip   with   2   narrow   lobes.     Corolla   2-lipped: 
upper  lip   arched:    lawer  lip  with  the  broad  middle  lobe  generally   toothed. 
Filaments  relatively  long,  2  of  them  forked  at  the  apex.  —  SELF-HEAL. 

Leaf -blades   entire   or   shallowly   toothed :    calyx   over   10   mm.   long ;   lobes   of  the 
lower  lip  subulate.  1.  P.  vulgaris. 

Leaf-blades,  at  least  the  upper  ones,  pinnatifid  :  calyx  less  than  10 

mm.  long;  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  lanceolate.  2.  P.  laciniata. 

1.  P.  vulgaris  L.     Stems  0.5-4  dm.  long:  leaf -blades  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceo- 
late, 2-7.5  cm.  long,  undulate:   bracts  mostly  reniform:   calyx  6-8  mm.  long; 
lobes  of  the  upper  lip  mucronate:   corolla  purple  or  white,  mainly  14-18  mm. 
long :  nutlets  about  2  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields,  thickets  and  waste  places. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  HEAL- ALL. 

2.  P.  laciniata  L.     Plants  similar  to  P.  vulgaris  in  habit,  but  often  hoary- 
pubescent:    blades  of  the   stem-leaves  more  or  less  pinnatifid:    corolla  white 
or  pale.  —  M.  S.     Occasional,  in  fields  and  lawns.     Nat.   of  Eu.  —  Sum. 

11.  DRACOCEPHALUM     [Tourn.]     L.     Perennial,    erect  -or    reclining 
herbs.     Leaf -blades  typically  narrow,  usually  toothed,  at  least  near  the  apex. 
Flowers  in  spike-like  racemes.     Calyx  essentially  regular:  lobes  5,  shorter  than 
the  tube.     Corolla  2-lipped:  upper  lip  arched,  entire:  lower  lip  3-lobed.     Sta- 
mens 4:  filaments  elongate,  one  pair  at  least  glabrous.     [Physostegia  Benth.] 
—  Sum.  —  FALSE-DRAGON-HEAD. 

Leaf -blades  entire  or  bluntly  toothed  :  stem  naked  above  :  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower 
corolla-lip  often  entire.  1.  D.  denticulatum. 

Leaf -blades  sharply  toothed  :  stem  leafy  above :  lateral  lobes  of 

the  lower  corolla-lip  often  toothed.  2.  D.  virginianum. 

1.  D.    denticulatum   Ait.      Stems    3-9    dm.    long:    leaves    few;    blades    spatu- 
late  to  oblong,  2-14  cm.  long,  thick,  repand-crenate,  mostly  obtuse:  calyx-lobes 
deltoid:    corolla  20-25  mm.  long:   nutlets  about  2  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna 
valley.     Occasional,  on  islands  and  shores.  —  Schists. 

2.  D.  virginianum  L.     Stems  3-15  dm.  long:   leaves  many;   blades  narrowly 
oblong  to  linear-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  3-12  cm.  long,  thickish,  saliently 
serrate  or  incised-serrate,  mostly  acuminate  or  acute:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  to 
ovate-lanceolate:    corolla  25-30  mm.  long:    nutlets  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Sus- 
quehanna valley.     Frequent,  on  low  islands  and  shores.  —  Schists. 

12.  LAJVUUM  L.     Annual,  biennial    (ours),   or  perennial,   diffuse   herbs. 
Leaf-blades   broad,    toothed    or   incised.      Flowers   in   axillary    cymes.      Calyx 
somewhat  irregular:  lobes  5,  the  upper  ones  usually  the  larger.     Corolla  blue 
or  white,   2-lipped:    upper   lip   entire   or  merely   notched:    lower  lip   3-lobed, 
the  middle  lobe  with  a  dilated  blade,  the  lateral  lobes  with  slender  tips.     Sta- 
mens 4 :  filaments  pubescent.  —  DEAD-NETTLE. 

Leaf-blades  sessile  or  partly  clasping  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  :  corolla  abruptly 
bent  at  the  throat ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  rounded.  1.  L.  amplexicaule. 

Leaf-blades   petioled    on   the   upper    part    of   the   stem :    corolla 

curved  at  the  throat ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  lobed.  2.  L.  purpureum. 

1.  L.   amplexicaule   L.     Stems   and  branches   decumbent,   sparingly   retrorse- 
pubescent:    leaf -blades    suborbicular    to    orbicular-reniform,    1-3.5    cm.    wide, 


250  LAMIACEAE. 

crenate-lobed :  calyx  becoming  5-6  mm.  long:  corolla  purple,  13-17  mm.  long; 
tube  slender,  the  lower  lip  with  mucronate  lateral  lobes  and  a  cuneate  middle 
lobe:  nutlets  slender,  less  than  1  mm.  wide.  Common,  in  cultivated  and  waste 
grounds.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.-fall.  —  HENBIT. 

2.  L.  purpureum  L.  Stem  and  branches  finely  pubescent,  the  branches  often 
creeping:  leaf -blades  ovate,  orbicular  or  reniform,  1-3  cm.  long,  crenate,  cor- 
date at  the  base,  mostly  long-petioled :  calyx  becoming  9-11  mm.  long;  lobes 
lanceolate-subulate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  purple  or  purplish,  11- 
15  mm.  long;  tube  stout,  straight,  the  lower  lip  with  a  reniform  middle  lobe: 
nutlets  stout,  fully  1  mm.  wide.  —  M.  Occasional,  in  shaded  places.  Nat. 
of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  DEAD-NETTLE. 

13.  LEONURUS  L.     Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial,  erect  herbs.     Leaf- 
blades  broad,   toothed  or  parted.     Flowers  in   dense  axillary   cymes.     Calyx 
somewhat  irregular:  lobes  firm,  slender.     Corolla  2-lipped,  not  curved:  upper 
lip  erect  or  nearly  so:  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  much  larger  than  the 
lateral  ones.     Stamens  4 :  filaments  pubescent.  —  Sum.  —  MOTHER  WORT. 

Calyx  much  shorter  than  the  corolla  :   corolla  purple,  pubescent  within  :  blades  of 
the  lower  cauline  leaves  lobed.  1.  L.  Cardiaca. 

Calyx  as  long  as  the  corolla :  corolla  pink,  glabrous  within  : 

blades  of  the  lower  cauline  leaves  coarsely  toothed.  2.  L.  MarruMastrum. 

1.  L.  Cardiaca  L.     Perennial,  3-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  orbicular  to  oblong, 
2-10  cm.  long,  the  lower  ones  palmately  3-5-lobed,  with  incised- serrate  divi- 
sions,   upper    ones    3-lobed    or    entire:    calyx-lobes   exceeded    by   the    corolla: 
corolla  9-10  mm.  long :   filaments  villous.  —  Common,  in  wraste  places  and  on 
roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  L.  Marrubiastrum  L.     Biennial,  5-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  oblong- 
ovate,  2.5-7.5   cm.  long:    calyx-lobes  equalling  the   corolla:    corolla   7-8  mm. 
long :    filaments  puberulent.  —  S.    .Occasional,  on  shaded  banks  of  the   Octo- 
raro  Creek.    Nat.  of  Eu. 

14.  STACHYS  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  or  (ours)  perennial,  erect  or  spread- 
ing herbs.    Leaf -blades  entire  or  toothed.    Flowers  in  continuous  or  interrupted 
panicles.    Calyx  nearly  regular :  lobes  5,  shorter  than  the  tube.    Corolla  mainly 
purple,   2-lipped:    upper   lip   erect:    lower   lip   spreading,   3-lobed,   the  middle 
lobe  somewhat  larger  than  the  lateral  ones.     Stamens  4,  all  anther-bearing: 
anthers  short.  —  Sum.  —  HEDGE-NETTLE. 

Leaf-blades  narrowed  at  the  base.  1.  S.  ambigua. 

Leaf-blades,  all  or  some  of  them,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base. 
Foliage  copiously  pubescent :  corolla-tube  slightly  longer  than 

the  calyx :  calyx-lobes  slender-subulate.  2.  8.  palustris. 

Foliage  glabrous  or  almost  so  :  corolla-tube  much  longer  than 
the  calyx :  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  triangular-lanceolate. 
Inflorescence  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  calyx-lobes  glabrous  or 
nearly   so,    ultimately   lax :    upper    corolla-lip   essentially 
glabrous  and  eciliate.  3.  S.  tenuifolia. 

Inflorescence  bristly-pubescent :  calyx-lobes  copiously  pubes- 
cent, permanently  erect :  upper  corolla-lip  pubescent  and 
ciliate.  4.  8.  aspera. 

1.  S.  ambigua   (A.  Gray)   Britton.     Stems  3-10  dm.  tall,  hirsute:  leaf-blades 
narrowly  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  3-6  cm.  long,  pubescent:  calyx  6-8  mm. 
long;  lobes  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  tube  or  nearly  so:   corolla  11-13  mm. 
long :    nutlets    over   2    mm.   long.  —  Susquehanna   valley.     Occasional,   on   the 
river  shore.  —  Schists. 

2.  S.  palustris  L.     Stems  1  m.  tall  or  less,  hirsute:   leaf -blades  lanceolate, 
oblong-lanceolate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  4-10  cm.  long,  mostly  acute  or  acumi- 


LAMIACEAE.  251 

nate,  crenate-serrate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  sessile  or  those  of 
the  lower  leaves  short-petioled :  calyx  6-8  mm.  long,  finely  hirsute;  lobes 
shorter  than  the  tube,  slender-subulate,  spine-tipped,  diverging  in  age:  corolla 
13-16  mm.  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  nutlets  about  2  mm.  long, 
smooth.  —  M.  Occasional,  in  wet  soil.  —  Limestones. 

3.  S.  tenuifolia  Willd.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaf -blades 
mainly  oblong  to   oblong-lanceolate,  3-10   cm.  long,   serrate:    calyx  6-7  mm. 
long,  sometimes  sparingly  pubescent;  lobes  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  tube  or 
nearly  so:    corolla  10-12  mm.  long:    nutlets  about  2  mm.   long.  —  S.     Occa- 
sional, in  moist  thickets.  —  Schists. 

4.  S.  aspera  Michx.     Stems  5-12  dm.  tall,  hirsute:  leaf -blades  oblong,  oblong 
lanceolate,   or   ovate-oblong,   3-10    cm.   long,    crenate-serrate:    calyx   6-8   mm. 
long,  hirsute;  lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  mainly 
12-15  mm.  long :  nutlets  about  2  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  thickets. 

15.  SAL  VIA   [Tourn.]   L.     Annual  or  perennial,  herbs,  or  woody  plants. 
Leaf-blades  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed.     Flowers  in  interrupted  or  continuous 
panicles.     Calyx  short,  2-lipped:  upper  lip  3-lobed:  lower  lip  2-lobed.     Corolla 
2-lipped:  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  much  larger  than  the  lateral  ones. 
Stamens  4,  but  only  2  anther-bearing,  or  only  2 :  each  filament  surmounted  by 
a  transverse  connective,  one  end  of  which  bears  a  long  anther.     Stigmas  very 
unequal.  —  SAGE. 

1.  S.  lyrata  L.  Stems  1-6  dm.  tall,  scape-like,  pilose  or  hirsute:  leaves  mainly 
basal;  blades  spatulate,  oblanceolate,  oblong,  or  oval,  5-20  cm.  long,  lyrate- 
pinnatifid:  calyx  9-11  mm.  long,  hirsute;  lower  lobes  lanceolate:  corolla  blue- 
purple,  20-25  mm.  long:  nutlets  granular.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  thickets. 
— .  Early  sum.  — •  LYRE-LEAVED  SAGE. 

16.  MONARDA    L.     Shrubs,    or     perennial    erect    herbs.       Leaf-blades 
toothed.     Flowers  in  remote   or  approximate   dense   cymes.     Calyx  elongate, 
nearly  regular:  lobes  5,  slender,  shorter  than  the  tube.     Corolla  2-lipped,  elon- 
gate:  upper  lip  narrow,  erect  or  arched:   lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe 
much  longer  than  the  lateral  ones.     Stamens  2:   filaments  elongate:   anthers 
with  divergent  sacs.  —  Sum.  —  HORSE-MINT. 

Calyx  glabrous  in  the  throat  or  nearly  so :  corolla  scarlet,  mostly  more  than  3  cm. 

long.  1.  M.  didyma. 

Calyx   bearded   in   the   throat :    corolla   white,    pink    or   purple, 

mostly  less  than  3  cm.  long. 
Corolla   white,   greenish   or   greenish-pink ;   upper   lip   sparingly 

pubescent.  2.  M.  clinopodia. 

Corolla  pink,  purplish,  or  lilac  ;  upper  lip  copiously  pubescent.        3.  M.  fistulosa. 

1.  M.  didyma  L.     Stems  3-12  dm.  tall,  sometimes  sparingly  pubescent:  leaf- 
blades  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  8-15  cm.  long,  serrate:  heads 
showy:  calyx  7—11  mm.  long;  lobes  subulate:  corolla  35-50  mm.  long;  middle 
lobe    of   the    lower   lip    acute.  —  S.     Occasional,    on    roadsides.     Nat.    of    the 
South.  —  BEE-BALM.     OSWEGO-TEA. 

2.  M.  clinopodia  L.     Stems  3-8  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent: 
leaf -blades  ovate  to  lanceolate,  3-12  cm.  long,  serrate:  bracts  pale:  calyx  7-9 
mm.  long,  somewhat  bearded  in  the  throat;  lobes  short-subulate:  corolla  24-28 
mm.  long;  lower  lip  with  rounded  lateral  lobes:  nutlets  fully  1  mm.  long. — 
Eather  rare,  in  moist  thickets. 

3.  M.  fistulosa  L.     Stems  5-12  dm.  tall,  villous  or  villous-hirsute :  leaf -blades 
ovate   to   lanceolate,   2-12    cm.   long,    remotely   sharp-serrate:    bracts   usually 
colored:    calyx  8-12  mm.  long,  copiously  bearded  in  the  throat;   lobes  long- 
subulate:   corolla  30-34  mm.  long;  lower  lip  with  acute  lateral  lobes:  nutlets 


252  LAMIACEAE. 

fully    1.5    mm.    long.  —  Common,    in    dry    fields    and    on    roadsides.  —  WILD- 

BERGAMOT. 

17.  HEDEOMA  Pers.     Annual  or  perennial,  often  diffuse  herbs.     Leaf- 
blades  entire  or  sparingly  toothed.     Flowers  in  remote  or  contiguous  axillary 
cymes.     Calyx  2-lipped,  sometimes  obscurely  so:  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  broader 
and  shorter  than  those  of  the  lower  lip.     Corolla  2-lipped:   upper  lip  some- 
times notched :  lower  lip  3-lobed,  commonly  broader  than  the  lateral  ones.    Sta- 
mens 2,  accompanied  by  2  more  or  less  reduced  ones.     One  stigma  obsolete. 
— .  MOCK-PENNYROYAL. 

1.  H.  pulegioides  (L.)  Pers.  Plants  very  fragrant:  stems  1-4  dm.  tall,  finely 
pubescent:  leaf -blades  oval-elliptic  to  oblong,  9-20  mm.  long,  sparingly  ser- 
rate: calyx  becoming  4-5  mm.  long;  tube  strongly  ribbed:  corolla  4-5  mm. 
long,  bluish.  —  Common,  in  dry  fields  and  open  woods.  —  Sum.  —  PENNYROYAL. 
AMERICAN-PENNYROYAL. 

18.  MELISSA    [Tourn.]    L.     Perennial,  erect  herbs.     Leaf-blades  broad, 
toothed.     Flowers  in  axillary  clusters.     Calyx  2-lipped,  the  broad  upper  lip 
with  3  minute  lobes,  the  2  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  slender.     Corolla  2-lipped: 
upper   lip   mostly   notched:    lower   lip    3-lobed,   the   middle   lobe   very  broad. 
Stamens  4,  exserted.  —  BALM. 

1.  M.  officinalis  L.  Plant  lemon-scented,  3-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate  to 
ovate-oblong,  2-8  cm.  long,  crenate-serrate :  calyx  ringent,  7-8  mm.  long; 
upper  lip  curved  upward:  corolla  white  or  cream-colored,  about  10  mm.  long: 
nutlets  fully  1.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on  roadsides  and  in  waste  places.  Nat. 
of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  BEE-BALM.  LEMON-BALM. 

19.  SATUBEIA    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual    or    perennial   herbs,    or   partially 
woody  plants.    Leaf -blades  mostly  entire.    Cymes  axillary  or  in  terminal  spike- 
like  panicles.     Calyx  campanulate,  slightly  2-lipped,  the  lobes  of  the  upper  lip 
slightly  broader  than  those  of  the  lower.     Corolla  2-lipped:  upper  lip  notched: 
lower  lip  with  3  broad  lobes.     Stamens  4 :   stigmas  short.  —  SAVORY. 

1.  S.  hortensis  L.  Plants  1-4  dm.  tall,  the  branches  minutely  pubescent: 
leaf -blades  linear-spatulate  to  linear,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  entire:  inflorescence  with 
spreading  bracts  similar  to  the  upper  leaves  but  smaller:  panicles  short: 
calyx  2.5-3.5  mm.  long;  lobes  lanceolate  or  subulate-lanceolate,  about  as  long 
as  the  tube:  corolla  white  to  deep-pink,  3-4  mm.  long,  the  lobes  rounded  or 
retuse:  nutlets  fully  1  mm.  long.  —  M.  Occasional,  in  waste  places  and  on 
roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  SUMMER- SAVORY. 

20.  CLINOPODITJM    L.     Annual    or    perennial   herbs    or    woody    plants. 
Leaf -blades  entire  or  toothed.    'Flowers  in  sessile  or  peduncled  axillary  cymes. 
Calyx  cylindric  or  tubular,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  with  3  short  lobes,  the  lower 
lip  with  2  long,  narrow  lobes.     Corolla  2-lipped:  upper  lip  sometimes  notched: 
lower  lip  3-lobed.     Stamens  4:  anthers  awnless. 

1.  C.  vulgare  L.  Stems  1-5  dm.  tall,  hirsute :  blades  of  the  upper  leaves  ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  1-4  cm.  long,  undulate  or  crenate:  calyx  becoming  8-9 
mm.  long,  villous-hirsute :  corolla  white  or  purple,  11-13  mm.  long;  middle 
lobe  of  the  lower  lip  broadened  upward :  nutlets  about  1  mm.  long.  —  Com- 
mon, in  thickets  and  open  places.  —  Sum.  —  BASIL. 

21.  ORIGANUM  [Tourn.]  L.     Perennial  herbs,  or  partially  woody  plants. 
Leaf-blades  broad,   often   notched.     Cymes  mostly   borne  in   corymbs.     Calyx 


LAMIACEAE.  253 

stout,  nearly  equally  5-lobed.  Corolla  2-lipped:  upper  lip  broad,  slightly 
lobed:  lower  lip  with  3  rather  broad  lobes.  Stamens  4.  Stigmas  short. 

1.  O.  vulgare  L.  Stems  mostly  simple  below,  sparingly  branched  above, 
villous-Mrsute :  leaf -blades  ovate,  mostly  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  shallowly  toothed: 
calyx  2-2.5  mm.  long;  lobes  ovate,  longer  than  the  tube:  corolla  purple  or 
rarely  white,  6-7  mm.  long;  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  rounded,  the  lateral  lobes 
of  the  lower  lip  broadly  ovate :  nutlets  less  than  1  mm.  long.  —  M.  S.  Fre- 
quent, on  roadsides  and  in  fields.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  WILD-MARJORAM. 

22.  THYMUS  [Tourn.]  L.     Perennial  depressed  or  creeping  herbs.    Leaf- 
blades  short,  mostly  entire.     Flowers  in  axillary  cymes  or  raceme-like  panicles. 
Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  with  3  short  lobes,  the  lower  lip  with  2  longer 
lobes.     Corolla  2-lipped:   upper  lip  erect:    lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe 
scarcely  larger  than  the  lateral  ones.     Stamens  4.     Stigmas  long.  —  THYME. 

1.  T.  Serpyllum  L.  Plants  fragrant,  forming  depressed  mats:  leaf -blades 
oblong  to  oval  or  ovate,  3-10  mm.  long:  calyx  becoming  3.5-4  mm.  long;  lobes 
of  the  lower  lip  about  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  purplish,  about  as  long  as 
the  calyx :  nutlets  less  than  1  mm.  long.  —  M.  Occasional  on  roadsides  and  in 
fields.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  CREEPING-THYME. 

23.  KOELLIA    Moench.      Perennial   erect    herbs.      Leaf-blades    entire    or 
shallowly  toothed.    Flowers  in  dense  axillary  and  terminal  cymes.    Calyx  nearly 
regular,  the  lobes  short  or  elongate.     Corolla  2-lipped:  upper  lip  erect:   lower 
lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  larger  than  the  lateral  ones.     Stamens  4.  —  Sum. 
—  MOUNTAIN-MINT.    HORSE-MINT.    BASIL. 

Calyx  not  2-lipped ;  lobes  equal  or  nearly  so. 

Calyx-lobes  triangular  or  ovate-triangular.  1.  K.  vtrgimana. 

Calyx-lobes  subulate  to  lanceolate. 

Leaf-blades  or  most  of  them  over  3  times  as  long  as 

broad. 

Leaves  with  strictly  entire  blades.  2.  K.  flexuosa. 

Leaves,  or  the  larger  ones,  with  toothed  blades. 
Flower-clusters  1-2  cm.  broad  at  maturity,  com- 
pact:  calyx-lobes  not  bristly.  3.  K.  verticillata. 
Flower-clusters  2-3  cm.  broad  at  maturity,  not 

crowded  :  calyx-lobes  bristly.  4.  K.  clinopodioides. 

Leaf-blades  or  most  of  them  less  than  3  times  as  long 

as  broad.  5.  K.  mutica. 

Calyx    manifestly    2-lipped   by   the   partial    union    of   the    3 

upper  lobes.  6.  K.  incana. 

1.  K.  virginiana  (L.)  Britton.     Stems  4-9  dm.  tall,  minutely  pubescent:  leaf- 
blades  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  mostly  entire:  calyx  3.5-4 
mm.  long;  lobes  triangular  to  ovate-triangular:   corolla  6-7  mm.  long;  upper 
lip  notched;   middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  slightly  narrower  than  the  lateral 
ones.  —  Common,  in  thickets.  . 

2.  K.    flexuosa    (Walt.)    MacM.      Stems    3-8    dm.-  tall,    glabrous:    leaf -blades 
narrowly  linear  to  linear-filiform,  1-4  cm.  long,  entire:   calyx  about  3.5  mm. 
long;   lobes  lanceolate  to  triangular-lanceolate:    corolla  6-7  mm.  long;    upper 
lip  minutely  notched;   middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  much  narrower  than  the 
lateral  ones.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil,  fields  and  thickets. 

4.  K.  clinopodioides  (T.  &  G.)  Kuntze.  Stems  4-12  dm.  tall,  softly-pubescent: 
leaf-blades  lanceolate  to  almost  linear,  2-6  em.  long,  remotely  or  shallowly 
serrate:  calyx  4-5  mm.  long;  lobes  subulate-lanceolate:  corolla  6-7  mm.  long, 
or  rarely  longer.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  Occasional,  in  open  thickets  and 
woods.  —  Schists. 

4.  K.  clinopodioides  (T.  &  G.)  Kuntze.  Stems  4-12  dm.  tall,  softly-pubescent 
leaf -blades  lanceolate,  narrowly  oblong,  or  elliptic,  2-8  cm.  long,  more  or  less 


254  LAMIACEAE. 

serrate:  calyx  4-4.5  mm.  long;  lobes  lanceolate-subulate,  nearly  £  as  long  as 
the  tube:  corolla  about  6  mm.  long.  —  W.  S.  Frequent,  in  open  woods  and 
dry  thickets.  —  Schists. 

5.  K.  mutica  (Michx.)  Britton.     Stems  6-10  dm.  tall,  finely  pubescent:  leaf- 
blades  thick,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  2-6  cm.  long,  serrate:  calyx  3.5-4  mm.  long; 
lobes  deltoid  to  triangular-lanceolate,  very  short:   corolla  6-8  mm.  long:   fila- 
ments short.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Occasional,  in  open  woods  and  thickets. 
—  Schists. 

6.  K.  incana  (L.)   Kuntze.     Stems  5-12  dm.  tall,  softly-pubescent  and  often 

hirsute:  leaf -blades  ovate,  elliptic,  or  lanceolate,  3-10  cm.  long,  remotely  ser- 
rate: calyx  3.5-4  mm.  long;  lobes  narrowly  triangular  to  triangular-lanceolate: 
corolla  7-8  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  dry  thickets  and  open  woods. 

24.  CUNIIiA  L.     Perennial  erect  herbs,  or  woody  plants.     Leaf-blades 
broad,  entire  or  toothed.     Flowers  in  axillary  cymes.     Calyx  nearly  regular, 
the  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube.     Corolla  2-lipped:  upper  lip  erect:   lower  lip 
3-lobed.     Stamens  2,  long-exserted. 

1.  C.  origanoides  (L.)  Britton.  Stem  2-4  dm.  tall,  wiry:  leaf -blades  ovate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  serrate:  calyx  2-2.5  mm.  long;  lobes  ovate 
to  deltoid :  corolla  purplish,  4-5  mm.  long.  —  N.  S.  Common,  in  woods  and 
thickets,  and  on  open  hillsides.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum.  — 
DITTANY. 

25.  LYCOPUS    [Tourn.]   L.     Perennial,   erect   or   creeping,   often   stolon- 
iferous  herbs.     Leaf -blades  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid.     Flowers  in  dense 
axillary  cymes.     Calyx  regular   or  nearly  so:    lobes  longer  than  the  tube   or 
shorter.     Corolla  slightly  2-lipped:  upper  lip  notched:  lower  lip  nearly  equally 
3-lobed.     Stamens  2.  —  Sum.  —  BUGLE-WEED.     WATER-HOARHOUND. 

Corolla  much  longer  than  the  calyx :  blades  of  the  lower  leaves  not  pinnatifid. 

Calyx-lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube,  obtuse  or  merely  acute  :  nutlets  longer 

than  the  calyx-lobes. 
Style  included :   middle  lobe   of  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  scarcely  wider 

than  the  lateral  ones.  1.  L.  virginicus. 

Style  exserted :   middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  of  the 

corolla  much  wider  than  the  lateral  ones. 
Leaves  with  very  short  or  obsolete  petioles  ;  blades 

thick  or  firm.  2.  L.  uniflorus. 

Leaves  with  slender  petioles ;  blades  thin.  3.  L.  membranaceus. 

Calyx-lobes   as   long   as   the  tube   or   longer,   acuminate : 

nutlets  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes.  4.  L.  sessilifolius. 

Corolla  scarcely,  if  at  all,  longer  than  the  calyx :  blades  of 

the  lower  leaves  pinnatifid.  5.  L.  americanus. 

1.  L.  virginicus  L.     Stems  1-8  dm.  tall,  purplish  or  greenish-purple,  obtuse- 
angled,  not  tuberous  at  the  base,  but  with  tuber-bearing  stolons:   leaf -blades 
ovate  to  oblong-ovate  or  elliptic,  2-14  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed,  manifestly 
petioled:   calyx  about  2  mm.  long;  lobes  narrow.  —  Common,  in  pastures  and 
rather  moist  soil. 

2.  L.    uniflorus   Michx.      Stems    1-8   dm.    tall,    green    or    sometimes   purplish, 
sharp-angled,   tuberous   at   the   base,   the   stolons   rarely   tuber-bearing:    leaf- 
blades  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2-8  cm.  long,  serrate,  sessile  or  nearly  so: 
calyx  about  1.5  mm.  long;  lobes  wide.     [L.  communis  Bicknell.] — S.     Occa- 
sional, in  thickets  along  the  Pequea  Creek.  —  Schists. 

3.  L.  membranaceus  Bicknell.     Stems  2-9  dm.  tall,  mostly  green,  often  blunt- 
angled,  tuberous  at  the  base,  the  stolons  wanting  or  sparingly  developed:  leaf- 
blades  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  4-11  cm.  long,  sharply 
serrate,  decidedly  petioled :   calyx  1.5-2  mm.  long ;   lobes  rather  broad.  —  S. 
Occasional,  in  moist  thickets.  —  Schists. 


LAMIACEAE.  255 

4.  L.  sessilifolius  A.  Gray.     Stems  2-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  1.5-6  cm.  long,  shallowly  serrate:   calyx  2-2.5  mm.  long;   lobes 
as  long  as  the  tube:   lower  corolla-lip  with  a  reniform  notched  middle  lobe: 
filaments  pubescent  at  the  base.  —  Rare,  in  low  grounds. 

5.  L.    americanus   Muhl.      Stems   1-9   dm.   tall,   often   much-branched:    leaf- 
blades  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2-10  cm.  long,  those  on  the  lower  part 
of  the  stem  pinnatifid,  those  near  the  top  merely  toothed:   calyx  2.5-3  mm. 
long;  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  tube:   corolla  about  as  long  as  the  calyx: 
staminodia  thickened  at  the  tip.  —  Common,  in  moist  thickets  and  pastures. 

26.  MENTHA  [Tourn.]  L.  Perennial  erect  or  diffuse  herbs.  Leaf- 
blades  toothed  or  incised.  Flowers  in  dense  axillary  cymes,  these  sometimes 
disposed  in  spike-like  panicles.  Calyx  nearly  regular,  the  lobes  shorter  than  the 
tube.  Corolla  obscurely  2-lipped:  upper  lip  mostly  notched:  lower  lip  of  3 
nearly  equal  lobes.  Stamens  4.  —  Sum.  —  MINT. 

Flower-clusters  all  axillary. 

Upper   leaves   or   bracts   subtending  the   flower-clusters   much   smaller  than   the 

lower  leaves.  1.  M.  Cardiaca. 

Upper  leaves  or  bracts  subtending  the  flower-clusters  only 

slightly  smaller  than  the  lower  leaves. 
Stem  and  branches   glabrous   or  with   short  scattered 
hairs :   calyx  glabrous   or  nearly  so,   except  for  the 
ciliate  lobes.  2.  M.  gentilis. 

Stem  and  branches  with  retrorse  or  spreading  hairs  : 

calyx  pubescent  all  over. 

Stem  and  branches  with  short  retrorse  or  retrorse- 
appressed  hairs  :  larger  calyx-lobes  deltoid  ;  calyx- 
tube  closely  pubescent  with  short  hairs.  3.  if.  arvensis. 
Stem    and    branches    with    long    lax    or    spreading 
hairs :    larger    calyx-lobes    typically    lanceolate : 
calyx-tube  loosely  pubescent  with  long  hairs.               4.  M.  canadensis. 
Flower-clusters,  at  least  most  of  them,  aggregated  in  terminal 

spike-like  panicles. 

Flowers  in  short  and  stout  raceme-like  panicles,  or  clus- 
tered in  the  upper  leaf-axils  :  longer  calyx-lobes  decidedly 
shorter  than  the  tube :  leaf-blades  petioled.  5.  M.  piperita. 

Flowers  in  slender  or  relatively  slender,  often  elongate 
spike-like  panicles  :  longer  calyx-lobes  as  long  as  the 
tube  or  nearly  so :  leaf -blades  sessile. 
Stem  and  inflorescence  not  canescent :  calyx-tube  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so :  corolla-tube  not  exceeding  the 
calyx.  6.  M.  viridis. 

Stem  and  inflorescence  canescent :  calyx-tube  copiously 

pubescent :    corolla-tube   much    exceeding   the    calyx.      7.  M.  alopecuroides. 

1.  M.  Cardiaca  Gerarde.     Stems  1.5-5  dm.  tall,  finely  pubescent:  leaf -blades 
lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  ovate,  1-5  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate,  sometimes 
incised,  the   floral   ones   conspicuously   reduced:    calyx   1.5-2    mm.   long;    tube 
finely   pubescent :    corolla   pink,   4—5    mm.   long.  —  Rather   common,   in   waste 
grounds.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  M.  gentilis  L.     Stems  2-7  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaf -blades  oval, 
ovate,  obovate,   or   elliptic,  1.5-5  cm.   long,  serrate,  the  floral   ones  not  con- 
spicuously reduced,  with  petioles  often  longer  than  the  flower-clusters:   calyx 
1.5-2  mm.  long;  tube  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  corolla  deep-pink  or  lilac;  upper 
lip  notched.  —  M.     Common,  in  waste  places  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

3.  M.  arvensis  L.     Plant  4  dm.  tall  or  less,  often  diffuse,  the  stem  copiously, 
often   closely   pale-pubescent:    leaf -blades   ovate,   oblong,   or   oval,   1.5-5    cm. 
long,  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  copiously  pubescent  with  short  hairs, 
broad   at  the  base:    calyx  1.5-2   mm.  long,  minutely  pubescent;    lobes  short- 
tipped:  corolla  usually  pink,  mostly  3  mm.  long,  the  upper  lip  mostly  notched. 
—  M.     Frequent,  in  and  about  swamps.    Nat.  of  Eu. 

4.  M.  canadensis  L.     Stems  2-6  dm.  tall,  loosely  pubescent:  leaf -blades  lance- 
olate, oblong,  elliptic,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  2-7  cm.  long,  serrate,  narrow-based, 


256  KHINANTHACEAE. 

the  floral  ones  with  petioles  as  long  as  the  flower-clusters:  calyx  about  2.5-3 
mm.  long;  tube  loosely  pubescent:  corolla  pink  or  white;  upper  lip  mostly 
obtuse.  —  Common,  in  low  sandy  places. 

5.  M.  piperita  L.     Stems  2-7  dm.  tall,  glabrous:  leaf -blades  oblong,  oval,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, or  oblong-ovate,  1.5-5  cm.  long,   sharply  serrate:    calyx  2.5-3 
mm.   long;    lobes  much   shorter  than   the   cylindric-campanulate   tube:    corolla 
deep-pink,  3.5-4  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and  on  roadsides.     Nat. 
of  Eu.  —  PEPPERMINT. 

6.  M.  spicata  L.     Stems  2-5  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:   leaf -blades  ob- 
long, elliptic,  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  3-6  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate:   calyx  1-1.5 
mm.   long;    lobes  about  as  long  as  the  campanulate  tube:    corolla  pale-pink, 
2-2.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and  fields.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  SPEAR- 
MINT. 

7.  M.  alopecuroides  Hull.     Stems  1  m.  tall  or  less,  finely  retrorse-pubescent : 
leaf -blades  ovate  or  oval,  varying  to  orbicular,  2.5-9  cm.  long,  coarsely  dentate- 
serrate,  finely  pale-pubescent  on  both  sides,  rounded-truncate  or  subcordate  at 
the   base:    panicles   branched,    continuous,   nearly    1.5    cm.   thick:    calyx   fine- 
pubescent,  2-2.3  mm.  long;  lobes  subulate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube:   corolla 
white,  4.5-5  mm.  long.  —  M.  S.     Occasional,  on  roadsides  and  in  fields.     Nat. 
of  Eu.  ,  V 

27.  COLUNSONIA    L.     Perennial    erect    herbs.      Leaf-blades    toothed. 
Flowers  in  panicles.     Calyx  2-lipped:  upper  lip  with  3  short  lobes:  lower  lip 
with  2  longer  lobes.     Corolla  2-lipped,  elongate.     Stamens  2,  exserted. 

1.  C.  canadensis  L.  Stems  erect,  3-9  dm.  tall,  from  a  thick  hard  root:  leaf- 
blades  thickish,  oblong,  elliptic,  or  oval,  9-16  cm.  long,  rather  coarsely  dentate- 
serrate:  calyx  becoming  5-7  mm.  long:  corolla  about  1.5  cm.  long,  yellowish: 
nutlets  obscurely  reticulate,  nearly  2  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Common,  in  moist 
woods  and  thickets.  —  Sum.  —  HORSE-BALM.  STONE-ROOT. 

28.  PEKJIiLA  L.     Annual  erect  herbs.     Leaf -blades  often  coarsely  toothed. 
Flowers  in  spike-like  panicles.     Calyx  2-lipped:   uper  lip  with  3  broad  lobes: 
lower  lip  with  2   longer   lobes.     Corolla  slightly   2-lipped:    upper  lip  broad: 
lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  the  largest.     Stamens  4,  included. 

1.  P.  frutescens  (L.)  Britton.  Stems  2-6  dm.  tall,  minutely  pubescent:  leaf- 
blades  ovate  or  oval,  4-10  cm.  long,  serrate  or  crenate- serrate:  calyx  2-2.5 
mm.,  becoming  6  mm.  long;  lower  lobes  lanceolate:  corolla  3-3.5  mm.  long, 
white,  with  a  ring  of  hairs  within;  lobes  obtuse:  nutlets  prominently  reticu- 
late, nearly  1.5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Occasional,  near  dwellings  and  on  road- 
sides. Nat.  of  As.  —  Sum. 

FAMILY  10.    RHINANTHACEAE.     FIGWORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Stems  commonly  terete.  Leaves  opposite  or 
whorled,  or  alternate:  blades  entire,  toothed,  or  divided.  Flowers  perfect, 
axillary,  or  spicate  or  racemose.  Calyx  regular  or  rarely  2-lipped,  of  4 
or  5  more  or  less  united  sepals.  Corolla  mostly  irregular,  of  4  or  5  par- 
tially united  petals.  Androecium  of  4,  usually  didynamous  stamens,  the 
fifth  one  often  represented  by  a  staminodium.  Gynoecium  2-carpellary. 
Ovary  2-celled.  Fruit  capsular  or  rarely  baccate. 

Upper  lip,  or  lobes,  of  the  corolla  external  in  the  bud  (except  in 

Mimulus),  or  wanting. 

Leaves  prevailingly  alternate.  1.  VERBASCUM. 

Leaves  prevailing  opposite. 

Corolla-tube  with  a  spur  or  sac  on  the  lower  side  near 
the  base. 


KHINANTHACEAE. 


257 


Leaf-blades  palmately  veined  and  palmately  lobed.          2.  CYMBALAKIA. 
Leaf-blades  pinnately  veined  and  entire.  3.  LIXARIA. 

Corolla-tube  with  neither  spur  nor  sac. 

Filaments  5,  4  anther-bearing,  1  sterile  (staminodium) 

and  different  from  the  others. 
Staminodium  a  scale,  adnate  to  the  upper  side  of 

the  corolla-tube  :  corolla  short,  with  4  erect  lobes.       4.  SCROPHULARIA. 
Staminodium  elongate  :  corolla  long. 

Filaments  longer  than  the  staminodium  :  seeds 

winged.  5.  CHELONE. 

Filaments  shorter  than  the  staminodium  :  seeds 

wingless.  6.  PENTSTEMON. 

Filaments  2  or  4. 

Trees :    flowers    large,    in    large    panicles :    corolla 

decurved.  7.  PAULOWNIA. 

Herbs  :  flowers  small,  not  in  panicles  :  corolla  not 

decurved. 

Anther-bearing  filaments  4,  or  rarely  3.  8.  MIMULUS. 

Anther-bearing  filaments   2. 

Filaments     short     and     stout,     or     almost 

wanting.  9.  GRATIOLA. 

Filaments  elongate  and  slender.  10.  ILYSANTHES. 

Lower  lip,  or  lobes,  of  the  corolla  external  in  the  bud. 
Sepals  distinct  or  essentially  so. 

Corolla   rotate   or   campanulate :   stamens  not  surpassing 

the  corolla-lobes.  11.  VERONICA. 

Corolla     tubular     and     somewhat     salverform :     stamens 

exserted.  12.  LEPTANDRA. 

Sepals  almost  wholly,  or  only  partially,  united  into  a  tube. 
Corolla  various,  but  only  slightly  2-lipped  :  stamens  not 

ascending  under  the  upper  lip. 
Corolla  funnelform  :  capsule  exserted. 

Anther-sacs  awned  at  the  base :  corolla  yellow. 
Anther-sacs  awnless  :  corolla  rose-purple,  pink,  or 

white. 

Corolla  salverform  :  capsule  mostly  in  the  calyx. 
Corolla  strongly   2-lipped :   stamens   ascending  under   the 

upper  lip. 

Anther-sacs  unlike,  the  inner  pendulous. 
Anther-sacs  alike,  parallel. 

Ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary  :  capsules 

1-4-seeded. 

Ovules   several   to  many  in  each  cavity :   capsules 
many-seeded. 


13.  DASYSTOMA. 

14.  AGALINIS. 

15.  BUCHNERA. 

16.  CASTILLEJA. 

17.  MELAMPYRUM. 

18.  PEDICULARIS. 

1.  VEEBASCTJM  [Tourn.]  L.  Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs. 
Leaf-blades  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid,  sometimes  decurrent.  Flowers  in 
spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles.  Calyx-lobes  5.  Corolla  slightly  irregular:  lobes 
longer  than  the  tube,  the  lower  lobes  larger  than  the  upper.  Stamens  5,  ex- 
serted. Style  declined.  Capsule  oblong  to  subglobose.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  — 
MULLEN. 

Stem  glabrous  or  mostly  glandular  above  :  racemes  interrupted  :  capsule  subglobose 
or  depressed.  1.  V.  Blattaria. 

Stem   densely   pubescent :    racemes   continuous,   at   least   above : 

capsule  ovoid  or  oblong. 

Stem  angled  :  leaf-blades  crenate  :  capsules  4-6  mm.  long.  2.  V.  Lychnitis. 

Stem  winged  :  leaf-blades  entire  :  capsules  7-10  mm.  long.  3.  V.  Thapsus. 

1.  V.  Blattaria  L.     Stems  4-12   dm.   tall,  sometimes   glandular  above:    leaf- 
blades  oblong  to  ovate,  2-12  cm.  long,  doubly  serrate-crenate :   pedicels  glan- 
dular:  calyx-lobes  linear  to  linear-elliptic,  4.5-6.5  mm.  long:   corolla  white  or 
yellow,  3-4  cm.  wide :   capsule  globose  or  depressed,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter.  — 
Common,  in  old  fields  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  MOTH-MULLEN. 

2.  V.  Lychnitis  L.     Stems  8-20   dm.  tall,  tomentose  with  short  hairs:   leaf- 
blades  narrowly  elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem, 
elliptic  or  lanceolate  above,  crenate:  pedicels  tomentulose:   calyx-lobes  lanceo- 
late to  linear-lanceolate,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long:  corolla  yellow;  longer  lobe  4-6  mm. 
long:  capsules  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  4-6  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  calyx. 
—  N.     Eare,  in  thickets  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  WHITE-MULLEN. 

Lancaster  County  Flora  17. 


258  EHINANTHACEAE. 

3.  V.  Thapsus  L.  Stems  3-18  dm.  tall,  woolly  with  long  matted  hairs:  leaf- 
blades  spatulate  to  elliptic-spatulate  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  oblanceo- 
late  to  elliptic-obovate  above,  entire:  pedicels  woolly:  calyx -lobes  triangular- 
lanceolate,  8-10  mm.  long:  corolla  yellow  or  rarely  white;  longer  lobe  8-11 
mm.  long :  capsules  ovoid,  7-10  mm.  long,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx.  —  Com- 
mon, in  old  fields  and  thickets.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  COMMON-MULLEN. 

2.  CYMBALARIA   Medic.     Perennial   creeping  or   diffuse  herbs.     Leaf- 
blades  broad,   mostly   palmately   lobed.     Flowers    solitary   in   the  leaf-axils. 
Calyx-lobes  slightly  longer  than  the  tube.     Corolla  2-lipped,  short-spurred,  the 
throat  nearly  or  wholly  closed  by  a  palate.     Stamens  4:   filaments  glabrous. 
Capsule  with  2  apical  pores.     Seeds  sharply  ridged-wrinkled. 

1.  C.  Cynibalaria  (L.)  Wettst.  Stem  and  branches  trailing  or  creeping,  gla- 
brous, succulent:  leaf -blades  suborbicular  to  reniform,  0.5-3  cm.  wide,  the 
lobes  broad :  calyx  2-2.5  mm.  long ;  lobes  lanceolate :  corolla  blue  or  lilac,  8-10 
mm.  long;  spur  1.5-2  mm.  long:  pedicels  becoming  recurved:  capsules  sub- 
globose,  3-3.5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  S.  Occasional,  on  damp  stone  walls.  Nat. 
of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  KENILWORTH-IVY.  COLISEUM-IVY. 

3.  LUSTARIA    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual,   biennial,    or   perennial   erect  herbs. 
Leaf -blades  narrow,  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed.     Flowers  in  spikes,  racemes,  or 
panicles.     Calyx-lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube.     Corolla  2-lipped,  spurred, 
the  throat  partly  closed  by  a  palate.     Stamens  4:   filaments  glabrous.     Cap- 
sule with  subapical  pores.     Seeds  angled  or  wrinkled.  —  Sum.  —  TOAD-FLAX. 

Corolla  blue  :  plants  annual  or  biennial :  leaves  few.  1.  L.  canadensis. 

Corolla  yellow :  plants  perennial :  leaves  numerous.  2.  L.  Linaria. 

1.  L.  canadensis   (L.)   Dumort.     Stem  1-6  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so: 
leaf -blades   narrowly   linear:    calyx-lobes   linear    or   linear-oblong,    2.5-3   mm. 
long :  corolla  5-7  mm.  long ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  rounded ;  spur  mostly 
4-5  mm.  long:   capsules  about  2.5  mm.  long.  —  S.     Occasional,  on  dry  banks. 
—  Schists.  —  BLUE  TOAD-FLAX. 

2.  L.  Linaria   (L.)  Karst.     Stems  1-10  dm.  tall,  glaucous:  leaf -blades  linear 
or  nearly  so:   calyx-lobes  ovate,  3-4  mm.  long:   corolla  2.5-3  cm.  long;   spur 
nearly  as  long  as  the  lower  lip :  capsules  9-12  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields 
and  on  roadsides.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  SNAPDRAGON.    BUTTER- AND-EGGS.    EAMSTED. 

4.  SCROPHULABIA    [Tourn.]    L.     Perennial    stiff    herbs.     Leaf -blades 
toothed    or    incised.      Flowers    in    panicled    cymes.     Calyx-lobes    5,    relatively 
broad.     Corolla  2-lipped:  upper  lip  erect:  lower  lip  glabrous,  shorter  than  the 
upper  one,  the  middle  lobe  recurved.     Stamens  4:    filaments  short:    anthers 
glabrous.      Staminodium    clavate.      Capsule    exceeding    the    calyx.  —  Sum.  — 
FIGWORT. 

Corolla  dull  without:   Staminodium  -filament  deep-purple.  1.  S.  marylandioa. 

Corolla  lustrous  without :  staminoidium-filament  greenish-yellow.       2.  8.  leporella. 

1.  S.  marylandica  L.     Stems  1-2  m.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaf -blades 
oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  5-20  cm.  long,  serrate  or  crenate- serrate :   corolla 
6-8  mm.  long:  filaments  mainly  filiform:   capsules  4-6  mm.  long.  —  Common, 
in  woods  and  on  roadsides. 

2.  S.  leporella  Bicknell.     Stems  0.5-1.5  m.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaf- 
blades  ovate,   ovate-hastate,  or  lanceolate,   5-20  mm.  long,  incised-serrate  or 
deeply-incised:  corolla  8-10  mm.  long:  capsules  7-10  mm.  long.  —  S.     Eather 
common,  in  woods  and  on  roadsides.  —  Schists. 


KHINANTHACEAE.  259 

5.  CHELONE  [Tourn.]  L.    Perennial  herbs.    Leaf -blades  toothed.    Flow- 
ers in  congested  racemes.     Calyx-lobes  5,  broad.     Corolla   2-lipped,   slightly 
open  at  the  mouth:  lower  lip  with  3  relatively  small  lobes.     Stamens  4:  fila- 
ments pubescent,  nearly  equally  adnate  to  the  corolla:  anthers  villous.    Stami- 
nodium  elongate.     Capsules  surpassing  the  calyx.  —  TURTLE-HEAD. 

1.  C.  glabra  L.  Stems  3-18  dm.  tall,  mostly  branched:  leaf -blades  broadly 
linear  to  oblong,  elliptic,  or  lanceolate,  6-17  cm.  long,  rather  coarsely  toothed, 
narrowed  at  the  base:  calyx  8-10  mm.  long:  corolla  25-30  mm.  long:  stami- 
nodium  pubescent  at  the  base :  capsules  10-12  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  swamps 
and  low  grounds.  —  Fall.  —  BALMONY.  SNAKEHEAD. 

6.  PENTSTEMON    [Mitchell]    Soland.      Perennial    herbs.      Leaf-blades 
entire,  toothed,  or  rarely  dissected.     Flowers  borne  in  racemose  or  paniculate 
cymes.     Calyx-lobes  5,  longer  than  the  tube,  sometimes  toothed.     Corolla  2- 
lipped,  the  lips  more  or  less  spreading.    Stamens  4:  filaments  unequally  adnate 
to  the  corolla.    Staminodium  elongate.    Capsule  surpassing  the  calyx.  — BEARD- 
TONGUE. 

Stem  glabrous  below  the  inflorescence. 

Corolla  purplish  :  tube  not  gibbous  above  the  point  of  enlargement. 

1.  P.  Pentstemon. 
Corolla  white  or  pinkish ;  tube  gibbous  above  the  point  of 

enlargement.  2.  P.  Digitalis. 

Stem  pubescent  or  puberulent. 

Stem  hirsute :  cauline  leaves  with  prominent  salient  teeth.        3.  P.  hirsutus. 
Stem  puberulent :  cauline  leaves  with  appressed  or  obscure 

teeth.  4.  P.  pallidus. 

1.  P.  Pentstemon    (L.)    Britton.     Stem  3-10  dm.  tall:   blades  of  the  upper 
cauline  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  broadly  linear,  8-17  cm.  long,  undulate  or 
slightly    toothed:    calyx-lobes    ovate-lanceolate   to    lanceolate,   4-5   mm.    long, 
erect :   corolla  purplish,  16-18  mm.  long :    capsules  5-6  mm.  long.  —  Common, 
in  fields  and  waste  places.  —  Sum. 

2.  P.   Digitalis    (Sweet)    Nutt.     Stems   3-10   dm.  tall:    blades   of  the  upper 
cauline  leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  entire  or 
remotely  toothed:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  5-7  mm.  long,  spreading  or  recurved: 
corolla  white  or  pinkish,  20-30  mm.  long:  capsules  7-9  mm.  long.  —  S.     Occa- 
sional, in  fields  and  thickets.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

3.  P.  hirsutus   (L.)  Willd.     Stems  2-7  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  upper  cauline 
leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  4-10  cm.  long,  more  or  less  prominently  toothed: 
calyx-lobes  5-6  mm.  long,   ovate  to  lanceolate:    corolla  purplish,   19-23  mm. 
long:  capsules  7-9  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on  dry  banks.  —  Early  sum. 

4.  P.  pallidus  Small.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  upper  cauline  leaves 
oblong,  lanceolate,  or  linear-lanceolate,  4-8  cm.  long,  rather  remotely  shallow- 
toothed:    calyx-lobes  ovate,  becoming  triangular,  about  3   mm.  long:    corolla 
white  or  purplish,  20-25  mm.  long:    capsules  5-6  mm.  long.  —  S.     Bare,  on 
roadsides  near  Quarryville.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

7.  PAITLOWNIA  Sieb.  &  Zucc.     Trees  resembling  Catalpa.     Leaf-blades 
ample,  entire  or  3-lobed.     Flowers  in  large  panicled   cymes.     Calyx-lobes   5, 
shorter  than  the  tube.     Corolla  slightly  2-lipped,  both  lips  spreading.     Sta- 
mens 4:   filaments  about  equally  adnate  to  the  corolla.     Staminodium  want- 
ing.    Capsule  woody,  exceeding  the  calyx. 

1.  P.  tomentosa  (Thunb.)  Baill.  Large  tree:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  suborbicular, 
1.5-4  dm.  long,  densely  pubescent  beneath,  cordate,  long-petioled :  calyx  10-14 


260  BHINANTHACEAE. 

mm.  long:  corolla  violet,  4.5-5.5  cm.  long,  pubescent;  lobes  rounded:  capsules 
ovoid,  3-4  cm.  long,  acute :  seeds  winged.  —  Occasional,  in  thickets  and  on 
roadsides.  Nat.  of  As.  —  Early  sum.  —  KARRI. 

8.  MIMULUS  L.     Annual  or  perennial,   erect  herbs.     Leaf-blades  shal- 
lowly  toothed.     Flowers  axillary.     Calyx  nearly  regular:   lobes  much  shorter 
than  the  tube.     Corolla  2-lipped:  upper  lip  2-lobed,  erect  or  spreading:  lower 
lip   3-lobed,   spreading.     Stamens   4:    filaments   about   equally  adnate   to   the 
corolla.     Staminodium  wanting.     Capsule  included  in  the  calyx.  —  Sum.  and 
fall.  —  MONKEY-FLOWER. 

Calyx  with  minute  lobes  and  broad  truncate  sinuses :  leaf-blades  petioled. 

1.  M.  alatus. 
Calyx  with   lanceolate  lobes   %-%    as  long  as  the  tube  and  acute 

sinuses  :  leaf-blades  sessile.  2.  M.  ringens. 

1.  M.  alatus  Soland.     Stems  2-10  dm.  tall,  square  or  4- winged:   leaf -blades 
elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long:    pedicels  4-winged:    calyx  12-15 
mm.  long,  scarcely  distended  by  the  capsule:  corolla  20-25  mm.  long;  middle 
lobe  of  the  lower  lip  oval.  —  Common,  in  swamps. 

2.  M.  ringens  L.     Stems  3-13   dm.   tall,  flattened:    leaf -blades  lanceolate  or 
narrowly  elliptic,   5-20  cm.  long:    pedicels  2-winged:    calyx   15-20   mm.   long, 
manifestly  distended  by  the  capsule:   corolla  25-30  mm.  long;  middle  lobe  of 
the  lower  lip  orbicular  or  renif  orm-orbicular.  —  Common,  in  swamps. 

9.  GRATIOLA  L.     Annual   or   perennial,   rather   succulent   herbs.     Leaf- 
blades   entire    or   shallowly   toothed.      Flowers   axillary.      Calyx-lobes   5,    often 
unequal,  sometimes  toothed,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent.     Corolla  2-lipped. 
Stamens  2.      Staminodia   mostly   scale-like,   or   wanting.      Capsule   globular   to 
broadly  ovoid. 

1.  G.  virginiana  L.     Stem  viscid-puberulent,  or  pubescent  above,  1-3  dm.  tall: 
leaf-blades  elliptic- spatulate  to  elliptic  or  oblong,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  undulate  or 
shallowly  toothed,  often  acute :  calyx-lobes  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  4-4.5  mm. 
long:    corolla   8-11   mm.    long;    tube    yellowish;    lips   whitish,    the   lower    one 
deeply  notched :  capsules  acute.  —  Common,  in  mud  or  sand.  —  Sum.  —  HEDGE- 
HYSSOP. 

10.  ILYSANTHES  Eaf.     Annual  or  biennial,  diffuse  herbs.     Leaf-blades 
entire  or  shallowly  toothed.     Flowers  axillary.     Calyx-lobes  5,  narrow,  entire. 
Corolla  2-lipped,  mainly  blue:   upper  lip  erect:  lower  lip  spreading.     Stamens 

2.  Staminodia  elongate,  glandular,  except  the  small  lobe  near  the  apex.     Cap- 
sules oblong  to   narrowly  ovoid.  —  Sum.  —  FALSE-PIMPERNEL. 

Sepals  as  long  as  the  capsule  or  Ibnger :  pedicels  shorter  than  the  subtending  bracts. 

1.  I.  attenuata. 

Sepals  shorter  than  the  capsule  :  pedicels  longer  than  the  subtend- 
ing bracts.  2.  I.  dubia. 

1.  I.  attenuata    (Muhl.)    Small.     Stem    1-5    dm.    tall,    often    much-branched: 
leaf-blades  oblong  to  ovate,  or  oblanceolate  to  obovate  below,  1-3  cm.  long, 
shallowly  serrate :  calyx-lobes  4-5  mm.  long,  mostly  ciliolate :  corolla  8-10  mm. 
long:    capsules   3.5-4.5   mm.    long.  —  Lower    Susquehanna    valley.      Occasional, 
on  shores  and  low  islands.  —  Schists. 

2.  I.  dubia   (L.)   Barnhart.     Stems  1-2  dm.  tall,  often  much-branched:   leaf- 
blades  obovate  to  oblong,  or  ovate  above,  0.6-2  cm.  long,  entire  or  nearly  so: 
calyx-lobes  3-4  mm.  long,  mostly  eciliate :  corolla  5-7  mm.  long :  capsules  4-5 
mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  mud  and  low  grassy  places. 


KHINANTHACEAE.  261 

11.  VERONICA  [Tourn.]  L.  Annual  or  perennial,  diffuse  or  creeping 
herbs.  Leaf -blades  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed.  Flowers  axillary  or  in  racemes. 
Calyx-lobes  4,  or  rarely  5,  nearly  equal,  much  longer  than  the  tube.  Corolla 
rotate,  the  lower  lobe  usually  narrower  than  the  others.  Stamens  2,  borne  on 
either  side  of  the  upper  corolla-lobe:  filaments  divergent.  Capsule  flattened. 
—  SPEEDWELL. 

Flowers  solitary  and  axillary,   the  subtending  bracts   leaf-like,   and  similar  to  the 

leaves. 
Pedicels  as  long  as  the  subtending  bracts  or  longer  :   annual   plants. 

Cqrolla  longer  than  the  calyx  :  capsules  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  high. 

1.  V.  Tournefortii. 
Corolla  not  longer  than  the  calyx :  capsules  barely 

broader  than  high. 

Leaf -blades   of  an  ovate  type,   toothed :   calyx- 
lobes  elliptic  to  lanceolate.  2.  V.  agrestis. 
Leaf-blades  orbicular  to  reniform,  lobed  :  calyx- 
lobes  ovate.                                                                           3.  V.  hederaefolia. 
Pedicels  shorter  than  the  subtending  bracts. 
Annual :  capsules  notched  or  obcordate. 

Foliage  pubescent :  capsules  obcordate.  4.  V.  arvensis. 

Foliage  glabrous  or  glandular  :   capsules  orbic- 
ular and  slightly  notched.  5.  V.  peregrina. 
Perennial :  capsules  merely  retuse  or  truncate.                      6.  V.  serpyllifolia. 
Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  :  bracts  small. 

Foliage  pubescent :  species  of  dry  soil.  7.  V.  offtcinalis. 

Foliage  glabrous  or  glandular  :  species  of  low  grounds 

or  brooks. 

Leaf-blades   broad :   capsule   swollen,   many-seeded. 
Stem-leaves     with     petioled    blades :     capsules 

mostly  over  3  mm.  long,  2-lobed.  8.  V.  americana. 

Stem-leaves  with  sessile  blades  :  capsules  mostly 

less  than  3  mm.  long,  shallowly  notched.  9.  V.  Anagallis-aquatica. 

Leaf-blades  narrow  :  capsule  flat,  few-seeded.  10.  V.  scutellata. 

1.  V.  Tournefortii  C.  C.  Gmel.  Stems  branched,  1-4  dm.  long:  leaf -blades 
ovate  to  orbicular-ovate  or  oval-ovate,  8-15  mm.  long,  serrate:  pedicels  longer 
than  the  bracts:  calyx-lobes  elliptic  to  lanceolate,  4-5  mm.  long:  corolla  blue, 
9-11  mm.  wide:  capsules  nearly  reniform,  7-8  mm.  wide,  many-seeded.  —  Oc- 
casional, in  cultivated  grounds.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 


2.  V.  agrestis  L.     Stems  0.5-3  dm.  long:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  suborbicular  or 


in  fields.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  —  FIELD-SPEEDWELL. 


3.  V.  hederaefolia   L.     Stems   branched   at   the  base,   the   branches   reclining 
or    decumbent,    often    matted,    sparingly    pubescent:    leaf -blades    reniform    or 
orbicular-reniform,  0.5-1.5  cm.  long,  3-5-lobed,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
rather  long-petioled :  pedicels  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  slightly  shorter:  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  3-4.5  mm.  long,  acute:   corolla  3-4  mm.  wide,  much  shorter  than 
the  calyx:    capsules  depressed,  swollen,  slightly  2-lobed,  5-6  mm.  broad,  2-4- 
seeded.  —  M.     Common,  in  shaded  banks  along  the  Conestoga  Creek.     Nat.  of 
Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  IVY-LEAVED  SPEEDWELL. 

4.  V.  arvensis  L.     Stems  0.5-3  dm.  long:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  oval,  5-12  mm. 
long,  crenate  or  incised:   pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts:   calyx-lobes  oblong 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  1-2.5  mm.  long:  corolla  1.5-2  mm.  wide:  capsules  about 
3  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds.     Nat.  of  Eu. 
—  Sum.  —  CORN-SPEEDWELL. 

5.  V.  peregrina  L.     Annual,  0.5-4  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblanceolate  to  oblong 
or  linear,  1-3  cm.  long,  the  lower  ones,  at  least,  toothed:  calyx-lobes  linear  or 
slightly   broadened    upward:    corolla    2-3    mm.    wide:    capsules    4    mm.    wide, 


262  KHINANTHACEAE. 

glabrous.  —  Common,  in  cultivated  grounds.  —  Sum.  —  PURSLANE-SPEEDWELL. 
NECKWEED. 

6.  V.  serpyllifolia    L.     Perennial,    spreading,    0.5-2.5    dm.    long:    leaf -blades 
suborbicular,  oval,  or  oblong,  5-15  mm.   long,  entire   or  crenate:    calyx-lobes 
oblong  or  oblong-cuneate,  nearly  glabrous:   corolla  2-3  mm.  wide:   capsules  3 
mm.   wide,   pubescent.  —  Common,   in    waste   places.  —  Early    sum.  —  THYME- 
LEAVED  SPEEDWELL. 

7.  V.  officinalis  L.     Perennial,  creeping,  0.5-3  dm.  long:  leaf -blades  oblong  to 
oval,  varying  to  ovate  or  obovate,  0.5-4  cm.  long,  serrate:  calyx-lobes  oblong, 
pubescent:  corolla  5-8  mm.  wide:  capsules  3-3.5  mm.  wide,  truncate  or  retuse. 
—  Common,  in  dry  fields  and  open  woods.  —  Sum.  —  COMMON-SPEEDWELL. 

8.  V.  americana  Schwein.     Perennial,  glabrous,  1-6  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oval, 
oblong,   or   oblong-lanceolate,   1.5-5   cm.   long,   serrate:    calyx-lobes   oblong   to 
oblong-lanceolate,  2.5-3  mm.  long:  corolla  4-5  mm.  wide:   capsules  3-3.5  mm. 
wide,     2-lobed.  —  Common,     in     streams     and    swamps.  —  Sum.  —  AMERICAN  - 

BROOKLIME. 

9.  V.  Anagallis-aquatica   L.     Perennial,   glandular-pubescent   above,   2-9   dm. 
tall:   leaf -blades  lanceolate  to  oblong,  2-12  cm.  long,  finely  serrate  or  nearly 
entire:   calyx-lobes  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  3-3.5  mm.  long:   corolla  4-5 
mm.  wide :   capsules  2.5-3  mm.  wide,  minutely  notched.  —  M.     Occasional,  in 
swamps  and  ditches.  —  Limestones.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  WATER- SPEED  WELL. 

10.  V.  scutellata   L.     Perennial,   the    stem   often    stoloniferous   at    the   base, 
glabrous:   leaf -blades  linear  to  linear-lanceolate  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  1.5-5 
cm.  long,  acuminate,  entire  or  shallowly  toothed,  sessile:  peduncles  shorter  than 
the  leaves:  pedicels  filiform:  calyx-lobes  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2-2.5  mm. 
long,  acute:   corolla  6.5-9  mm.  wide,  surpassing  the  calyx:   capsules  reniform, 
notched  at  the  apex,  4-4.5  mm.  broad.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Bare,  in  swamps 
near  Collin's  Ferry.  —  Sum.  —  MARSH-SPEEDWELL. 

12.  LEPTANDBA  Nutt.     Perennial,  erect  herbs.     Leaf -blades  elongate, 
toothed.     Flowers  in  erect  spike-like  racemes.     Calyx-lobes  4,  narrow.     Corolla 
tubular  and  somewhat  salverform:   lobes  broad,  much  shorter  than  the  tube. 
Stamens  2,  exserted:   filaments  erect,  glabrous.     Capsule  narrow. 

1.  L.  virginica  (L.)  Nutt.  Stems  3-18  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong,  elliptic, 
or  lanceolate,  4-13  cm.  long,  finely  serrate:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  1-1.5  mm.  long:  corolla  white  or  pink,  5-6  mm.  long;  lobes  ovate: 
capsules  oblong  or  oval,  3-4  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and  damp 
meadows.  —  Sum.  —  CULVER  'S-ROOT.  CULVER  'S-PHYSIC. 

13.  DASYSTOMA  Eaf.     Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly  branched   herbs.      Leaf-blades    entire,   toothed,    or   pinnatifid.      Flowers 
axillary.     Calyx-lobes  5,  mostly '  about  as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer.     Corolla 
f unnelf orm :    lobes    shorter    than    the    tube.      Stamens    4,    included :    filaments 
pubescent.     Capsule  ovoid,  oval,  or  elliptic.  —  FALSE-FOXGLOVE. 

Annual  or  biennial :  corolla  pubescent  or  glandular  without.  1.  D.  Pcdicularia, 

Perennial :  corolla  glabrous  without. 

Stem  pubescent :  capsule  narrow,  pubescent,  the  body  about 

hall  included  in  the  calyx-tube.  2.  D.  flava. 

Stem  glabrous,  sometimes  glaucous :  capsule  turgid,  glabrous, 

with  only  the  abruptly  narrowed  base  in  the  calyx-tube.      3.  D.  virginica. 

1.  D.  pedicularia  (L.)  Benth.  Stem  3-12  dm.  tall,  puberulent,  or  sparingly 
glandular-pubescent  above:  leaf -blades  2-6  cm.  long,  pinnatifid,  the  segments 
coarsely  toothed  or  incised:  calyx-lobes  coarsely  toothed:  corolla  2.5-3  cm. 
long:  capsules  12-15  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  Late  sum. 


EHINANTHACEAE.  263 

2.  D.  flava  (L.)  Wood.     Stems  3-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  lanceolate  to  oblong, 
4-14  cm.  long,  repand  or  coarsely  toothed,  or  rarely  pinnatifid  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem:  calyx-tube  turbinate  at  maturity:  corolla  3-4  cm.  long:  cap- 
sules ovoid-conic,  about   15   mm.   long.  —  Common,   in  woods  and  thickets.  — 
Sum.  —  DOWNY  FALSE-FOXGLOVE. 

3.  D.  virginica  (L.)  Britton.     Stems  8-15  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate-lanceo- 
late  to  lanceolate   or   linear-lanceolate,  9-20   cm.   long,   1-2 -pinnatifid:    calyx- 
tube  5-6  mm.  wide  in  anthesis:   corolla  bright-yellow,  3-4  cm.  long:   capsules 
oval  or  oval-ovoid,  10-15  mm.  long.  —  S.       Occasional,  in  woods  near  McSpar- 
ran.  —  Schists.  —  Late  sum.  —  SMOOTH  FALSE-FOXGLOVE. 

14.  AGALINIS  Eaf.     Annual  or  perennial,  mostly  slender  herbs.     Leaf- 
blades  narrow  or  scale-like,  entire.     Flowers  axillary.     Calyx-lobes  5,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  tube,  often  minute.     Corolla  funnelform,   slightly  2-lipped: 
lobes  shorter  than  the  tube.     Stamens  4,  included:  filaments  pubescent.     Style 
filiform.     Capsule  globular.     [Gerardia  L.  in  part.] 

Flowers  short-pedicelled :  corolla-tube  over  1  cm.  long. 

Corolla  over  2  cm.  long :  larger  anthers  about  4  mm.  long.  1.  A.  purpurea. 

Corolla  less  than  2  cm.  long  :  larger  anthers  about  3  mm.  long.  2.  A.  paupercula. 
Flowers  filiform-pedicelled :  corolla-tube  less  than  1  cm.  long. 

Corolla  rose-purple ;  lobes  rounded  :  bracts  long.  3.  A.  tenuifolia. 

Corolla  pink ;  lobes  notched :  bracts  short.  4.  A.  decemloba. 

1.  A.  purpurea  (L.)  Pennell.    Stems  2-7  dm.  tall,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous: 
blades  of  the  upper  cauline  leaves  linear,  mostly  less  than  3  mm.  wide:  calyx- 
tube  3-4  mm.  long;  lobes  about  \  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  2-2.5  cm.  long: 
capsules  4-5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on  banks  and  in  open  woods.  —  Fall. 

2.  A.  paupercula  (A.  Gray)  Britton.     Stems  1-5  dm.  tall,  smooth,  sometimes 
with  several  stiff  branches  above:  leaf -blades  linear,  scabrous:   calyx-tube  3-4 
mm.  long;  lobes  about  \  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  1-1.5  cm.  long:  capsules 
5-7  mm.   long.  —  M.     Common,  in  the  Dillerville  swamp,  Lancaster.  —  Lime- 
stones. —  Sum. 

3.  A.   tenuifolia    (Vahl)    Eaf.     Plants  darkening  in  drying:    stems   1-6   dm. 
tall,  smooth:   leaf -blades  linear,  smooth  or  nearly  so:   calyx-tube  campanulate 
in  anthesis,  2-3  mm.  long:   corolla  about  1  cm.  long:    capsules  about  4  mm. 
long.  —  N.   S.     Common,  in  fields  and   open  woods.  —  Sandstones  and  shales, 
schists.  —  Fall. 

4.  A.   decemloba    (Greene)    Small.     Plants   not   darkening  in   drying:    stems 
2-7  dm.  tall,  often  scabrous:  leaf -blades  linear-spatulate :  calyx-tube  turbinate 
in  anthesis,  2-3  mm.  long;  lobes  minute:   corolla  about  1  cm.  long:   capsules 
3-4  mm.  long.  —  S.     Eare,  on  roadside  bank  near  New   Texas.  —  Schists.  — 
Fall. 

15.  BTJCHNERA   L.      Biennial    or    perennial,    erect    herbs.      Leaf -blades 
usually  toothed.    Flowers  spicate.     Calyx-lobes  5,  broad,  much  shorter  than  the 
tube.     Corolla  blue  or  white,  salverform:  tube  narrow:  limb  oblique.     Stamens 
mainly  4,  included.     Style  short.     Capsule  ovoid. 

1.  B.  americana  L.  Stems  3-10  dm.  tall,  hispid:  blades  of  the  stem-leaves 
oblong  to  lanceolate,  2r-9  cm.  long,  commonly  sharp-toothed:  calyx-lobes  J  to  i 
as  long  as  the  tube,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  acuminate:  corolla  purple;  tube 
villous :  capsule  ovoid.  —  S.  Eare,  on  gravelly  banks  near  Pleasant  Grove.  — 
Schists.  —  Sum.  —  BLUE-HEARTS. 

16.  CASTILLEJA   Mutis.     Annual    or   perennial,    often   partly   parasitic 
herbs.     Leaf-blades  entire,  toothed,  or  lobed.     Flowers  spicate   or  racemose. 


264  ACANTHACEAE. 

Calyx  tubular  or  spathe-like,  laterally  flattened:  lobes  unequal.  Corolla  very 
strongly  2-lipped:  upper  lip  much  longer  than  the  minutely  3-lobed  lower  lip. 
Capsule  equilateral. 

1.  C.  coccinea  (L.)  Spreng.  Stems  1-6  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  stem-leaves 
narrow,  often  3-8  cm.  long:  bracts  red  or  scarlet,  or  rarely  yellow:  calyx-lobes 
quadrate-oblong:  corolla  pale-yellow,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx:  capsules 
narrowly  oblong,  1-1.5  cm.  long.  —  Occasional,  in  swamps.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  — 
PAINTED-CUP. 

17.  MELAMPYBUM    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual    slender    herbs.      Leaf -blades 
entire,  or  toothed  near  the  base.     Flowers  axillary  or  in  leafy  racemes.     Calyx 
campanulate:   lobes  4,  about  as  long  as  the  tube.     Corolla  whitish,  2-lipped: 
upper  lip  arched :   lower  lip  3-lobed.     Style  elongate.     Capsule  beaked.  — Spr. 
and  sum. 

1.  M.  lineare  Lam.  Stem  1-3  dm.  tall:  leaves  numerous;  blades  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  1-4  cm.  long:  bracts  ciliate-toothed  near  the  base:  upper 
calyx-lobes  mainly  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  mostly  less  than  10  mm. 
long:  filaments  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  corolla-tube,  much  longer  than 
the  anthers :  capsules  long-beaked.  —  N.  S.  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets.  — 
Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum.  —  COW-WHEAT. 

18.  PEDICUIiAEJS    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual,   biennial,   or   perennial,   stout 
herbs.     Leaf-blades  pinnatifid  to  pinnately  parted.     Flowers  spicate  or  race- 
mose.    Calyx  of  5  equally  or  unequally  united  sepals:   lobes  shorter  than  the 
tube.      Corolla    strongly    2-lipped:    upper   lip   helmet-like,    laterally   flattened: 
lower  lip  3-lobed.     Capsule  oblique  or  curved,  beaked.  —  LOUSEWORT. 

Leaf -blades  pinnately  parted :  capsule  linear-lanceolate,  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

1.  P.  canadensis. 
Leaf-blades    shallowly    pinnatifid    or    toothed :    capsules    ovoid, 

little  longer  than  the  calyx.  2.  P.  lanceolata. 

1.  P.  canadensis  L.     Stem   1-4  dm.   tall:    stem-leaves  2-5   cm.   long;    blades 
oblong  to   lanceolate:    calyx  5-7   mm.   long:    corolla   ochroleucous   and  tinged 
with   red   or  purple,   about   1.5   cm.   long:    capsules   about    2   cm.   long,   long- 
beaked.  —  Common,   in   thickets   and   woods.  —  Spr.  —  WOOD-BETONY. 

2.  P.  lanceolata   Michx.     Stems   3-12   dm.   tall:    stem-leaves   5-12   cm.   long; 
blades  oblong  to  lanceolate:   calyx  fully  10  mm.  long:    corolla  straw-colored, 
about  2  cm.  long :  capsules  about  1  cm.  long,  minutely  beaked.  —  S.     Bare,  in 
swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Late  sum. 

FAMILY  11.    ACANTHACEAE.     ACANTHUS  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled:  blades 
simple.  Flowers  perfect,  irregular.  Calyx  of  usually  5  partly  united 
sepals.  Corolla  of  5  partly  united  petals,  2-lipped  or  sometimes  essen- 
tially regular.  Androecium  of  4  didynamous,  or  of  2  equal  stamens,  one 
pair  being  abortive  or  obsolete.  Gynoecium  of  2  united  carpels.  Ovary 
2-celled.  Ovules  commonly  2  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  capsule,  often  with 
a  stipe-like  base,  the  valves  opening  elastically. 

Corolla  nearly  regular  :   stamens  4.  1.  RTJELLIA. 

Corolla  2-lipped  :  stamens  2.  2.  DIANTHERA. 

1.  TttJELLIA  [Plum.]  L.  Perennial  caulescent  herbs,  or  shrubs.  Leaf- 
blades  entire  or  toothed.  Flowers  axillary  or  sometimes  in  terminal  clusters. 


PINGUICULACEAE.  265 

Calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  narrow.  Corolla  nearly  regular.  Capsules  6-20-seeded. 
1.  R.  strepens  L.  Stems  2-12  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  finely  pubescent:  leaf- 
blades  ovate  to  oblong,  5-15  cm.  long:  corolla  blue  or  nearly  white,  5-6  cm. 
long:  capsules  10-15  mm.  long.  —  Rare,  along  the  Conestoga  Creek,  near  Lan- 
caster. —  Limestones.  —  Sum. 

2.  DIANTHERA  [Gronov.]  L.  Perennial  herbs.  Leaf -blades  entire  or 
rarely  toothed.  Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  Calyx  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes 
narrow  or  slender.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped:  upper  lip  entire  or  2-lobed: 
lower  lip  3-lobed.  Capsules  mostly  4-seeded. 

1.  D.  americana  L.  Stems  3-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  linear  to  linear-lanceo- 
late or  narrowly  oblong,  5-15  cm.  long:  peduncles  ascending,  about  as  long 
as  the  leaves  or  longer:  spikes  1-3  cm.  long,  continuous:  calyx-lobes  linear, 
4-5  mm.  long:  corolla  white,  pink,  or  purplish:  capsules  1.5-2  cm.  long. — 
Common,  in  streams.  —  Sum.  —  WATER- WILLOW. 

FAMILY  12.    PINGUICULACEAE.1     BLADDERWORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  growing  in  water  or  in  wet  places.  Leaves  submersed  and  dis- 
sected, sometimes  resembling  rootlets  and  often  bladder-bearing,  or  aerial, 
entire,  or  rarely  wanting.  Scapes  naked  or  minutely  scaly,  one-many- 
flowered.  Flowers  irregular,  perfect.  Calyx  of  2»-5  herbaceous  sepals. 
Corolla  2-lipped :  tube  spurred  or  saccate.  Androecium  of  2  stamens, 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube  on  its  upper  side.  Filaments  flat- 
tened, twisted.  Anthers  confluently  1-celled.  Gynoecium  a  single  1-celled 
pistil,  with  a  free-central,  usually  globose  placenta.  Style  thick.  Stigma 
often  2-lipped,  the  lips  unequal.  Ovules  numerous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  2- 
valved  or  irregularly  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous. 

1.  UTRICULARIA  L.  Aquatic  or  terrestrial  scapose  herbs.  Stems  hori- 
zontal, creeping  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  in  wet  places,  or  in  shallow 
water,  free-swimming.  Leaves  commonly  finely  dissected,  bladder-bearing, 
often  reduced,  rarely  wanting.  Flowers  solitary  or  racemose.  Sepals  2, 
slightly  united.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  produced  into  a  spur  at  the 
base.  Capsule  commonly  irregularly  dehiscent,  several-  or  many-seeded. — 
Sum.  —  BLADDERWORT. 

Scapes  solitary  at  the  nodes  of  elongate,  more  or  less  free-swimming  stems. 

1.  V.  vulgaris. 
Scapes  solitary  or  several  together,  the  stems  radiating  from  their 

bases   and  often  more  or  less  root-ilke.  2.   U.  fifib&o. 

1.  U.  vulgaris  L.     Stems  submersed,  leafy,  3-12  dm.  long:  leaves  numerous, 
alternate;  blades  2-3-pinnately  dissected  into  filiform  segments,  usually  bear- 
ing numerous  bladders;  bladders  when  fully  developed  3-5  mm.  long:   scapes 
1-3  dm.  tall:   racemes  5-10-flowered :   pedicels  recurving  at  maturity:    corolla 
yellow,  12-15  mm.  broad,  the  lower  lip  slightly  3-lobed;   spur  not  appressed, 
horn-like,   slightly   curved,   shorter  than  the  lower   lip:    capsules  many-seeded. 
—  Susquehanna  valley.     In  water. 

2.  U.  gibba  L.     Stems  radiating  from  the  base  of  the  scape  or  scapes,  several 
cm.   long,    delicate,   root-like:    leaves    scattered,    sparingly    divided;    segments 
capillary,  with  few  minute  bladders:  scapes  2-10  cm.  tall:  racemes  1-3-flowered, 
usually  2-flowered:   pedicels  very  slender,  erect  or  ascending:    corolla  yellow, 
5-7  mm.  broad ;  spur  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  lower  lip.  —  Susquehanna  valley. 
In  very  shallow  water. 

1  Contributed  by  Dr.  John  Hendley  Barnhart. 


266  BIGNONIACEAE. 

FAMILY  13.     OROBANCHACEAE.     BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY. 

Parasitic,  commonly  perennial  herbs,  without  green  coloring  matter. 
Leaves  alternate,  scale-like.  Flowers  perfect,  or  rarely  dioecious,  sometimes 
cleistogamous  and  complete  on  the  same  plant.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  partly 
united  sepals,  sometimes  spathe-like.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  partially  united 
petals,  the  limb  irregular  or  2-lipped.  Androecium  of  4  didynamous 
stamens  partially  adnate  to  the  corolla.  Gynoecium  of  2,  or  rarely  of  3, 
united  carpels.  Ovary  1-celled.  Ovules  mostly  numerous.  Fruit  a  cap- 
sule. Seeds  wingless. 

Flowers  perfect  and  complete  throughout. 

Calyx  irregular,  spathe-like,  the  lower  side  split,  the  upper  with  3  or  4  tooth- 
like  lobes  :  stamens  exserted.  1.  CONOPHOLIS. 
Calyx  regular  or  nearly  so,  with  2-5  equal  or  unequal  lobes : 

stamens  included.  2.  THALESIA. 

Flowers  various,   cleistogamous  on  lower  part  of  spike,  complete 

but  mostly  sterile  above.  3.  LEPTAMNIUM. 

1.  CONOPHOLIS    Wallr.     Yellow    or   brownish   herbs,    with    very    stout 
stems  and  inflorescence.    Leaves  numerous.    Flowers  sessile,  yellowish,  crowded 
in  the  spike. 

1.  C.  americana  (L.  f.)  Wallr.  Plants  clustered,  1-2  dm.  tall:  leaves  (scales) 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  10-12  mm.  long:  calyx  7-9  mm.  long,  erose-toothed :  co- 
rolla yellowish  or  pale-yellow,  10-12  mm.  long:  capsules  ovoid,  10-15  mm.  long. 
—  Eather  common,  in  rich  woods.  —  Spr.  —  SQUAW-ROOT.  CANCER-ROOT. 

2.  THALESIA  Eaf.     Pale  or  pink  herbs,  with  short,  mostly  subterranean 
stems.     Leaves  few.     Flowers   solitary   on  long  pedicels,   often  more   deeply 
colored  than  the  foliage. 

1.  T.  uniflora  (L.)  Britton.  Plants  5-16  cm.  tall:  leaves  (scales)  ovate  to 
obovate,  5-10  mm.  long:  calyx  4-11  mm.  long;  lobes  lanceolate,  about  as  long 
as  the  tube:  corolla  cream-colored  and  purple-tinged,  14-18  mm.  long;  lobes 
oblong  to  obovate :  capsules  conic-ovoid,  about  10  mm.  long.  —  Eather  com- 
mon, in  rich  woods.  —  Spr.  —  BROOM-RAPE.  CANCER-ROOT. 

3.  LEPTAMNIUM  Eaf.     Dark-purplish   or  yellowish-brown  herbs,   with 
branching  stems.     Leaves  very  few.     Flowers  racemose  or  paniculate,  paler 
than  the  stem,  separated. 

1.  L.  virginianum  (L.)  Eaf.  Plants  1-4  dm.  tall:  leaves  (scales)  few  at  the 
base  of  the  plant:  complete  flowers  larger  than  the  cleistogamous  ones:  calyx 
2.5-3  mm.  long;  lobes  triangular  to  ovate-triangular,  shorter  than  the  tube: 
corolla  10-13  mm.  long;  upper  lip  notched;  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  acute: 
capsules  3-5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  under  beech  trees.  —  Spr.  —  BEECH-DROPS. 
CANCER-ROOT. 

FAMILY  14.     BIGNONIACEAE.     TRUMPET-CREEPER  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  trees,  woody  vines,  or  rarely  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  rarely 
alternate  or  whorled,  often  tendril-bearing:  blades  simple  or  pinnately 
compound.  Flowers  perfect,  usually  showy.  Calyx  of  usually  2  more  or 
less  united  sepals.  Corolla  5-lobed,  irregular,  or  2-lipped.  Androecium  of 
5  stamens  with  1  or  3  of  them  reduced  to  staminodia,  or  of  4  didynamous 
stamens.  Anthers  with  mostly  divaricate  sacs.  Gynoecium  of  2  united 
carpels.  Ovary  1-celled,  or  2-celled  by  the  meeting  of  the  placentae. 
Ovules  numerous.  Fruit  a  capsule.  Seeds  winged  or  appendaged. 

Corolla  highly  colored :  leaf -blades  compound :  vines  or  rarely  herbaceous  plants. 

1.  BIGNONIA. 
Corolla  white  and  somewhat  spotted :  leaf-blades  simple :  trees.  2.  CATALPA. 


PLANTAGINACEAE.  267 

1.  BIGNONIA  [Tourn.]  L.    Vines.    Leaf -blades  unequally  pinnate:  leaf- 
lets   with    toothed    blades.     Flowers    clustered.     Calyx    tubular-campanulate, 
nearly  equally  5-lobed.     Corolla  tubular-funnelform.     Capsule  stout,  fusiform. 
Seeds  membranous-winged. 

1.  B.  radicans  L.  Stout  vine:  leaves  many,  2-2.5  dm.  long;  leaflets  7-11, 
the  blades  oval,  ovate,  or  elliptic,  2-6  cm.  long,  coarsely  serrate:  calyx  14-18 
mm.  long;  lobes  triangular  to  triangular-ovate:  corolla  red  or  orange,  5-9  cm. 
long:  capsules  fusiform,  10-18  cm.  long.  —  S.  On  the  Octoraro  Creek. — 
Schists.  —  Sum.  —  TRUMPET-FLOWER.  TRUMPET-CREEPER. 

2.  CATALPA  L.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  scaly  bark.     Leaves  deciduous: 
blades  broad,  membranous.     Flowers  paniculate.     Calyx  2-lobed.     Corolla  cam- 
panulate,  2-lipped,  the  tube  abruptly  expanded  into  the  throat.    Capsule  slender, 
elongate.     Seeds  fimbriate-winged.  —  CATALPA. 

1.  C.  Catalpa  (L.)  Karst.  Tree  becoming  20  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  ovate,  1-3 
dm.  long:  calyx  8-12  mm.  long;  lobes  abruptly  pointed:  corolla  2.5-3.5  cm. 
long;  throat  campanulate:  capsules  1.5-4  dm.  long.  —  Occasional,  on  road- 
sides and  in  thickets.  Nat.  of  the  West  and  South.  —  Sum.  —  BEAN-TREE. 
CIGAR-TREE.  INDIAN  CIGAR-TREE. 

FAMILY  15.    MARTYNIACEAE.    UNICORN-PLANT  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial,  stocky  herbs,  with  stout  weak  stems.  Leaves 
opposite  or  rarely  alternate :  blades  undulate  or  lobed.  Flowers  perfect, 
irregular,  in  racemes.  Calyx  of  mostly  5  well-united  sepals,  oblique,  the 
lobes  short.  Corolla  of  5  partly  united  petals :  tube  often  decurved :  limb 
5-lobed,  oblique.  Androecium  of  4  didynamous  stamens  (or  the  posterior 
pair  mere  staminodia).  Gynoecium  2-carpellary.  Ovary  1-celled,  the 
placentae  parietal. 

1.  MABTYNIA  L.  Annual  or  perennial,  very  stout,  herbs  with  clammy 
pubescence.  Leaf -blades  broad.  Corolla  declined,  the  limb  oblique.  Capsule 
2-valved,  the  body  crested,  terminating  in  a  curved  or  hooked  beak. 

1.  M.  louisiana  Mill.  Annual,  densely  viscid-pubescent:  leaf -blades  sinuate, 
0.5-3  dm.  wide,  petioled:  flowers  not  fragrant:  calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse: 
corolla-lobes  undulate:  capsule  stout,  8-15  cm.  long,  curved,  separating  into 
2  elastically  spreading  valves,  the  beak  longer  than  the  body.  —  Occasional, 
in  waste  places  and  about  gardens.  —  Nat.  of  the  Mississippi  valley.  —  Sum.  — 
UNICORN-PLANT.  BAM  'S-HORN.  PROBOSCIS-FLOWER. 

Order  PLANTAGINALES. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  partially  woody  plants.  Leaves  wholly 
or  mainly  basal,  or  crowded  on  a  simple  or  branched  caudex:  blades 
typically  1-several-ribbed.  Flowers  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious, 
spicate.  Calyx  of  4  (3-5),  partly  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  (3-5), 
partly  united  scarious  and  veinless  petals.  Androecium  of  4  or  2  stamens, 
(or  of  1  stamen).  Gynoecium  typically  2-carpellary.  Ovary  superior. 
Fruit  capsular,  usually  a  pyxis. 

FAMILY  1.    PLANTAGINACEAE.    PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

Herbs.  Leaf-blades  typically  1-several-ribbed.  Calyx-lobes,  and 
corolla-lobes,  4.  Style  and  stigma  elongate. 


268  PLANTAGINACEAE. 

1.  PLANTAGO  [Tourn.]  L.  Caulescent  or  usually  acaulescent  herbs. 
Leaf-blades  broad  or  narrow.  Spikes  usually  elongate.  Filaments  partially 
adnate  to  the  corolla-tube.  —  PLANTAIN. 

Plants  acaulescent :  spikes  terminating  basal  scapes. 

Corolla-lobes  erect,  and  converging  over  the  top  of  the  pyxis.      1.  P.  virgin-tea. 
Corolla-lobes  permanently  spreading  or  reflexed. 
Pyxis  2-4-seeded. 

Plants  annual :  spike  conspicuously  long-bracted.  2.  P.  aristata. 

Plants  perennial :   spike  inconspicuously   short-bracted.      3.  P.  lanceolata. 
Pyxis  many-seeded. 

Pyxis   conic   to   oblong-conic,    circumscissile   beloxv    the 

middle.  5.  P.  major. 

Pyxis  ovoid,  circumscissile  at  about  the  middle.  6.  P.  arenaria. 

Plants  caulescent :  spikes  terminating  axillary  peduncles.  4.  P.  Rugelii. 

1.  P.  virginica  L.     Annual  or  biennial,  very  variable,  glabrate  to  rather  coarsely 
pubescent.    Leaves  basal,  spreading  or  ascending,  1-15  cm.  long;  blades  spatu- 
late  to  obovate  or  elliptic,  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire  or  repand- denticulate,  3-5- 
nerved,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles  or  nearly  sessile:   scapes  erect  or  as- 
cending, 0.5-20  dm.  tall,  much  surpassing  the  leaves:   spikes  dense,  sometimes 
interrupted  below:    flowers   dioecious:    bracts  linear-lanceolate   to  lanceolate: 
calyx-lobes  oblong  or  ovate,  2-2.5  mm.   long,  obtuse,  scarious-margined,  sur- 
passing the  bracts:  corollas  various,  those  of  staminate  flowers  with  spreading 
lobes,  those  of  pistillate  flowers  with  lobes  usually  unequally  erect  after  ferti- 
lization: pyxis  ovoid  or  oval-ovoid,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  circumscissile  at  about  the 
middle :  seeds  2-4,  1.3  mm.  long,  golden-yellow.  —  Common,  in  old  fields  and 
on  dry  banks.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

2.  P.  aristata  Michx.     Annual,  deep-green,  glabrate  to  villoue.     Leaves  nearly, 
basal,  5-25  cm.  long;  blades  linear,  acuminate,  entire  and  callous-tipped,  nar- 
rowed  into   margined   petioles,   3-5-nerved:    scapes   erect,   solitary   or   several 
together,  10-15  cm.  tall,  rigid,  surpassing  the  leaves:   spikes  dense,  2-15  cm. 
long,  more  or  less  pubescent  but  not  woolly:  bracts  linear,  puberulent,  1-3  cm. 
long,   surpassing   the   flowers   by  many  times   their  length:    flowers   perfect: 
calyx-lobes    spatulate-oblong   or   cuneate,    2-2.5   mm.    long,   obtuse,   the    outer 
herbaceous,  the  inner  widely  scarious-margined:   corolla  glabrous;  lobes  ovate 
or  orbicular-ovate,  2  mm.  long,  obtuse,  cordate:   pyxis  slightly  narrowed  up- 
ward,  2.5-3  mm.   long,   slightly   surpassing  the   calyx-lobes,   circumscissile   at 
the  middle:   seeds  2,  2-3  mm.  long,  dark-brown.  —  S.     Eare,  in  fields.     Nat. 
of  the  West.  —  Sum. 

3.  P.  lanceolata  L.     Perennial,  very  variable,  pubescent.     Leaves  basal,  often 
numerous,  4-30  cm.  long;  blades  linear-elliptic  to  broadly  elliptic,  acute  and 
callous-tipped  at  the  apex,  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  3-7-nerved,  entire  or 
denticulate,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  which  are  dilated  and  hairy  at 
the  base:    scapes  erect  or  nearly  so,   1-7   dm.  tall,  ridged:    spikes   cylindric, 
dense,  1-8  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  thick:   bracts  rhombic,  4-5  mm.  long,  the  tips 
bent:  flowers  perfect:  calyx-lobes  2-3  mm.  long,  broadly  oblong  to  oval,  obtuse, 
the   2   lower   ones   usually   united,   their   midribs    closely   subparallel:    corolla 
glabrous;  lobes  broadly  lanceolate,  2-2.5  mm.  long:  pyxis  oblong,  3  mm.  long, 
slightly  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  circumscissile  at  about  the  middle:   seeds 
2,  fully  2  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  — 
Spr.  and  sum.  —  KIB-GRASS.     ENGLISH-PLANTAIN.    RIPPLE-GRASS. 

4.  P.  Rugelii  Deene.    Perennial,  bright-green,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent. 
Leaves  basal,  5-40  cm.  long;  petioles  flatened  or  channeled  on  the  upver  e:i<le, 
usually  purple  at  the  base;  blades  broadly  ovate  to  oblong,  longer  than  the 
petioles  or  sometimes  shorter,  5-7-nerved,  entire  or  shallowly  toothed,  cune- 
ately  or  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base:    scapes  erect  or  ascending,  solitary 
or  several  together,  often  surpassing  the  leaves,  10-50  cm.  tall:   spikes  2—30 
cm.  long,  sometimes  broadly  bracted  at  the  base:  bracts  fully  half  as  long  as 
the  calyx-lobes,  acute:    flowers  perfect:    calyx-lobes  oblong,  acute,  2-2.5  mm. 


LOEANTHACEAE.  269 

long,  keeled,  often  scarious-margined :  corolla  glabrous;  tube  slightly  sur- 
passing the  calyx;  lobes  spreading:  pyxis  conic  or  oblong-conic,  4-4.5  mm. 
long,  circumscissile  below  the  middle :  seeds  4-9,  1.5-2  mm.  long.  —  Common, 
in  fields  and  waste  places.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

5.  P.    major    L.     Perennial,    bright-green,    glabrous    or    sparingly    pubescent. 
Leaves  basal,  5-35  cm.  long;  petioles  flattened  or  channeled  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, usually  green  at  the  base;  blades  ovate  or  oval,  or  rarely  oblong,  obtuse 
or  acutish,  5-7-nerved,  entire  or  coarsely  toothed,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the 
base:  scapes  erect,  solitary  or  several  together,  surpassing  the  leaves,  8-40  cm. 
tall,  rarely  with  several  leaves  under  the  spike,  sometimes  branched :  spikes  4-20 
cm.  long,  dense :  bracts  ovate,  barely  equalling  the  calyx-lobes :  flowers  perfect : 
calyx-lobes   ovate   to    obovate,   obtuse,   not   keeled,    scarious-margined :    corolla 
inconspicuous;  tube  about  as  long  as  the  calyx;  lobes  spreading  or  reflexed: 
pyxis  ovoid,   about   3   mm.  long,   slightly  surpassing  the   calyx-lobes,   circum- 
scissile  at  the  middle :    seeds  6—18,   0.7  mm.   long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and 
waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  COMMON-PLANTAIN. 

6.  P.   arenaria  W.   &   K.     Annual,   hirsute,   1-5   dm.   tall:    leaves  numerous, 
mostly  cauline,  2-8  cm.  long;  blades  narrowly  linear,  often  obscurely  toothed: 
spikes  axillary,   or  umbellately   clustered,   oblong  or  cylindric,   1-2   cm.   long, 
dense:  bracts  with  a  broad  body  and  a  slender  tip:  calyx-lobes  3-4  mm.  long, 
the  anterior  ones  broadly  spatulate,  the  posterior  ones  lanceolate:  corolla  gla- 
brous; lobes  lanceolate,  2-2.5  mm.  long:   pyxis  oblong.  —  S.     Eare,  in  fields. 
Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum. 

Order  SANTALALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  mostly  root-  or  tree-parasites.  Leaves  with 
expanded  blades  or  scale-like.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  perfect  or  imper- 
fect. Calyx  present,  but  often  a  mere  border.  Corolla  present  or  wanting. 
Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  sepals  or  petals,  or  twice  as 
many.  Gynoecium  of  several  united  carpels:  ovary  more  or  less  inferior. 
Fruit  a  drupe,  a  nut,  or  a  berry. 

Leaves   opposite  :   fruit  a   berry  :   tree-parasite.  Fam.  1.  LORANTHACEAE. 

Leaves  alternate :  fruit  a  drupe  or  a  nut :  root-parasite.         Fam.  2.  SANTALACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    LORANTHACEAE.    MISTLETOE  FAMILY. 

Green  parasitic  herbs  or  shrubs,  growing  mostly  on  woody  plants. 
Leaves  typically  opposite,  sometimes  scale-like.  Flowers  monoecious  or 
dioecious,  regular.  Calyx  of  minute  sepals,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  of  2-6 
more  or  less  united  petals.  Androecium  of  2-6  stamens.  Gynoecium  com- 
pound, often  2-earpellary,  but  the  inferior  ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  baccate. 

1.  PHORADENDRON  Nutt.  Shrubs.  Leaves  with  flat  leathery  blades, 
or  scale-like.  Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  spicate,  the  staminate  with  a  stamen 
at  the  base  of  each  broad  petal,  the  pistillate  with  the  ovary  adnate  to  the 
hypanthium.  Berry  juicy. 

1.  P.  flavescens  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Branches  pubescent,  terete:  leaf -blades  mainly 
o val- spatulate :  hypanthium  globular  during  anthesis:  berries  white:  seeds 
ovoid,  fully  2  mm.  in  diameter.  —  S.  Eare,  on  black-gum  trees  near  Martic 
Forge.  —  Sum.  —  MISTLETOE.  AMERICAN-MISTLETOE. 

FAMILY  2.     SANTALACEAE.     SANDAL-WOOD  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants.  Leaves 
opposite  or  alternate:  blades  entire.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or 


270  KUBIACEAE. 

dioecious,  the  staminate  clustered,  the  pistillate  often  solitary.  Calyx  of 
3-6  sepals.  Corolla  wanting.  Androecium  of  3-6  stamens  opposite  the 
sepals  on  the  edge  of  the  hypanthium.  Gynoecium  compound.  Fruit 
mostly  drupaceous. 

1.  COMANDRA  Nutt.  Herbs  with  long  rootstocks.  Leaves  alternate: 
blades  narrow.  Flowers  perfect,  cymose.  Style  columnar:  stigma  capitate. 
Drupe  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx. 

1.  C.  unibellata  (L.)  Nutt.  Plants  2-4  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong,  oval,  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  1-3.5  cm.  long:  sepals  oblong-ovate,  2-2.5  mm.  long:  sta- 
mens $  as  long  as  the  sepals :  drupe  about  5  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Eather  com- 
mon, in  thickets  and  on  banks.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  BASTARD-TOADFLAX. 

Order  RUBIALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite,  sometimes  whorled.  Flowers 
perfect  or  polygamous,  axillary  or  cymose.  Hypanthium  present.  Calyx 
of  2  or  more,  often  small  sepals.  Corolla  of  3  or  more  partially  united 
petals.  Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  petals  or  twice  as 
many.  Gynoecium  2-several-carpellary.  Ovary  wholly  or  partially  in- 
ferior. Fruit  a  capsule,  a  berry,  or  a  drupe. 

Leaves  with  stipules  adnate  to  the  stem  between  the  leaf-bases. 

Fam.  1.  RUBIACBAE. 
Leaves  without   stipules,   or  if  present  the  stipules   are 

adnate  to  the  petiole.  Fam.  2.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    RUBIACEAE.    MADDER  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  trees,  or  vines.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  with 
interpetiolar,  sometimes  foliaceous  stipules.  Flowers  perfect  or  polyg- 
amous, regular  or  nearly  so.  Calyx  of  3-6,  or  more,  sepals  surmounting 
the  hypanthium,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  of  3-6,  or  more,  more  or  less  united 
petals.  Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  petals  and  alternate 
with  them.  Gynoecium  2-several-carpellary.  Fruit  a  capsule,  a  drupe, 
or  a  berry. 

Cavities  of  the  ovary  with  several  or  many  ovules  :  seeds  several  or  many. 

1.  HOUSTONIA. 
Cavities  of  the  ovary  with  a  single  ovule  each  :  seed  solitary. 

Flowers  in  dense  heads  :  shrubs  or  trees.  2.  CEPHALANTIIUS. 

Flowers   solitary    or   in   an    open    inflorescence :    herbs    or 

undershrubs. 
Ovule,    or    seed,    with    a    basal    attachment :    flowers 

paired,  the  ovaries  united.  3.  MITCHELLA. 

Ovule,  or  seed,  with  a  lateral  attachment :  flowers  not 

paired,   the   ovaries  distinct. 
Stipules  relatively  small  or  inconspicuous,  more  or 

less  cleft.  4.  DIODELLA. 

Stipules  foliaceous,  usually  resembling  the  leaves. 

Sepals  minute  or  obsolete  :  corolla  rotate.  5.  GALIUM. 

Sepals  prominent :  corolla  funnelform.  6.  SHERAEDIA. 

1.  HOUSTONIA  L.  Annual  or  perennial,  erect  or  creeping  herbs.  Leaf- 
blades  narrow  or  broad.  Flowers  in  open  or  compact  cymes.  Sepals  4,  com- 
monly narrow.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform:  tube  long:  lobes  mostly 
shorter  than  the  tube.  Stamens  4:  filaments  adnate  to  above  the  middle  of 
the  corolla-tube.  Style  slender.  Capsules  seated  on  or  in  the  hypanthium, 
flattened. 


EUBIACEAE.  271 

Peduncles  and  pedicels  solitary :  creeping  plants :  corolla  salverform. 

1.  H.  caerulea. 
Peduncles  and  pedicels  aggregated  in  cymes  :  erect  plants  :  corolla 

funnelform.  2.  H.  longifolia. 

1.  H.  caerulea  L.     Plants  often  in  mats,  slender,  2-15  cm.  tall:  leaf -blades 
oval,  ovate  or  spatulate,  2-5  mm.  long:  corolla  lilac,  blue,  or  white,  except  the 
yellow  eye;  lobes  5-7  mm.  long:  capsules  3-4  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  damp 
grassy  places  and  meadows.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  BLUETS.     INNOCENCE. 

2.  H.  longifolia  Gaertn.     Plants  1-4  dm.  tall,  often  tufted,  stoutish:   blades 
of  the  stem-leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,   1-3  cm.  long: 
sepals  linear-subulate  to  lanceolate-subulate,   1.5-2  mm.  long,  slightly  longer 
than  the  hypanthium:  corolla  pinkish  or  bluish;  tube  about  4  mm.  long:  cap- 
sules 2-2.5  mm.  thick.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Occasional,  on  rocky  banks. — 
Sum. 

2.  CEPHALANTHUS  L.     Shrubs  or  trees.     Leaf -blades  thinnish.     Flow- 
ers in  capitate  cymes.     Sepals  usually  4,  rounded.     Corolla  with  a  long  tube 
and  usually  4  short  lobes.     Stamens  usually  4:  filaments  adnate  to  the  throat 
of  the  corolla:   anthers  oblong  or  nearly  so.     Nut-like  fruits  obpyramidal,  in 
a  firm  globose  head. 

1.  C.  occidentalis  L.  Shrub  or  small  tree:  leaf -blades  oblong,  lanceolate,  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  5-20  cm.  long,  short-petioled :  flower-heads  globose,  2.5-3.5 
cm.  thick:  sepals  about  0.5  mm.  long:  corolla  white,  about  10  mm.  long;  lobes 
ovate  to  oblong-ovate :  nutlets  7-8  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and  low 
thickets.  —  Sum.  —  BUTTONBTJSH. 

3.  MITCHELLA    L.     Undershrubs    with    creeping    stems.      Leaf -blades 
leathery.     Flowers  in  pairs,  the  hypanthia  coalescent.     Sepals  usually  4,  short. 
Corolla  with  a  relatively  long  tube  and  usually  4  short  lobes.     Stamens  4: 
filaments  adnate  to  near  the  top  of  the  corolla-tube:  anthers  oblong.     Drupes 
paired. 

1.  M.  repens  L.  Stem  and  branches  matted,  1-4  dm.  long:  leaf -blades  ovate  to 
orbicular,  or  elliptic,  8-30  mm.  long:  sepals  deltoid,  less  than  1  mm.  long: 
corolla  white  or  pinkish;  tube  9-12  mm.  long;  lobes  ovate  to  oblong:  fruit 
globular,  7-10  mm.  thick,  red  or  white,  aromatic.  —  Common,  in  damp  woods 
or  on  shaded  banks.  —  Spr.  —  TWIN-BERRY.  PARTRIDGE-BERRY. 

4.  DIODELLA    Small.     Annual    diffuse   herbs.      Leaf -blades    soft-herba- 
ceous.    Flowers  axillary.     Sepals  4.     Corolla  with  a  relatively  short  thick  tube 
and  4  broad  lobes.    Stamens  4:  filaments  adnate  up  to  the  top  of  the  corolla- 
tube,  the  free  portions  very  short:  anthers  oval  or  ovoid.     Stigma  capitate  or 
2-lobed.     Capsular  fruit  crustaceous,  lobed. 

1.  D.  teres  (Walt.)  Small.  Stem  or  branches  1-4  dm.  long,  spreading  or 
creeping,  pubescent:  leaf -blades  linear  or  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  1-4  cm. 
long:  sepals  4,  acute,  1.5-2  mm.  long:  corolla  white  or  pinkish;  tube  5-6  mm. 
long ;  lobes  ovate  to  oblong-ovate :  fruits  obovoid,  2-3  mm.  long.  —  N.  S. 
Common,  on  dry  sandy  banks.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum.  — 
BUTTON-WEED. 

5.  GALITJM  L.     Perennial,  or  sometimes  annual,  weak  spreading  herbs. 
Leaves  with  blades  and  stipules  about  equal  in  size.     Flowers  in  simple  or 
branched    cymes.      Sepals   usually   obsolete.     Corolla   rotate,   with   3-5   lobes. 
Stamens  3-5.     Fruit  globular  or  didymous.  —  BEDSTRAW.     CLEAVERS. 


272  EUBIACEAE. 

Annual  plants  :  fruits  bristly.  1.  G.  Aparine. 

Perennial  plants  :  fruits  smooth,  glabrous,  or  bristly. 

Corolla  yellow.  2.  G.  Wirtgenii. 

Corolla  white,  greenish  or  purple. 

Endosperm  of  the  seed  deeply  lunate  or  annular  in  cross- 
section  :  leaves  various. 
Fruits  uncinate-hispid. 

Flowers  few,   borne  in   lax  cymes :   corolla   green- 
ish or  greenish-white :   leaf -blades  broad. 
Fruits    pedicelled :    mature    carpel-bodies    less 

than  2  mm.  long.  3.  G.  pilosum. 

Fruits  sessile  or  nearly  so  :  mature  carpel-bodies 

over  2  mm.  long. 
Upper  leaves  with  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate 

blades  :  corolla-lobes  1.5-2  mm.  long.  4.  G.  circaezans. 

Upper    leaves    with    lanceolate    blades :    co- 
rolla-lobes 2.5-3  mm.  long.  5.  G.  lanceolata. 
Flowers  numerous,  borne  in  compact  cymes  :  corolla 

bright  white  :  leaf --blades  narrow.  6.  G.  boreale. 

Fruits  smooth  or  nearly  so.  7.  G.  tinctorium. 

Endosperm     shallow-lunate,     or    flat,     sometimes    nearly 

circular  in  cross-section. 
Fruits  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Stem  retrprsely  hispid :   leaf -blades  broad  :  bracts 

bristle-tipped.  8.   G.  asprellum. 

Stem    smooth   or   nearly   so :    leaf-blades    narrow : 

bracts  not  bristle-tipped.  9.   G.  concinnum. 

Fruits  uncinate-hispid.  10.  G.  triflorum. 

1.  G.  Aparine  L.     Plants  reclining,  1-15  dm.  long,  the  stems  retrorse-scabrous 
or  prickly:  leaves,  and  stipules,  with  linear-spatulate  blades  1-8  cm.  long,  the 
upper  side  with  short  stout  hairs:  corolla  white;  lobes  ovate,  1-1.5  mm.  long, 
acute :  fruits  3-5  mm.  thick,  densely  uncinate-hispid :  endosperm  nearly  annular 
in  cross-section.  —  Common,  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 
—  GOOSE-GRASS.    CLEAVERS. 

2.  G.  Wirtgenii  F.   Schultz.     Plants   2-7   dm.   tall,   the   stems   smooth,  with 
rather  long  internodes  above:  leaves,  and  stipules,  with  linear  roughish  blades 
9-21  mm.  long,  soon  deflexed:  lower  branches  of  the  inflorescence  very  short: 
corolla  yellow;  lobes  ovate,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  glabrous:  fruits  scarcely  1  mm. 
broad,  usually  glabrous.  —  S.    Bare,  in  fields.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  YELLOW- 
BED  STRAW. 

3.  G.  pilosum  Ait.     Plants   3-8   dm.   tall,   the   stems  hirsute,  4-angled  above 
the  swollen  nodes:  leaves,  and  stipules,  with  oval-ovate  or  elliptic  blades  8-10 
mm.   long,    sparingly   pubescent,   pellucid-punctate   beneath:    corolla    greenish 
or  purplish;  lobes  ovate  to  lanceolate,  about  1.5  mm.  long:  fruits  about  4  mm. 
thick,  uncinate-hispid :  endosperm  lunate  in  cross-section.  —  Common,  in  fence- 
rows  and  thickets.  —  Sum. 

4.  G.  circaezans  Michx.     Plants  2-4  dm.  tall,  the  stem  glabrous  or  sparingly 
pubescent:  leaves,  and  stipules,  with  elliptic-ovate  or  oval  blades  15-30  mm. 
long,  or  more,  sparingly  pubescent:   corolla  greenish;   lobes  ovate,  acute,  less 
than  2  mm.  long:  fruits  about  5  mm.  thick,  uncinate-hispid:  endosperm  lunate 
in  cross-section.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  Sum.  —  WILD-LIQUORICE. 

5.  G.  lanceolatum  Torr.     Plants  sparingly  pubescent  in  parts:  stem  branched 
at  the  base,  mostly  2.5-6  dm.  tall:  leaves,  and  stipules,  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  30-75  mm.  long;  blades  of  the  upper  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  sparingly  pubescent,  especially  on  the  veins 
beneath,  3-ribbed:  flowers  few,  sessile  on  the  spreading  cyme-branches:  corolla 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3-5  mm.  broad,  greenish,  becoming  purple;    lobes   4, 
slender-tipped :  fruits  as  in  G.  circaezans.  —  Not  very  common,  in  rocky  woods. 
— •  Sum.  — •  WILD-LIQUORICE. 

6.  G.  boreale  L.     Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so:    stems  often  tufted,   1  mm. 
tall  or  less,  strict:  leaves  and  stipules  in  4's,  mostly  1.5-4  cm.  long;   blades 
linear   to   linear-lanceolate,    mostly   obtuse,    3-ribbed,    ciliolate,    pale   beneath: 


CAPRIFOLIACE  AE.  273 

flowers  numerous,  in  a  compact  panicle:  corolla  white,  3.5-4.5  mm.  broad; 
lobes  acute  or  slightly  acuminate:  fruits  2-2.5  mm.  broad,  minutely  bristly. 
—  Not  very  common,  in  dry  thickets  and  rocky  hillsides.  —  Sum. 

7.  G.  tinctorium  L.     Plants  1.5-2.5  dm.  tall,  the  stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so: 
leaves  and  stipules  mostly  in  4 's,  with  linear-lanceolate  blades  15-25  mm.  long: 
flowers  2  or  3  in  terminal  clusters:   corolla  white;   lobes  about  1  mm.  long: 
fruits  1.5-2.5  mm.  thick,  smooth:  endosperm  annular  in  cross-section.  —  Com- 
mon, in  swamps  and  wet  thickets.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

8.  G.  asprellum  L.     Plants  reclining,  the  stems  3-16  dm.  long,  retrorsely  sca- 
brous or  prickly:  leaves  and  stipules  in  6's,  with  oblong-spatulate  to  elliptic 
blades  1-2  cm.  long,  the  margins  and  midrib  scabrous:  flowers  very  numerous: 
corolla  white;   lobes  fully  1.5  mm.  long:    fruits  about  2.5   mm.  thick,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  —  Common,  in  thickets.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  ROUGH-BEDSTRAW. 

9.  G.  concinnum  T.  &  G.     Plants  glabrous  or  near  so:  stems  diffusely  spread- 
ing, mostly  1-3  dm.  tall,  slightly  scabrous-angled:   leaves  and  stipules  in  6's, 
as  long  as  the  internodes  or  shorter,  mostly  1-2  cm.  long;   blades  linear  or 


near  streams  and  in  rocky  woods.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists.  —  Sum. 

10.  G.  triflorum  Michx.  Plants  reclining,  sweet-scented  in  drying,  the  stems 
3-10  dm.  long,  sparsely  hispid  or  rarely  glabrous:  leaves  and  stipules  in  6's, 
with  broadly  linear  to  elliptic  blades  1-8  cm.  long,  the  margins  and  midrib 
hispid:  flowers  relatively  few,  3  together  on  the  ultimate  peduncles:  corolla 
greenish  or  yellowish- white ;  lobes  fully  1.5  mm.  long:  fruit  about  3  mm.  thick, 
uncinate-hispid :  endosperm  circular  in  cross-section.  —  Occasional,  in  thickets 
and  woods.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  SWEET-SCENTED  BEDSTRAW. 

6.  SHERARDIA  L.  Annual,  slender,  caulescent  herbs.  Leaves  opposite, 
with  the  stipules  whorled:  blades  entire.  Flowers  subtended  by  involucres  of 
united  bracts.  Sepals  minute,  shorter  than  the  hypanthium.  Corolla  pink  or 
blue,  funnelform,  4-  or  5-lobed.  Filaments  adnate  up  to  the  sinuses  of  the 
corolla-lobes.  Fruit  twin,  of  2  indehiscent  1-seeded  carpels. 

1.  S.  arvensis  L.  Plants  with  slender  diffuse  finely  pubescent  branches: 
leaves,  and  stipules,  5-18  mm.  long;  blades  obovate  to  elliptic  or  oblong, 
bristle-tipped:  sepals  deltoid,  about  1  mm.  long:  corolla  pink  or  blue,  3.5-4 
mm.  long ;  lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate :  fruits  2-2.5  mm.  long.  —  S. 
Occasional,  in  fields.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  FIELD-MADDER. 

FAMILY  2.     CAPRIFOLIACEAE.     HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY. 

Shrubs,  trees,  vines,  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  opposite:  blades 
entire,  toothed,  or  pinnate.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  in  terminal  or  axil- 
lary cymes,  or  axillary.  Calyx  of  mostly  4  or  5  minute  or  foliaceous 
sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  partly  united  petals,  often  irregular.  Androe- 
cium  of  4  or  5  stamens :  filaments  partly  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube.  Gynoe- 
cium  2-5-carpellary.  Ovary  inferior.  Fruit  baccate,  drupaceous,  or 
capsular. 

Corolla  rotate  to  urceolate :  stigma  2-5-lobed,  sessile. 

Leaf -blades  pinnate  :  drupe  berry-like  with   3-5  nutlets.          1.  SAMBUCCS. 

Leaf-blades  simple :  drupe  with  1  nutlet.  2.  VIBDRXDM. 

Corolla  tubular  to  tubular-campanulate,  sometimes  with  a  2- 
lipped   limb  :   style   elongate. 

Flowers  axillary  :  herbs.  3.  TRIOSTEUM. 

Lancaster  County  Flora  18. 


274  CAPEIFOLIACEAE. 

Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal   clusters  or  open  cymes  : 

shrubs  or  vines. 
Fruit  baccate  :  seeds  few. 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so  ;  tube  short.  4.  SYMPHORICAKPOS. 

Corolla  irregular ;  limb  2-lipped ;  tube  elongate. 
Flowers  in   pairs  each   of  which   terminates   an 
axillary   peduncle,   accompanied  by   a  pair   of 
bracts  and  bractlets.  5.  NINTOOA. 

Flowers  in  whorls  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  the  bracts  and  usually  some  of  the 
upper  leaves  connate-perfoliate.  6.  LONICERA. 

Fruit  capsular :  seeds  numerous.  7.  DIERVILLA. 

1.  SAMBUCUS   [Tourn.]   L.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  pithy  stems.     Leaf- 
blades  pinnate.     Flowers   in   thyrsoid   or   flat-topped   cymes.      Sepals  minute. 
Anthers  oblong  or  oval.     Ovary  3-5-celled.     Drupes  with  3-5  nutlets.  —  Spr. 

—  ELDER. 

Cymes  compact,  rounded  :  fruits  red.  1.  S.  pubens. 

Cymes  flat-topped :  fruits  purple  to  black.  2.  8.  canadensis. 

1.  S.  pubens   Michx.     Shrub:    leaflets    5-7,    the   blades   lanceolate,    oblong   or 
oblanceolate,  or  nearly  oval,  5-15  cm.  long:   cymes  thyrsoid:   corolla  4-5  mm. 
wide :    drupes  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Susquehanna  valley  and  banks  of  the 
Octoraro  Creek.    On  shaded  hillsides.  —  EED-BERRIED  ELDER. 

2.  S.  canadensis  L.     Shrub  or  small  tree:  leaflets  5-11,  the  blades  oblong  to 
ovate  or  oval,  3-14  cm.  long,  serrate  with  incurved  teeth:   cymes  merely  con- 
vex: corolla  5-6  mm.  wide:  drupes  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Common,  in  waste 
places,  woods,  and  thickets.  —  COMMON-ELDER. 

2.  VIBURNUM  [Tourn.]  L.     Shrubs  or  trees,  the  stems  not  pithy.    Leaf- 
blades    simple.      Flowers    in    round-topped    cymes.      Sepals    minute.      Anthers 
oblong.     Ovary  1-celled.     Drupes  with  a  single  nutlet.  —  Spr.  and  early  sum. 

—  ARROW-WOOD. 

Leaf-blades  palmately  veined  or  lobed.  1.  V.  acerifolium. 

Leaf-blades  pinnately  veined. 
Cymes  manifestly  peduncled. 
Leaf-blades  coarsely  dentate. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaf-blades  glabrous  or  merely 

tufted  in  the  vein-axils.  2.  V.  dentatum. 

Lower   surface    of   the    leaf-blades    stellate-pubescent.  3.  V.  venosum. 
Leaf-blades  entire  or  irregularly  erose-crenulate. 

Peduncle  as  long  as  the  cyme  or  longer  :   leaf-blades 

shining  above.  4.  V.  nudum. 

Peduncle  shorter  than  the  cyme  :  leaf -blades  dull  above. 

5.  V.  cassinoides. 
Cymes  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Leaf-blades  prominently  acuminate,  serrate.  6.  V.  Lentago. 

Leaf-blades  obtuse  or  merely  acute,  serrulate.  7.  V.  prunifoUum. 

1.  V.  acerifolium  L.     Erect  shrub:   leaf -blades  prominently  3-lobed,  4-10  cm. 
long:  sepals  reniform,  about  0.5  mm.  long:  hypanthium  glabrous  or  nearly  so: 
corolla-lobes  mostly  reniform:    drupes  oval,  9-10  mm.  long,  black  or  purple- 
black.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets. 

2.  V.  dentatum  L.     Shrub:    leaf -blades  suborbicular,  oval,  or  ovate,  sharply 
dentate,  3-8>  cm.  long:    corolla-lobes  reniform:    filaments  much  exceeding  the 
corolla-lobes:    drupes  globose-ovoid,  5-6  mm.  long,  deep-blue  or  nearly  black. 

—  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets. 

3.  V.   venosum   Britton.      Shrub:    leaf -blades   thickish,    suborbicular,    broadly 
ovate,  or  elliptic,  crenate-dentate,  4-9  cm.  long,  dull:   corolla  5-8  mm.  wide: 
filaments  slightly  exceeding  the  corolla -lobes :    drupes  globose-ovoid,  6-7  mm. 
long,  deep-blue.  —  E.  S.     Occasional,  in  swamps.  —  Quartzite,  schists. 


CAPEIFOLIACEAE.  275 

4.  V.  nudum  L.     Shrub:  leaf -blades  thick,  oval,  ovate,  oblong,  broadly  lanceo- 
late, or  oblanceolate,  undulate  or  obscurely  toothed,  5-15  cm.  long,  shining: 
corolla  4.5-6   mm.  wide:    filaments  much   exceeding  the  corolla-lobes:    drupes 
oval  to  subglobose,  6-10  mm.  long,  deep-blue.  —  E.  S.     Occasional,  in  swamps. 
—  Schists.  —  WITHE-ROD. 

5.  V.  cassinoides  L.     Shrub  or  small  tree:  leaf -blades  thickish,  ovate-elliptic, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  undulate  or  crenate,  2.5-10  cm.  long:   corolla 
4-5  mm.  wide:    filaments  much  exceeding  the  corolla-lobes:    drupes  ovoid  or 
globose-ovoid,  6-9  mm.  long,  deep-blue  or  rarely  pink.  —  S.     Occasional,  about 
swamps.  —  Schists.  —  WITHE-ROD. 

6.  V.  Lentago  L.     Shrub  or  tree:  leaf -blades  ovate  to  obovate  or  rarely  sub- 
orbicular,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  4-10  cm.  long:    sepals  mostly  acute  or 
acutish:   corolla-lobes  ovate:   filaments  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla  or  nearly 
so :   drupes  oval,  10-12  mm.  long,  bluish-black.  —  S.     Occasional,  on  banks  of 
creeks.  —  Schists.  —  NANNYBERRY.     SHEEPBERRY.    WILD-RAISIN. 

7.  V.  pmnifolium   L.     Shrub   or   tree:    leaf -blades  thinnish,   oval  varying   to 
ovate  or  obovate,  or  rarely  suborbicular,  finely,  sometimes  obscurely,  serrulate, 
2.5-5  cm.  long:   sepals  obtuse:   corolla-lobes  suborbicular:   filaments  much  less 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla :  drupes  oblong,  sometimes  broadly  so,  7-9  mm. 
long,    bluish-black    under    the    bloom.  —  Common,    in    thickets    and    woods. — 
BLACK-HAW. 

3.  TRIOSTEUM  L.     Herbs  with  simple  stems.     Leaf -blades  entire,  some- 
times   connate-perfoliate.      Flowers    axillary.      Sepals    foliaceous.      Filaments 
adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  corolla-tube.    Anthers  linear.    Ovary  3-5-celled. 
Drupes  leathery   or   fleshy.  —  Sum.  —  HORSE-GENTIAN.     FEVERWORT. 

Leaf-blades  narrowed  to  the  sessile  or  slightly  connate-perfoliate  bases. 

Leaves  over  thrice  as  long  as  broad  :  corolla  yellowish.          1.  T.  angustifolium. 

Leaves  less  than  thrice  as  long  as  broad  :  corolla  dull-red.      2.  T.  aurantiacum. 
Leaf-blades  with  broadly  dilated  connate-perfoliate  bases.  3.  T.  perfoliatum. 

1.  T.  angustifolium  L.     Stem  hirsute  or  softly  hispid,  3-9  dm.  tall:  blades  of 
the  upper  leaves  usually  narrowly  elliptic,  varying  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceo- 
late, 3-15  cm.  long:   sepals  8-10  mm.  long:    corolla  12-15  mm.  long:    drupes 
about  10  mm.  long.  —  M.  S.     Occasional,  on  edges  of  thickets.  —  Limestones, 
schists. 

2.  T.  aurantiacum  Bicknell.     Similar  to  T.  angustifolium  in  habit:  blades  of 
the  upper   leaves   ovate-oblong   to    oblong-lanceolate,   15-25    cm.   long:    sepals 
12-20    mm.    long :    corolla    14-20'    mm.    long :    drupes    12-14    mm.    long.  —  S. 
Frequent,  on  rich  hillsides  along  the  Susquehanna.  —  Schists. 

3.  T.  perfoliatum   L.     Stems  softly   pubescent:    blades    of   the  upper   leaves 
ovate  to  broadly  oval,  10-25  cm.  long:    sepals  11-15  mm.  long:  corolla  12-15 
mm.   long :    drupes   8-12   mm.   long.  —  Bather   common,   in   rich  soil.  —  WILD- 
COFFEE.     TINKER  'S-WEED. 

4.  SYMPHORICARPOS    [Dill.]    Ludwig.      Shrubs    with   much   branched 
stems.     Leaf-blades  entire,  or  lobed  on  shoots.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes. 
Sepals   minute.     Filaments   adnate   to   the  top   of   the   corolla-tube.     Anthers 
oblong.     Ovary  4-celled.     Drupe  berry -like,  fleshy,  with  2  nutlets.  —  Sum.  — 
SNOW-BERRY. 

Style  glabrous :  drupes  white :  corolla  pale.  1.  8.  racemosus. 

Style  pubescent :  drupes  red  or  purple  :  corolla  dark.  2.  £.  Symphoricarpos. 

1.  S.  racemosus  Michx.  Shrub  1-2  m.  tall,  the  twigs  and  leaves  glabrous: 
leaf -blades  elliptic  or  suborbicular,  3-6  cm.  long:  flowers  short-pedicelled : 
corolla  white  or  pinkish,  6-7  mm.  long:  drupes  6-10  mm.  long.  —  E.  Bare,  in 
thickets. 


276  CAPEIFOLIACEAE. 

2.  S.  Symphoricarpos  (L.)  MacM.  Shrub  1-2  m.  tall,  the  twigs  and  leaves 
pubescent:  leaf -blades  ovate,  oval,  or  elliptic,  1-4  cm.  long,  or  rarely  larger: 
flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so:  corolla  greenish-red,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long:  drupes  3-4 
mm.  long.  —  S.  Occasional,  in  thickets.  Nat.  of  the  W.  —  CORAL-BEERY. 
INDIAN-CURRANT. 

5.  NINTOOA    Sweet.      Woody    vines.      Leaf-blades    entire.      Flowers    in 
pairs  terminating  axillary  peduncles,  accompanied  by  2  foliaceous  bracts  and  2 
small  bractlets,  the  hypanthia  distinct.     Sepals   slender  or  subulate.     Corolla 
relatively  long:  tube  not  gibbous:  limb  2-lipped.     Berries  distinct. 

1.  N.  japonica  (Thunb.)  Sweet.  Diffusely  creeping  or  climbing  vine:  leaf- 
blades  oblong,  ovate,  or  orbicular-ovate,  2-5  cm.  long:  corolla  white  or  pink, 
becoming  yellow;  tube  about  2  cm.  long:  stamens  and  style  exserted:  berries 
subglobose  or  oval,  4-6  mm.  long,  black.  —  Common,  on  roadsides  and  open 
banks,  and  in  waste  places.  Nat.  of  Japan.  —  Sum.  —  JAPANESE-HONEY- 
SUCKLE. 

6.  LONICEEA  L.     Woody  vines.     Leaf -blades  entire,  or  lobed  on  shoots. 
Flowers  in  sessile  axillary  clusters.     Hypanthium  short.     Sepals  minute.     Co- 
rolla mostly  2-lipped:  tube  more  or  less  gibbous  at  the  base.    Berries  clustered. 
—  Spr.  and  sum.  —  HONEYSUCKLE. 

Corolla  ringent,  with  a  prominently  2-lipped  limb  :  filaments  adnate  up  to  the  lower 
lip  :  stamens  and  style  long-exserted.  1.  L.  dioica. 

Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  with  an  almost  regular  limb  :  filaments 
not  adnate  up  to  the  base  of  the  upper  lobe :  stamens  and 
style  slightly  exserted.  2.  L.  sempervirens. 

1.  "L.  dioica  L.     A   diffuse   or  twining  vine,  the  twigs   glabrous:    leaf -blades 
oblong,  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  5-12  cm.  long:   corolla  yellowish-green,  tinged 
with  purple ;    tube   10-12   mm.   long.  - —  M.   Occasional,   on  rocky  banks  along 
the  Conestoga  Creek.  —  Limestones. 

2.  L.  sempervirens  Ait.     A  twining  vine,  the  twigs  glabrous:  leaf -blades  nar- 
row or  broad,  mostly  3-9  cm.  long:  corolla  scarlet  or  yellow,  3-4  cm.  long,  the 
lower  lip  slightly  narrower  than  the  lobes  of  the  upper  lip.  —  M.   S.     Occa- 
sional, on  banks  or  creeks.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  TRUMPET-HONEYSUCKLE. 

7.  DIEBVILLA    [Tourn.]    Mill.     Shrubs.     Leaves    with    mostly    toothed 
blades.      Flowers    in    dichotomous    cymes.      Hypanthium    elongate.      Sepals    5, 
narrow.     Corolla  unequally  5-lobed.     Capsule  elongate. 

1.  D.  Diervilla  (L.)  MacM.  Shrub  5-15  dm.  tall,  the  twigs  terete:  leaf- 
blades  oval  to  oblong-ovate,  3-15  cm.  long:  sepals  4-5  mm.  long:  capsules 
gradually  long-beaked.  —  N.  S.  Frequent,  in  rocky  woods.  —  Sandstones  and 
shales,  schists.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE. 

Order  VALERIANALES. 

Caulescent  or  rarely  aeaulescent,  succulent,  coarse  or  woody  plants. 
Leaves  opposite:  blades  entire,  toothed,  or  divided.  Flowers  mainly  per- 
fect. Calyx  of  partly  united  sepals,  pappus-like,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  of 
2-5  partly  united  petals.  Androecium  of  usually  fewer  stamens  than  there 
are  petals.  Gynoecium  1-3-carpellary.  Ovary  inferior,  2  of  the  carpels 
commonly  abortive.  Fruit  an  achene,  or  nut-like. 

Gynoecium  3-carpellary,  but  with  two  of  the  cavities  empty :  flowers  not  in  invo- 
lucrate  heads.  Fam.  1.  VALERIANACEAE. 

Gynoecium  1-carpellary :  flowers  in  dense  involucrate  heads.  Fam.  2.  MORINACEAE. 


VALEBIANACEAE.  277 

FAMILY  1.    VALERIANACEAE.    VALERIAN  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial,  caulescent,  succulent  herbs.  Leaves  opposite: 
blades  entire  or  pinnately  divided.  Flowers  in  variously  disposed  cymes. 
Calyx  of  3-5  sepals,  or  sometimes  pappus-like,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  of  3-5 
partially  united  petals :  tube  often  swollen  or  spurred.  Androecium  of  1-4 
stamens :  filaments  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube.  Gynoecium  3-carpellary  but 
only  1  carpel  fructiferous.  Ovary  inferior.  Fruit  a  kind  of  leathery  or 
crustaceous  nutlet. 

Sepals    becoming    bristle-like    or    awn-like :  fruit    1-celled :    tall    herbs    often    with 

divided   leaf-blades.  1.  VALBRIANA. 

Sepals  minute  or  wanting :  fruit  3-celled :  low  herbs  with  un- 
divided leaf-blades.  2.  VALERIANELLA. 

1.  VALERIAN  A    [Tourn.]    L.     Perennial   heavy-scented   herbs   or   vines. 
Leaf -blades  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid.     Flowers  perfect,  in  compact  cymes. 
Calyx   with   an   inrolled   limb   which   ultimately   expands    and    develops    5-15 
plumose   bristles.      Corolla  funnelform   or   salverform.     Stamens  3    or  fewer. 
Fruit  1-celled,  the  2  abortive  carpels  appearing  as  4  ridges. 

1.  V.  pauciflora  Michx.  Plants  1  m.  tall  or  less:  blades  of  the  basal  leaves 
ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  mostly  toothed:  bracts  4-8  mm.  long:  inflorescence 
congested:  corolla  pale-pink;  lobes  less  than  £  as  long  as  the  tube:  fruit 
oblong,  5-6  mm.  long.  —  M.  S.  Bather  rare,  in  rich  woods.  —  Limestones, 
schists.  —  Late  spr.  —  VALERIAN. 

2.  VALERIANELLA    [Tourn.]    Mill.     Annual,    vernal,    succulent   herbs, 
the    stems    dichotomous.      Leaf-blades    entire,    toothed,    lobed,    or    pinnatifid. 
Flowers  perfect,  in  clustered  or  corymbose  cymes.     Calyx  shallowly  lobed  or 
obsolete.     Corolla  funnelform.     Stamens  3.     Fruit  with  the  abortive  carpels 
more  or  less  elongate.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —   CORN-SALAD.     LAMB  'S-LETTUCE. 

Corolla  blue  or  purplish  :  fruits  about  twice  as  broad  as  thick :  species  introduced. 

1.  V.  Locusta. 

Corolla  white  :  fruits  about  as  broad  as  thick  :  species  native. 
Fruits  with  the  fertile  portion  fully  as  wide  as  the  sterile 

portion.  2.  V.  radiata. 

Fruits  with  the  fertile  portion  much  smaller  and  narrower 

than  the  sterile  portion. 

Empty  cavities  dilated  and  divergent,  forming  a  saucer- 
shaped  body  notched  at  both  ends.  3.  V.  patellaria. 
Empty    cavities    contiguous,    with    an    oblong    depression 

between  them.  4."  V.  Woodsiana. 

1.  V.  Locusta   (L.)   Betcke.     Stems  1-4  dm.  tall:   blades  of  the  stem-leaves 
oblong-lanceolate :  corolla  2  mm.  long :  fruits  about  twice  as  long  as  thick.  — 
N.  M.     Common,  in  thickets,  meadows  and  waste  grounds.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  V.  radiata    (L.)   Dufr.     Stems   2-7   dm.  tall:   blades  of  the  upper  stem- 
leaves   oblanceolate    to    oblong   or    ovate :    fruits    obovoid-tetragonal.  —  M.    S. 
Common,  on  moist  banks  and  meadows.  —  Limestones,  schists. 

3.  V.  patellaria    (Sulliv.)    Krok.     Stems  1-4  dm.  tall:   blades  of  the  upper 
stem-leaves  similar  to  those  of  V.  radiata:  empty  carpels  of  the  fruits  with  a 
saucer-shaped  body  notched  at  each  end.  —  M.     Frequent,  in  meadows  and  low 
grounds.  —  Limestones. 

4.  V.  Woodsiana  (T.  &  G.)  Walp.     In  habit  and  leaves  resembling  V.  radiata: 
fruits  about  2  mm.  long,  with  the  fertile  portions  much  smaller  and  narrower 
than  the  sterile,  the  cavities  of  this  latter  contiguous,  with  an  oblong  depres- 
sion between  them.  —  Occasional,  in  low  grounds. 


278  MOEINACEAE. 

FAMILY  2.     MOEJNACEAE.     TEASEL   FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial,  often  prickly  herbs,  or  woody  plants.  Leaves 
opposite:  blades  entire,  toothed,  or  dissected.  Flowers  perfect,  each  sub- 
tended by  an  involucel,  commonly  crowded  on  a  receptacle  and  involucrate. 
Calyx  a  cup-like  border  or  of  several  bristles.  Corolla  of  2-5  partially 
united  petals,  sometimes  2-lipped.  Androecium  of  2-4  stamens:  filaments 
adnate  to  the  corolla-tube.  Gynoecium  1-carpellary.  Ovary  inferior. 
Fruit  an  achene  crowned  with  a  calyx. 

1.  DIPSACTTS  [Tourn.]  L.  Coarse  prickly  herbs.  Leaf -blades  often 
connate-perf  oliate.  Flower-heads  globular  or  elongate.  Involucral  bracts  rigid. 
Calyx  cup-like,  sometimes  4-lobed.  Corolla  tubular-funnelform.  Ovary  en- 
closed in  the  involucel.  Achenes  8-ribbed.  —  TEASEL. 

1.  D.  sylvestris  Huds.  Biennial,  1-2.5  m.  tall:  blades  of  the  stem-leaves 
lanceolate,  entire:  heads  ovoid,  5-6  cm.  long,  the  involucral  bracts  linear-lan- 
ceolate, rough:  calyx  fully  1  mm.  long:  corolla  11-13  mm.  long;  lobes  4,  lilac, 
broadly  ovate :  stamens  exserted :  achenes  about  5  mm.  long.  —  N.  M.  Bather 
common,  in  waste  places  and  fence  corners.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  WILD- 
TEASEL. 

Order  ARISTOLOCHIALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  mostly  cordate  or 
hastate.  Flowers  perfect,  often  conspicuous.  Hypanthium  mostly  adnate 
to  the  ovary.  Calyx  regular  or  very  irregular.  Corolla  wanting  or  rudi- 
mentary. Androecium  of  as  many  stamens  as  there  are  calyx-lobes  or 
more.  Gynoecium  of  usually  6  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

FAMILY  1.     ASARACEAE.     BIRTHWORT  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs,  shrubs,  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate :  blades  sometimes 
lobed,  generally  cordate.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  very  irregular. 
Calyx  usually  colored,  the  tube  often  bent  or  inflated.  Androecium  of  6- 
many  stamens.  Gynoecium  of  4-6  united  carpels.  Ovary  mostly  inferior. 
Fruit  capsular. 

Acaulescent  herbs  :   calyx  regular,   persistent :   capsules  fleshy.         1.  ASABDM. 
Caulescent  herbs  or  vines  :  calyx  irregular,  deciduous  :  capsules 

dry.  2.  AEISTOLOCHIA. 

1.  ASARUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Acaulescent  gingerous  herbs.  Leaves  in  pairs: 
blades  not  lustrous.  Flower-stalks  arising  between  the  petioles.  Hypanthium 
angled,  pubescent.  Sepals  deciduous.  Capsule  inferior.  Seeds  turgid.  —  Spr. 
— •  WILD-GINGER. 

Sepals  lanceolate-acuminate,  not  reflexed,  longer  than  the  hypanthium. 

1.  A.  canadense. 
Sepals  triangular,  merely  acute,  reflexed,  about  as  long  as  the 

hypanthium.  2.  A.  reflexum. 

1.  A.  canadense  L.     Leaf -blades  reniform,  6-15   cm.  wide,  the  sinus  closed: 
hypanthium  thinly  pubescent:  sepals  abruptly  acuminate,  the  tubular  portions 
curving  upward.  —  S.     Occasional,  on  rocky  hillsides  along  the  Octoraro  Creek, 
—  Schists. 

2.  A.    reflexum    Bicknell.     Leaf -blades    reniform,    6-14    cm.    wide,    the    sinus 
open:   flowers  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding   species:    sepals   8-10   mm. 
long,  early  reflexed,  obtuse  at  the  tip.  —  Common,  in  rich  woods. 


CUCUKBITACEAE.  279 

2.  AEISTOLOCHIA  [Tourn.]  L.  Caulescent  herbs,  shrubs,  or  vines. 
Leaves  with  narrow  or  broad  blades.  Flowers  irregular,  often  S-shaped  or 
resembling  a  ' '  dutch  pipe, ' '  the  calyx  usually  coralloid.  Hypanthium  often 
ribbed.  Ovary  inferior.  Styles  united  into  an  angled  column.  Capsules  pen- 
dulous.   BlRTHWORT. 

1.  A.  Serpentaria  L.  Plants  dark-green,  1-4  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong-lan- 
ceolate to  oval-lanceolate  or  rarely  lanceolate,  4-15  cm.  long:  flowers  about  1 
cm.  long:  hypanthium-  S-shaped,  inflated  at  both  ends:  calyx-limb  obtusely 
3-lobed :  capsule  about  10  mm.  in  diameter.  —  Common,  in  woods.  —  Spr.  — 
VIRGINIA-  SNAKEROOT. 

Order  C AMP ANUL ALES. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  mainly  alternate:  blades 
simple,  entire  or  divided.  Flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  or  dioecious, 
sometimes  irregular.  Hypanthium  well  developed.  Calyx  of  several  dis- 
tinct or  partly  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  several  distinct  or  partly  united 
petals.  Androecium  of  1-5  stamens.  Anthers  distinct  or  connate.  Gynoe- 
cium  of  1-several  united  carpels,  the  ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior. 
Fruit  capsular,  baccate,  or  drupaceous. 

Endosperm  wanting :  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious :  plants  mainly  vines. 

Fam.  1.  CUCDBBITACEAE. 
Endosperm  present :  flowers  perfect  or  mainly  so. 

Corolla  regular  :  anthers  separate.  Fam.  2.  CAMPANULACEAE. 

Corolla  split  on  one  side  and  otherwise  more  or  less 

irregular :  anthers  united  around  the  style.  Fam.  3.  LOBELIACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.     CUCURBITACEAE.     GOURD  FAMILY. 

Vines,  usually  tendril-bearing.  Leaves  alternate :  blades  palmately  or 
pedately  veined,  and  commonly  lobed.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 
Calyx  of  4  or  5,  or  rarely  6,  distinct  or  partly  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  4 
or  5,  or  rarely  6,  distinct  or  partly  united  petals,  sometimes  adherent  to 
the  calyx.  Androecium  of  3  stamens  (2  anthers  2-celled  and  1  anther  1- 
celled),  or  rarely  of  1,  2,  4,  or  5  stamens.  Filaments  sometimes  united. 
Anthers  straight  or  bent.  Gynoecium  1-several-carpellary.  Styles  united. 
Fruit  a  fleshy  or  partly  dry  berry  (pepo). 

Fruit  bladder-like,  dehiscent:  ovary  2-3-celled :  ovules  few,  erect  or  ascending. 

1.    MlCRAMPELIS. 

Fruit  not  bladder-like,  indehiscent :  ovary  1-celled :  ovules  solitary, 

pendulous.  2.  SICYOS. 

1.  MICBAMPELIS  Eaf.     Annual  or  perennial  vines.     Leaves  with  angu- 
late  or  lobed  blades.     Flowers  monoecious.     Corolla  rotate,   relatively  small. 
Pistillate  flowers  usually  solitary,  with  staminodia.     Ovary  echinate.     Stigmas 
lobed.     Berry  echinate,  fibrous  within,  the  rind  tough.     Seeds  not  filling  the 
cavities.  —  MOCK-APPLE. 

1.  M.  lobata  (Michx.)  Greene.  Stem  and  branches  tender:  leaf -blades  4-15 
cm.  long,  palmately  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  triangular-ovate  to  lanceolate:  sepals 
2-4  mm.  long:  corolla  rotate,  7-9  mm.  wide;  lobes  lanceolate:  berries  inflated, 
oblong  to  globose-oblong,  3-4.5  mm.  long,  bursting  at  the  apex.  —  Susque- 
hanna  valley.  Frequent,  in  thickets.  —  Sum.  —  WILD  BALSAM-APPLE. 

2.  SICYOS   L.     Annual   vines.     Leaves    with   angulate    or   lobed   blades. 
Flowers  monoecious.     Corolla  rotate,  relatively  small.     Pistillate  flowers  clus- 


280  CAMPANULACEAE. 

tered,  without  staminodia.  Ovary  bristly  or  prickly.  Berry  bristly.  Seeds 
filling  the  cavity. 

1.  S.  angulata  L.  Stems  and  branches  viscid-pubescent:  leaf -blades  6-15  cm. 
wide,  5-angled  or  5-lobed,  the  lobes  distinctly  toothed:  hypanthium  flattish: 
sepals  of  the  staminate  flowers  triangular,  3-5  mm.  long:  corolla  rotate,  white, 
striped  with  green,  10-12  mm.  wide:  berries  clustered,  ovoid,  1.5-2  cm.  long. 
—  Common,  in  waste  places  and  thickets.  —  Sum.  —  NIMBLE-KATE.  STAR- 
CUCUMBER. 

FAMILY  2.     CAMPANULACEAE.     BELLFLOWER   FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  woody  plants.  Leaves  alternate:  blades  entire,  toothed,  or 
lobed.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  sometimes  dimorphous.  Calyx  of  5 
sepals,  or  fewer  in  cleistogamous  flowers.  Corolla  of  5  partly  united 
petals.  Androecium  of  5  distinct  stamens.  Gynoecium  2-5-carpellary,  the 
ovary  more  or  less  inferior.  Fruit  capsular. 

Corolla  campanulate  or  funnelform  :   inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate. 

1.  CAMPANULA. 
Corolla  rotate  :  inflorescence  spicate. 

Style  declined :  flowers  complete  throughout.  2.  CAMPANULASTRUM. 

Style   straight :   flowers  various,  the  earlier  ones  cleis- 
togamous. 3.   SPECULARIA. 

1.  CAMPANULA  [Tourn.]  L.  Perennial  or  sometimes  annual  herbs. 
Leaf -blades  entire  to  lobed.  Flowers  perfect,  all  alike  and  complete.  Hypan- 
thium relatively  short  in  age.  Corolla  campanulate  to  funnelform.  Stamens 
included.  Capsules  opening  by  lateral  or  basal  perforations  or  valves. — 
BELLFLOWER. 

Corollas  over  12  mm.  long. 

Stem-leaves   with   linear   blades :   basal   leaves  with   orbicular   or   ovate-orbicular 

blades  :  sepals  subulate  :  capsules  of  a  turbinate  type.  1.  G.  rotundifolia. 

Stem-leaves  and  basal  leaves  with  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate 

blades  :  sepals  lanceolate  :  capsules  hemispheric.  2.  C.  rapunculoides. 

Corollas  less  than  10  mm.  long.  3.  C.  aparinoidcs. 

1.  C.  rotundifolia  L.     Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  nearly  1  m.  tall  or  less, 
diffuse:    basal  leaves   with   orbicular   or   ovate-orbicular,   often   toothed,   long- 
petioled  blades  cordate  at  the  base;  stem-leaves  linear,  entire:  sepals  subulate, 
longer  than  the  hypanthium:    corolla  blue  or  purplish-blue,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long; 
lobes  broadly  ovate  to  reniform:   capsules  turbinate  to  obovoid-turbinate,  5-6 
mm.  long :   seeds  1  mm.  long.  —  M.   S.     Occasional,  on  rocky   creek-banks.  — 
Limestones,  schists,  serpentine.  —  Spr.  —  BLUEBELL.     HAREBELL. 

2.  C.  rapunculoides  L.     Stem  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous,   1  m.  tall  or 
less,   commonly  simple:    leaf -blades   ovate,   ovate-lanceolate,   or   oblong-lanceo- 
late,   4-11    cm.    long,    serrate    or    crenate-serrate,    those    of   the    lower    leaves 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  and  long-petioled,  those  of  the  upper  ones 
narrowed  at  the  base  and  sessile  or  nearly  so:   sepals  lanceolate,  as  long  as 
the  hypanthium  or  longer:  corolla  blue,  2.5-3  cm.  long;  lobes  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube:    capsules  hemispheric,  5-7  mm.  long, 
ribbed :   seeds  fully  1  mm.  long.  —  S.     Occasional,  on  roadsides  and  in  fields. 
—  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  CREEPING-BELLFLOWER. 

3.  C.  aparinoides  Pursh.     Stems  2-6  dm.  long,  prickly  throughout:  leaf -blades 
1-3.5  cm.  long,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate:  sepals  ovate  to 
triangular-ovate,  1.5-2  mm.  long :  corolla  white  or  pink,  5-8  mm.  long :  capsules 
globose-obovoid :  seeds  about  0.5  mm.  long,  smooth.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and 
spring-runs.  —  Sum.  —  MARSH-BELLFLOWER. 


LOBELIACEAE.  281 

2.  CAMPANULASTRUM  Small.     Annual  or  biennial  herbs.    Leaf -blades 
toothed.     Flowers  perfect  and  complete.     Hypanthium  elongate  in  age.     Co- 
rolla rotate.     Stamens  exserted.     Capsule  opening  by  subapical  valves.    Seeds 
flattish,  broad,  margined. 

1.  C.  americanum  (L.)  Small.  Plants  2-20  dm.  tall,  often  widely  branched: 
blades  of '  the  upper  leaves  usually  lanceolate,  5-12  cm.  long,  acuminate: 
sepals  linear- subulate,  6-10  mm.  long:  corolla  blue  or  white;  lobes  10-13  cm. 
long:  capsules  turbinate-clavate,  8-10  mm.  long:  seeds  oval,  about  1.5  mm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  open  woods.  —  Sum. 

3.  SPECTJLARIA  [Heist.]  Fabr.    Annual  or  biennial  herbs.    Leaf -blades 
toothed.     Flowers  dimorphous,  the  earlier  ones  with  3  or  4  sepals  and  unde- 
veloped corollas,  the  later  ones  with  5  sepals  and  rotate  corollas.     Capsules 
prismatic.  —  VENUS  's  LOOKING-GLASS. 

Sepals  of  the  showy  flowers  lanceolate:  capsule  short,  broad.  1.  S.  perfoliata. 
Sepals  of  the  showy  flowers  linear  :  capsule  elongate,  narrow.  2.  8.  Speculum. 

1.  S.  perfoliata  (L.)  A.  DC.     Stems  1-5  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  suborbicular  to 
triangular-ovate:   corolla  blue,  10-15  mm.  wide:   capsules  oblong-prismatic  or 
obconic,  5-6  mm.  long:   seeds  oval,  about  0.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields 
and  waste  places.  —  Sum. 

2.  S.    Speculum    (L.)    A.   DC.     Stems    1-4   dm.    tall,   glabrous    or    sparingly 
pubescent  above:    leaf -blades   obovate,   oblanceolate,   oblong,   or   ovate-oblong, 
1-3  cm.  long,  undulate-crisped,  sessile:   calyx  of  the  petaliferous  flowers  with 
5  narrowly  linear  sepals  which  are  shorter  than  the  hypanthium:  corolla  blue, 
about   2  cm.  wide:    capsules  slender-fusiform,   1-1.5   cm.  long:    seeds  oblong, 
fully  1  mm.  long.  —  S.     Eare,  in  fields  near  Wakefield.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum. 

FAMILY  3.    LOBELIACEAE.    LOBELIA  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  trees,  the  sap  often  milky.  Leaves  alternate :  blades 
entire,  toothed,  or  parted.  Flowers  perfect,  or  rarely  dioecious,  irregular 
Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped,  the  tube  open  on  one  side. 
Androecium  of  5  stamens,  the  filaments  sometimes  cohering.  Gynoeciura 
mostly  2-carpellary,  the  ovary  more  or  less  inferior.  Fruit  capsular  or 
baccate. 

1.  LOBELIA  [Plum.]  L.  Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaf -blades  entire 
or  toothed.  Flowers  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles.  Hypanthium  mostly 
ribbed.  Sepals  entire  or  often  glandular-toothed,  sometimes  with  basal  ap- 
pendages. Corolla  variously  colored  or  white:  upper  lip  2-lobed:  lower  lip  3- 
lobed.  Anthers  in  a  ring  around  the  style,  2  often  smaller  than  the  others. 
Ovary  2-celled.  Capsule  2-valved. 

Corolla  red ;  tube  over  2  cm.  long :  style  and  androecium  over  3  cm.  long. 

1.  L.  cardinal  is. 
Corolla  blue  or  rarely  white ;  tube  less  than  2  cm.  long :  style  and  androecium  less 

than  3  cm.  long. 
Corolla,  exclusive  of  the  lower  lip,  over  10  mm.  long. 

Anthers    glabrous    at    the    tip :    calyx-appendages    long, 

acute.  2.  L.  sypJiilitica. 

Anthers    bearded    at    the    tip :    calyx-appendages    short, 

rounded.  3.  L.  puberula. 

Corolla,  exclusive  of  the  lower  lip,  less  than  10  mm.   long. 
Flowers  short-stalked  :  stem-leaves  with  relatively  broad 

blades. 

Capsule  partly  inferior,  2.5-3  mm.  long.  4.  L.  spicata. 

Capsule  wholly  inferior,  5-8  mm.  long.  5.  L.  inflata. 

Flowers     long-stalked :    stem-leaves    with    very    narrow 

blades.  6.  L.  Kalmii. 


282  AMBBOSIACEAE. 

1.  L.  cardinalis  L.     Stems  3-12  dm.  tall,  simple:  blades  of  the  lower  leaves 
oblong  to   oblong-spatulate,  serrate   or  dentate:    sepals  linear  to  linear-subu- 
late: corolla-lobes  on  either  side  of  the  cleft  linear-oblanceolate :  capsule  hemi- 
spheric,  short-beaked:    seeds   mostly   over    1   mm.   long.  —  Common,    in   moist 
places  and  on  creek-banks.  —  Late  sum.  —  CARDINAL-FLOWER. 

2.  L.  syphilitica  L.     Stems  2-6  dm.  tall,  sparingly  pubescent,  often  branched : 
leaf-blades   oblanceolate   to   elliptic   or   lanceolate,    2.5-20    cm.   long,    coarsely 
serrate   or    sinuate- dentate :    sepals   bristly    ciliate,    acuminate    from    a   broad 
base,  each  with  large  acute  basal  auricles:  corolla  light-blue,  or  rarely  white; 
tube  about  1.5  cm.  long;  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  narrow,  gradually  pointed: 
seeds  wrinkled.  —  Common,  in  meadows  and  along  streams.  —  Fall.  —  GREAT- 
LOBELIA. 

3.  L.   pubemla   Michx.     Stems   3-10    dm.   tall,   softly   pubescent:    leaf -blades 
oblanceolate   to   obovate,   oblong,   lanceolate,   or   ovate,    2-10   cm.   long,  finely 
toothed:   sepals  sometimes  bristly,  lanceolate,  7-9  mm.  long,  each  with  small 
rounded  basal  auricles:   corolla  bright-blue;  tube  about  1  cm.  long;   lobes  of 
the  lower  lip  broad,  abruptly  pointed:    seeds  tuberculate.  —  S.     Frequent,  in 
low  grounds  and  thickets.  —  Schists.  —  Fall. 

4.  L.  spicata  Lam.     Stems  1-12  dm.  tall,  pubescent,  at  least  near  the  base: 
leaf-blades   spatulate,  obovate,   or  suborbicular  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  ob- 
lanceolate to  lanceolate  above,  1-10  cm.  long,  crenate- dentate  or  nearly  entire: 
sepals  linear- subulate,  3-5  mm.  long,  not  auricled  at  the  base:    corolla  blue, 
6-9    mm.    long:    capsules    2.5-3    mm.    long.  —  Common,    in    moist    fields    and 
meadows.  —  Sum. 

5.  L.  inflata  L.     Stems  1-10  dm.  tall,  pubescent:  leaf -blades  obovate  to  oval 
or  ovate,  2-9  cm.  long,  crenate:  sepals  linear,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  entire:  corolla 
lilac,  6-8  mm.  long:   capsules  5-8  mm.  long,  inflated.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil 
and  thickets.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  INDIAN-TOBACCO. 

6.  L.  Kalmii  L.     Stems  1-5  dm.  tall,  glabrous:   basal  leaves  with  spatulate 
blades,   upper   cauline  leaves   narrowly  linear,    1-4   cm.   long,   entire:    flowers 
slender-pedicelled :    hypanthium    turbinate,    becoming    obovoid    and    5-6    mm. 
long:    sepals  subulate  or  lanceolate-subulate,  entire,  2.5-3  mm.  long:    corolla 
light-blue,    about    1    cm.    long :    capsules    6-7   mm.    long.  —  M.     Bare,   in   the 
Dillerville    swamp,   Lancaster.  —  Limestones.  —  Sum.  —  BROOK-LOBELIA. 

Order  CARDUALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  rarely  trees.  Leaves  mainly  alternate :  blades 
entire,  toothed,  or  divided.  Flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  or  dioecious,  few 
or  many  aggregated  on  a  receptacle  and  surrounded  with  an  involucre  or 
the  involucre  rarely  obsolete.  Calyx  1  or  2  rows  of  bristles  or  scales,  or  a 
mere  border  or  a  crown,  or  obsolete,  or  wanting.  Corolla  of  several  more 
or  less  united  petals  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  usually  5  stamens,  the 
anthers  converging  or  united.  Gynoecium  mostly  of  2  united  carpels. 
Ovary  inferior.  Styles  or  stigmas  mostly  2.  Fruit  an  achene. 

Flowers  with  tubular  corollas,  or  those  of  the  outer  ones  prolonged  into  ligules. 

Stamens  distinct,  the  anthers  merely  converging  about  the  stigma. 

Stamens  united  by  their  anthers,  thus  forming  a  tube         Fam.  1.  AMBROSIACEAE. 

around  the  stigma,  except  in  Kuhnia.  Fam.  2.  CARDUACEAE. 

Flowers  with  each  corolla  prolonged  into  a  ligule.  Fam.  3.  CICHOEIACEAE. 

FAMILY  1.    AMBROSIACEAE.    RAGWEED  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  woody  plants,  often  weedy.  Leaf- 
blades  entire,  lobed,  or  divided.  Flowers  in  inconspicuous  heads,  the  bracts 


CAEDUACEAE.  283 

of  the  pistillate  heads  distinct  or  sometimes  united  and  accrescent  into  a 
bur.  Fruit-producing  flowers  apetalous  or  with  much  reduced  corollas. 
Achenes  subtended  by  or  enclosed  in  an  involucre.  Pappus  wanting  or 
obsolete. 

Bracts  of  the  staminate  involucres  distinct :  pistillate  involucres  bur-like. 

1.  XANTHIDM. 
Bracts  of  the  staminate  involucres  united :  pistillate  involucres  not 

bur-like.  2.  AMBROSIA. 

1.  XANTHIUM    [Tourn.]    L.     Coarse,    sometimes    spiny    herbs.      Leaf- 
blades   toothed   or   lobed.     Mature   pistillate   involucre    copiously   and   evenly 
spiny.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  CLOTBUE.     BURWEED.     COCKLEBUR. 

Leaf -blades  much  longer  than  broad :   leaf-bases  accompanied  by  3-pronged  spines  : 
fruits  usually  1-beaked  or  beakless.  1.  X.  spinosum. 

Leaf -blades   as   broad   as   long   or   but   little   longer :    leaf -bases 

without  spines  :  fruits  usually  2-beaked.  2.  X.  americanum. 

1.  X.  spinosum  L.     Plants  spiny,  2-12  dm.  tall:  leaf -lobes  lanceolate,  mostly 
3-lobed,  white-  or  pale-pubescent  beneath:  fruits  10-13  mm.  long.  —  S.     Rare, 
in  waste  grounds.     Nat.  of  trop.  Am. 

2.  X.  americanum  Walt.     Plants  glabrate  or  finely  pubescent,  2-13  dm.  tall: 
leaf -blades  ovate  to  deltoid,  5-30  cm.  long,  rather  coarsely  toothed  and  more  or 
less  distinctly  lobed:  fruits  oblong,  15-20  mm.  long,  thickly  beset  with  slender 
hooked  spines.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and  on  roadsides. 

2.  AMBROSIA  [Tourn.]   L.     Weed-like  herbs,  ours  annual.     Leaf -blades 
toothed,  lobed,  or  divided.     Mature  pistillate  involucre  tuberculate  or   spiny 
near  the  top.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  RAGWEED. 

Leaves  opposite ;  blades  palmately  3-5-lobed  or  merely  toothed :  receptacle  naked. 

1.  A.  triflda. 

Leaves   alternate  and  opposite ;   blades   1-2-pinnatifid :    recep- 
tacle chaffy.  2.  A.  elatior. 

1.  A.  trifida  L.     Stems  hirsute  or  hispid,  8-15  dm.  tall:    leaf -blades  deeply 
3-5-lobed  or  sometimes  merely  toothed,  8-30  cm.  long:   pistillate  heads  clus- 
tered at  the  base  of  leaf -like  bracts:   fruits  turbinate  or  obovoid,  8-10  mm. 
long,  with  several  tubercles  at  the  base  of  the  beak.  —  Common,  on  roadsides 
and  in  moist  soil.  —  GREAT-RAGWEED.     HORSE-CANE. 

2.  A.  elatior  L.     Stems  hirsute,  3-18  dm.  tall  or  diffuse:   leaf -blades  mainly 
bipinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted,  3.5-12   cm.  long:    fruits  3-3.5  mm.  long. — 
Common,  in  fields  and  waste  places.  —  RAGWEED.     ROMAN-WORMWOOD.     HOG- 
WEED. 

FAMILY  2.     CARDUACEAE.     THISTLE  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Flowers  borne  in  heads,  the  mar- 
ginal ones  commonly  differing  from  the  central  ones  in  having  a  1-sided 
more  or  less  elongate  corolla-limb.  Pappus  usually  present,  often  con- 
spicuous. 

Stigmatic  lines  at  the  base  of  the  stigma  or  below  the  middle. 

Stigmas  filiform  or  subulate,  hispidulous.  Tribe        I.  VERXONIEAE. 

Stigmas  more  or  less  clavate,  papillose-puberulent.      Tribe       II.  EUPATORIEAE. 
Stigmatic  lines  extending  to  the  tip  of  the  stigma  or 

to  the  appendages. 
Anthers  without  elongate  appendages  at  the  tip. 

Anther-sacs  tailed  at  the  base.  Tribe     IV.  INULEAE. 

Anther-sacs  not  tailed  at  the  base. 
Receptacle  naked. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  well  imbricate. 


284 


CAEDUACEAE. 


Stigmas   of   the   perfect  flowers   with 

terminal  appendages. 
Stigmas    of   the   perfect   flowers   with 
truncate    or    hairy    or    papillose 
tips. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous. 
Bracts    of    the   involucre   dry    and 

scarious. 

Bracts   of   the   involucre   little   if   at   all 
imbricate,  except  when  the  broad  outer 
ones  overlap  the  inner. 
Receptacle  chaffy. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous,  some- 
times foliaceous. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  dry  and  scarious. 
Anthers   with    elongate,    cartilaginous,    mostly   con- 
nate appendages  at  the  tip. 

TRIBE  I.     VERNONIEAE. 


Tribe    III.  ASTEREAE. 

Tribe     VI.  HELENIEAE. 
Tribe   VII.  ANTHEMIDEAE. 

Tribe  VIII.  SENECIONEAE. 


Tribe       V.  HELIANTHEAE. 
Tribe    VII.  ANTHEMIDEAE. 


Tribe     IX.  CYNAREAE. 


Heads  not  glomerate  and  involucrate  :  pappus  double  :  corollas 

regular. 
Heads    glomerate    and    involucrate :    pappus    single :    corollas 

irregular. 

TRIBE  II.     ETJPATORIEAE. 

Achenes  3-5-angled,  ribless. 

Erect  herbs  :  involucral  bracts  more  than  4. 

Receptacle  flat :  corollas  white,  pink,  or  purple. 
Receptacle  conic  or  hemispheric  :  corollas  blue  or  violet. 
Climbing  vines :    involucral   bracts   4   or   fewer,   or   rarely 

more. 
Achenes  8-10-ribbed  or  8-10-striate. 

Heads  spicate  or  racemose:  corollas  pink  to  purple:  bracts 

of  the  involucre  smooth  or  faintly  striate. 
Heads  corymbose :   corollas  pale :   bracts  of  the  involucre 
striate-nerved. 

TRIBE  III.     ASTEREAE. 

Heads  with  perfect,  at  least  not  dioecious,  flowers  :  ray-flowers 

usually  present. 
Ray-flowers    with    yellow    corollas,     (white    in    Solidago 

Mcolor). 

Pappus,  at  least  that  of  the  disk-flowers,   double,  the 
outer    series    of   scales    or    short-bristles,    the    inner 
of  capillary  bristles. 
Pappus  wholly  of  capillary  bristles. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  broad,  longitudinally  ribbed. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  narrow,  not  ribbed. 

Receptacle    pubescent,    fimbrillate :     ray-flowers 
more  numerous  than  those  of  the  disk. 


1.  VERNONIA. 

2.  ELEPHANTOPDS. 


3.  EUPATORIUM. 

4.  CONOCLINIUM. 

5.  MlKANIA. 


6.  LACINIARIA. 

7.  KUHNIA. 


0. 


10. 


CHRYSOPSIS. 
OLIGONEURON. 


EUTHAMIA. 

SOLIDAGO. 


Receptacle    alveolate :    ray-flowers    fewer    than 

those  of  the  disk.  11. 

Ray-flowers    with    white   or    colored    corollas,    not    yellow. 

Pappus    a    mere    crown,    or    of    2-4    awns    and    short 

bristles.  12.  BOLTONIA. 

Pappus,    at   lea,st   in   the   disk,    of  numerous   capillary 

bristles. 

Pappus  mainly   of  a   single  series   of   bristles. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  3-many-series. 

Ray  with  few  flowers,  the  ligules  inconspicu- 
ous :  involucre  narrow ;  bracts  thick,  firm.  13.  SERICOCARPUS. 
Ray  with  usually  many  flowers,  the  ligules 
conspicuous :     involucre    turbinate,     hemi- 
spheric or  globose  ;  bracts  thin,  herbaceous. 

14.  ASTER. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  1  or  2  series. 

Heads      conspicuous :      ray-flowers     several- 
numerous  ;    ligules   longer   than  the  diam- 
eter of  the  disk.  15.  ERIGERON. 
Heads    inconspicuous :    ray-flowers    few ;    lig- 
ules shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk.  16.  LEPTILON. 
Pappus  manifestly  double,  the  bristles  of  the  inner 

series  longer  than  those  of  the  outer. 
Involucre    of    2-4    series    of    bracts :    ligules    of 
the  ray  white  or  nearly   so :    achenes   broad : 
leaf -blades  several-ribbed.  17.  DOELLINGERIA. 


CAEDUACEAE. 


285 


Involucre    of    5-6    series    of   bracts  :    ligules    of 
the  ray  violet,  or  rarely  white:  achenes  nar- 

leaf-blades 1-ribbed.  18 


IONACTIS. 
BACCHARIS. 


Heads  with  dioecious  flowers  :  ray-flowers  wanting.  19. 

TRIBE  IV.     INULEAE. 

Ray-flowers  wanting  :   disk-flowers  with  white  or  whitish  co- 

rollas :  heads  relatively  small. 

Receptacle  chaffy  :  involucre  of  few  bracts.  20.  GIFOLA. 

Receptacle  naked:  involucre  of  many  bracts. 
Plants  dioecious  or  polygamo-dioecious. 

Pappus-bristles  of  the  staminate  flowers  thickened 

above  :  plants  stoloniferous.  21.  ANTENNARIA. 

Pappus-bristles   not    thickened  :    plants   not   stolon- 

iferous. 22.  ANAPHALIS. 

Plants  not  dioecious  :  flowers  all  fruit-producing.  23.  GNAPHALIUM. 

Ray-flowers  present  ;  corollas  yellow  :  heads  relatively  large.    24.  INULA. 


TRIBE  V.     HELIANTHEAE. 

Disk-flowers  perfect,  but  not  fruit-producing. 

Achenes  short,  thick  or  turgid  :  pappus  wanting. 

Achenes  obcompressed,  3-ribbed.  25. 

Achenes  laterally  compressed,  closely  striate.  26. 

Achenes   markedly   flattened  :    pappus    present,    sometimes 

obsolete. 
Ray    conspicuous  ;    ligules    yellow,    spreading  :    heads 

mostly  showy. 
Ray-flowers  in  2  or  3  series  :  achenes  falling  away 

free.  27. 

Ray-flowers  in  1  series  :  achenes  adnate  to  2  or  3 

bractlets  and  falling  away  with  them.  28. 

Ray  inconspicuous  ;   ligules  white  or  whitish,  erect  or 

nearly  so  :  heads  not  showy.  29. 

Disk-flowers  fruit-producing. 

Corollas  of  the  ray  persistent  on  the  achenes.  30. 

Corollas  of  the  ray  deciduous,  or  wanting. 

Pappus  a  mere  crown  or  a  cup,  or  of  few  teeth,  awns, 

or  bristles. 

Achenes,  at  least  those  of  the  disk,  not  compressed  : 
bractlets  of  the  receptacle  mostly  concave  or 
clasping. 

Bractlets  of  the  receptacle  mere  chaffy  subulate 
awns  or  bristles  :  ray-flowers  with  white 
ligules.  31. 

Bractlets   of  the   receptacle  broad,   concave   or 

clasping. 

Receptacle  conic  to  columnar.  32. 

Receptacle  flat  or  convex. 

Achenes    not    much    flattened,    wingless, 

erect  :  leaves  not  decurrent. 
Achenes   flattened,  winged,  widely   spread- 

ing :  leaves  decurrent. 
Achenes  very  flat  :  bractlets  of  the  receptacle  flat 

or  at  least  not  clasping. 

Pappus  of  2  fimbriolate  awns,  scales  of  teeth,  or 
a  mere  border  or  obsolete. 


POLYMNIA. 
POLYMNIASTRUM. 


SILPHIDM. 
CHRYSOGONUM. 
PARTHENIDM. 
HELIOPSIS. 


33. 
34. 


VERBESINA. 
RDDBECKIA. 


HELIANTHUS. 
RIDAN. 


35.  COREOPSIS. 


Pappus    of    2-6    awns    or    teeth,    upwardly    or 

downwardly  barbed  or  hispid. 
Pappus  of  numerous  scales. 


36. 
37. 


BIDENS. 
GALINSOGA. 


TRIBE  VI.     HELENIEAE. 


A  single  genus  in  our  range. 


38.  HELENIDM. 


TRIBE  VII.     ANTHEMIDEAE. 
Receptacle  chaffy. 

Heads  small  :  involucre  not  flattened,  obovoid  to  campanu- 

late  :  achenes  flattened.  39.  ACHILLEA. 

Heads    large  :    involucre    depressed,    hemispheric  :    achenes 

terete  or  angled.  40.  ANTHEMIS. 

Receptacle  naked  or  sometimes  merely  pubescent. 

Ray-flowers  normally  present.  41.  CHRYSANTHEMUM. 

Ray-flowers  wanting.  42.  TANACETUM. 


286  CAKDUACEAE. 

TRIBE  VIII.     SENECIONEAE. 

Leaves  opposite,  sometimes  mainly  basal :  pappus-bristles  rigid.  43.  ARNICA. 
Leaves  alternate :  pappus-bristles  soft. 

Corollas  white  or  pink  :  ray-flowers  wanting. 

Heads   with    various   flowers,    the   marginal    pistillate, 

those  of  the  disk  perfect.  44.  ERECHTITBS. 

Heads  with  all  flowers  perfect. 

Involucre  of  about  5  main  bracts.  45.  MESADENIA. 

Involucre  of  12-15  main  bracts.  46.  SYNOSMA. 

Corollas  yellow  :  ray-flowers  usually  present.  47.  SENECIO. 

TRIBE  IX.     CYNAREAE. 

Achenes    inserted    on    the    receptacle    by    their    bases,    not 

oblique. 
Receptacle  not  honeycombed,  bristly. 

Achenes  pubescent,  without  a  rim  at  the  top.  48.  XERANTHEMUM. 

Achenes  glabrous,  with  a  rim  at  the  top. 

Bracts   of   the   involucre   with   hooked   tips :   leaves 

with  unarmed  blades,  not  bristly.  49.  ARCTIUM. 

Bracts   of  the  involucre  not   hooked  :   leaves  spine- 
armed  and  often  bristly. 

Pappus-bristles  plumose.  50.  CIRSIUM. 

Pappus-bristles  not  plumose.  51.  CARDUUS. 

Receptacle  deeply  honeycombed,  not  bristly.  52.  ONOPORDON. 

Achenes  obliquely  inserted  on  the  receptacle.  53.  CENTAUREA. 

1.  VERNONIA  Schreb.     Perennial   caulescent  herbs.     Leaves   alternate: 
blades  mostly  toothed,  often  narrow.     Heads  not  involucrate.     Corolla-lobes 
lanceolate.    Anther-appendages  lanceolate  to  oblong.    Pappus  double,  the  outer 
series  of  scales  or  stout  bristles,  the  inner  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. 

1.  V.  novefooracensis  (L.)  Willd.  Stems  1-3  m.  tall:  leaf -blades  linear- 
lanceolate  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  8-20  cm.  long,  finely  serrate  or  nearly  entire: 
involucres  hemispheric,  about  6  mm.  high;  bracts  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
with  filiform  tips  arising  abruptly  from  the  body,  which  in  the  inner  bracts 
about  equal  the  tip  in  length:  corolla  about  10  mm.  long:  achenes  4-4.5  mm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  low  grounds  and  thickets.  —  Sum.  —  IRON-WEED. 

2.  ELEPHANTOPTIS  [Vaill.]  L.     Perennial  scapose  or  caulescent  herbs. 
Leaves  alternate:  blades  shallowly  toothed.     Heads  involucrate.     Corolla-lobes 
linear-lanceolate.      Anther-appendages    deltoid    to    ovate.      Pappus    single,    of 
several  rigid  bristles  terminating  scale-like  bases. 

1.  E.  carolinianus  Willd.  Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  rather  hirsute:  leaf -blades 
oblong,  elliptic,  or  oval,  5-15  cm.  long,  crenate-serrate  or  repand:  inner  bracts 
of  the  involucre  8-10  mm.  long,  acute:  achenes  3.5-4  mm.  long.  —  Lower 
Susquehanna  valley  and  adjacent  parts.  Frequent,  in  thickets.  —  Schists.  — 
Sum.  — •  ELEPHANT  'S-FOOT. 

3.  EUPATORIUM    [Tourn.]    L.      Perennial    or   rarely    annual   herbs,    or 
shrubs.     Leaves   alternate    or    opposite:    blades   entire,    toothed,    or    dissected. 
Heads  borne  in  corymbs.     Involucres  campanulate  to  cylindric.     Corolla-lobes 
ovate  or  triangular.     Anther-appendages   ovate.     Achene  angled.     Pappus  of 
capillary  bristles.  —  Sum.  —  THOROUGHWORT. 

Leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  or  rarely  in  3's  in  1  or  2  narrow-leaved  species. 
Leaf-blades  manifestly  petioled. 

Leaf -blades  acuminate :  corollas  less  than  3.5  mm.  long. 

1.  E.  urticaefolium. 
Leaf-blades  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute :  corollas  over 

4  mm.  long.  2.  E.  aromaticum. 

Leaf-blades    sessile    or    essentially    so,    or    connate-per- 

foliate:  heads  less  than  9-flowered. 
Leaf-blades   neither    connate-perfoliate   nor    connate- 
clasping. 


CARDUACEAE.  287 

Base  of  the  leaf-blade  not  broader  than  the  rest 

of  the  blade  or  gradually  narrowed. 
Leaf-blades    linear,    entire    or    shallowly    and 

irregularly  toothed.  3.  E.  hyssopifolium. 

Leaf-blades  lanceolate,  oblong,  ovate,  or  oval, 

markedly  toothed.  4.  E.  Torreyanum. 

Base  of  the  leaf-blade  broadly  rounded,  cordate, 

truncate,  or  broadly  cuneate. 
Leaf-blades    crenate,    crenate-serrate    or    cre- 
nate-dentate :   involucral  bracts  narrow, 
acute,  acuminate  or  apiculate. 
Branches    of    the    inflorescence    alternate : 

leaf-blades  coarsely  few-toothed.  5.  E.  verbenae  folium. 

Branches    of    the    inflorescence    opposite : 
leaf-blades    more    finely    and    evenly 
toothed. 
Leaf-blades    about    as    broad    as    long, 

truncate   or  subcordate  at  the  base.      6.  E.  rotundifoUum. 
Leaf-blades     manifestly     longer     than 
broad,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at 
the  base.  7.  E.  pubescens. 

Leaf-blades  sharply  serrate  :  involucral  bracts 

broad,  obtuse.  8.  E.  sessilifolium. 

Leaf -blades  connate-perfoliate  :  heads  over  9-flowered.      9.  E.  perfoliatum. 
Leaves  whorled  in  3's  to  6's  ;  blades  relatively  broad. 

Leaf -blades  crenate,  the  teeth  somewhat  apiculate :  co- 
rollas about  5  mm.  long.  10.  E.  trifoUatum. 
Leaf-blades  serrate :  corollas  about  7  mm.  long.  11.  E.  purpureum. 

1.  E.  urticaefolium  Reichard.     Stems  4-12  dm.  tall,  puberulent  or  glabrate: 
leaf-blades  thin,  ovate  or  rarely  ovate-lanceolate,  4-12   cm.  long,  acuminate, 
coarsely  serrate:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  ciliolate  at  the  apex,  the  inner 
3-3.5  mm.  long:  corollas  3  mm.  long:  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments:  achenes 
2-2.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets.  —  WHITE- SNAKEROOT. 

2.  E.  aromaticum  L.     Stems  3-15  dm.  tall,  puberulent  or  minutely  pubescent: 
leaf-blades  thickish,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2-10  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute, 
crenate:    bracts    of   the   involucre   linear,   ciliate,   the   inner   4-4.5    mm.    long: 
corollas  4.5-5  cm.  long,  ciliate:    achenes  2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  M.   S.     Bare,  in 
thickets.  —  Quartette,  serpentine. 

3.  E.  hyssopifolium  L.     Stems   3-8   dm.  tall,  puberulent:    leaf -blades  linear, 
2-6  cm.  long,  sometimes  undulate:  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  to  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  eiliolate,  mostly  obtuse,  the  inner  5-5.5  mm.  long:    corollas 
3.5-4  mm.  long:   achenes  2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Occasional, 
in  thickets.  —  Schists. 

4.  E.  Torreyanum  Short.     Stems  4-12  dm.  tall,  finely  pubescent:   leaf -blades 
broadly  linear  to   oblong-lanceolate,   coarsely  serrate  to  laciniate:    bracts   of 
the  involucre  mainly  oblong  to  linear-oblong,  ciliate,  the  inner  5-5.5  mm.  long: 
corollas  3  mm.  long :  achenes  3  mm.  long.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     Rare, 
on  wooded  hillsides.  —  Schists. 

5.  E.  verbenaefolium   Michx.      Stems   6-12    dm.   tall,   finely   pubescent:    leaf- 
blades   ovate   to  lanceolate,   2-12   cm.   long,   serrate:    bracts   of  the  involucre 
abruptly  short-pointed,  the  inner  mostly  linear-oblong,  4-4.5  mm.  long :  achenes 
about  2  mm.  long.  —  M.  S.     Frequent,  in  moist  grounds  or  swamps.  —  Schists, 
quartzite. 

6.  E.  rotundifolium  L.     Stems  3-12   dm.  tall,  tomentulose:    leaf -blades  sub- 
orbicular  to  orbicular-ovate,  2-4  cm.  long,  crenate  or  crenate-dentate :    inter- 
mediate bracts  of  the  involucre  acuminate,  the   inner  ones  5.5-6  mm.   long: 
corollas  about  3  mm.  long:    achenes  fully  2   mm.  long.  —  S.     Occasional,  in 
swamps.  —  Schists. 

7.  E,  pubescens    Muhl.      Stems    3-15    dm.    tall,    canescent-tomentulose :    leaf- 
blades  ovate,  2-10  cm.  long,  serrate  or  incised-serrate :  intermediate  bracts  of 
the  involucre  abruptly  pointed,  the  inner  ones  5.5-6  mm.  long:  corollas  about 
3  mm.  long:  achenes  2-2.5  mm.  long.  —  S.     Common,  in  thickets.  —  Schists. 


288  CARDUACEAE. 

8.  E.  sessilifolium  L.     Stems  4-15  dm.  tall,  tomentulose  above:   leaf -blades 
lanceolate,   8-25    cm.   long,   crenate-serrate,   connate-perf oliate :    bracts   of   the 
involucre  obtuse,  the  inner  4.5-5  mm.  long:  corollas  3  mm.  long:  achenes  3-3.5 
mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  open  woods.  —  UPLAND-BONESET. 

9.  E.  perfoliatum  L.     Stems   3-12   dm.  tall,  tomentulose  above:    leaf -blades 
lanceolate,  8-25  cm.  long,  crenate-serrate,  connate-perf  oliate :   inner  bracts  of 
the  involucres  acuminate,  6-6.5  mm.  long:  corollas  4  mm.  long:  achenes  2  mm. 
long,  or  mostly  shorter.  —  Common,  in  meadows  and  thickets.  —  BONESET. 

10.  E.  trifoliatum  L.     Stems  8-21  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent, 
often  purple:  leaf -blades  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  15-20  cm.  long,  cre- 
nate:  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  puberulent,  the  inner  usually  not  ciliolate: 
corollas  about  5  mm.  long :  achenes  4-4.5  mm.  long.  —  S.     Frequent,  in  moist 
thickets  and  woods.  —  Schists. 

11.  E.  purpureum  L.     Stems  9-34  dm.  tall,   sometimes  sparingly  pubescent: 
leaf -blades  narrowly  oblong,  ovate-lanceolate,  oval,  or  ovate,   9-30   cm.  long, 
serrate:  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  inner  ciliate: 
corollas  about  7  mm.  long :  achenes  5.5-6  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  moist  soil 
or  meadows.  —  JOE-PYE  WEED. 

4.  CONOCLINIUM    DC.      Perennial    herbs.      Leaves    opposite:     blades 
toothed  or  parted.     Heads  in  open  or  compact  corymbs.     Involucres  campanu- 
late    or   hemispheric.      Corolla    narowly    funnelform:    lobes    deltoid    to    ovate. 
Androecium  mostly  included :  anther-appendages  ovate,  obtuse.    Achene  angled. 
Pappus  of  a  few  capillary  bristles. 

1.  C.  coelestinum  (L.)  DC.  Stems  2-9  dm.  tall,  appressed-pubescent :  leaf- 
blades  ovate  to  deltoid-ovate,  or  rarely  triangular-lanceolate,  3-12  cm.  long, 
crenate  or  serrate-crenate :  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-subulate,  2.5-3 
mm.  long:  corollas  barely  3  mm.  long:  achenes  barely  1.5  mm.  long.  —  M.  S. 
Common,  in  moist  places  and  thickets.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  Sum.  —  MIST- 
FLOWER. 

5.  MIKANIA    Willd.     Perennial    vines.     Leaves    opposite:    blades    of    a 
hastate  or  deltoid  type,  mostly  toothed.     Heads  in  corymbs.     Involucre  cylin- 
dric.     Corolla  with  a  campanulate  throat:  lobes  lanceolate  to  triangular-ovate. 
Androecium  exserted:   anther-appendages  ovate.     Achenes  angled.     Pappus  of 
many  capillary  bristles. 

1.  M.  scandens  (L.)  Willd.  Plants  finely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous:  leaf- 
blades  deltoid-ovate  to  hastate,  5-8  cm.  long,  undulate  or  angulately  lobed: 
bracts  of  the  involucre  5-5.5  mm.  long,  acuminate  or  abruptly  pointed:  corolla 
about  4  mm.  long :  achenes  2-2.5  mm.  long.  —  S.  Occasional,  in  thickets  and 
swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Sum.  —  CLIMBING  HEMP-VINE. 

6.  LACINIABIA  Hill.     Perennial,  typically  simple  herbs  with  thick  root- 
stocks.     Leaves  alternate,  often  numerous:   blades  narrow,  entire.     Heads  in 
spikes,   racemes,  panicles,  or  rarely  in  cymes.     Involucres  ovoid  to  cylindric 
or  turbinate.     Corolla-throat  narrow-funnelform,  much  longer  than  the  slightly 
narrower    tube:     lobes    lanceolate.     Anther-appendages     entire     or     notched. 
Achenes  short,  ribbed.     Pappus  of  many  barbellulate  or  plumose  bristles. — 

BUTTON-SNAKEROOT.      BLAZING-STAR. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  with  broad  appressed  tips  :  involucre  few-flowered. 

1.  L.  spicata. 
Bracts    of   the   involucre   with   narrow   spreading   tips :    involucre 

many-flowered.  2.  L.  squarrosa. 


CABDUACEAE.  289 

1.  L.  spicata  (L.)  Kuntze.     Stems  6-15  dm.  tall,  sometimes  sparingly  hirsute: 
blades  of  the  lower  leaves  linear:  intermediate  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong- 
ovate;  inner  bracts  8-9  mm.  long,  broadly  linear:  corollas  6.5-7.5  mm.  long; 
lobes  glabrous.  —  S.     Frequent,  in  low  grounds.  —  Schists,  serpentine.  —  Fall. 

2.  L.  squarrosa  (L.)  Hill.     Stems  1-4  din.  tall,  pubescent:  blades  of  the  lower 
leaves    linear:    inner    bracts    of    the    involucre    15-22    mm.    long,    acuminate: 
corollas  24-27  mm.  long;   lobes  pubescent  within.  —  S.     Eare  in  thickets. — 

Schists.  — •  Sum. 

7.  KUHNIA  L.     Perennial   pubescent   herbs.     Leaves   alternate:    blades 
narrow,    resinous-dotted.     Heads    in    open    or    compact    clusters.      Involucres 
narrow-cylindric.     Corolla  narrowly  funnelform,  the  tube  and  throat  scarcely 
distinguishable:    lobes    triangular    to    lanceolate.      Anther-appendages    ovate, 
obtuse.     Achenes  columnar,  striate.     Pappus  of  many  capillary  bristles. 

1.  K.  eupatorioides  L.  Stems  5-10  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  2-10  cm.  long,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  and  sessile  or  nearly  so:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre 
linear,  5-7  mm.  long:  corollas  about  6  mm.  long:  achenes  4-5  mm.  long. — 
M.  Common,  on  rocky  banks  of  the  Conestoga  near  Lancaster.  —  Limestones. 
—  Sum.  and  fall.  —  FALSE-BONESET. 

8.  CHRYSOPSIS  Nutt.     Biennial  or  perennial  pubescent  herbs.     Leaves 
alternate:    blades   narrow   or  broad,  mostly  entire.     Heads   solitary  or  in  a 
terminal   corymb.     Involucres   ovoid   to  turbinate,   the  bracts   narrow.     Ray- 
flowers   with    conspicuous   ligules.      Disk-corollas    with   a    narrow   funnelform 
throat.     Anther-appendages  lanceolate.     Stigmas  subulate.     Achenes  flattened. 
Pappus  double,  of  numerous  bristles. 

1.  C.  mariana  (L.)  Nutt.  Stems  cobwebby-villous,  1-6  dm.  tall:  blades  of 
the  cauline  leaves  spatulate  to  elliptic  or  oblong:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre 
narrowly  linear,  somewhat  acuminate,  8-9  mm.  long:  filaments  shorter  than  the 
anthers :  disk-corollas  8-9  mm.  long :  ligules  oblong,  6-9  mm.  long.  —  S. 
Bather  common,  in  dry  soil.  —  Schists.  —  Fall.  —  GOLDEN-ASTER. 

9.  OLIGONEUBON   Small.     Perennial  herbs,  pubescent  at  least  in  the 
inflorescence.      Leaves    alternate:    blades    entire    or    nearly    so.     Heads   in    a 
terminal    corymb.      Involucres    campanulate,    several-flowered:    bracts    broad, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  the  inner  much  longer  than  the  outer.     Bay-flowers  few: 
corollas  with  a  very  long  tube  and  a  yellow  ligule.    Disk-corollas  with  a  funnel- 
form  throat  and  a  shorter  tube:  lobes  lanceolate.     Filaments  nearly  as  long 
as  the  anthers  or  longer.     Stigmas  oblong  or  ovate-oblong.     Achenes  stout, 
ribbed.     Pappus  of  many  capillary  bristles. 

1.  O.  rigidum  (L.)  Small.  Stems  4-15  dm.  tall,  rough-pubescent:  leaf -blades 
thick,  those  of  the  upper  stem-leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  2-13  cm.  long,  closely 
pubescent,  shallowly  toothed  or  essentially  entire:  bracts  of  the  involucre 
pubescent,  the  outer  ovate:  disk-corollas  5.5-6.5  mm.  long:  achenes  12-15- 
ribbed.  —  W.  S.  Common,  in  dry  soil.  Nat.  of  w.  N.  A.  —  Fall. 

10.  ETJTHAMEA  Nutt.     Perennial  herbaceous  plants.     Leaves  alternate: 
blades  elongate,  herbaceous.     Heads  many,  in  corymbs.     Involucres  narrow, 
few-several-flowered:  bracts  various,  the  outer  ones  linear  or  nearly  so.    Bay- 
flowers  few:  corolla  with  a  slender  tube  and  a  very  small  ligule.    Disk-corollas 
with  a  funnelform  throat,  and  tube  of  about  equal  length:   lobes  lanceolate. 
Anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments  or  longer.     Stigmas  lanceolate.     Pappus  of 
capillary  bristles. 

Lancaster  County  Flora  19. 


290 


CAKDUACEAE. 


1.  E.  graminifolia  (L.)  Nutt.  Plants  13-14  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  linear, 
mainly  over  4  mm.  wide:  heads  in  dense  clusters:  involucres  campanulate,  the 
inner  bracts  3.5-4  mm.  long:  achenes  pubescent.  —  Common,  in  fields  and 
thickets.  —  Late  sum. 

11.  SOLIDAGO  L.  Perennial  caulescent  herbs.  Leaves  alternate:  blades 
various,  mostly  toothed.  Heads  relatively  small,  paniculate  or  thyrsoid.  Invo- 
lucres campanulate,  turbinate,  or  cylindric,  few-several-flowered.  Bracts  vari- 
ous, the  inner  narrow,  at  least  relatively  so,  and  much  longer  than  the  outer. 
Bay-flowers  few:  corollas  with  a  slender  tube  and  a  yellow  or  rarely  white 
ligule.  Disk-corollas  with  a  funnelform  or  campanulate  throat  and  a  tube 
nearly  or  quite  as  long:  lobes  lanceolate.  Anthers  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as 
the  filaments.  Stigmas  mostly  lanceolate.  Pappus  of  1  or  2  series  of  rough 
capillary  bristles.  —  GOLDENROD. 

Heads  in  axillary  short  or  raceme-like  clusters  subtended  by  leaf-like  bracts. 

Stem  and  branches  terete :  stem-leaves  with  relatively  narrow,  shallowly  toothed, 


blades. 
Stem  and  branches  angled  :  stem-leaves  with  relatively  broad, 

deeply  toothed,  blades. 

Heads  in  a  terminal  inconspicuously  bracted  panicle  or  thyrsus. 
Tips  of  the  involucral  bracts,  at  least  some  of  them,  spread- 
ing or  recurved. 
Tips  of  the  involucral  bracts  erect  or  appressed. 

Inflorescence  nearly  equilateral,  the  branches  erect  or  as- 
cending :  heads  not  secund  on  the  branches. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  decidedly  obtuse. 
Achenes  glabrous. 

Stems  copiously  pubescent. 

Achenes   columnar :   ray-flowers  with  white 

ligules. 
Achenes   dilated   upward :    ray-flowers   with 

yellow  ligules. 

Stems  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent. 
Achenes  pubescent. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  acute  or  acutish. 
Inflorescence  1-sided,  the  branches  spreading  or  recurved  : 

heads  secund. 
Leaf-blades  pinnately  veined,  not  3-ribbed. 

Internodes  of  the  stem  prominently  angled  below 

the  leaves. 

Internodes    of   the   stem   terete   or   essentially   so. 

Stem  manifestly  pubescent,  rarely  only  in  lines. 

Ray-flowers  3  or  4  :  leaves  glabrous  ;  blades 

entire,  narrow. 
Ray-flowers   6-9  :    leaves   pubescent ;    blades 

toothed,  broad. 

Stem  glabrous,  at  least  below  the  inflorescence. 
Branches  of  the  inflorescence  pubescent. 
Ray-flowers  mostly  6-8  :  involucre  cylin- 
dric, few-flowered :  achenes  pubescent. 
Ray-flowers  mostly  3-5  :   involucre  cam- 
panulate,.     many-flowered :       achenes 
glabrous. 

Branches  of  the  inflorescence  glabrous. 
Involucre  less  than  5  mm.  high. 
Involucre  over  5  mm.  high. 
Leaf-blades  manifestly  3-ribbed. 
Stem  glabrous. 
Stem  pubescent. 

Cauline    leaves    with    relatively    long    blades, 

acuminate  or  attenuate. 

Cauline  leaves  with  relatively  short  blades,  ob- 
tuse or  merely  acute. 


1.  8.  caesia. 

2.  8.  flexicaulis. 


3.  8.  squarrosa. 


4.  S.  Ucolor. 

5.  8.  hispida. 

6.  8.  speciosa. 

7.  8.  racemosa. 

8.  8.  puberula. 


9.  8.  patula. 


10.  8.  odora. 

11.  8.  rugosa. 


12.  8.  ulmifolia. 


13.  8.  arguta. 

14.  8.  juncea. 

15.  8.  neglecta. 

16.  8.  serotina. 


17.  8.  canadensis. 

18.  8.  nemoralis. 


1.  S.  caesia  L.  Stems  3-11  dm.  tall,  glabrous:  blades  of  the  upper  cauline 
leaves  spatulate  to  broadly  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  6-14  cm.  long,  serrate, 
glabrous:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  3-3.5  mm.  long. — 
Common,  in  woods  and  on  banks.  —  Fall. 


CAKDUACEAE.  291 

2.  S.    flexicaulis   L.     Similar   to    S.    caesia   in   habit:    blades   of    the   cauline 
leaves  elliptic,  sometimes  narrowly  so,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate,  pubes- 
cent about  the  veins  beneath,  except  sometimes  in  age:   inner  bracts  of  the 
involucre  linear-oblong,  4-4.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on  the  river  hills  and  along 
creeks.  —  Fall. 

3.  S.  squarrosa  L.     Stems  4-15  dm.  tall,  usually  somewhat  pubescent  above: 
blades  of  the  lower  cauline  leaves  oval  to  ovate,  coarsely  toothed  and  1-2  dm. 
long,  of  the  upper  smaller  and  shallowly  toothed  or  undulate:  inner  bracts  of 
the  involucre  oblong :  disk-corollas  with  lanceolate  lobes.  —  Frequent,  in  woods 
along  the  Octoraro  Creek.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

4.  S.  tricolor  L.    Stems  2-12  dm.  tall,  pale-hirsute:  blades  of  the  lower  cauline 
leaves  obovate,  oval,  elliptic  or  spatulate,  shallowly  crenate-serrate  and  1-2  dm. 
long,  of  the  upper  smaller  and  elliptic,  oblong,  or  oblanceolate :  inner  bracts  of 
the  involucre  oblong,  3.5-4  mm.  long,  obtuse:   disk-corollas  3.5-4  mm.  long. — 
Common,  in  woods  and  thickets — -Late  sum. 

5.  S.  hispida  Muhl.     Similar  to  S.  'bicolor  in  habit,  the  stems  often  densely 
hirsute:   inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  linear,  4-4.5  mm.  long:    disk- 
corollas  4.5-5  mm.  long.  —  N.     Frequent,  on  dry  hillsides.  —  Sandstones  and 
shales.  — •  Late  sum. 

6.  S.  speciosa  Nutt.    Stems  7-19  dm.  tall,  glabrous,  at  least  below:  blades  of 
the  lower  cauline  leaves  elliptic  to  oval  and  1-2  dm.  long,  of  the  upper  smaller 
and  mainly  elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  all  shallowly  toothed:  inner  bracts  of 
the  involucre  linear-spatulate,  5-6  mm.  long:  disk-corollas  3.5-4  mm.  long.  —  N. 
Occasional,  on  hillsides.  —  Sandstones  and  shales.  —  Fall. 

7.  S.  racemosa  Greene.     Stems  tufted,  1-4.5  dm.  tall,  glabrous:  blades  of  the 
cauline  leaves  spatulate  to  linear,  2-8.5  cm.  long  or  smaller  above,  acute  or 
acuminate,  shallowly  serrate  or  entire:   inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear- 
cuneate  to  nearly  linear,  4-5  mm.  long,  acute  or  acutish:  achenes  pubescent. 
—  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     Occasional,  on  rocky  islands.  —  Schists.  —  Fall. 

8.  S.  puberula  Nutt.     Stems  3-9   dm.  tall,  puberulent:   blades   of  the  lower 
cauline    leaves    spatulate    to    oblanceolate    and    appressed-serrate    or    crenate- 
serrate,  of  the  upper  oblanceolate  to  elliptic  or  linear-elliptic:  inner  bracts  of 
the  involucre   linear-lanceolate,   3.5-4  mm.   long,   acute:    achenes   glabrous. — 
N.  S.     Not  very  common,  in  dry  places.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. — 
Fall. 

9.  S.  patula  Muhl.    Stems  6-15  dm.  tall,  glabrous :  blades  of  the  lower  cauline 
leaves   spatulate   to   elliptic   or   oblong   and   serrate,   of   the   upper   oblong  to 
oblanceolate  or  elliptic,  all  scabrous  above:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear, 
4.5-5  mm.  long :  disk-corollas  about  4  mm.  long.  —  Frequent,  in  moist  grounds 
and  meadows.  —  Fall. 

10.  S.  odora  Ait.     Stems  5-13   dm.  tall,  minutely  pubescent:   blades  of  the 
lower  cauline  leaves  linear-spatulate  to  linear-oblong,  of  the  upper  lanceolate 
to  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  all  entire:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrowly 
linear-lanceolate,  glabrous,  4-5  mm.  long.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     Com- 
mon, in  thickets.  —  Schists.  —  Late  sum. 

11.  S.  rugosa  Mill.    Stems  3-22  dm.  tall,  pubescent :  blades  of  the  lower  cauline 
leaves   spatulate   to    oblong   or   elliptic,   of   the   upper   elliptic,   lanceolate,   or 
oblong-ovate,  all  sharply  toothed :  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear  or  oblong- 
linear,  4.5-5  mm.  long,  the  intermediate  ones  lanceolate.  —  Common,  on  dry 
banks  and  in  thickets.  —  Fall. 

12.  S.  ulmifolia  Muhl.     Stems  5-12  dm.  tall,  glabrous:   blades  of  the  lower 
cauline  leaves  spatulate,  elliptic  or  oblong,  of  the  upper  elliptic-lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  all  serrate:   inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  4-4.5  mm. 
long,  or  rarely  shorter.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  open  woods.  —  Fall. 


292  CAEDUACEAE. 

13.  S.  arguta  Ait.    Steins  3-12  dm.  tall,  glabrous :  blades  of  tlie  lower  cauline 
leaves  spatulate  to  oblong,  elliptic,  oval,  or  ovate,  of  the  upper  mainly  elliptic 
and  more  finely  serrate  than  those  of  the  lower  leaves :  inner  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear-spatulate,  4.5-5  mm.  long,  the  intermediate  ones  linear.  —  Com- 
mon, in  woods  and  on  banks.  —  Fall. 

14.  S.  juncea  Ait.    Stems  4-15  dm.  tall,  glabrous:  blades  of  the  lower  cauline 
leaves  spatulate  to  oblong  or  elliptic  and  shallowly  serrate,  of  the  upper  mainly 
elliptic  or  sometimes  linear-lanceolate,  or  nearly  linear  and  finely  serrate  or 
merely  undulate :  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  narowly  linear,  4-5  mm.  long.  — 
Common,  in  moist  soil  and  open  woods.  —  Sum. 

15.  S.  neglecta  T.  &.  G.    Stems  8-18  dm.  tall,  usually  glabrous  at  least  below: 
blades  of  the  lower  cauline  leaves  spatulate,  of  the  upper  elliptic  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  shallowly  toothed,  or  merely  undulate  above:   inner  bracts  of  the 
involucre    linear,   4-4.5   mm.    long,    obtuse,    ciliolate.  —  S.     Eare,    in    swamps. 

—  Schists.  —  Fall. 

16.  S.  serotina  Ait.    Stems  6-25  dm.  tall,  glabrous :  blades  of  the  lower  cauline 
leaves  oblanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong  or  elliptic,  of  the  upper  elliptic,  oblong, 
or    oblong-lanceolate    and    serrate:    inner    bracts    of    the    involucre    narrowly 
linear-lanceolate,  about  3.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  moist  places  and  thickets. 

—  Fall. 

17.  S.  canadensis  L.     Stems  6-25  dm.  tall,  pubescent:   blades  of  the  lower 
cauline  leaves  oblong  or  elliptic  or  broadened  upward,  of  the  upper  oblong- 
lanceolate  to  lanceolate  and  sharply  serrate  or  nearly  entire:   inner  bracts  of 
the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  3-3.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and 
thickets.  —  Fall. 

18.  S.  nemoralis  Ait.     Stems  1-9  dm.  tall,  pubescent:    blades  of  the  lower 
cauline  leaves  mainly  spatulate  and  appressed-serrate,  of  the  upper  oblanceo- 
late to  narrowly  elliptic  and  less  prominently  toothed  or  entire :  inner  bracts  of 
the  involucre  narrowly  linear,   3.5-4  mm.  long.  —  Common,   in  fields  and  on 
roadsides.  —  Fall. 

12.  BOLTONIA  L'Her.     Perennial  tall  herbs.     Leaves  alternate:  blades 
entire,  sessile  or  decurrent.    Heads  many,  widely  panicled.    Involucres  broadly 
campanulate    to    hemispheric,    many-flowered:    bracts    narrow    or    sometimes 
partly  dilated.     Eay-flowers  often  numerous:    corollas  with  a  short  tube  and 
narrow  ligules.     Disk-corollas  with  a  narrowly  funnelform  throat  and  short 
tube:  lobes  triangular.     Anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments  or  longer.     Achenes 
fattened,  broadest  above  the  middle,  the  margins  sometimes  winged.    Pappus  a 
series  of  short  scales  usually  accompanied  by  2-4  bristles. 

1.  B.  asteroides  (L.)  L'Her.  Plants  1-2  m.  tall:  blades  of  the  upper  leaves 
oblong  to  linear,  3-12  cm.  long:  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceo- 
late, 2-3  mm.  long,  the  inner  slightly  longer:  ligules  linear,  white  or  pale, 
5-6.5  mm.  long:  disk  6-12  mm.  wide:  corollas  about  2  mm.  long,  the  throat 
about  as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  Common,  on  low  islands 
and  sandy  or  gravelly  shores.  —  Sum. 

13.  SEBICOCARPUS  Nees.    Perennial  low  herbs.    Leaves  alternate :  blades 
entire  or  toothed.     Heads  in  corymbs.     Involucres  campanulate  to  cylindric, 
several-flowered:    bracts  broad,   or  the  inner   ones  sometimes   rather  narrow. 
Eay-flowers  several:   corollas  with  a  long  tube  and  a  narrow,  white  or  pink 
ligule.     Disk-corollas  with  a  narrowly  funnelform  throat  and  a  long  tube: 
lobes  lanceolate.     Anthers  slightly  longer  than  the  filaments  or  shorter:   ap- 


CARDUACEAE.  293 

pendages  lanceolate.     Achenes  flattened,  1-nerved.     Pappus  of  numerous  sca- 
brous bristles.  —  Sum.  —  WHITE-TOPPED  ASTER. 

Leaf-blades    entire,    those    of   the    cauline  leaves   narrow :    inner    involucral    bracts 
obtuse.  i.  s.  Unifolius. 

Leaf -blades  toothed,   those   of  the   cauline  leaves  broad :   inner 

involucral   bracts   acute.  2.  8.  asteroides. 

1.  S.  linifolius  (L.)  B.S.P.    Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  2-7  dm.  tall:  blades 
of  the  upper  leaves  linear,  2-6  cm.  long :  involucres  4-6  mm.  long ;  inner  bracts 
often  erose  at  the  green  tips:    disk-corollas  4-5  mm.  long:   ligules  5-6  mm. 
long:   pappus  whitish.  —  S.     Occasional,  on  dry  banks.  —  Schists. 

2.  S.  asteroides    (L)    B.S.P.     Stems  pubescent,  3-8   dm.  tall:   blades  of  the 
upper  leaves  ovate,  oblong-ovate,  or  lanceolate,  1.5-4  cm.  long:  involucres  6-9 
mm.  long;  inner  bracts  broadly  linear,  rough-edged  above:    disk-corollas  5-6 
mm.   long :    ligules  whitish,   6-8   mm.   long :    pappus  brownish.  —  Common,  in 
woods  and  thickets. 

14.  ASTER  [Tourn.]  L.  Perennial,  or  rarely  annual,  branching  caulescent 
herbs.  Leaves  alternate :  blades  narrow  or  broad,  entire  or  toothed,  those  of 
the  rootstock,  base  of  the  stem  and  upper  parts  of  the  plant  often  very  differ- 
ent. Radical  leaves  often  appear  from  rootstocks  remote  from  the  flowering 
plant.  Heads  radiate,  in  corymbs,  racemes  or  panicles,  or  rarely  solitary. 
Involucres  hemispheric,  campanulate,  cylindric,  or  turbinate:  bracts  in  several 
series,  with  erect,  spreading  or  recurved  tips.  Eay-flowers  pistillate,  with 
white,  pink,  purple,  blue,  or  violet  ligules.  Disk-flowers  perfect:  corollas 
yellow,  becoming  red,  brown,  or  purple:  lobes  5,  broad.  Achenes  slightly 
flattened,  nerved  or  ribbed.  Pappus  of  numerous  bristles  in  one,  or  rarely  two, 
series.  —  ASTER. 

Blades  of  the  basal  and  lower  cauline  leaves  relatively  broad,  of  an  ovate  or  cordate 
type,  and  with  long  petioles,  the  upper  cauline  essentially  similar,  but  shorter- 
petioled  or  even  sessile. 
Upper  cauline  leaves  various,  but  the  blades  not  cordate-clasping ;  petioles  of  the 

lower  leaves  not  dilated-clasping. 
Ray-corollas  with  white,  pink,  or  violet  ligules. 

Ligules  white  or  occasionally  pinkish,  usually  2-toothed :  pubescence  not 

glandular. 
Involucres  not  cylindric ;  bracts  broadly  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex : 

basal  leaves  few,  with  small  blades,  or  wanting. 
Blades  of  most  of  the  leaves  of  an  ovate-lanceolate  type ;  blades 

of  the  branch-leaves  mostly  short.  1.  A.  divaricatus. 

Blades  of  most  of  the  leaves  of  an  oblong- 
lanceolate   type ;   blades   of   the  branch- 
leaves  elongate.  2.  A.  tenebrosus. 
Involucres   cylindric ;   bracts   tapering   to  the 
blunt    apex :    basal    leaves    numerous,    with 
large  blades.                                                                3.  A.  Schreberi. 
Ligules     violet,     usually     3-toothed :     pubescence 

glandular.  4.  A.  macropliyllus. 

Ray-corollas  with  blue  or  purple  ligules.  5.  A.  cordifolius. 

Upper   cauline  leaves   with   clasping  blades   or   clasping 

dilated  petioles.  6.  A.  undulatus, 

Blades  of  the  basal  and  lower  cauline  leaves  relatively  nar- 
row,   and    with    more   or    less    contracted    petiole-like 
bases,  the  upper  cauline  with  sessile  or  clasping  blades. 
Blades  of  the  cauline  leaves  clasping  by  auriculate-cor- 

date  bases. 
Stem    and    branches   conspicuously   pubescent,    often 


rough-pubescent, 
luline  le! 


Cauline  leaves  with  entire  blades. 

Stem  and  branches  rough-pubescent :  involucres 

campanulate. 
Leaves      rough-pubescent :      stem      widely 

branched  above.  7.  A.  patens. 

Leaves     soft-pubescent :     stem     narrowly 

branched  above.  8.  A.  phlogifolius. 


294 


CAKDUACEAE. 


Stem  and  branches  hirsute  :  involucres  hemi- 
spheric. 
Cauline    leaves,    at    least    the    lower    ones,    with 

toothed  blades. 

Stem  and  branches  glabrous,  or  inconspicuously  pu- 
bescent above. 
Leaves  with  sharply  serrate  blades. 

Leaves  abruptly  contracted  into  broad  petiole- 
like  bases,  which  are  often  dilated  near  the 
stem. 

Leaves  tapering  to  the  base. 
Leaves  with  entire  blades,  or  sometimes  with  an 

occasional  sharp  tooth. 
Blades    of   the    cauline    leaves    with    merely    sessile    or 

essentially   sessile  blades. 
Ray-corollas    with    violet    ligules :    leaf-blades    short 

and  broad. 

Ray-corollas  with  white,   or  sometimes  pink  or  pur- 
plish, ligules. 

Flower-heads  scattered :  peduncles  elongate,  con- 
spicuously scaly. 
Flowers-heads  racemose  or  paniculate  :  peduncles 

not  copiously   scaly. 
Involucral  bracts  obtuse  :  stem,  branches,  and 

leaves,  rough-pubescent. 

Involucral  bracts  acute  or  merely  obtusish : 
stem,  branches,  and  leaves,  glabrous  or 
softly  pubescent. 

Flower-heads  in  secund  racemes  or  panicles. 
Blades  of  the  cauline  leaves  oblong  to 

lanceolate,  serrate  or  dentate. 
Blades  of  the  cauline  leaves  linear  to 
linear-lanceolate,       minutely       hack- 
toothed. 

Flower-heads  not   in   definitely   secund  ra- 
cemes or  panicles. 

Cauline  leaves  with  linear  entire  blades. 
Cauline    leaves    with    broader    toothed 

blades. 
Heads  less  than  16  mm.  across  the 

ligules. 
Heads     over     16     mm.     across     the 

ligules. 
Ligules  of  the  ray  mostly  white  : 

leaf-blades  thinnish. 
Ligules  of  the  ray  bluish-violet : 
leaf-blades  firm. 


9.  A.  Novae- Angliae. 

10.  A.  puniceus. 

10.  A.  puniceus. 

11.  A.  prenanthoides. 

12.  A.  laevis. 

13.  A.  Radula. 

14.  A.  dumosus. 

15.  A.  multiflorus. 


16.  A.  lateriflorus. 


17.  A.  vimineus. 


18.  A.  ericoides. 


19.  A.  Tradescanti. 


20.  A.  paniculatus. 

21.  A.  salicifolius. 
Stems  tufted,  4-6  dm.  tall,  assurgent,  flexuous,  terete, 


1.  A.  divaricatus  L. 

glabrate  at  maturity:  leaf -blades  thin,  smoothishj  slender-petioled,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, closely  and  saliently  dentate  with  sharp  teeth,  incurved-acuminate,  the 
basal  sinus  moderately  large,  broad  and  deep:  leaves  of  the  inflorescence 
typically  small,  sessile,  short,  ovate-acute  to  short-oval,  nearly  entire:  corymb 
broad,  flattish,  repeatedly  and  widely  forked,  the  slender  branches  long, 
divergent:  heads  18-25  mm.  broad:  young  involucre  short-cylindric ;  bracts 
broad,  ciliate,  the  rounded  or  subtruncate  tips  with  a  broad  green  spot:  ray- 
flowers  chiefly  6-9;  ligules  white,  or  rarely  roseate  or  slightly  crimson:  disk 
turning  reddish-brown  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  on  hillsides. 

2.  A.  tenebrosus  Burgess.     Stems  glabrate,  striate,  wide-branched:  leaf -blades 
large,  very  thin  and  smooth,  broadly  oblong  and  conspicuously  cut  with  coarse 
remote  acuminate  curvescent  teeth,  then  abruptly  long-acuminate  and  entire; 
most   leaves  with  a   broad   rounded   sinus  and   slender   petiole;    those   of   the 
inflorescence  prolonged,  lanceolate,  subentire  and  sessile:  inflorescence  broadly 
corymbose,  often  proliferously  branched:   outer  involucral  bracts  green,  acute, 
elongate-triangular,  the  others  linear,  obtusish:   rays  long,  usually  9-12:    disk 
pale-yellow,  turning  purplish-brown.  —  Eesembles  A.  divaricatus,  but  is  larger 
and  thinner  in  all  its  parts,  and  with  a  different  leaf -form.  —  N.    Occasional,  on 
wooded  hillsides.  —  Sandstones  and  shales. 

3.  A.  Schreberi  Nees.     Stems  7-11   dm.  tall,  often  purple-tinged,  with  elon- 
gate internodes:  radical  leaves,  usually  in  wide  colonies;  blades  reniform-ovate 


CARDUACEAE.  295 

to  triangular-ovate,  8-17  cm.  long,  with  a  somewhat  square  basal  sinus,  thin 
but  firm,  with  scattered  hairs  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  the  teeth 
rather  coarse,  sharp :  upper  stem-leaves  with  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate  blades 
and  short-winged  petioles,  or  the  uppermost  ones  sessile,  acuminate:  inflo- 
rescence glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  flattish  or  irregularly  convex:  heads 
about  1  cm.  high:  peduncles  rather  long  and  slender:  involucral  bracts  mostly 
obtuse,  green-tipped:  ray-flowers  about  10;  ligules  8-11  mm.  long,  white  or 
pink.  —  S.  Occasional,  in  thickets  along  the  Octoraro  Greek.  —  Schists.  — 
Sum. 

4.  A.  macrophyllus  L.     Stems  6-9  dm.  tall,  reddened,  angular:  radical  leaves 
developed  in  large  colonies,  usually  3  to  each  rootstock,  larger  and  coarser  than 
the  similarly  shaped  lower  cauline  leaves   (which  are  developed  a  subsequent 
year  from  the  same  rootstock) ;   blades  broad,  cordate  with  a  large  irregular 
sinus,  rough  above,  harsh,  thick,  the  teeth  broad,  curved,  somewhat  crenate: 
upper  stem-leaves  with  oblong  blades  and  short  broadly  winged  petioles,  those 
of  the  uppermost  sessile,  acute:   inflorescence  strigose  and  glandular,  broadly 
corymbose,  irregular:  heads  15-30  mm.  broad:  peduncles  short,  rigid,  thiekish: 
involucral  bracts  conspicuously  green-tipped,  the  outer  acute,  the  inner  oblong, 
obtuse:    ray-flowers   about    12-16;    ligules   10-14   mm.   long,   chiefly   lavender, 
sometimes  violet,  or  rarely  pale:  disk  turning  reddish-brown.  —  S.     Occasional, 
on  wooded  hillsides  and  in  thickets.  —  Schists. 

5.  A.    cordifolius    L.     Stems    3-15    dm.    tall,    glabrous    or    nearly    so,    much- 
branched  and  bushy:   leaf -blades  thin,  rough,  more  or  less  pubescent,  sharply 
serrate,  acuminate,  those  of  the  basal  and  lower  cauline  leaves  slender-petioled, 
broadly  ovate-cordate,  5-12  cm.  long,  those  of  the  upper  cauline  leaves  short- 
petioled  or  sessile,  ovate  or  lanceolate :  heads  very  numerous,  small,  12-18  mm. 
broad,  handsome:  involucre  turbinate  to  cylindric;  bracts  oblong-linear,  obtuse 
or  obtusish,  green-tipped,  appressed:  ray-flowers  10-20;  ligules  6-8  mm.  long, 
blue  or  violet,   sometimes  pale,  rarely  white:    pappus  whitish.  —  Common,  in 
woods  and  thickets. 

6.  A.  undulatus  L.     Stems  stiff,  3-10  dm.  tall,  closely  rough-pubescent,  divari- 
cately branched  above:    leaf -blades  usually  thick,  rough  on  both  sides  when 
dry,  pubescent  beneath,  dentate,  undulate  or  entire,  acute  or  acuminate,  those 
of  the  radical  leaves  small,  orbicular  to  ovate,  soft-downy;  the  lower  cauline 
leaves  ovate,  with  cordate  base,  5-12"  cm.  long,  the  naked  petioles  expanding 
into  a  clasping  base  at  least  in  some  leaves;   middle  cauline  leaves  similar, 
lanceolate  or  oblong;    upper  cauline  leaves  sessile  or   clasping,  chiefly  lance- 
oblong;  branch-leaves  subulate,  small  and  abruptly  reduced:  heads  numerous, 
racemose  and  somewhat  secund  on  the  spreading  branches,  16-20  mm.  broad: 
involucre  broadly  turbinate;  bracts  linear-oblong,,  slightly  pubescent,  acute  or 
acutish,  their  broad   green  tips   appressed:    ray-flowers  8-15;    ligules  usually 
pale-violet,  6-10  mm.  long :  pappus  whitish.  —  Common,  on  dry  banks  and  in 
woods. 

7.  A.  patens  Ait.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  slender,  rough,  divergently  branched: 
leaf -blades  sessile,  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  rough-pubescent,  thick  and  somewhat 
rigid,    strongly   auriculate-clasping   at   the   broad   base,   entire,   acute,   or   the 
lower  ones  obtuse,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  those  of  the  branches  much  smaller  and 
bract-like,  their  margins  rough-ciliate :  heads  25  mm.  broad  or  more,  solitary 
at   the   ends   of   the   branches:    involucre    campanulate;    bracts  linear-oblong, 
finely  pubescent  or  scabrous,  often  somewhat  glandular,  their  green  acute  tips 
spreading:    ray -flowers  20-30;    ligules  purplish-blue  or  deep-violet,  8-12  mm. 
long :  pappus  tawny.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil. 

8.  A.  phlogifolius  Muhl.     Similar  to  A.  patens  in  habit  but  when  well  devel- 
oped much  taller,  more  slender  and  soft:   leaves  larger;   blades  lanceolate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  thin  or  membranous,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  strongly 
auriculate-clasping   at    the   base,    roughish   above,    pubescent    beneath,   usually 


296  CAKDUACEAE. 

narrowed  below  the  middle,  sometimes  15  cm.  long:  heads  usually  numerous, 
3-5  cm.  broad,  panicled  or  somewhat  racemose  on  the  branches:  involucre 
campanulate;  bracts  lanceolate,  glabrate,  rather  loose,  with  herbaceous  tips: 
ray-flowers  numerous;  ligules  purple-blue.  —  Kesembles  A.  patens;  but  softer 
and  taller;  heads  larger;  inflorescence  narrow;  leaves  elongate.  —  S.  Occa- 
sional, in  thickets  and  open  woods.  —  Schists. 

9.  A.    Novae-Angliae   L.     Stems   stout,    6-25    dm.   tall,   hispid,    corymbosely 
branched  above,  very  leafy:  leaf -blades  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  pubes- 
cent, 5-12  cm.  long,  each  clasping  by  an  auriculate  base:  heads  numerous,  3-5 
cm.    broad,    clustered    at    the    ends    of    the    branches:    involucre    hemispheric; 
bracts    linear-subulate,    somewhat    unequal,    green,    spreading,    pubescent    and 
more  or  less  glandular-viscid:  ray-flowers  40-50;  ligules  linear,  10-16  mm.  long, 
violet-purple  (typically  a  royal-purple,  rarely  replaced  by  rose-color  or  white)  : 
pappus  becoming  reddish-white.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley  and  along  tribu- 
tary creeks.  —  Schists. 

10.  A.  puniceus   L.      Stems   9-25   dm.   tall,   usually   stout,   purplish,   broadly 
corymbose    or    racemose    above,   hispid   with   hairs    arising   from    a   reddened 
tubercular   base:    leaf -blades   lanceolate   to    oblong-lanceolate,    7-15    cm.    long, 
acuminate,  sessile  and  clasping  by  a  broad  or  narrowed  base,  sharply  serrate 
(or  some  upper  ones  entire),  usually  very  rough  above,  pubescent  on  the  midrib 
beneath:    heads   generally   numerous,   2-4   cm.   broad:    involucre   nearly   hemi- 
spheric;   bracts   linear   or   oblong,    attenuate,   in   about    2    series,   glabrous   or 
ciliate,  green,  loose,  spreading,  nearly  equal,  sometimes  broadened:   ray-flowers 
20-40;    ligules   light-violet    (sometimes    purplish    or   pale),    10-14    mm.    long, 
showy :  pappus  nearly  white.  —  Common,  in  swamps  and  along  streams. 

11.  A.  prenanthoides  Muhl.    Stems  3-6  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  pubescent  in  lines 
above,  flexuous,  much  branched:   leaf -blades  thin,   oblong  to   ovate-lanceolate, 
7-15  cm.  long,  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate,  scabrous  above,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  beneath,  acuminate,  abruptly  narrowed  below  into  a  broad-margined  entire 
petiole,  the  base  dilated  and  auriculate-clasping :   heads  usually  numerous,  25 
mm.  broad  or  more :  involucre  hemispheric ;  bracts  linear,  acute,  green,  spread- 
ing, in  3  or  4  series,  the  outer  shorter:  ray-flowers  20-30;  ligules  violet,  8-12 
mm.   long :    pappus   tawny :    achenes   pubescent.  —  Unlike    other    asters   in    its 
leaf-form,  characteristically  a  suborbicular  base  and  an  ovate-acuminate  end, 
connected  by  a  strap-like  middle.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley  and  along  tribu- 
tary creeks.  —  Schists. 

12.  A.  laevis  L.    Stems  6-12  dm.  tall,  usually  stout,  glabrous,  often  glaucous, 
branched  or  simple:  leaf -blades  thick  and  almost  leathery,  very  smooth,  entire 
or   with   an    occasional    sharp    tooth,    slightly   rough-margined,    the    upper    all 
sessile  and  strongly  cordate-clasping,  oblong-lanceolate,  oblanceolate  or  ovate, 
acute  or  obtusish,  2-10  cm.  long;  those  of  the  basal  and  lower  cauline  leaves 
gradually  narrowed  into  winged  petiolar  bases,  those   of  the  branches  often 
small  and  scale-like:   heads  usually  numerous,  about  25  mm.  broad:   involucre 
campanulate;   bracts  rigid,  acute,  appressed,  broadly  green-tipped,  in  several 
series:    ray-flowers    15-30;    ligules    blue    or    violet:    pappus    tawny:    achenes 
glabrous  or  nearly  so.  —  Eemarkable  among  asters  for  its  smooth,  cool,  polished 
surfaces.  —  Not  very  common,  in  damp  soil  and  thickets. 

13.  A.  Badula  Ait.     Stems  3-14  dm.  tall,  glabrous,  or  puberulent  above,  sim- 
ple or  sparingly  corymbose:   leaves  relatively  few;   blades  oblong,  varying  to 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  3-7  cm.  long,  rough  and  often  rugose  above,  finely 
pubescent  beneath,  serrate,  sessile:  heads  showy,  3.5-4.5  cm.  broad:   involucre 
hemispheric;    bracts  linear  or  somewhat   broader  and   dilated  near  the  apex, 
finely  pubescent,  the  tips  often  recurving  in  age:    ray-flowers  20-30;    ligules 
violet  or  rose-purple :   achenes  glabrous :   pappus  whitish.  —  S.     Occasional,  in 
swamps.  —  Schists. 


CAEDUACEAE.  297 

14.  A.  dumosus  L.    Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  paniculately 
much-branched:   leaf -blades  firm,  those  of  the  stem  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
2-7  cm.  long,  entire,  acute  or  obtusish,  roughly  margined,  often  reflexed,  those 
of  the  branches  very  numerous,  small  and  scale-like,  those  of  the  basal  leaves 
spatulate,  dentate:   heads  8-14  mm.  broad,  terminating  the  usually  divergent 
slender  branches  and  branchlets,  usually  numerous:  involucre  broadly  campanu- 
late;    bracts    linear-subulate,    appressed,    in    about    four    series,    obtuse,    with 
green  spatulate  tips  tapering  at  the  apex:    ray-flowers   15-30;   ligules  white 
(rarely  pale-pink  or  pale-violet),  4  mm.  long:  pappus  white:  achenes  minutely 
pubescent.  —  S.     Occasional,   on  rocky  banks   of   streams.  —  Schists. 

15.  A.  multiflorus  Ait.    Stems  3-20  dm.  tall,  strict,  much-branched  and  bushy, 
the  branches  ascending  or  spreading:   leaf -blades  rigid,  linear,  entire,  mostly 
obtuse,  sessile  or  slightly  clasping  at  the  base,  strigose  or  glabrate,  those  of 
the    cauline    leaves    1-2.5    cm.    long,    those    of   the    branches   very   small   and 
crowded:    heads    6-8    mm.   broad,    densely   crowded,   nearly   sessile:    involucre 
turbinate,  4-6  mm.  high;  bracts  coriaceous,  pubescent,  in  3  or  4  series,  their 
short   green  tips  obtuse   or  mucronate,  spreading:    ray-flowers  10-20;    ligules 
white,  3-4  mm.  long :   pappus  becoming  brownish-white.  —  Common,  in  thick- 
ets and  on  banks. 

16.  A.  lateriflorus    (L.)   Britton.     Stems  3-15  dm.  tall,  puberulent  or  nearly 
glabrous,  slender,  divergently  branched,  often  bushy:  basal  leaves  few;  blades 
ovate,   short-petioled;    cauline  leaves  numerous;    blades  broadly   lanceolate   or 
oblong-lanceolate,    5-12    cm.    long,    mostly    acuminate,    serrate,    those    of    the 
branches  smaller,  oblong  or  linear-oblong :  heads  6-10  mm.  broad,  racemosely 
unilateral   on  the  branches,  short-peduncled   or   sessile,  usually  numerous   and 
crowded:  involucre  turbinate;  bracts  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  in  about 
4  series,  their  short   green  tips  appressed  or  slightly  spreading:    ray-flowers 
numerous;    ligules  short,  whitish  or  pale-purple,   rounded   at  the   apex:    disk- 
flowers  purple:    pappus  white.  —  Lower   Susquehanna   valley.     Occasional,   on 
islands  and  shores. 

17.  A.  vimineus  Lam.     Stems  6-15  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  slender, 
divergently  branched:  cauline  leaves  linear-acuminate,  7-12  cm.  long,  regularly 
minutely    hack-serrate,    slightly    narrowed    at    the    sessile    base,    those    of    the 
branches    much    smaller:    heads   very    numerous,    6-1 0<   mm.    broad,    generally 
densely  racemose-secund,  short-peduncled:   involucre  broadly  turbinate;   bracts 
linear,  acute  or  acutish,  green-tipped,  appressed:  ray -flowers  numerous;  ligules 
about  4  mm.  long,  narrowly  linear,  white,   often   roseate  in  fading:    pappus 
white.  —  M.     Occasional,  in  moist  grassy  places.  —  Limestones. 

18.  A.  ericoides  L.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  paniculately 
branched,  usually  bushy,  the  branches  racemose,  and  the  branchlets  often  some- 
what secund:    leaf -blades  firm  or  rigid,  those  of  the  basal  leaves  spatulate, 
obtuse,  dentate,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  glabrous  or  ciliate,  those  of 
the  cauline  leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  entire,  2-7  cm.  long,  those  of  the 
branches  linear-subulate,  numerous:    heads  usually  very  numerous,  8-12  mm. 
broad:    involucre   campanulate  to  hemispheric;    bracts  coriaceous,  closely  ap- 
pressed, lanceolate   or  linear-lanceolate,   abruptly  acute  or  acuminate,   green- 
tipped,  in  about  3  series:  ray-flowers  15-25;  ligules  white  or  purplish- tinged : 
pappus  white.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  waste  places. 

19.  A.  Tradescanti  L.     Stems  6-15  dm.  taU,  slender,  paniculately  branched,  the 
branches    usually    ascending    and    often    pubescent    in    lines:    cauline    leaves 
numerous;    blades  linear-lanceolate   or  lanceolate,   7-15   cm.   long,  acuminate, 
narrowed  to  the  sessile  base,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  sides,  commonly 
thin,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle  with  low  teeth,  or  sometimes  entire:  heads 
very  numerous,  racemose  but  not  secund  on  the  branches,  10-16  mm.  broad: 
involucre  hemispheric  to  broadly  turbinate,  4-6  mm.  high;  bracts  linear,  acute, 
appressed,  green-tipped,  in  4  or  5  series:  ray-flowers  numerous;  ligules  white 


298  CARDUACEAE. 

or  nearly  so,  4-6  mm.  long :  pappus  white.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Occasional, 
on  islands  and  shores. 

20.  A,  paniculatus  Lam.     Stems  6-25  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  panicu- 
lately  much  branched:    leaf -blades  lanceolate  to   oblong-lanceolate,   7-15   cm. 
long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  or  slightly  clasping  base, 
glabrous,  thin,  roughish-margined,  those  of  the  cauline  leaves  sparingly  serrate 
in  the  middle,  or  sometimes  very  nearly  entire,  the  upper  and  those  of  the 
branches    gradually    smaller:    heads   numerous,    16-20    mm.    broad:    involucre 
nearly  hemispheric,  6-8  mm.  high;  bracts  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  appressed,   green-tipped,  in  4   or  5   series:    ray-flowers  numerous; 
ligules  white   (or  faintly  tinged  with  violet),  6-8  mm.  long:  pappus  white  or 
nearly  so.  —  Common,  in  moist  thickets  and  ditches. 

21.  A.   salicifolius  Lam.     Stems   6-15   dm.   tall,   rather   slender,   paniculately 
much  branched,  usually  very  leafy,  glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent  above: 
leaf -blades  somewhat  firm,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  rough- 
margined,  acute  or  acuminate,  narrowed  and  sessile  or  slightly  clasping  at  the 
base,  entire  or  sparingly  dentate  with  low  teeth,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  those 
of  the  lower  leaves  sometimes  with  petiole-like  bases,  those  of  the  branches 
gradually  smaller:  heads  numerous,  16-25  mm.  broad:  involucre  broadly  turbi- 
nate;  bracts  linear-oblong,  appressed,  in  4  or  5  series,  their  green  tips  acute 
or   obtusish:    ray-flowers   numerous;    ligules   violet,   or   violet-purple,   or   some- 
times white,  6-8  mm.  long:  pappus  white.  —  M.     Occasional,  in  waste  places 
and  on  roadsides.  —  Limestones. 

15.  EBIGERON"  L.  Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs. 
Leaves  alternate,  sometimes  mostly  basal:  blades  entire  or  toothed.  Heads 
solitary  or  numerous,  conspicuously  radiate.  Involucres  broad,  many-flowered: 
bracts  narrow,  the  inner  broader  than  the  outer  ones.  Bay-flowers  numer- 
ous: corollas  with  a  slender  tube  and  a  narrow  pink,  violet,  purple,  or  white 
ligule.  Disk-corollas  with  a  funnelform  throat  and  a  usually  shorter  tube: 
lobes  deltoid.  Anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments  or  longer.  Stigma  short. 
Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  bristles  or  bristles  and  scales.  —  FLEABANE. 

Plants  perennial  by  offsets  or  stolons  :  pappus  single. 

Ray-flowers  less  than  100 ;  ligules  rather  wide  :  inflorescence  simple. 

1.  E.  pulchellus. 
•     Ray-flowers   over  100 ;   ligules  very  narrow :   inflorescence 

compound.  2.  E.  philadelphicus. 

Plants  annual  or  biennial :  pappus  double. 

Larger  involucral  bracts  longer  than  the  ligules :  upper 
stem-leaves  with  sharply  toothed  blades :  ray-flowers 
with  pink  ligules.  3.  E.  annuus. 

Larger  involucral  bracts  shorter  than  the  ligules  :  upper 
stem-leaves  with  entire  blades  :  ray-flowers  with  white 
ligules.  4.  E.  ramosus. 

1.  E.  pulchellus  Michx.     Stems  1-5  dm.  tall,  villous  or  hirsute-villous :  blades 
of  the  basal  leaves  obovate,  spatulate  or  elliptic:    outer  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre finely  pubescent;   inner  bracts  acuminate,   5-5.5  mm.  long:    ray-flowers 
50-65;    ligules   violet   or  bluish-purple:    disk-corollas   4-4.5   mm.   long.     Com- 
mon, on  shaded  banks.  —  Spr.  —  ROBIN  'S-PLANTAIN. 

2.  E.  philadelphicus  L.     Stems  1-12  dm.  tall,  softly  hirsute:   blades  of  the 
basal  leaves  spatulate  to  oblong,  coarsely  toothed:    outer  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre minutely  hispidulous;  inner  bracts  acute,  2.5-3  mm.  long:  ray-flowers  100 
or  more ;    ligules  pink  or   rose-purple :    disk-corollas   1.5-2  mm.  long.  —  Com- 
mon, in  low  pastures.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

3.  E.  annuus  (L.)  Pers.     Stems  3-12  dm.  tall,  loosely  pubescent:  blades  of  the 
basal  leaves  oval,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed  or  incised:  bracts  of 


CAKDUACEAE.  299 

the  involucre  with  few  long  hairs:  ligules  of  the  ray  pink,  purplish  or  rarely 
white :  disk-corollas  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  larger  involucral  bracts.  — 
Common,  in  fields  and  thickets.  —  Sum.  —  DAISY-FLEABANE.  SWEET-SCABIOUS. 

4.  E.  ramosus  (Walt.)  B.S.P.  Stems  2-10  dm.  tall,  appressed-pubescent: 
blades  of  the  basal  leaves  spatulate  to  oblong,  shallowly  toothed:  bracts  of  the 
involucre  with  many  short  hairs:  ligules  of  the  ray  white  or  rarely  pale-pink: 
disk-corollas  over  half  the  length  of  the  larger  involucral  bracts.  —  Common, 
in  fields  and  on  roadsides.  —  Sum.  —  DAISY-FLEABANE. 

16.  LEPTILON  Eaf .     Annual  or  biennial  herbs.    Leaves  alternate :  blades 
narrow,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed.     Heads  several  or  numerous,  inconspicu- 
ously radiate  or  discoid.     Involucres  usually  campanulate   or  cylindric,  few- 
flowered:  bracts  very  narrow,  the  inner  much  longer  than  the  outer  ones.    Kay- 
flowers  few:    corollas  with  a  very  slender  tube  and  a  minute  ligule.     Disk- 
'Corollas  with  a  campanulate  or  a  cylindraceous  throat  and  a  long  tube:  lobes 
deltoid.     Pappus  of  many  brittle  capillary  bristles  in  1  series. 

1.  L.  canadense  (L.)  Britton.  Stems  3-20  dm.  tall,  paniculate  above,  gla- 
brate  or  sparingly  hirsute:  leaf -blades  spatulate  to  linear  or  nearly  so,  ciliate 
near  the  base:  longer  bracts  of  the  involucre  3-3.5  mm.  long:  disk-corollas 
'2.5-3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  waste  places.  —  Sum.  and  fall. — 
HORSE-WEED.  BUTTER-WEED. 

17.  DOELLINGERIA    Nees.      Perennial    relatively    tall    herbs.      Leaves 
alternate:    blades  relatively  broad,  veiny,   entire   or  nearly   so.     Heads   in  a 
terminal    corymb.      Involucres    campanulate    to    hemispheric,    several-many- 
flowered:   bracts  various,  the  inner  scarcely  wider  than  the  outer  but  much 
longer.     Kay-flowers  few  or  several:  corollas  with  a  long  tube  and  a  white  or 
cream-colored  ligule.    Disk-corollas  with  a  funnelform  throat  and  a  long  tube: 
lobes  lanceolate.    Pappus  of  2  distinct  series,  the  outer  series  of  short  bristles 
or  scales,  the  inner  of  elongate  capillary  bristles. — WHITE-TOPPPED  ASTER. 

Ligules  narrow,  less  than  2  mm.  wide :  achenes  thick,  ribless,  less  than  1  mm.  wide : 

involucre  of  rather  lax  slightly  overlapping  bracts 
Involucral  bracts  acute  or  acutish,  the  inner  linear,  ciliate 

at  the  tip.  1.  D.  umbellata. 

Involucral  bracts  obtuse,  the  inner  oblong,  ciliate.  2.  D.  humilis. 

"Ligules  broad,  over  3  mm.  wide  :  achenes  much  flattened,  ribbed, 

over  1  mm.  wide  :  involucre  of  firmer  much  overlapping  bracts.        3.  D.  infirma. 

1.  D.  umbellata  (Mill.)  Nees.     Stems  6-25  dm.  tall,  corymbose  above:  blades 
of  the  upper  leaves  membranous,  elliptic,  usually  narrowly  so,  or  linear-lan- 
ceolate, usually  acuminate:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  3-4  mm.  long:  pappus 
soft.  —  N.  S.     Common,  on  shaded  banks  and  in  thickets.  —  Late  sum. 

2.  D.  humilis   (Willd.)   Britton.     Similar  to  D.  umbellata  in  habit,  but  more 
stocky:  blades  of  the  upper  leaves  shorter,  firm,  elliptic,  ovate,  or  oval,  acute: 
inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  4-5  mm.  long:  pappus  soft.  —  S.     Occasional,  in 
swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Fall. 

3.  D.  infirma  (Michx.)  Greene.     Stems  4-12  dm.  tall,  often  widely  branched: 
blades  of  the  upper  leaves  elliptic  to  oval,  varying  to  broadest  above  or  below 
the   middle,    short-acuminate:    inner   bracts   of   the   involucre    3-4   mm.   long: 
disk-corollas   3-4  mm.   long:    pappus   rigid.  —  S.     Occasional,    on   dry  banks. 
Schists.  —  Late  sum. 

18.  IONACTIS  Greene.  Perennial  low  rigid  herbs.  Leaves  alternate: 
blades  narrow,  entire.  Heads  few  in  a  corymb  or  rarely  solitary,  conspicu- 
ously radiate.  Involucres  campanulate  to  turbinate,  many-flowered:  bracts 


300  CAKDUACEAE. 

narrow,  the  inner  ones  several  times  longer  than  the  outer.  Ray-flowers 
several,  with  bright-colored  elongate  ligules.  Disk-corollas  yellow,  with  a 
slender  tube  and  a  longer  funnelform  throat,  the  lobes  deltoid.  Pappus  of 
slender  bristles  in  2  indistinct  series,  the  outer  bristles  the  shorter. 

1.  I.  lineariifolia  (L.)  Greene.  Stems  tufted,  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  rough-pubescent: 
leaf -blades  linear-spatulate  to  linear,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  scabrous-margined:  inner 
bracts  of  the  involucre  narrowly  linear,  6-8  mm.  long:  ligules  bright-violet 
or  rarely  white,  8-15  mm.  long.  —  Bather  common,  in  dry  soil  or  on  rocky 
banks.  —  Fall. 

19.  BACCHAR1S  L.    Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs.    Leaves  alternate :  bladea 
leathery,  entire  or  toothed.     Heads  dioecious,  often  clustered,  discoid.     Invo- 
lucres ovoid  to   campanulate,  many-flowered:    bracts   of   the   staminate   invo- 
lucres  smaller   than   those   of  the  pistillate.     Corollas   various,   those   of  the 
staminate  with  a  funnelform  throat  and  a  long  tube:  lobes  lanceolate,  those  of 
the  pistillate  flowers  filiform.     Pappus  of  the  staminate  flowers  shorter  than 
that  of  the  pistillate. 

1.  B.  halimifolia  L.  Shrub  9-40  dm.  tall,  resinous:  leaf -blades  suborbicular 
to  oblong  or  linear-elliptic,  some  of  them,  at  least,  coarsely  toothed:  pistillate 
involucres  about  6  mm.  long;  inner  bracts  oblong-spatulate.  —  S.  Rare,  in 
swamps.  —  Serpentine.  —  Fall.  —  Not  recently  collected.  —  GROUNDSEL-TREE. 
GROUNDSEL-BUSH. 

20.  GIFOLA    Cass.      Annual    caulescent    herbs    resembling    Gnaphalium. 
Leaves  alternate:  blades  narrow,  entire.     Heads  discoid,  in  small  dense,  some- 
times   proliferous,    clusters.      Involucres    narrow,    sessile:    bracts    scarious,    in 
several  series.     Receptacle  subulate  to  conic,  chaffy.     Pistillate  flowers  margi- 
nal,  fruit-producing,   with  filiform   corollas   and   rudimentary   or   no   pappus. 
Perfect  flowers  central,  few,  with  tubular  corollas  and  hair-like  pappus.     An- 
thers sagittate  at  the  base.    Achenes  terete  or  slightly  flattened. 

1.  G.  germanica  (L.)  Dumort.  Plants  silvery-pubescent,  5-35  cm.  tall,  the 
stem  or  branches  usually  proliferous  above:  leaves  numerous,  erect;  blades 
lanceolate  to  linear,  1-2  cm.  long,  acute:  involucres  3-3.5  mm.  high;  bracts 
ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  cuspidate:  achenes  about 
0.8  mm.  long.  — Rare,  in  dry  soil.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  HERBA-IMPIA.  COT- 
TON-ROSE. 

21.  ANTENNABIA     Gaertn.       Perennial     woolly     stoloniferous     herbs. 
Leaves  alternate,  those  of  the  short  caudex  different  from  those  of  the  flower- 
ing  stem:    blades   entire.     Heads   in   a   terminal    cluster,    or   rarely   solitary. 
Involucres  turbinate  to  campanulate,  many-flowered:  bracts  with  petaloid  tips, 
those  of  the  staminate  involucres  larger  than  those  of  the  pistillate.     Flowers 
dioecious  or  polygamo-dioecious.     Pappus-bristles  united   at  the  base.  —  Spr. 
—  EVERLASTING.    LADIES  '-TOBACCO. 

Plants  with  prostrate  stolons  which  are  conspicuously  leafy  only  at  the  tips  :  blades 

of  the  basal  leaves  cuneate  to  cuneate-spatulate.  1.  A.  neglecta. 

Plants  with  assurgent  stolons  which  are  conspicuously  leafy 

throughout. 
Basal   leaves   relatively   small,   mainly   less   than   5   cm. 

long ;  blades  1-nerved,  spatulate  to  obovate.  2.  A.  neodoica. 

Basal   leaves  relatively  large,  mainly  over  5   cm.   long ; 

blades  3-5-nerved,  oblong  or  obovate.  3.  A.  plantaginifolia. 

1.  A.  neglecta  Greene.  Stolons  prostrate  at  the  tip,  scaly  except  at  the  tip: 
flowering  stems  4  dm.  tall  or  less :  blades  of  the  basal  leaves  cuneate  to  cuneate- 


CAEDUACEAE.  301 

spatulate,  2.5-4.5  cm.  long :  heads  capitate  or  ultimately  racemose :  outer  bracts 
of  the  pistillate  involucre  linear :  stigmas  crimson.  —  Common,  on  dry  banks 
and  in  fields. 

2.  A.  neodioica  Greene.     Stolons  ascending  at  the  tip,  copiously  leafy:  flower- 
ing stems  4  dm.  tall  or  less:  blades  of  the  basal  leaves  spatulate  to  obovate, 
1-3  cm.  long:  heads  corymbose:  outer  bracts  of  the  pistillate  involucre  oblong: 
stigmas  pale.  —  Common,   on   dry  banks. 

3.  A.  plantaginifolia  (L.)  Eichards.    Basal  leaves  3-5  cm.  long;  blades  oblong 
or  obovoate:  flowering  stems  15-50  cm.  tall,  or  shorter  on  the  staminate  plants: 
heads   corymbose:    outer  bracts  of  the   staminate  involucre   5-5.5   mm.   long, 
narrowed  above:  styles  crimson.  —  Common,  in  dry  soil  and  open  woods. 

22.  AUTAPHALIS  DC.     Perennial,  erect  herbs.    Leaves  alternate:  blades 
narrow,  entire.    Heads  in  a  terminal  corymb.    Involucres  broad,  turgid,  many- 
flowered:   bracts  pearly- white,  obtuse.     Flowers  dioecious,  the  staminate  with 
a  slender  or  filiform  corolla.     Pappus-bristles  of  the  fruit-producing  flowers 
distinct,  that  of  the  sterile  flowers  not  thickened  at  the  apex.  —  EVERLASTING. 

1.  A.  margaritacea  (L.)  Benth.  &  Hook.  Plants  woolly,  2-8.5  dm.  tall:  leaf- 
blades  linear  or  nearly  so,  5-15  cm.  long,  attenuate:  involucres  pearly  white; 
outer  bracts  oblong,  the  inner  spatulate:  staminate  corollas  3.5-4  mm.  long. 
—  N.  S.  Not  very  common,  in  dry  soil.  —  Quartzite,  schists.  —  Sum. 

23.  GNAPHALIUM   L.     Annual,   biennial,   or   perennial  herbs.     Leaves 
alternate:    blades  entire,   sometimes  decurrent.     Heads  in  open  or  glomerate 
cymes,    panicles,    or    corymbs.      Involucres    ovoid   to    cylindric,    several-many- 
flowered:  bracts  various,  the  inner  longer  and  usually  narrower  than  the  outer. 
Pistillate  flowers  marginal:  corollas  filiform.     Perfect  flowers  central:  corollas 
with  a  cylindric-funnelform  throat  and  a  slender  tube:  lobes  ovate  to  deltoid. 
Anthers    mostly   longer    than    the    filaments.      Pappus    a    series    of    capillary 
bristles.  —  Sum.  —  CUDWEED.     EVERLASTING. 

Pappus-bristles  distinct,  falling  away  separately. 

Plants  erect,  tall :  inflorescence  corymbose  or  paniculate :  achenes  glabrous. 

1.  G,  obtusifolium. 
Plants  diffuse,  low :  inflorescence  capitate :  achenes  puberu- 

lent.  2.  G.  uliginosum. 

Pappus-bristles    united    at    the    base,    falling    away    together : 

achenes  hispidulous.  3.  (?.  purpureum. 

1.  G.  obtusifolium  L.     Annual,  2-6  dm.  tall:   cauline  leaves  2-10  cm.  long; 
blades  oblong-linear  to  linear,  the  upper  surface  glabrous  or  glabrate:  heads 
corymbose-paniculate :  involucre  6-7  mm.  high ;  inner  bracts  glabrous.  —  Com- 
mon, in  fields  and  thickets. 

2.  G.  uliginosum  L.     Plants  0.5-3  dm.  tall,  lanate:  leaf -blades  spatulate  or 
oblanceolate  to  linear,  mostly  1-3  cm.  long,  entire:  heads  in  terminal  capitate 
clusters  which  are  subtended  by  leaf -like  woolly  bracts:  involucres  2-2.5  mm. 
high;  bracts  oblong-ovate  to  linear,  acute.  —  S.     Occasional,  in  dry  or  sandy 
soil.  —  Schists.  —  LOW-CUDWEED. 

3.  G.  purpureum  L.     Plants  white-woolly  or  silvery,  1-4  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades 
spatulate  to  linear,  2-8  cm.  long:   heads  in  sessile  axillary  clusters,  these  in 
virgate  panicles:   outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong.  —  Common,  in  sandy 
soil. 

24.  INULA  L.     Perennial,  often  large  herbs.     Leaves  alternate:  blades 
broad,  toothed.     Heads  in  open  panicles  or  corymbs,  usually   showy.     Invo- 
lucres hemispheric  or  campanulate,  many-flowered:  bracts  usually  narrow  and 


302  CAEDUACEAE. 

elongate.  Eay-flowers  often  numerous:  corollas  with  a  long  tube  and  a  narrow 
yellow  ligule.  Disk-corollas  with  a  cylindric-  f  unnelf  orm  throat  and  a  long  tube : 
lobes  lanceolate.  Anthers  longer  than  the  filaments.  Pappus  of  several  capil- 
lary scabrous  bristles. 

1.  I.  Helenium  L.  Plants  5-20  dm.  tall,  pubescent:  blades  of  the  cauline 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  mainly  9-20  cm.  long:  inner  bracts  of  the 
involucre  15-17  mm.  long:  ligules  of  the  ray  2-3  cm.  long:  achenes  4-5  mm. 
long.  —  Occasional,  on  roadsides  and  in  fence  rows.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  — 
ELECAMPANE. 

25.  POLYMNIA  L.     Perennial  widely  branched  herbs.     Leaves  opposite 
or  mainly  so:  blades  broad,  pinnately  veined.     Heads  inconspicuously  radiate. 
Involucre  small,  double,  the  outer  series  of  bracts  loose,  the  inner  ones  variously 
shaped.      Eay-flowers   inconspicuous,    the    corollas   with   pubescent    tubes   and 
white,  greenish,  or  pale-yellow,  wide  ligules.     Disk-flowers  with  long  abortive 
ovaries,  the  corollas  with  broadly  funnelform  throats  and  relatively  long,  ciliate 
lobes.     Stigma  stout,  thickened  under  the  tip.     Anther-body  broader  than  the 
appendage.     Achenes   slightly  obcompressed,  not  oblique,   3-ribbed.     Pappus 
wanting. 

1.  P.  canadensis  L.  Stems  5-15  dm.  tall:  leaves  1-2  dm.  long;  blades  oblong, 
oval,  or  ovate:  intermediate  bracts  of  the  involucre  short-acuminate:  ligules 
greenish  or  whitish,  inconspicuous,  or  obsolete:  achenes  about  3  mm.  long, 
obtuse-angled.  —  Susquehanna  valley.  Eare,  in  rich  soil.  —  Sum.  —  LEAF-CUP. 

26.  POLYMNIASTE.UM   Small.     Perennial   large   herbs.     Leaves   oppo- 
site :  blades  very  broad,  palmately  veined.    Heads  conspicuously  radiate.    Invo- 
lucre large,  the  outer  series  of  bracts  foliaceous,  the  inner  narrower.     Eay- 
flowers    conspicuous,    the    corollas   with   pubescent   tubes    and    yellow    narrow 
ligules.     Disk-flowers  with  short  abortive  ovaries,  the  corollas  with  cylindra- 
ceous  throats  and  short,   ciliate  lobes.     Stigma  slender,  not  thickened  under 
the   tip.     Anthers   shorter   than  the   filaments,   the   body   narrower   than   the 
appendage.     Achenes  somewhat  laterally  compressed,  oblique,  finely  striate. 

1.  P.  Uvedalia  (L.)  Small.  Stems  1-3  m.  tall:  leaves  1-5  dm.  long;  blades 
3-5-lobed  or  angled:  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  to  elliptic,  9-14  mm. 
long:  ray-flowers  with  yellow  ligules  15-20  mm.  long:  achenes  5-6  mm.  long. 
—  Susquehanna  valley,  and  along  tributary  streams.  Occasional,  in  shaded 
places.  —  Sum.  —  LEAF-CUP. 

27.  SILPHIUM  L.     Perennial,  usually  large,  caulescent  herbs,  often  resin- 
ous.    Leaves  alternate  or  opposite:   blades  entire,  toothed,  or  1-2-pinnately 
parted,   sometimes   connate-perfoliate.      Heads   radiate.     Involucres    campanu- 
late  or  hemispheric,  many-flowered:   bracts  broad,  in  few  series.     Eeceptacle 
flat  or  nearly  so,  with  numerous  bractlets  subtending  the  disk-flowers.     Eay- 
flowers  pistillate,  fruit-producing:  corollas  with  a  very  short  tube:  ligules  yel- 
low or  rarely  white.     Disk- corollas  with  a  very  short  tube,  a  long  throat  and 
broad  lobes.    Achenes  flat  and  broad,  2-winged.    Pappus  wanting  or  of  2  small 
awns  confluent  with  the  wings  of  the  achene. 

1.  S.  trifoliatum  L.  Plants  1-2  m.  tall,  the  stem  smooth  and  glabrous:  leaves 
mostly  whorled  in  3's;  blades  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  8-11  cm.  long, 
remotely  serrate  or  nearly  entire:  heads  often  numerous:  involucres  campanu- 
late ;  bracts  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate  and  oblong,  the  inner  ones  obtuse :  ligules 


CARDUACEAE.  303 

yellow,  2-2.5  cm.  long:  achenes  obovate  or  oblong- obovate,  8-10  mm.  long, 
narrowly  winged.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.  Eare,  in  sandy  soil.  — 
Schists.  —  Sum.  —  ROSIN-WEED. 

28.  CHRYSOGONTJM  L.     Perennial  depressed  small  herbs.    Leaves  oppo- 
site:  blades  toothed.     Heads   erect.     Involucre  hemispheric:    bracts   distinct, 
the  outer  foliaceous.     Ligules  of  the  ray- corollas  yellow.     Disk-flowers  with 
short  abortive  ovaries  and  corollas  with  a  very  short  tube  and  funnelform 
throat.     Filaments  less  than  half  as  long  as  the   anthers.     Style  glabrous. 
Achenes  wingless.    Pappus  a  half  cup-shaped  crown. 

1.  C.  virginianum  L.  Stems  hirsute:  leaf -blades  oblong,  ovate  or  oval,  2-5 
cm.  long,  long-petioled :  involucre  hirsute;  outer  bracts  7-10  mm.  long:  ligules 
of  the  ray  mostly  9-11  mm.  long:  achenes  4-4.5  mm.  long.  —  S.  Rare,  on 

hillsides  along  the  Octoraro  Creek.  —  Schists.  —  Spr.  and  sum. 

29.  PARTHENIUM  L.     Perennial  or  annual  herbs,   or   shrubs.     Leaves 
alternate:    blades    toothed,    pinnatifid,    or    dissected.      Heads    inconspicuously 
radiate.      Involucre   depressed   to   globular:    bracts   appressed,   broad.     Ray- 
flowers  usually  5:    ligules  small  or  minute,  white   or  whitish.     Lobes  of  the 
disk- corollas    ovate,    ciliate.      Anthers    longer    than    the    filaments.      Achenes 
flattened.    Pappus  of  2  or  3  scales,  or  awns. 

1.  P.  Hysterophorus  L.  Plants  annual,  3-8  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong  to 
ovate  in  outline,  the  segments  linear,  oblong  or  ovate:  involucres  saucer-like, 
4-5  mm.  broad:  disk-corollas  1-1.5  mm.  long,  or  slightly  more:  achenes  obo- 
void,  1.5-2  mm.  long.  —  S.  Rare,  in  fields.  Nat.  of  the  s.  w.  U.  S.  and  Mex. 
—  Sum. 

30.  HELIOPSIS  L.     Perennial,  or  rarely  annual,  caulescent,  tall  herbs. 
Leaves  opposite:  blades  broadest  below  the  middle,  toothed.     Heads  radiate, 
solitary  or  in  open  corymbs.     Involucres  campanulate  to  hemispheric:   bracts 
short,  in  2  or  3  series.     Receptacle  convex  or  conic,  chaffy.     Ray-flowers  pis- 
tillate, fruit-producing,  enveloped  in  the  bractlets:   corollas  with  a  very  short 
tube  and  a  long  throat.    Achenes  3-4-angled.     Pappus  a  low  crown,  1-4  teeth, 
or  wanting.  —  Sum.  —  OX-EYE. 

Leaf-blades  smooth  :  pappus  wanting,  or  of  2-4  short  teeth.  1.  H.  helianthoides. 
Leaf -blades  rough :  pappus  crown-like,  or  of  1-3  sharp  teeth.  2.  H.  scabra. 

1.  H.  helianthoides  (L.)   B.S.P.     Stem  and  branches  smooth  and  glabrous  or 
nearly  so:    leaf -blades  thinnish,   ovate   to   lanceolate,   8-20   cm.   long,   sharply 
serrate:    heads  showy,  the  rounded  disk  usually  over  1   cm.  high:   involucral 
bracts  inconspicuously  pubescent:  ligules  bright-yellow,  2-4  cm.  long:  achenes 
nearly  4  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on  banks  and  in  meadows. 

2.  H.  scabra    Dunal.      Stem    and    branches    scabrous-hispidulous :    leaf -blades 
thick,  deltoid  to  ovate  or  broadly  lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  serrate:  heads  very 
showy,  the  conic  disk  1.5-2   cm.  high:   involucral  bracts  cinereous-pubescent: 
ligules  bright -yellow,  2-4  cm.  long :   achenes  nearly  5  mm.  long.  —  M.     Occa- 
sional, in  fields  and  thickets.     Nat.  of  w.  N.  A. 

31.  VEBBESINA  L.    Annual  diffuse  herbs.    Leaves  opposite :  blades  nar- 
row, entire  or  sparingly  toothed.     Heads  small,  inconspicuously  radiate.     Invo- 
lucres hemispheric   or   campanulate:    bracts  broad,   those   of  the   outer   series 
scarcely  larger  than  those  of  the  inner.    Ray-flowers  several:  ligules  white,  in- 
conspicuous.    Disk-flowers   several:    corollas  with  a  short  tube  and  a  longer 


304  CARDUACEAE. 

funnelform  throat:  lobes  deltoid.  Anthers  oblong,  longer  than  the  filaments, 
the  appendages  ovate.  Stigmas  broad.  Achenes  stout,  3-4-angled,  or  some- 
what flattened  in  the  disk.  Pappus  wanting  or  a  mere  toothed  crown. 

1.  V.  alba  L.  Stem  and  branches  2-9  dm.  long,  finely  pubescent:  leaf -blades 
elliptic,  oblong,  or  lanceolate,  or  narrower,  3-10  cm.  long,  sessile:  involucres 
broadly  campanulate,  the  larger  bracts  about  4.5  mm.  long:  achenes  about  2.5 
mm.  long.  —  Not  very  common,  along  streams  and  in  low  grounds.  Sum. 

32.  RTJDBECKIA    L.      Perennial    or    rarely    annual    or    biennial    often 
pubescent    herbs.      Leaves    alternate:    blades    entire,    toothed,    or    pinnatifid. 
Heads    erect.      Involucre    hemispheric    or    depressed,    many-flowered:     bracts 
spreading  or  reflexed,  often  unequal.    Eeceptacle  conic  or  convex.    Bay-flowers 
several:    ligules  yellow,  rarely  discolored  or  crimson,   spreading  or  drooping. 
Disk-flowers  crowded:   corollas  with  a  short  tube  and  a  longer  throat:  lobes 
deltoid  or  ovate.     Anthers  longer  than  the  filaments.     Achenes  4-angled,  flat- 
topped.    Pappus  merely  a  low  crown  or  obsolete.  —  CONE-FLOWER. 

Leaf-blades  deeply  lobed,  cleft  or  divided :  disk  cylindric  or  conic,  yellowish,  or  gray. 

1.  R.  laciniata. 
Leaf -blades  entire  or  toothed :  disk  ovoid  or  globular,  purple,  or 

dark-brown. 
Stigma-tips  subulate. 

Involucre  of  narrow  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  ligules 

of  the  ray-flowers.  2.  R.  hirta. 

Involucre  of  foliaceous  bracts  as  long  as  the  ligules  of 

the  ray-flowers  or  longer.  3.  R.  Brittonii. 

Stigma-tips  obtuse.  ,  4.  R.  fulgida. 

1.  R.  laciniata  L.     Stems  6-20  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  blades  of  the 
upper  leaves  less  deeply  lobed  than  those  of  the  lower,  or  merely  cleft:  bracts 
of  the  involucre  oblong  to  lanceolate:   ligules  of  the  ray  2-4  cm.  long:    disk 
becoming    cylindric    or    long-conic.  —  Common,    in    thickets    and    open    waste 
places.  —  Late  sum. 

2.  R.  hirta  L.     Stems  3-7  dm.  tall,  hirsute  or  hispid:   blades  of  the  upper 
leaves  oblong,  elliptic,  or  lanceolate,  or  nearly  linear:  bracts  of  the  involucre 
linear-lanceolate   or  linear-oblong:    ligules   of  the   ray  20-35  mm.   long:    disk 
10-18  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  westward. — 
Sum.  —  YELLOW-DAISY.     BLACK-EYED  SUSAN. 

3.  R.  Brittonii  Small.     Stems  5-8  dm.  tall,  hispid  or  hirsute-hispid:  blades  of 
the   upper  leaves   mostly   ovate   to   oblong-ovate,   rather   coarsely  toothed   or 
shallowly  crenate:  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  to  lanceolate:  ligules  of  the 
ray  25-35  mm.  long.  —  Lower  Susquehanna  valley.     Eare,  on  wooded  hillsides. 
—  Schists.  —  Sum. 

4.  R.  fulgida  Ait.     Stems  3-7  dm.  tall,  hirsute  or  somewhat  hispid:  blades  of 
the  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  or  cuneiform,  remotely  toothed 
or  entire:  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear  to  linear-lanceolate:  ligules  of  the  ray 
9-15  mm.  long:  disk  1-1.5  cm.  wide.  —  S.     Occasional,  in  thickets,  low  grounds 
and  swamps.  —  Schists.  —  Fall. 

33.  HELIANTHUS  L.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs.     Leaves  alternate  or 
opposite:    blades    entire    or    toothed.      Heads    erect    or    nodding.      Involucre 
cylindric,   hemispheric,    or    saucer-shaped:    bracts    narrow    or   broad,    the   tips 
usually  lax.     Ray-flowers  several   or   many:    ligules  yellow   or  rarely   purple, 
usually  conspicuous,  very  rarely  obsolete.     Disk-flowers  crowded:  corollas  yel- 
low or  purple,  with  a  very  short  tube  abruptly  dilated  into  the  longer  throat: 
lobes  ovate  or  deltoid.     Stigmas  slender.     Achenes  flattened   and   somewhat 


CAKDUACEAE.  305 

4-angled,  embraced  by  the  bractlets.     Pappus  of  2  awns  or  scales,  sometimes 
accompanied  by  smaller  awns,  all  deciduous.  —  Fall.  —  SUNFLOWER. 

Leaf-blades  petioled  or  with  petiole-like  bases. 
Main  stem  smooth  and  glabrous. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  much  surpassing  the  top  of  the  disk. 

1.  H.  decapetalus. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  about  equalling  the  top  of  the 

disk.  2.  H.  strumosus. 

Main  stem  pubescent. 

Leaf-blades  prevailingly  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate.  3.  H.  tuberosus. 

Leaf-blades  prevailingly   lanceolate. 

Leaves    mostly    alternate ;    blades    narrowed    at    the 

base  :  achenes  narrow,  cuneate-oblong.  4.  H.  giganteus. 

Leaves   mostly  opposite ;   blades   obtuse  at  the  base : 

achenes  broad,   obovoid.  5.  H.  ambiguus. 

Leaf-blades  sessile  and  partly  clasping.  6.  H.  divaricatus. 

1.  H.  decapetalus  L.     Stems  5-16  dm.  tall,  glabrous  below  the  inflorescence: 
leaf-blades  membranous,   ovate  to   oblong-lanceolate,   8-20   cm.  long,   coarsely 
serrate:    bracts  of  the   involucres  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,   1.5-2   cm.   long: 
ligules  of  the  ray  2.5-3  cm.  long :    disk  about   1.5  cm.  broad.  —  Common,  in 
moist  thickets  and  along  streams. 

2.  H.  strumosus  L.     Stems  6-18   dm.   tall,  glabrous   or  nearly  so  to  the  in- 
florescence: leaf-blades  ovate  to  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  8-20  cm.  long, 
whitish  beneath:    bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  to   oblong-lanceolate,  the 
inner  ones  scarcely  dilated:  ligules  of  the  ray  2.5-4  cm.  long:   disk  1.5-2  cm. 
broad.  —  Common,  on  dry  banks  and  in  thickets. 

3.  H.  tuberosus   L.      Stems    6-30   dm.    tall,    scabrous   to   hirsute:    leaf -blades 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  8-20  cm.  long,  shallowly  or  coarsely  toothed:  bracts  of  the 
involucres  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  the  inner  12-21  mm.  long:  ligules  of  the 
ray  2.5-4  cm.  long:  disk  15-20  mm.  broad.  —  Common,  in  rich  soil,  waste  places 
and  fence-rows. 

4.  H.  giganteus  L.     Stems  9-30  cm.  long,  scabrous  and  hispidulous  at  least 
above:    leaf-blades   lanceolate    to    oblong-lanceolate    or   linear-lanceolate,    5-15 
cm.  long,  toothed  or  nearly  entire :  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  the  inner  13-18  mm.  long:  ligules  of  the  ray  1.5-2  cm.  long:   disk 
10-15  mm.  broad:  achenes  cuneate-oblong,  1.5-2  mm.  wide.  —  Common,  in  low 
grounds.  —  JERUSALEM-ARTICHOKE. 

5.  H.  ambiguus  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.     Similar  to  H.  giganteus  in  habit,  but  less 
harshly  pubescent :    leaves  mostly  opposite ;   blades  lanceolate,  rounded  at  the 
base :  bracts  of  the  involucre  attenuate,  reflexed  at  maturity :  achenes  obovoid, 
2.5-3  mm.  wide.  —  S.     Bare,  in  thickets  near  Pleasant  Grove.  —  Schists. 

6.  H.  divaricatus  L.     Stems  3-12  dm.  tall,  commonly  smooth  and  glabrous: 
leaf -blades  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly  so :    bracts  of  the 
involucre    lanceolate    or    oblong-lanceolate,    8-10    mm.    long:    disk    10-15    mm. 
broad.  —  N.  S.     Frequent,  in  thickets.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

34.  RIDAN  Adans.  Perennial  rather  coarse  tall  herbs.  Leaves  alter- 
nate or  opposite :  blades  usually  toothed  and  decurrent.  Heads  several  or 
numerous.  Involucre  narrow:  bracts  few,  spreading  or  recurving,  becoming 
lax.  Bay-flowers  few:  ligules  yellow  or  white,  or  wanting.  Disk-corollas  with 
a  funnelform  throat  rather  abruptly  contracted  into  the  shorter  tube:  lobes 
lanceolate.  Filaments  slightly  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Pappus  of  2  more  or 
less  spreading  awns,  accompanied  by  2  or  3  smaller  awns,  or  scales. 

1.  R.  alternifolia   (L.)   Britton.     Plants  6-25  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  oblong  or 
elliptic,   9-30   cm.   long:    disk-corollas  5   mm.  long:    achene-body  with   ciliate 
wings.  —  Common,  in  moist  thickets  and  on  roadsides. 
Lancaster  County  Flora  20. 


306  CAKDUACEAE. 

35.  COREOPSIS  L.     Annual   or   ours   perennial  herbs.     Leaves   various. 
Heads  conspicuously  radiate.     Involucres  campanulate  to  hemispheric:   bracts 
distinct   or  nearly   so,  the   outer   narrow.     Kay-flowers  several:    corollas   with 
yellow,   discolored,  or  pink  ligules.     Disk-corollas   with   a   funnelform   throat 
and  a  stout  tube.     Filaments  mostly  shorter  than  the  anthers.     Achenes  with 
entire  or  pinnate  wings,  or  wingless.  —  TICKSEED. 

1.  C.  tripteris  L.  Plants  8^30  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaf -blades 
deeply  3-5-divided,  the  divisions  elliptic-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  or  those  of 
the  upper  leaves  entire:  outer  involucral  bracts  linear,  2-3  mm.  long:  ligules 
elliptic-oblong,  yellow :  achenes  elliptic-oblong,  5-6  mm.  long.  —  Lower  Sus- 
quehanna  valley.  Frequent,  on  the  river-shore  and  islands.  —  Schists.  —  Late 
sum. 

36.  BIDENS  L.     Annual  or  biennial,  or  rarely  perennial  herbs.     Leaves 
opposite,  or  the  upper  sometimes  alternate:  blades  entire,  toothed  or  divided. 
Heads  erect  or  nodding.     Involucres  double,  the  outer  bracts  foliaceous,  the 
inner  appressed.     Kay-flowers  few,  with  white  or  yellow  ligules,   or  wanting. 
Disk-corollas  with   a   short  tube   and   a  longer   throat:    lobes  mostly   deltoid. 
Achenes  flat,  terete,  or  4-angled.     Pappus  of  2-4  rigid,  barbed  awns.  —  BUR- 
MARIGOLD. 

Achenes  spindle-shaped,  gradually  tapering  above  :  ligules  of  the  ray-flowers  nearly 

white  or  yellowish-white.  1.  B.  Upinnata. 

Achenes  flattened,  broadest  above  the  middle :  ligules  of  the 

ray-flowers  yellow. 
Rays  inconspicuous  and  caducous  or  wanting. 

Leaves  usually  undivided  :  pappus-awns  3  or  4. 

Disk-corollas'  pale,  4-lobed  :  achene-margins  strongly, 

retrorsely  barbed  throughout :  involucre  long.  2.  B.  comosa. 

Disk-corollas  orange,  5-lobed  :  barbs  of  the  achene- 
margins  few,  directed  both  ways  :  involucre  short.     3.  B.  connata. 
Leaves  3-5-divided :  pappus-awns  2.  4.  B.  frondosa. 

Rays  showy  or  conspicuous. 

Leaf -blades    undivided :    pappus-awns    2-4,    retrorsely 

barbed. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  exceeding  the  disk,  folia- 
ceous :  ray-flowers  with  ligules  twice  the  length 
of  disk  or  less  :  achenes  dilated  at  the  summit.  5.  B.  cernua. 
Outer  bracts  rarely  exceeding  the  disk  :  ray-flowers 
with  ligules  2-4  times  the  length  of  disk : 
achenes  not  dilated  above.  6.  B.  laevis. 

Leaf-blades  pinnately  divided :  pappus-awns  2  or  none.      7.  B.  trichosperma. 

1.  B.  bipinnata  L.     Stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  4-angled,  branched  and  rather 
slender,  3-17  dm.  high:   primary  leaf -segments  thin,  deltoid,  the  ultimate  one 
lanceolate,  incised  or  lobed:   outer  involucral  bracts  7-10,  linear,  shorter  than 
the  acute  inner  ones:   rays  few,  the  ovaries  awnless  and  glabrous,  the  ligules 
yellowish- white  or  nearly  white,  about  equalling  the  disk,  mostly  entire :  disk- 
corolla  5-lobed:  stamens  included:  achenes  spindle-shaped,  in  fruit  much  longer 
than   the   involucre,   the   outer   slightly   shorter;    awns   3-4,  yellow,   retrorsely 
barbed.  —  Common,  in  waste  ground  and  thickets.  —  Fall. 

2.  B.  comosa  (A.  Gray)  Wiegand.     Stem  pale  throughout,  stout,  3-8  dm.  high, 
glabrous,   the   branches   short,    stout :    leaves   undivided,    8    cm.    long,    elliptic- 
lanceolate,  regularly  serrate,  acute,  each  attenuate  into  a  margined  petiole,  or 
the  upper  sessile:  heads  large:  peduncles  short  and  stout:   outer  bracts  of  the 
involucre  6-8,  often  2-5  times  the  length  of  the  disk,  erect:    rays  wanting: 
disk-corollas    funnelform,    pale-yellow,    4-lobed:     stamens    includeid:     achjenes 
large  and  flat,  8-10  mm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  brown  or  olive,  nearly  smooth  and 
glabrous,  the  3  long  awns  retorsely  barbed.  —  M.     Occasional,  in  wet  places.  — 
Limestones.  —  Fall. 


CARDUACEAE.  307 

3.  B.  connata  Mufil.     Stem  tall,  sparingly  branched,  3-14  dm.  high,  glabrous, 
bright-green:  leaf -blades  undivided  or  some  of  the  lower  deeply  parted,  lanceo- 
late   to    elliptic,    acuminate,    tapering    to    the    petiole,    coarsely    and    saliently 
serrate:    heads  medium:    outer  bracts  of  the   involucre  4-5,  linear-spatulate, 
rarely  exceeding  the  disk,  glabrous:    rays  rarely  present,  the  ligules  one-half 
longer  than  the  disk,  the  ovaries  awnless,  and  hairy:   disk-corollas  campanulate 
above,  5-lobed,  orange:  achenes  4-6  mm.  long,  rather  narrow  and  thick,  nearly 
black,  covered  with  yellowish  warts;   some  or  all  marginal  barbs  erect;   awns 

4,  slender,  with  erect  or  retrorse  barbs.  —  N.  M.     Frequent,  in  swamps  and 
low  grounds.  —  Sandstones  and  shales,   limestones.  —  Fall.  —  SWAMP  BEGGAR- 
TICKS. 

4.  B.  frondosa  L.     Stem  slender,  bushy-branched,  nearly  glabrous,  5-10   dm. 
high  or  more:  leaf -blades  pinnately  3-divided  or  rarely  5-divided,  the  segments 
lanceolate,  serrate  with  sharp   spreading  teeth,  acuminate:    heads   not   large: 
outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  6-8,  subequal,  spatulate,  sparsely  ciliate,  usually 
exceeding  the  disk:   rays  usually  present,  golden-yellow,  the  ligules  equalling 
the   disk,  the   ovaries  hairy  and  with  2   short   retrorsely   barbed   awns:    disk- 
corollas  orange,  5-lobed:    stamens  exserted:   achenes  black,  6  mm.  long,  3.25 
rnm.  wide,  cuneate,  flattish,  sparsely  hairy  and  often  tuberculate,  the  barbs  on 
the  margins  erect,  those  on  the  2  awns  either  erect  or  reflexed.  —  Common,  in 
waste  places  and  fields.  —  Fall. 

5.  B.   cernua  L.     Stem  low,   pale-green,   2-7   dm.  high,   nearly   glabrous,   the 
branches  very  short,   decreasing   down  the   stem:    leaf -blades   undivided,   6-16 
cm.  long,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  more  or  less  connate  by  the  broad 
bases,  acuminate,  serrate,  with  coarse  distant  teeth:  heads  very  large,  broader 
than  high,  nodding  in  fruit:  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  7-8,  unequal,  exceed- 
ing the  disk  and  spreading:    rays  usually  present,  bright-yellow,  the  ligules 
about  one-half  longer  than  the  disk,  the  ovaries  glabrous  except  the  margin, 
and  awnless:  disk-corollas  orange,  5-lobed:  achenes  narrowly  cuneate,  slightly 
dilated  at  the  summit,  4-angled,  the  margins  retrorsely  barbed  and  tubereulate, 
the   awns   4,    slender,    retrorsely   barbed.  —  Common,    along   streams    and   wet 
soil.  —  Fall. 

6.  B.  laevis    (L.)    B.S.P.     Stem   glabrous,   5-10  mm.   high,   the  branches  all 
toward  the  summit  of  the  stem,  slender,  ascending:  leaf -blades  undivided,  7-13 
cm.  long,  elliptic-lanceolate,  serrate  with  small  inconspicuous  teeth,  acute,  con- 
tracted   toward    the    sessile    base:    heads    medium,    nearly    globular,    erect    or 
nodding  in  fruit :    outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  7-8,  rarely  longer  than  the 
disk:   rays  very  large,  the  ligules  2-3  cm.  long,  golden-yellow,  the  ovaries  as 
in  the  last:  disk-corollas  orange,  5-lobed:  achenes  cuneate,  neither  dilated  nor 
contracted  at  the  top,  not  tuberculate,  the  margins  and  2-4  awns  retrorsely 
barbed.      [B.    chrysanthemoides   Michx.] — M.      Occasional,    in   moist    soil. — 
Sandstones  and  shales,  and  limestones.  —  Sum. 

7.  B.  trichosperma  (Michx.)  Britton.     Stem  tall  and  glabrous,  much  branched, 
6-15   dm.   high:    leaf -blades  pinnately  divided,  with  4-8  narrowly  lanceolate, 
serrate  or  incised,  acute  or  acuminate  segments:   heads  4-6  cm.  broad:    outer 
bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-spatulate,  rarely  ciliate,  equalling  the  disk:  rays 
several,  the  ligules  bright-yellow,  12-25  mm.  long,  the  ovaries  bidentulate  at 
the    summit:     disk-corollas    deep-yellow,    5-lobed:    stamens    exserted:    achenes 
narrowly  cuneate,  slightly  strigose-ciliate  above ;   awns  2,  about  equalling  the 
breadth    of    the    achene,    erect -barbed.       [Coreopsis    trichosperma    Michx.]  — 
Susquehanna  valley.  —  Late  sum. 

37.  G-ALINSOGA  K.  &  P.  Annual,  tender  herbs.  Leaves  opposite :  blades 
toothed.  Heads  radiate.  Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispheric:  bracts  rela- 
tively broad.  Ray-flowers  4  or  5:  corollas  with  a  pubescent  tube  and  broad 
white  ligule.  Disk-corollas  with  a  campanulate  throat  and  a  tube  of  about 


308  CARDUACEAE. 

the  same  length.  Anthers  oblong.  Achenes  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the 
corollas.  Pappus  of  the  ray  of  several  bristles  or  wanting,  of  the  disk  of 
lacerate  or  fimbriate  bristles. 

1.  G.  parviflora  Cav.  Plants  1-7  dm.  tall,  often  branched:  leaf -blades  ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  petioled:  involucre  2-2.5  mm.  high;  outer 
bracts  ovate,  obtuse:  ligules  white,  1-1.5  mm.  wide:  disk-corollas  about  1.5 
mm.  long :  achenes  less  than  2  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  cultivated  grounds 
and  waste  places.  Nat.  of  S.  Am.  —  Sum. 

38.  HELENIUM  L.     Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial,  bitter  herbs.     Leaves 
alternate:   blades  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid,  often  decurrent.     Heads  soli- 
tary, few,  or  numerous.     Involucre  flattish:  bracts  spreading  or  reflexed.    Re- 
ceptacle conic,   oblong,   or  subglobose.     Ray-flowers  several,  the   corollas  with 
cuneate    ligules.      Disk-corollas    with    broadly    ovate    lobes.      Achenes    ribbed. 
Pappus  of  5-8  acuminate  or  awn-tipped  scales. 

1.  H.  autumnale  L.  Plants  2-9  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  oblong  to  elliptic,  or 
slightly  broadest  above  the  middle  or  below  it,  3-12  cm.  long,  rather  promi- 
nently toothed:  involucral  bracts  linear-lanceolate  or  narrower,  5-7  mm.  long: 
ligules  10-20  mm.  long:  disk  yellow;  corollas  3  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in 
swamps  and  low  grounds.  —  Fall.  —  SNEEZEWEED. 

39.  ACHILLEA   [Vaill.]   L.     Perennial  herbs.     Leaves  alternate:   blades 
toothed,   pinnatifid,    or    dissected.      Heads   small,    corymbose.      Involucre    cam- 
panulate   to    obovoid:    bracts   broad,    firm.      Ray-corollas   with    ligules    mostly 
broader  than  long.     Achenes  flattened  and  callous-margined.     Pappus  wanting. 

1.  A.  Millefolium  L.  Plants  2-9  dm.  tall,  villous  and  cottony:  leaves  5-22 
cm.  long;  blades  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  parted:  heads  crowded:  inner  bracts 
of  the  involucre  oblong,  3.5-4.5  mm.  long,  ciliate:  ray-flowers  4.  or  5,  the 
ligules  3-4  mm.  wide,  white  or  pink:  achenes  1-1.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on 
banks  and  in  meadows  and  fields.  (Eurasia.) — Sum.  —  MILFOIL.  YARROW. 

40.  ANTHEMIS     [Mich.]     L.     Annual,     biennial,     or     perennial    herbs. 
Leaves  alternate:  blades  pinnatifid  or  dissected.    Heads  relatively  large,  mostly 
scattered.     Involucre   hemispheric:    bracts   relatively   long.     Ray-corollas  with 
elongate  ligules.     Achenes  not  flattened.     Pappus  often  crown-like.  —  Sum.  — 
CHAMOMILE. 

Leaf -blades  3-pinnately  dissected  :  achenes  with  tuberculate  sides.       1.  A.  Cotula. 
Leaf-blades   1-2-pinnately   parted  :   achenes   with   smooth  sides.  2.  A.  arvensis. 

1.  A.  Cotula   L.     Annual,   ill-scented:    leaf -blades  thrice   pinnately    dissected, 
the  segments  very  slender:   disk-flowers  near  the  center  of  the  receptacle  with 
bractlets;     corollas    mostly    2.5    mm.    long:     achenes    tuberculate-roughened : 
pappus  wanting.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu. 
—  MAY-WEED.    DOG-FENNEL. 

2.  A.   arvensis  L.     Annual   or   biennial,   not  ill-scented:    leaf -blades   once   or 
twice  pinnately  parted,  the   segments  relatively   coarse:    disk-flowers  all  with 
bractlets;  corollas  mostly  2  mm.  long:  achenes  smooth-sided:  pappus  a  narrow 
border.  —  Occasional,    in    fields    and    on    roadsides.      Nat.    of    Eu.  —  CORN- 

CHAMOMILE. 

41.  CHRYSANTHEMUM     [Tourn.]     L.       Annual     or    perennial     herbs. 
Leaves  alternate:    blades  toothed,  incised,  or   dissected,  the   segments  coarse. 
Heads  solitary  or  clustered.     Involucre  saucer-shaped  or  hemispheric:    bracts 


CARDUACEAE.  309 

rather  narrow,  but  mostly  broadened  upward.  Ray-corollas  with  ligules  longer 
than  wide.  Filaments  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube.  Achenes  terete  or  angled. 
Pappus  a  scaly  cup,  or  wanting.  —  Sum.  —  DAISY. 

Ray  conspicuous  ;  ligules  linear  :  heads  few  or  solitary.  1.  G.  Leucanthemum. 

Ray  inconspicuous  ;  ligules  oval  or  obovate  :  heads  numerous.     2.  C.  Parthenium. 

1.  C.  Leucanthemum  L.     Plants  2-9   dm.   tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:    leaf- 
blades  spatulate  to  linear,  2-10  cm.  long,  serrate  or  pinnatifid:  inner  bracts  of 
the  involucre  5.5-6.5  mm.  long,  obtuse:  ray-flowers  numerous;  ligules  white  or 
pink,  1-2.5  cm.  long:   disk  yellow:  pappus  obsolete.  —  Common,  in  fields  and 
waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  WHITE-DAISY.     OX-EYE  DAISY. 

2.  C.  Parthenium  (L.)  Pers.     Plants  2-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  broad,  those  of 
the  lower  ones  at  least,  twice  pinnately  parted,  the   divisions  incised:    inner 
bracts  of  the  involucre  2.5-3  mm.  long,  acute:   ligules  white,  3-5  mm.  long: 
disk  cream-colored :    pappus   a   toothed   crown.  —  M.     Frequent,    on   roadsides 
and  about  gardens.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  FEVERFEW. 

42.  TANACETUM   L.      Perennial    or    sometimes    annual    herbs.      Leaves 
alternate:  blades  pinnately  dissected  or  divided.     Heads  corymbose.     Involucre 
hemispheric  or  saucer-shaped:   inner  bracts  longer  than  the  outer.     Filaments 
partly    adnate    to    the    corolla-tube.      Achenes    angled    or    ribbed.      Pappus    a 
crown-like  border. 

1.  T.  vulgare  L.  Plants  3-1 0  dm.  tall,  acrid-aromatic:  leaf -blades  5-20  cm. 
long,  with  the  ultimate  segments  sharply  toothed:  involucres  6-8  mm.  wide, 
the  inner  bracts  4-5  mm.  long :  corollas  yellow :  achenes  about  2  mm.  long.  — 
Common,  on  roadsides  and  about  gardens.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  TANSY. 

43.  ARNICA   L.      Perennial    herbs.      Leaves    typically    opposite:    blades 
entire  or  toothed.     Heads  solitary  or  several.     Involucre  mostly  turbinate  or 
campanulate,   or  broader   in   age:    bracts   nearly   equal,   narrow.     Ray-flowera 
with  yellow  ligules.     Corollas  of  the  disk-flowers  tubular,  the  lobes  very  short. 
Achenes  ribbed.     Pappus  a  single  series  of  slender  bristles. 

1.  A.  acaulis  (Walt.)  B.S.P.  Plants  2-10  dm.  tall,  hirsute:  leaves  mainly 
basal  and  spreading  on  the  ground;  blades  oblong  to  oval  or  ovate,  5-12  cm, 
long,  shallowly  toothed  or  nearly  entire:  bracts  of  the  involucre  9.5-11  mm. 
long,  acute:  ligules  1.5-2.5  cm.  long:  achenes  4  mm.  long.  —  S.  Rare,  in 
low  grounds  near  New  Texas.  —  Schists.  —  Sum. 

44.  ERECHTITES  Raf.    Annual  herbs.    Leaves  alternate:  blades  toothed 
or  pinnatifid.     Heads  corymbose  or  paniculate.     Involucres  narrow  and  some- 
what swollen  at  the  base:  bracts  narrow,  flat.     Disk-corollas  with  triangular- 
lanceolate  or  deltoid  lobes  shorter  than  the  narrow  throat.     Filaments  longer 
than  the  anthers.     Achenes  ribbed.     Pappus  of  many  white  bristles. 

1.  E.  hieracifolia  (L.)  Raf.  Plants  2-20  dm.  tall,  watery:  leaf -blades  spatu- 
late-oblong  to  lanceolate,  5-20  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed,  incised,  or  pin- 
natifid: involucres  12-15  mm.  long;  bracts  narrowly  linear:  corollas  8-9  mm. 
long:  achenes  about  1.5  mm.  long.  —  Common  in  clearings  and  fields. —  Sum. 

FlREWEED. 

45.  MESADENIA  Raf.     Perennial  herbs.     Leaves  alternate:    blades  un- 
dulate, toothed  or  somewhat  lobed.     Heads  corymbose.     Involucres  cylindric  to 
cylindric-ovoid :   bracts  sometimes  winged  or  keeled.     Disk-corollas  with  linear 
or    linear-lanceolate    lobes    longer    than    the    campanulate    throat.      Filaments 
filiform.     Achenes   ribbed,   glabrous.  —  Sum.  —  INDIAN-PLANTAIN. 


310  CAEDUACEAE. 

Leaves  green ;  blades  repand-dentate :  stems  furrowed,  green.       1.  M.  reniformis. 
Leaves  glaucous ;  blades  angulate-lobed :  stem  terete,  glaucous.     2.  M.  atripUcifolia. 

1.  M.  reniformis   (Muhl.)   Eaf.     Stems  9-30  dm.  tall:   blades  of  the  cauline 
leaves  reniform,  10-60  cm.  wide:    involucral  bracts  8-11  mm.  long:    achenes 
about  5  mm.  long.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Occasional,  in  woods  and  thickets. 
—  Schists.  —  GREAT  INDIAN-PLANTAIN. 

2.  M.  atriplicifolia    (L.)    Eaf.     Stems  9-20  dm.  tall:   blades  of  the  cauline 
leaves  ovate  to  triangular,  or  narrower  above,  angulate-lobed  or  sharply  and 
coarsely  toothed :  involucral  bracts  8-11  mm.  long :  achenes  4-4.5  mm.  long.  — 
Occasional,  in  thickets.  —  PALE  INDIAN-PLANTAIN. 

46.  SYNOSMA    Eaf.      Perennial   herbs.      Leaves    alternate:    blades    tri- 
angular to  hastate,  toothed.     Heads  corymbose.     Involucre  nearly  cylindric: 
bracts  narrow.     Disk- corollas  with  lanceolate  lobes  shorter  than  the  funnel- 
form  throat.     Filaments  enlarged  below  the  anthers.    Achenes  ribbed,  glabrous. 

1.  S.  suaveolens  (L.)  Britton.  Plants  6-15  dm.  tall:  leaves  numerous;  blades 
hastate,  8-20  cm.  long,  serrate  or  dentate- ser rate :  larger  bracts  of  the  invo- 
lucre 10-11  mm.  long:  corollas  11-12  mm.  long:  achenes  slender,  7-8.8  mm. 
long.  —  M.  S.  Frequent,  in  thickets  and  on  shaded  banks.  —  Limestones, 
schists.  —  Sum. 

47.  SEiNECIO  [Tourn.]  L.     Annual  or  perennial  herbs.     Leaves  alternate : 
blades  entire,  toothed,  pinnatifid,  or  pinnately  parted.    Heads  solitary  or  many. 
Involucre  campanulate  to  cylindric:  bracts  flat.     Disk-corollas  yellow  with  a 
funnelform  throat  and  triangular  or  ovate  lobes.     Filaments  often  enlarged 
below   the   anthers.     Achenes  5-10-ribbed,  pubescent  or  pappillose.  —  Spr.  — 
SQUAW-WEED.    EAGWORT.    EAGWEED.     GROUNDSEL. 

Blades  of  the  basal  leaves  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base.  1.  8.  aureus. 

Blades  of  the  basal  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Blades   of  the  basal   leaves  prevailingly  spatulate :   achenes 

glabrous.  2.  8.  obovatus. 

Blades    of    the    basal    leaves    prevailingly    oblong:    achenes 

pubescent.  3.  S.  Balsamitae. 

1.  S.  aureus  L.     Plants  3-7  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  basal  leaves  2-12  cm.  long, 
rounded  at  the  apex :  involucres  6-7  mm.  long ;  bracts  linear,  fully  1  mm.  wide : 
ligules  narrow,  5.5-7.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  low  grounds  and  swamps. 

2.  S.  obovatus  Muhl.     Plants  1-5  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  basal  leaves  spatu- 
late to  obovate,  coarsely  toothed  or  some  of  them  lyrate-pinnatifid :  involucres 
4-5  mm.  long;  bracts  narrowly  linear  or  subulate-linear:  ligules  5-7  mm.  long. 
— N.   M.     Frequent,   in  thickets   and   dry  hillsides.  —  Sandstones  and  shales, 
limestones. 

3.  S.  Balsamitae  Muhl.    Plants  2-6  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  basal  leaves  oblong 
to  oblong-spatulate,  toothed:  involucres  4-5  mm.  long;  bracts  narrowly  linear 
>or  nearly  linear:  ligules  4-6  mm.  long:  achenes  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Common, 
"in  dry  soil  and  thickets  and  on  roadsides. 

48.  XERANTHEMUM  L.     Annual  herbs.     Leaves  alternate:  blades  nar- 
row, entire.     Heads  erect.     Involucres  campanulate  to  cylindric:   bracts  firm, 
in  several  series,  the  outer  short  and  appressed,  the  inner  ones  elongate,  spread- 
ing, resembling  ligules  of  a  ray.     Marginal- corollas  2-lipped.     Central-corollas 
with  a  short  tube  and  an  elongate  throat:  lobes  mostly  narrow.    Achenes  nar- 
row.   Pappus  of  5,  or  rarely  of  more,  elongate  scales. 

1.  X.  ammuni  L.  Plants  mostly  3-10  dm.  tall,  the  stem  and  branches  floe- 
cose:  leaf -blades  linear-spatulate  to  linear,  more  copiously  pubescent  beneath 


CAKDUACEAE.  311 

than  above:  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  obovate,  apiculate,  inner  bracts 
linear-elliptic  or  elliptic-spatulate  to  spatulate,  18-25  mm.  long,  white  or  pink, 
acute  or  apiculate:  corollas  of  the  central  flowers  4-5  mm.  long;  lobes  lanceo- 
late.—  S.  Occasional,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum. — 

IMMORTELLES.     EVERLASTING. 

49.  ARCTTQM  L.     Biennial  herbs.     Leaves  alternate:  blades  often  ample, 
mainly  entire  or  repand.     Heads  solitary  in  the  axils  or  clustered,  not  con- 
spicuous.    Involucre  with  many  narrow  bracts,  each  hooked  at  the  tip.     Fila- 
ments glabrous.     Pappus  of  short,  rigid  or  scale-like,  bristles. 

1.  A.  minus  Schk.  Plants  4-16  dm.  tall:  leaf-blades  ovate,  those  of  the  lower 
cauline  leaves  2-4.5  dm.  long,  all  undulate  or  shallowly  toothed:  inner  bracts 
of  the  involucre  mostly  7-8  mm.  long:  corollas  purplish:  achenes  about  4  mm. 
long.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  — 
BURDOCK.  CLOTBUR. 

50.  CIRSIUM     [Tourn.]     Hill.      Annual,    biennial,    or    perennial    herbs. 
Leaves  alternate:  blades  toothed,  lobed,  or  pinnatifid,  usually  spiny.     Heads 
erect,  often  showy.     Involucre  with  the  outer  bracts,  at  least,  spine-tipped  or 
spiny-margined.     Filaments  mostly  pubescent.     Pappus  of  elongate  capillary 
plumose  bristles  in  several  series.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  THISTLE. 

Flowers  dioecious  :  heads  small :  involucre  about  1  cm.  thick.  1.  C.  arvense. 

Flowers   perfect :   heads  large  :   involucre  about  2  cm.  thick  or 

more. 
Heads  not  involucrate,  but  sometimes  approximate  to  one  or 

few  leaves. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  spine-tipped,  the  outer  ones 

often  cuspidate.  2.  C.  muticum. 

Bracts   of  the  involucre,   at  least  the  outer  ones,  spine- 
tipped. 

Spines  of  the  involucral  bracts  appressed  or  erect.          3.  C.  odoratum. 
Spines  of  the  involucral  bracts  spreading. 

Inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrow,  with  flattened 

soft  tips. 
Leaf -blades,  except  those  near  the  heads,  merely 

toothed.  4.  C.  altissimum. 

Leaf-blades   1-2-pinnatifld.  5.  C.  discolor. 

Inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  as  well  as  the  outer, 

spine-tipped.  6.  C.  lanceolatum 

Heads    involucrate,    completely    surrounded    by    a    whorl    of 

copiously  spine-armed  bracts.  7.  C.  horridulum. 

1.  C.  arvense    (L.)    Scop.     Plants  often  forming  mats:    stems  2-10  dm.  tall, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaf -blades  spatulate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate  in  outline, 
pinnatifid,  4-16  cm.  long,  rigidly  spine-armed,  pubescent  beneath  or  sometimes 
nearly  glabrous:   outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  acute,  the  inner  ones  narrowly 
linear,  short-acuminate,  9-12  mm.  long:    corollas  mostly  12-15  mm.  long. — 
Common  in  fields  and  pastures,  and  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  CANADA- 
THISTLE. 

2.  C.  muticum  Michx.     Stems  8-25  dm.  tall,  angled,  lanuginous  or  glabrate: 
leaf-blades    oblong   to    oblong-ovate,    1-2-pinnatifid,    mainly    17-40    cm.    long, 
rather  weakly  spine-armed:  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse  or  cuspidate, 
the   inner    ones   narrowly   linear,    short-acuminate,    27-29   mm.   long:    corollas 
mostly  28-30  mm.  long.  —  Bather  common,  in  meadows  and  fields,  and  on  road- 
sides. —  SWAMP-THISTLE. 

3.  C.  odoratum  (Muhl.)  Petrak.    Stems  3-10  dm.  tall,  tomentulose:  leaf -blades 
oblanceolate,  1-2-pinnatifid:   outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  slender- 
tipped,  the  inner  bracts  45-55  mm.  long :  corollas  50-55  mm.  long.  —  Not  very 
common,  in  fields  and  low  grounds.  —  PASTURE-THISTLE. 

4.  C.  altissimum    (L.)    Spreng.     Stems  9-30   dm.  tall,  downy:   blades  of  the 
basal  or  lower  cauline  leaves  oblong  to  elliptic,  or  broadest  above  or  below  the 
middle,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath :  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  tips 


312 


CARDUACEAE. 


about  i  as  long  as  the  body,  the  inner  bracts  28-30  mm.  long:  corollas  37-40 
mm.  long.  —  Not  very  common,  in  thickets  and  fields. 

5.  C.  discolor  (Muhl.)  Spreng.     Similar  to  C.  altissimum  in  habit,  but  seldom 
over    20    dm.    tall:    leaf -blades    mainly   oblong-lanceolate    to    ovate-lanceolate, 
densely  white-tomentose  beneath:  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  tips  about 
as  long  as  the  body,  the  inner  bracts  25-28  mm.  long:  corollas  33-35  mm.  long. 

—  Bather  common,  in  thickets  and  on  roadsides. 

6.  C.  lanceolatum  (L.)  Hill.    Stems  8-15  dm.  tall,  pubescent:  leaves  crowded; 
blades  lanceolate,  1-2-pinnatifid,  grayish-woolly  beneath:    outer  bracts  of  the 
involucre  gradually  narrowed  into  slender  tips,  the  inner  bracts  very  narrowly 
linear  and  attenuate :   corollas  32-35  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  on 
roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu.  —  COMMON-THISTLE. 

7.  C.   horridulum   Michx.     Stems   3-11    dm.   tall,   woolly:    leaf-segments   with 
spreading  spines :  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  40-45  mm.  long :  corollas  40-43 
mm.  long,  yellow :   anthers  mostly  shorter  than  the  filaments.  —  M.  S.     Occa- 
sional, in  low  grounds,  swamps  and  pastures.  —  Limestones,  schists.  —  YELLOW- 
THISTLE. 

51.  CARDUUS   [Tourn.]   L.     Herbs  resembling  Cirsium  in  habit,  usually 
annual  or  biennial,  the  stems  spiny-winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves.     Heads 
often  nodding.     Involucre  ovoid  to  globose,  many-flowered,  its  bracts  narrow, 
in  many  series,  often  partly  reflexed.     Filaments  papillose-pubescent.     Pappus 
of  many  naked  or  merely  roughened  bristles.  —  PLUMELESS-THISTLE. 

1.  C.  nutans  L.  Biennial,  pubescent:  leaf -blades  mostly  1-2  dm.  long,  pin- 
natifid  or  bipinnatifid,  copiously  spiny-margined,  scarcely  paler  beneath  than 
above,  or  sometimes  pale-pubescent:  head  solitary,  nodding:  involucre  hemi- 
spheric, 2-2.5  cm.  long;  bracts  narrow, . mostly  lanceolate,  the  outer  minutely 
spine-tipped  and  reflexed,  the  inner  with  softer  lax  tips  and  erect:  corollas 
purple  or  white,  16-20  mm.  long:  achenes  about  3  mm.  long,  truncate,  curved. 

—  S.    Bare,  in  fields.    Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Spr.  and  sum.  —  MUSK-THISTLE. 

52.  ONOPOBDON    [Vaill.]    L.     Annual    or    biennial,    caulescent,    coarse 
herbs,  with  winged  stems  and  branches.     Leaves  alternate:  blades  sinuate  or 
pinnatifid,    spinescent,    conspicuously    decurrent.      Heads    large,    erect.      Invo- 
lucre ovoid,  globular,  or  depressed:   bracts  numerous,  narrow,  mostly  spine- 
tipped.     Receptacle  honeycombed,  not  bristly.     Corollas  mostly  purple:  throat 
shorter  than  the  slender  tube:  lobes  narrow.    Achenes  short,  slightly  broadened 
upward.    Pappus  longer  than  the  achene,  the  bristles  not  plumose. 

1.  O.  Acanthium  L.  Plants  1.5  m.  tall  or  less,  lanate:  stem-wings  spiny  like 
the  leaf -margins :  leaf -blades  mostly  1-2.5  cm.  long,  lanate  on  both  sides: 
involucres  3-4  cm.  wide;  bracts  firm,  the  inner  2-3  cm.  long,  the  outer  shorter, 
reflexed :  achenes  narrowly  obovoid,  4.5-5  mm.  long,  wrinkled.  —  M.  Rare, 
in  fields  and  wate  places.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  —  SCOTCH-THISTLE.  COTTON- 
THISTLE. 

53.  CENTATTREA  L.     Annual  (ours),  or  perennial,  herbs.     Leaves  alter- 
nate:   blades   entire,   toothed,   or   pinnatifid.     Heads   relatively   small.     Invo- 
lucre  with   irregularly   toothed   or   fimbrillate   outer  bracts,   the   intermediate 
ones,  at  least,  often  armed  with  spines.     Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base,  with 
appendages  at  least  1  as  long  as  the  sacs.     Achenes  flattened  or  4-angled. 
Pappus  of  scales   or  bristles  in   several   series,   or  obsolete.  —  Sum.  —  STAR- 
THISTLE. 


CICHORIACEAE.  313 

Bracts  of  the  involucre,  or  some  of  them,  with  an  elongate  apical  spine. 

1.  C.  solstitialis. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  spine-armed. 

Bracts  entire  or  sparingly  lacerate.  2.  C.  Jacea. 

Bracts,    or   some   of   them,    regularly   pectinate    at    the    tip. 
Stem  and  leaves  white-floccose :  blades  of  the  lower  leaves 

entire.  3.  G.  Cyanus. 

Stem    and    leaves    inconspicuously    pubescent :    blades    of 
the  lower  leaves  pinnatifid.  4.  G.  maculosa. 

1.  C.  solstitialis  L.     Plants  3-6  dm.  tall,  with  woolly  stems:   blades  of  the 
stem-leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear,   entire  or  merely  toothed:    involucres 
ovoid  or  subglobose,  about  1.5  cm.  long;  bracts  various,  the  intermediate  ones 
with  long,  slender,  yellow  spines :   corollas  yellow.  —  S.     Occasional,  in  fields. 
Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  C.   Jacea  L.     Plants  8   dm.  tall  or  less,  with  sparingly  pubescent  stems: 
leaf -blades  entire  or  toothed,  often  remotely  so:   involucres  subglobose,  1-1.5 
cm.   long;    bracts   various,   the   outer  paler,   contracted  near   the  middle,  the 
others  brown,  constricted  above  the  middle,  all  more  or  less  lacerate  near  the 
tips :   corollas  15  mm.  long,  or  the  outer  ones  larger,  rose-purple.  —  S.     Occa- 
sional, in  fields.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

3.  C.  Cyanus  L.     Plants  1  m.  tall  or  less,  with  glabrous  or  sparingly  floccose 
stems:  leaf -blades  (or  segments)  narrowly  linear:  involucres  ovoid,  11-14  mm. 
long ;  outer  and  middle  bracts  deltoid,  ovate,  or  lanceolate,  with  the  scarious 
margins  sharp-toothed;  inner  bracts  linear  or  linear-lanceolate:  corollas  11-13 
mm.  long,  or  the  outer  ones  larger,  pink,  blue,  or  violet:  achenes  about  3  mm. 
long.  —  M.  S.     Occasional,  in  fields.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

4.  C.  maculosa  Lam.     Plants  1  m.  tall  or  less,  with  floccose  stems:  leaf -blades 
pinnatifid,  or  the  larger  ones  pinnately  parted  and  with  pinnatifid  segments: 
involucres   ovoid,    about    1    cm.    long:    outer   and   middle   bracts   ovate,   firm- 
pointed,  ciliate  at  the  dark  tips;  inner  bracts  narrowly  linear:   corollas  13-15 
mm.  long,  or  the  outer  ones  larger,  whitish,  pink,  or  purplish :   achenes  about 
2  mm.  long.  —  S.     Occasional,  in  fields.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

FAMILY  3.    CICHORIACEAE.     CHICORY  FAMILY. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs,  or  partially  woody  plants.  Leaves 
alternate:  blades  entire,  toothed,  or  parted.  Flowers  perfect,  all  alike, 
borne  in  heads.  Corolla  ligulate,  the  1-sided  limb  mostly  5-lobed  at  the 
apex.  Stigmas  unappendaged.  Achenes  smooth,  papillose,  or  spiny. 

Pappus  of  simple  hair-like  bristles. 
Achenes  smooth  or  merely  papillose. 
Achenes  cylindric  or  prismatic. 

Heads,    or    ligules,    pale,    cream-colored,    or    purple, 

nodding.  1.  NABALUS. 

Heads,  or  ligules,  yellow,  orange,  or  red,  erect. 

Pappus    of    white    bristles :    involucral    bracts    in 

1  row.  2.  CEEPIS. 

Pappus    of    tawny    bristles :    involucral    bracts    in 

more  than  1   row.  3.  HIERACIDM. 

Achenes  flattened. 

Achenes  narrowed  at  the  top  or  beaked. 

Achenes  thin  or  flat,  each  prolonged  into  a  slender, 

often  filiform  beak.  4.  LACTUCA. 

Achenes   thick,   beakless,   sometimes   with   a   mere 

neck.  5.  MULGEDIUM. 

Achenes  truncate  at  the  top.  6.  SONCHUS. 

Achenes  tuberculate  or  spinulose,  or  with  spine-like  processes.       7.  LEONTODON. 
Pappus  of  scales,  or  scales  and  bristles,  or  wanting. 
Pappus  at  least  in  part  of  plumose  bristles. 
Receptacle  naked. 

Plume-branches  of  the  pappus  not  interwebbed.  8.  PICRIS. 

Plume-branches  of  the  pappus  interwebbed.  0.  TBAGOPOGON. 

Receptacle  chaffy.  10.  HYPOCHAERIS. 


314  CICHOEIACEAE. 


Pappus  of  scales,  or  of  both  scales  and  plumeless  bristles,  or 

wanting. 
Ligules  yellow  or  orange. 


Annual  plants  :  achene  of  a  turbinate  type  :   pappus- 

ge,  accompanied  by  as  many  b 
l  p 
scales  minute,  accompanied  by  more  numerous 


scales  large,  accompanied  by  as  many  bristles.  11.  KRIGIA. 

Perennial  plants  :  achene  of  an  oblong  type  :  pappus- 


bristles.  12.  CYNTHIA. 

Ligules  white,  pink,  blue,  or  purple.  13.  CICHORIUM. 

1.  NABALUS   Cass.     Perennial   caulescent   herbs.     Leaf  -blades   toothed, 
lobed,  pinnatifid,  or  divided.     Heads  nodding.     Involucre  cylindric  or  nearly 
so  :  main  bracts  nearly  equal  in  length.    Achenes  oblong  to  columnar.  —  Sum. 
and  fall.  —  •  BATTLESNAKE-ROOT.     WHITE-LETTUCE. 

Involucres  slender,  about  2  mm.  thick,  5-7-flowered,  light-green  :  pappus  light  straw- 

colored.  1.  N.  altissimus. 

Involucres  stout,  3-6  mm.  thick,  8-16-flowered,  deep-green,  glau- 

cous, or  purple. 

Pappus  cinnamon-brown  :  corollas  mostly  whitish.  2.  N.  albus. 

Pappus  straw-colored  or  light-brown  :  corollas  mostly  purplish. 
Larger  bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  lanceolate  :  pappus 

surpassing  the  inner  involucral  bracts.  3.  N.  serpentarius. 

Larger  bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  ovate  or  triangular- 
ovate  :  pappus  and  inner  involucral  bracts  about  equal 
in  length.  4.  N.  trifoliatus. 

1.  N.  altissimus   (L.)   Hook.     Stems  9-21  dm.  tall,  glabrous,  glaucous:  leaf- 
blades   denticulate,   or  lobed  or  divided  and  with  denticulate  or  lobed   divi- 
sions: involucres  less  than  3  m.  thick,  the  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  deltoid 
to  ovate,  1-2  mm.  long,  the  inner  ones  9-10  mm.  long,  light-green,  glabrous: 
ligules  greenish  or  yellowish.  —  N.  S.     Not  very  common,  in  low  thickets.  — 
Sandstones  and  shales,  schists. 

2.  N.  albus  (L.)  Hook.     Stems  3-16  dm.  tall,  glabrous,  glaucous:  leaf  -blades, 
or  the  divisions,  coarsely  toothed:  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate,  2-3  mm. 
long,  the  inner  ones  10-12  mm.  long,  dark-green,  glabrous:  ligules  dull-  white 
or  cream-colored.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  thickets. 

3.  N.  serpentarius  (Pursh)  Hook.    Stems  3-12  dm.  tall,  glabrous:  larger  leaf- 
blades  pinnately  lobed:    inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  9-11  mm.  long,  often 
ciliate  at  the  tip  :  pappus  straw-colored.  —  S.     Bather  common,  in  thickets.  — 
Schists.  —  LION  'S-FOOT. 

4.  N.   trifoliatus   Cass.     Stems   8-26   dm.   tall,    glabrous:    larger  leaf  -blades 
pedately  lobed:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  9-11  mm.  long,  wholly  glabrous: 
pappus  light-brown.  —  S.     Common,  in  woods.  —  Schists.  —  GALL-OF-THE-EARTH. 

2.  CKEPIS   L.     Annual   or   biennial  herbs,   resembling   Hieracium,  with 
glabrous   or   sparingly   pubescent   foliage.     Leaves   alternate:    blades  mostly 
repand   or   pinnatifid.      Heads    few-many-flowered,    paniculate    or    corymbose. 
Involucres  narrow:  bracts  usually  in  a  single  row  or  in  several  rows.     Corollas 
yellow.    Achenes  narrow.    Pappus  of  white  soft  hairs. 

1.  C.  tectorum  L.  Plants  usually  branched  at  the  base,  2-4  dm.  tall,  sparingly 
pubescent:  leaf  -blades  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  runci- 
nate-pinnatifid,  usually  sagittate-auriculate  at  the  base:  involucres  9-10  mm. 
high;  bracts  hirsute-hispid,  acute:  corollas  10-11  mm.  long:  achene-body 
oblong  or  somewhat  fusiform,  about  2  mm.  long,  ribbed.  —  S.  Occasional,  in 
alfalfa  fields.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Fall.  —  HAWKSBEARD. 

3.  HIERACIUM  L.     Perennial  caulescent  or  scapose  herbs.     Leaf-blades 
entire   or  toothed.      Heads   erect.     Involucres   usually  narrow:    main  bracts 
unequal  in  length.     Achenes  oblong,  fusiform,  or  columnar.  —  HAWKWEED. 


CICHOBIACEAE.  315 

Stems  regularly  leafy  to  the  broad,  more  or  less  effuse  panicle:  leaf-blades  not  of 
a  spatulate  type.  1.  H.  paniculatum. 

Stems  more  or  less  scape-like,  corymbose  or  narrowly  cylindric- 
paniculate   above :   leaves   mainly   basal,   or   on  the   lower 
part  of  the  stem,  some  of  the  lower  blades  of  a  spatulate 
type. 
Achenes  columnar. 

Longer  involucral  bracts  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Stems  nearly  naked,  glabrous  :  peduncles  glabrous  or 

sparingly  glandular-pubescent.  2.  H.  venosum. 

Stems  leafy  and  pubescent  at  least  below :  peduncles 

densely  glandular-pubescent.  3.  H.  marianum. 

Longer  involucral  bracts  copiously  pubescent.  4.  H.  scabrum. 

Achenes  fusiform  or  constricted  below  the  summit.  5.  H.  Gronovii. 

1.  H.  paniculatum  L.     Plants  often  glaucescent,  3-12  dm.  tall,  the  stem  villous 
at  the  base:  leaf -blades  linear-elliptic  to  broadly  elliptic:  involucres  4-5.5  mm. 
high,  the  longer  bracts  pubescent  mainly  near  the  tip.  —  Common,  in  woods 
and  thickets.  —  Late  sum. 

2.  H.    venosum   L.     Stems    scape-like,    3-6    dm.    tall,    glabrous,    corymbosely 
branched  above:  leaves  mainly  basal,  or  1  or  2  on  the  stem;  blades  obovate  or 
spatulate,  5-15  cm.  long,  commonly  purple-veined,  undulate  or  repand-denticu- 
late,  more  or  less  villous  on  the  veins  beneath:  peduncles  slender,  often  slightly 
glandular-pubescent:  involucres  6-8  mm.  long;  inner  bracts  linear,  tapering  to 
the  apex :   achenes  columnar,  about  3  mm.  long.  —  Common  on  banks  and  in 
open  woods.  —  Sum.  —  BATTLESNAKE-WEED.     POOR-BOBIN'S  PLANTAIN. 

3.  H.  marianum  Willd.    Stems  rather  stout,  5-10  dm.  tall,  softly  hirsute  below, 
more  or  less  widely  branched  into  a  corymbose  panicle:  leaves  basal,  and  few 
or  several  along  the  stem;  blades  spatulate  to  oblong- obovate  or  nearly  oblong, 
6-20  cm.  long,  ciliate,  undulate  or  repand-denticulate:  peduncles  densely  glan- 
dular-pubescent: involucres  6-7  mm.  long;  inner  bracts  narrowly  linear-lanceo- 
late, glabrous  or   slightly  pubescent:    achenes  columnar,  2.5  mm.  long.  —  M. 
Occasional,  on  banks  and  in  open  woods.  —  Limestones.  —  Spr. 

4.  H.  scabrum  Michx.     Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  hirsute-hispid  below,  paniculately 
branched  and  glandular-hirsute  above,  leafy  to  the  inflorescence:   leaf -blades 
thickish,  spatulate  to  obovate  or  oblong,  3-12  cm.  long,  undulate  or  repand- 
denticulate:    panicle   commonly  elongate:    peduncles   rather   rigid:    involucres 
5-6  mm.  long;  inner  bracts  narrowly  linear-lanceolate:  achenes  columnar,  2-2.5 
mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  woods  and  on  roadsides.  —  Fall. 

5.  H.  Gronovii  L.     Stems  3-10  dm.  tall,  more  or  less  pubescent  with  slender 
hairs,  paniculately  branched  above,  leafy  below,  rather  naked  near  the  panicle: 
leaves  commonly  hirsute;  blades  spatulate  to  oblong,  oval  or  obovate,  4-15  cm. 
long,  undulate  or  repand:  panicle  ample  or  sometimes  much  reduced:  peduncles 
glandular-pubescent:  involucres  5-7  cm.  long;  inner  bracts  linear  or  narrowly 
linear-lanceolate:    achenes  fusiform,  3-3.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  on  gravelly 
banks  and  in  woods.  —  Sum.  and  fall. 

4.  LACTUCA  L.  Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial  herbs,  the  stems  stout. 
Leaf-blades  mostly  relatively  broad,  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid,  sometimes 
spiny-margined.  Heads  erect.  Involucres  cylindric  to  ovoid.  Achenes  flat- 
tened, slender-beaked.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  LETTUCE.  WOOD-LETTUCE.  WILD- 
LETTUCE. 

Heads  mostly  less  than  12-flowered :  achene-bodies  several-nerved. 

Leaf -blades  pinnatifid.  1-  L.  Scariola. 

Leaf-blades  merely  toothed.  2.  L.  virosa. 

Heads  mostly  more  than  12-flowered:  achene-bodies  1-nerved. 
Leaf -blades    entire    or    nearly    so:    achene-body    mostly    less 

than  3  mm.  long.  3.  L.  sagittifolia. 

Leaf -blades,    except   those   of   the   upper   leaves,   pinnatifid: 

achene-body  mostly  over  3  mm.  long.  4.  L.  canadensis. 


316  CICHOEIACEAE. 

# 

1.  L.  Scariola  L.     Stem  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  4-15  dm.  tall:   leaf-blades 
oblong  to  lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnatifid,  bright- green :    inner  bracts  of  the 
involucre  8-10  mm.  long,  linear-oblong:   outer  corollas  8-9  mm.  long:  achene- 
body  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex.  —  S.     Bare,  on  roadsides.     Nat.  of  Eu. 
—  PRICKLY-LETTUCE. 

2.  L.  virosa  L.     Stem  hirsute  below,  6-20  dm.  tall:   leaf -blades  oblanceolate 
to  oblong,  merely  denticulate,  glaucous:   inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  12-15 
mm.  long,  narrowly  linear:  outer  corollas  11-12  mm.  long:  achene-body  gradu- 
ally narrowed  at  the  apex.  —  Eather  common,  in  waste  places  and  on  road- 
sides.    Nat.  of  Eu. 

3.  L.  sagittifolia  Ell.     Stems  9-30   dm.   tall,   glabrous:    blades  of  the   stem- 
leaves   8-30    cm.   long,   irregularly   dentate:    involucres    10-20    mm.    long,    the 
inner  bracts  narrowly  linear  or  nearly  so:   ligules  yellow  or  reddish:   achene- 
body  2.5-3  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  beak.  —  Susquehanna  valley.     Frequent, 
on  shaded  banks. 

4.  L.  canadensis  L.     Stems  9-30  dm.  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:   blades  of 
the  stem-leaves  10-30  cm.  long,  sinuate-pinnatifid :  involucres  10-12  mm.  long, 
the  inner  ones  linear-lanceolate:    ligules  yellow:    achene-body  3-4  mm.  long, 
about  as  long  as  the  beak.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.  —  WILD- 
LETTUCE.     HORSE-WEED. 

5.  MULGEDIUM   Cass.     Herbs  resembling  Lactuca  in  habit.     Achenes 
thick,  beakless.  —  Sum.  and  fall.  —  LETTUCE.     BLUE-LETTUCE. 

Pappus  bright-white  :  blades  of  the  stem-leaves  neither  auriculate  nor  clasping. 

Leaf-blades  toothed  :  achene-body  not  narrowed  into  a  neck.      1.  M .  villosum. 

Leaf-blades  pinnatifld  :  achene-body  narrowed  into  a  slender 

neck.  2.  M.  floridanum. 

Pappus  brown  :  blades  of  the  stem-leaves  auriculate  and  clasping.      3.  M.  spicatum. 

1.  M.  villosum  (Jacq.)  Small.  Stems  9-20  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  stem-leaves 
irregularly  dentate,  8-20  cm.  long:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceo- 
late: ligules  blue:  achenes  4  mm.  long.  —  N.  Frequent,  in  open  woods  and 
thickets.  —  Sandstones  and  shales. 

'2.  M.  floridanum  (L.)  DC.  Stems  10-30  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  stem-leaves 
lyrate-pinnatifid,  2^5  cm.  long:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear:  ligules 
blue :  achenes  6-7  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  thickets  and  on  banks. 

3.  M.  spicatum  (Lam.)  Small.  Stems  9-35  dm.  tall:  blades  of  the  stem-leaves 
lobed  or  pinnatifid  (merely  denticulate  in  M.  spicatum  integri folium)  :  ligules 
white,  yellowish,  or  bluish:  achenes  4-5  mm.  long.  —  Eather  common,  in 
thickets  and  open  woods. 

6.  SONCHUS    [Tourn.]    L.     Annual   or   perennial   tall   caulescent   herbs. 
Leaf -blades  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid,  sometimes  spiny  margined.     Heads 
erect.     Involucres  ovoid  or  subglobose.     Achenes  flattened.     Pappus  deciduous. 
—  Spr.-f  all.  —  SOW-THISTLE. 

Leaf-auricles  rounded :  achenes  smooth  and  3-ribbed.  1.  8.  asper. 

Leaf-auricles  acute  :  achenes  transverse-wrinkled  and  striate.  2.  8.  oleraceus. 

1.  S.    asper    (L.)    All.     Stems   2-15    dm.    tall:    leaf -blades   with   rigid-tipped 
teeth:  achenes  2-2.5  mm.  long,  margined,  ribbed  and  smooth.  —  N.  M.     Com- 
mon, in  fields  and  on  roadsides.  —  Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  S.   oleraceus  L.     Stems   1-18   dm.   tall:    leaf -blades  more   divided  than  in 

5.  asper,  with  soft-tipped  teeth:   achenes  2.5-3  mm.  long,  scarcely  margined,, 
striate  and  transverse-wrinkled.  —  Common,  in  waste  places  and  fields.     Nat- 
of  Eu. 


CICHOBIACEAE.  317 

7.  LEONTODON  L.     Perennial  low  acaulescent  herbs.     Leaf-blades  sin- 
uate-toothed or  runcinate-pinnatifid,  or  rarely  entire.     Heads  solitary.     Invo- 
lucre thick,  scaly.     Achenes  not  much  flattened.     Pappus  persistent.  —  Spr.- 
f all.  —  DANDELION. 

Inner  involucral  bracts  unappendaged :  achenes  brown  or  olive-green. 

1.  L.  Taraxacum. 
Inner  involucral  bracts  appendaged  at  the  tip  :  achenes  red 

or  red-brown.  2.  L.  erythrospermum. 

1.  L.  Taraxacum  L.     Leaf-blades  sinuate  or  coarsely  pinnatifid,  often  lyrate, 
the  lobes  broad:    heads  3-5   cm.   wide,   the  ligules   orange-yellow:    involucral 
tracts  green,  the  outer  ones  long,  reflexed:  achene-body  bluntly  spinulose  near 
the  top:  pappus  white.  —  Common,  nearly  everywhere.    'Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  L.   erytnrospermus    (Andrz.)    Eichw.     Leaf-blades   pinnatifid   or   pinnately 
divided,  runcinate,  the  lobes  narrow:   heads  2-3   cm.  wide,  the  ligules  light- 
yellow:  involucral  bracts  glaucous,  the  outer  ones  short,  ascending  or  spread- 
ing :   achene-body  sharply  spinulose  near  the  apex :   pappus  dirty- white.  —  M. 
Occasional,  on  lawns  and  in  waste  places.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

8.  PICRIS  L.     Annual  or  biennial  caulescent  coarse  herbs.     Leaves  alter- 
nate: blades  entire  or  sinuate,  often  partially  clasping.     Heads  many-flowered, 
loosely  corymbose.     Involucres  rather  broad:   bracts  in  several  series  and  of 
different  shapes.     Corollas  yellow.     Achenes  stout,  with  rough  ribs.     Pappus 
-of  more  or  less  plumose  hairs.  —  Fall. 

Outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  narrow  :  achenes  scarcely  if  at  all  beaked  :   pappus- 
bristles  slightly  plumose.                                                                          1.  P.  hieracioides. 

Outer    bracts     of    the    involucre    ovate :     achene    long-beaked : 

pappus-bristles  copiously  plumose.  2.  P.  echioides. 

1.  P.  hieracioides  L.     Stems  somewhat  hispid:   leaf -blades  mostly  lanceolate 
•or  linear,  sinuate:   outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  smaller  and  narrower 
than  the  inner:  corollas  9-11  mm.  long;  tube  glabrous:  achenes  oblong,  beak- 
less  or   nearly  so :    pappus   slightly  plumose.  —  S.     Occasional,   in  fields   near 
Wakefield.     Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  P.  echioides  L.     Stems  hirsute:  leaf -blades  spatulate  to  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late,   entire    or   undulate:    outer   bracts    of    the    involucre    ovate,   longer   and 
broader  than  the  inner:    corollas   14-15  mm.  long;    tube  pubescent:    achenes 
oblong,  beaked :   pappus  copiously  plumose.  —  S.     Occasional,  in  fields.     Nat. 
•of  Eu.  —  OX-TONGUE. 

9.  TRAGOPOGON    [Tourn.]    L.     Biennial   or  perennial  erect  caulescent, 
rather  coarse  herbs.     Leaf-blades  narrow,  long-attenuate,  often  sheathing  at 
the  base.     Heads  erect.     Involucres  relatively  narrow:   bracts  elongate,  often 
surpassing  the  disk.     Achenes  terete  or  5-angled,  the  inner  at  least  slender- 
beaked. 

1.  T.  porrifolius  L.  Stems  4-15  dm.  tall:  leaf-blades  clasping  or  sheathing 
at  the  base:  peduncles  gradually  enlarged  upward:  bracts  of  the  involucre 
linear-lanceolate,  30-40  mm.  long:  achenes  slender-fusiform,  3.5—4  cm.  long. 
—  N.  M.  —  Frequent,  in  fence-rows  and  on  roadsides.  Nat.  of  Eu.  —  Sum.  — 
SALSIFY.  OYSTER-PLANT. 

10.  HYPOCHAEBIS  L.     Perennial  or  rarely  annual,  scapose  herbs,  the 
scapes  often  minutely  scaly.    Leaf-blades  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid.     Heads 
showy,  erect,  long-peduncled.     Involucres  cylindric  to  campanulate:   bracts  in 
^several  unequal  series,  the  outer  ones  very  small,  the  inner  ones  with  dorsal 


318  CICHOEIACEAE. 

crests  near  the  apex.  Corollas  yellow.  Stigmas  slender,  filiform-  clavate* 
Achenes  fusiform,  the  inner  ones,  at  least,  slender-beaked.  Pappus  single,  the 
bristles  plumose. 

1.  H.  radicata  L.  Plants  perennial,  2-6  dm.  tall:  leaves  mostly  4-17  cm. 
long,  hirsute;  blades  spatulate  in  outline,  coarsely  toothed  or  pinnatifid: 
heads  2.5-4  cm.  wide:  corollas  with  very  narrow  ligules:  achenes  fusiform,, 
the  bodies  3-3.5  mm.  long,  spinulose,  those  of  the  inner  ones  at  least  shorter 
than  the  filiform  beaks.  —  S.  Occasional,  in  wet  pastures.  Nat.  of  Eu.  — 
Spr.  and  sum. 

11.  KBIGIA  Schreb.     Annual  herbs.     Leaves  mainly  basal:   blades  nar- 
row,   toothed    or    pinnatifid.      Heads    slender-peduncled.      Involucre    narrow: 
bracts  narrow,  reflexed  at  maturity.     Corollas  light-yellow.    Achenes  decidedly 
broadened  upward.    Pappus  of  5  scales  about  i  as  long  as  the  achene  and  also- 
of  5  or  10  bristles. 

1.  K.  virginica  (L.)  Willd.  Plants  0.3-4  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  spatulate  to- 
nearly  linear,  2-12  cm.  long:  involucres  mostly  less  than  7  mm.  long:  corollas 
6-7  mm.  long:  achenes  fully  1.5  mm.  long,  finely  ribbed.  —  Common,  in  open 
sandy  places.  —  Spr.  —  DWARF-DANDELION. 

12.  CYNTHIA  D.  Don.     Perennial  herbs.     Leaves  mainly  basal:   blades 
narrow  or  broad,  entire,  repand,  or  pinnatifid.     Heads  long-peduncled.     Invo- 
lucre   stout:    bracts    narrow,    reflexed    at    maturity.      Corollas    bright-yellow. 
Achenes  not  broadened  upward.     Pappus  of  10-15  minute  scales   and  more 
numerous  bristles. 

1.  C.  virginica  (L.)  D.  Don.  Plants  1-7  dm.  tall:  leaf -blades  spatulate, 
oblong  or  oval,  not  elongate,  entire  or  repand  or  slightly  lyrate-pinnatifid: 
involucres  mostly  over  8  mm.  long:  corollas  10-12  mm.  long:  achenes  2  mm. 
long,  coarsely  ribbed.  —  N.  Occasional,  in  meadows.  —  Sandstones  and  shales. 

—  Sum.  —  CYNTHIA. 

13.  CICHOBITJM     [Tourn.]     L.      Perennial     rigid     herbs.      Leaf -blades 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  or  crisped.    Heads  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Involucre  firm  or 
rigid:  outer  bracts  spreading,  the  inner  erect.     Achenes  5-ribbed  or  5-angled. 
Pappus  of  2  or  3  rows  of  scales.  —  CHICORY.     SUCCORY. 

1.  C.  Intybus  L.  Tap-root  elongate,  tough.  Stem  3-15  dm.  tall,  rigidly  wide- 
branched:  blades  of  the  stem-leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  toothed,, 
or  entire:  involucres  10-12  mm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate  to  linear,  the  outer 
glandular- ciliate :  corollas  sky-blue  or  white:  ligules  10-20  mm.  long:  achenes 
2-2.5  mm.  long.  —  Common,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides.  Nat  of  Eu.  —  Sum. 

—  COMMON-CHICORY.     BLUE-SAILORS. 


LIST  OF  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  PUBLISHED  IN  THIS  FLORA. 

Zosterella  Small.     (Diminutive  of  Zostera,  referring  to  the  habit  of  the 

type  species.) 

Zosterella  dubia  (Jacq.)  Small.     Commelina  dubia  Jacq. 
Arsenococcus  Small.     (Greek,  male-berry,  referring  to  the  common  name 

of  the  plant.) 

Arsenococcus  ligustrinus  (L.)  Small.     V actinium  Ugustrinum  L. 
Agalinis  decimloba  (Greene)  Small.     Gerardia  decimloba  Greene. 
Diodella  teres  (Walt.)   Small.    Diodia  teres  Walt. 
Polymniastrum  Small.     (Latin,  referring  to  the  relationship  to  the  genus 

Polymnia.) 
Polymniastrum  Uvedalia  (L.)  Small.     Polymnia  Uvedalia  L. 


319 


INDEX. 


Abutilon,  189 
Acalypha,  178 
ACANTHACEAE,  264 
ACANTHUS  FAMILY,  264 
Acer,  184 

ACERACEAE,    184 

Acerates,  229 
Achillea,  308 
Acorus,  66 
Actaea,  120 
Adam-and-Eve,  90 
Adam  's-needle,  78 
Adder  's-mouth,    88 
Adicea,  101 
Adlumia,  129 
AESCULACEAE,  184 
Aesculus,  184 
Agalinis,  263 
Agastache,  248 
Aegopodium,  211 
Agrimonia,  151 
Agrimony,  151 
Agropyron,  36 
Agrostemma,  118 
Agrostis,  26 
Ailanthus,  175 
AILANTHUS  FAMILY,  175 
Alder,  97 

Black,  182 

Smooth,  97 
Aletris,  80 
Alfalfa,  162 
Alisma,   7 

ALISMACEAEj  7 

ALISMALES,  6 
Allegheny-vine,  130 
ALLIACEAE,  73 
Allium,  73 
Alnus,  97 
Alopecurus,  24 
Alsike-clover,  163 
ALSINACEAE,  113 
Alsine,  115 
Alsinopsis,  114 
Althaea,  189 

Shrubby,   190 
Alum-root,  142 
Alyssum,  136 

Sweet,  136 

Yellow,  136 
Amaranth,  111 

Green,  111 

Thorny,  111 


AMARANTHACEAE,  111 
AMARANTH  FAMILY,  111 
Amaranthus,  111 
AMARYLLIDALES,  80 
AMARYLLIS  FAMILY,  80 
Ambrina,  110 
Ambrosia,  283 
AMBROSIACEAE,  282 
Amelanchier,  154 
American-brooklime,  262 
American-cowslip,    222 
American-elm,  104 
American-holly,  183 
American-ivy,  188 
American-mistletoe,    269 
American-pennyroyal,  252 
American  white-hellebore, 

70 
American    wood-straw- 

berry,  149 
AMMIACEAE,  207 
AMMIALES,  205 
AMYGDALACEAE,  156 
Amygdalus,  157 
Anagallis,  222 
Anaphalis,  301 
Andropogon,,  12 
Anemone,  121 

Rue,  122 

Wood,  121 
Angelica,  212 
Angellico,  212 
ANGIOSPERMAE,  3 
Angle-pod,  231 
ANNONACEAE,  125 
Antennaria,  300 
Anthemis,  308 
Anthopogon,  225 
Anthoxanthum,  20 
Anthyllis,  163 
Anychia,  111 
Aplectrum,  90 
APOCYNACEAE,  227 
Apocynum,  228 
Apple,  153 

Common,   154 

Crab,  154 

Love,  239 

Mock,  279 

Thorn, .  240 
APPLE  FAMILY,  153 
Apple-of-Peru,  238 
AQUIFOLIACEAE,  182 


Aquilegia,  120 
Arabidopsis,  134 
Arabis,  138 
ARACEAE,  65 
ARALES,  64 
Aralia,  207 
Arbutus,  217 

Trailing,  217 
Arctium,  310 
Arenaria,  114 
Arethusa,  87 
Argemone,  129 
Arisaema,  65 
Aristida,  21 
Aristolochia,  279 
ARISTOLOCHIALES,    278 
Armoracia,   133 
Arnica,  309 
Arrhenatherum,   28 
Arrow-head,  7 
Arrow-wood,  274 
Arsenococcus,  218 
Artichoke,  305 

Jerusalem,  305 
ARTOCARPACEAE,  103 
ARUM  FAMILY,  65 
ASARACEAE,  278 
Asarum,  278 

ASCLEPIADACEAE,  228 
ASCLEPIADALES,  227 

Ascyrum,  191 
Ash,  224 

Flowering,  224 

Prickly   224 

Eed,  224 

White,  224 
Asimina,   125 
Asparagus,  76 
Aster,   293 

Golden,   289 

White-topped,    299 
Atheropogon,  29 
Atragene,  124 
Atriplex,  110 
Avena,  27 
Avens,  150 
Azalea,  216 

Clammy,  216 

Smooth,  217 

Baccharis,  300 
Balloon-vine,  185 
Balm,  252 


Lancaster  County  Flora  21 


321 


322 


INDEX. 


Balm,  Bee,  251,  252 

Horse,  256 

Lemon,  252 
Balm-of-Gilead,   91 
Balmony,  259 
Balsam-apple,  279 

Wild,  279 

BALSAMINACEAE,  174 
Baneberry,  120 
Baptisia,  161 
Barbarea,  134 
Barnyard-grass,   14 
Barren-oak,  99 
Barren-strawberry,  150 
Bartonia,  226 
Basil,  252,  253 
Basswood,  188 
Bastard-pennyroyal,    246 
Bastard  toad-flax,  270 
Batrachium,  122 
Batschia,  242 
Bayberry,  94 
BAYBEREY  FAMILY,  93 
Beak-rush,  46 
Beaked  hazel-nut,  96 
Bean,  169 

Wild,  170 
Bean-tree,  267 
Bean-vine,  170 
Beard-grass,  12 
Beard-tongue,  259 
Bearded-darnel,  36 
Bear-grass,  78 
Bear-oak,  100 
Bedstraw,  271 

Eough,  273 

Sweet-scented,  273 

Yellow,  272 
Bee-balm,  251,  252 
Bee-tree,  188 
Beech,   98 
Beech-drops,  215,  266 

False,  215 
BEECH  FAMILY,  97 
Begger  's-lice,  241 
Beggar-ticks;  165,  307 

Swamp,  307 
Bellflower,  280 

Creeping,  280 

Marsh,  280 

BELLFLOWER  FAMILY,  280 
Bell-rue,  124 
Bellwort,  77 
Benjamin-bush,  200 
Bent-grass,  26 
Benzoin,  200 
Betony,  264 

Wood,  264 
Betula,  97 


BETULACEAE,  96 
Bicuculla,  130 
Bidens,  306 
Bignonia,  267 

BlGNONIACEAE,  266 

Bindweed,  233 

Field,  234 

Hedge,  233 
Birch,  97 

Black,  97 

Cherry,  97 

Red,  97 

Eiver,  97 

Southern  yellow,  97 

Sweet,    97 
BIRCH  FAMILY,  96 
Bird-cherry,  157 
Birdfoot-violet,  195 
BirdVfoot  trefoil,  164 
Birthroot,  78 
Birthwort,  279 
BIRTHWORT  FAMILY,  278 
Bishop 's-cap,  143 
Bitter-bloom,  225 
Bitter-cress,  137 
Bitter-dock,  105 
Bittersweet,  239 
Black-alder,    182 
Blackberry,  147 

Sand, 

Blackberry-lily,   82 
Black-bindweed,  108 
Black-birch,  97 
Black-cohosh,  120 
Black-eyed  Susan,  304 
Black-gum,  206 
Black-haw,  275 
Black  high-blueberry,  220 
Black-huckleberry,  219 
Black-jack,  99 
Black-maple,  185 
Black-medic,  162 
Black-mustard,   135 
Black  oat-grass,  22 
Black-raspberry,   147 
Black  scrub-oak,  100 
Black-snakeroot,   120,  209 
Black-walnut,  94 
Black-willow,   92 
Bladder-campion,  118 
Bladdernut,  184 
BLADDERNUT  FAMILY,  184 
Bladderwort,  265 
BLADDERWORT    FAMILY, 

265 

Blazing-star,  70,  288 
Bleeding-heart,  183 
Blephariglottis,  85 
Bloodroot,  128 


Blue-beech,  96 
Bluebell,  280 
Blueberry,  219 

Black  high,  220 

Early,  220 

High,  220 

Late  sweet,  220 

Low,  220 

Swamp,  220 

Sweet,  220 
Blue-cohosh,  127 
Blue-curls,  246 
Blue-devil,  243 
Blue-eyed  grass,  82 
Blue-grape,  187 
Blue-grass,  32 
Blue-hearts,  263 
Blue- joint   grass,  25 
Blue-lettuce,  316 
Blue-phlox,  236 
Blue-sailors,  318 
Blue-tangle,  219 
Blue  toad-flax,  258 
Blue-verbena,  244 
Bluets,  271 
Blueweed,  243 
Boehmeria,  102 
Bog-torches,  66 
Boltonia,  292 
Boneset,  288 

Upland,  288 

False,  289 
Borage,  243 
BORAGE  FAMILY,  240 

BORAGINACEAE,   240 

Borago,  243 
Bottle-brush,  38 
Bottle-grass,'  19 
Bouncing-bet,  117 
Bowman  Vroot,  147 
Box-elder,  185 
Brachyelytrum,  23 
Brasenia,  126 
Brassica,  135 
BRASSICACEAE,  130 
Bristly-buttercup,  123 
Bristly-sarsaparilla,  207 
Brome-grass,  35 
Bromus,  35 
Brook-lobelia,  282 
Brookweed,  223 
Broom,  162 

Scotch,  162 
Broom-grass,  12 
Broom-rape,  266 
BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY,  266 
Buchnera,  263 
Buckbean,  227 


INDEX. 


323 


BUCKBEAN  FAMILY,  227 
Buckberry,  219 
Buckeye,  184 
BUCKEYE  FAMILY,  184 
Buckthorn,  186 
BUCKTHORN  FAMILY,  186 
Buckwheat,  108 
BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY,  104 
Buffalo-bur,  239 
Bugbane,  120 
Bugle-weed,  254 
Bulbous-buttercup,  123 
Bulrush,  41 
Bunch-flower,  70 
BUNCH-FLOWER    FAMILY, 

69 

Bupleurum,  210 
Burdock,  310 
Bur-grass,  19 
Bur-marigold,  306 
Burnet,  152 
Burning-bush3  183 
Bur-oak,  100 
Bur-reed,  4 
BUR-REED  FAMILY,  4 
Bursa,  132 
Bur-seeds,  241 
Burweed,  283 
Bush-clover,  167 
Bush-honeysuckle,   276 
Butter-and-eggs    258 
Buttercup,   121  ' 

Bristly,  123 

Bulbous,  123 

Celery-leaved,  123 

Creeping,  123 

Hooked,  123 

Meadow,  123 

Swamp,  124 
Butterfly-pea,  169 
Butterfly-weed,  230 
Butternut,  94 
Butter-weed,  299 
Button-ball,  145 
Buttonbush,  271 
Button-snakeroot,  288 
Button-weed,  271 
Button-wood,  145 

CABOMBACEAE,  126 
CACTUS  FAMILY,  199' 
Calamagrostis,  25 
Calamus,  66 
Calico-bush,  217 
CALLITRICHACEAE,  181 
Callitriche,  181 
Caltha,  120 
Campanula,  280 
CAMPANULACEAE,  280 


CAMPANULALES,  279 
Campanulastrum,    281 
Campion,  117,  118 

Bladder,  118 

Eed,  118 

Starry,  117 

White,  118 
Campion-catchfly,  117 
Canada  blue-grass,  33 
Canada-thistle,  311 
Canada-violet,  198 
Canary-grass,  20 
Cancer-root,  266 
CANNABINACEAE,  102 
Cannabis,  102 
CAPER  FAMILY,  139 
Caper-spurge,  180 
Capnoides,  130 
CAPPARIDACEAE,  139 

CAPRirOLIACEAE,    273 

Cardamine,  137 
Cardinal-flower,  282 
Cardiospermum,  185 
CARDUACEAE,  283 
CARDUALES,  282 
Carduus,  312 
Carex,  47 

albursina,  58 
anceps,  58 
Asa-Grayi,  64 
blanda,  58 
bromoides,  54 
bullata,  63 
Bushii,  61 
Buxbaumii,   62 
caroliniana,  61 
cephalaphora,  53 
communis,  56 
comosa,  64 
complanata,  60 
conoidea,  59' 
costata,  60 
costellata,  60 
crinita,  62 
cristatella,  55 
Davisii,  60 
digitalis,  58 
festucacea,  55 
filiformis,  63 
flexuosa,  60 
foenea,  56 
folliculata,  63 
Frankii,  64 
glaucodea,  59 
gracillima,  60 
granularis,  59 
Grayi,  64 
grisea,  59 
gynandra,  61 


Carex,  hirsuta,  61 

hirtiflora,  57 

Hitchcockiana,  59 

hormathodes,  55 

hystricina,  63 

incomperta,  55 

interior,  54 

intumescens,  64 

Jamesii,  56 

lacustris,  62 

laevi-vaginata,   54 

lanuginosa,  62 

lasiocarpa,  63 

laxiculmis,  58 

laxiflora,   58 

Leersii,  54 

leptalea,  56 

lupulina,  64 

lurida,  63 

Meadii,  57 

monile,  63 

Muhlenbergii,  53 

oligocarpa,  59 

pedicellata,  54 

pedunculata,  57 

pennsylvanica,   56 

platyphylla,  58 

polymorpha,  57 

prairea,  53 

prasina,  60 

pubescens,  57 

retroflexa,  53 

riparia,  62 

rosea,  53 

scabrata,  61 

scoparia,  55 

Shortiana,  62 

sparganioides,  53 

squarrosa,  64 

stipata,  54 

straminea,  55 

stricta,  61 

styloflexa,  59 

Swanii,  60 

tennis,  60 

tetanica,  57 

torta,  61 

tribuloides,  55 

trichocarpa,  63 

umbellata,  57 

varia,  57 

vestita,  62 

virescens,  60 

virescens,  60 

vulpinoidea,  53 

Willdenovii,  56 
CARPET-WEED  FAMILY,  112 
Carpinus,  96 
Carrion-flower,  79 


324 


INDEX. 


Carrot,  213 

Wild,  214 

CARROT  FAMILY,  207 
Caryophyllaceae,  116 
Cassia,  159 
CASSIACEAE,  158 
Castalia,  127 
Castanea,  98 
Castilleja,  263 
Castor-bean,  179 
Castor-oil  plant,  179 
Catalpa,  267 
Cat-brier,  79 
Catchfly,  117 

Campion,  117 

Sleepy,  117 

Sweet-william,  117 
Cat-gut    164 
Cathartolinum,  173 
Cat-mint,  248 
Catnep,  248 
Cat-tail,  3 
CAT-TAIL  FAMILY,  3 
Cauilophyllum,-  127 
Ceanothus,  186 
Cedar,  3 
Celandine,  128 
CELASTRACEAE,  183 
Celastrus,  183 
Celeri,  210 
Celery,  210 
Celery-leaved     buttercup, 

123 

Celtis,  104 
Cenchrus,  19 
Centaurium,  225 
Centaury,  225 
Cephalanthus,  271 
Cerastium,  115 
CERATOPHYLLACEAE,  119 
Ceratophyllum,  119 
Cercis,  159 
Cerefolium,  209 
Cerothamnus,  94 
Chaerophyllum,  209 
Chaetochloa,  18 
Chamaecrista,  159 
Chamaenerion,  203 
Chamaerilium,  70 
Chamaesyce,  179 
Chamomile,  308 

Corn,  308 
Charlock,  135 
Cheat,  35 
Checkerberry,  218 
Cheeses,  189 
Cheirinia,  135 
Chelidonium,  128 
Chelone,  259 


CHENOPODIACEAE,  109 

Clematis,  124 

CHENOPODIALES,  108 

Climbing-bittersweet,  184 

Chenopodium,  109 

Climbing-fumitory,    130 

Cherry,  157 

Climbing  hemp-vine,  288 

Bird,  157 

Clinopodium,  252 

Choke,  158 

Clitoria,  17 

Fire,  157 

Closed-gentian,  226 

Morello,  158 

Clotbur,  283,  310 

Perfumed,   157 

Clover,   162 

Pigeon,  157 

Alsike,  163 

Rum,  158 

Bush,  167 

Sour,  158 

Crimson,  163 

Sweet,  158 

Italian,  163 

Wild,  158 

Eabbit-foot,  163 

Wild-black,  158 

Red,   163 

Wild-red,  157 

Stone,  163 

Cherry-birch,  97 

Sweet,  162 

Chervil,  209 

White,  163 

Chess,  35 

OJub-rush,  41 

Chestnut,  98 

Cocklebur,  283 

Chestnut-oak,  100 

Cockspur,  19 

Chicken-grape,  187 

Cockspur-thorn,  156 

Chickweed,  114,  15 

Coeloglossum,  84 

Forked,   114 

Cohosh, 

Indian,  112 

Black,  120 

Jagged,   114 

Blue,  127 

Mouse-ear,  115 

Colic-root,  80 

CHICKWEED  FAMILY,  113 

Coliseum-ivy,  258 

Chickweed-wintergreen 

Collinsonia,  256 

221 

Columbine,  121 

Chicory,  318 

Comandra,  270 

Common,  318 

Comfrey,  241,  243 

CHICORY  FAMILY,  313 

Wild,  241 

Chimaphila,  215 

Commelina,  68 

Chinquapin,  98 

COMMELINACEAE,    67 

Chionanthus,  224 

Common-apple,  154 

Chokeberry,  154 

Common-chicory,  318 

Choke-cherry,  158 

Common-darnel,  36 

CHORIPETALAE,  90 

Common-elder,  274 

Chrosperma,   70 

Common-flax,  172 

Chrysanthemum,  308 

Common-milkweed,  230 

Chrysogonum,   303 

Common     morning-glory, 

Chrysopsis,  289 

233 

Chrysosplenium,  43 

Common-mullen,  258 

ClCHORIACEAE,    313 

Common-nightshade,   239 

Cichorium,  318 

Common-peacht  157 

Cicuta,  211 

Common-pear,  153 

Cigar-tree,  267 

Common-plantain,  269 

Cimicifuga,   120 

Common-smartweed,  107 

Cinna,  25 

Common-speedwell,  262 

Cinquefoil,  149 

Common-thistle,  312 

Circaea,  204 

Comptonia,  93 

Cirsium,  311 

Cone-flower,  304 

CISTACEAE,  192 

Conium,  210 

Clammy-azalea,  216 

Conoclinium,  288 

Clammy-weed,   139,   202 

Conopholis,  266 

Claytonia,  113 

CONVALLARIACEAE,    76 

Clearweed,  102 

CONVOLVULACEAE,    232 

Cleavers,  271 

Convolvulus,  233 

INDEX. 


325 


Coral-berry,  276 
Coral-root,  89 
Corallorrhiza,   89 
Coreopsis,  306 
Coriander,  210 
Coriandrum,  210 
Corn-chamomile,  308 
Corncockle,  118 
Cornel,  206 

Silky,  206 
Corn-gromwell,  242 
Corn-salad,  277 
Corn-speedwell,  261 
Corn-rose,  118 
Corpse-plant,  215 

CORRIGIOLACEAE,  111 
CORYLACEAE,  96 

Corylus,  96 
Cotton-grass,  41 
Cotton-rose,  300 
Cotton-thistle,  312 
Cottonwood,  91 
Couch-grass,  37 
Cowbane,  211 

Spotted,  211 
Cow-cress,  132 
Cow-parsnip,  213 
Cowslip,  222 

American,  222 

Virginia,   241 
Cow-wheat,  264 
Crab-apple,  154 
Crab-grass,  14 
Cracca,  164 
Cranberry,  220 
Cranesbill,  171 

Wild,  172 
Crataegus,  155 
Creeping-bellflower,   280 
Creeping-buttercup,  123 
Creeping-spearwort,   123 
Creeping-thyme,  253 
Creeping-wintergreen,  218 
Crepis,  314 
Cress, 

Bitter,  137 

Cow,  132 

Field,  132 

Marsh,  133 

Mouse-ear,  134 

Penny,   132 

Spring,  137 

Wall,  134 
,    Water,  133 

Winter,  134 

Yellow,  133 
Crimson-clover,  163 
Crocanthemum,  192 
Crotalaria,  161 


Crowfoot,  121 

Ditch,  123 

Early,   124 

Small-flowered,   123 
CROWFOOT  FAMILY,  119 
Crow-poison,  70 
Cubelium,  198 

CUCURBITACEAE,  279 

Cudweed,  301 
Low,  301 

Culver  's-phy sic,  262 

Culver  's-root,  262 

Cunila,  254 

Curled-dock,  105 

Currant,  144 
Indian,  144 
Wild-black,  144 

Cuscuta,  234 

CUSCUTACEAE,  234 

CUSTARD-APPLE    FAMILY, 
125 

Cut-grass,  20 

Cymbalaria,  258 

Cynoglossum,  241 

Cynoxylon,  206 

Cynthia,  318 

CYPERACEAE,  38 

Cyperus,  39 

Cypress-spurge,  180 

Cypress-vine,  232 

Cypripedium,  84 

Cytisus,  161 

Dactylis,  32 
Daffodil,  81 
Daisy, 

Ox-eye,  309 

White,  309 

Yellow,  304 
Daisy-fleabane,  299 
Dame 's-violet,  134 
Dandelion,  317 

Dwarf,  318 
Danthonia,  28 
DAPHNACEAE,  200 
Darnel,   36 
Dasystephana,  226 
Dasystoma,  262 
Datura,  240 
Daucus,  213 
Day-flower,  68 
Day-lily,  76 
Dead-nettle,   249 
De^odon,  201 
Deerberry,  219 
Deergrass,  201 
Delphinium,  121 
Dentaria,  137 
Deptford-pink,  116 


Deringa,  211 
Deschampsia,  27 
Devil  's-bit,  70 
Dew-flower,  68 
Dianthera,    265 
Dianthus,  116 

DlCOTYLEDONES,   90 

Diervilla,  276 
Diodella,  27 
Dioscorea,  81 
Diospyros,  223 
Dipsacus,  278 
Dirca,  200 
Ditch-crowfoot,  123 
Ditch-stonecrop,  142 
Dittany,  254 
Dock,  105 

Bitter,  105 

Curled,   105 

Pale,  105 

Peach-leaved,  105 

Splatter,  126 
Dodder,  234 

Flax,  234 

DODDER  FAMILY,  234 
Dodecatheon,  222 
Doellingeria,  299 
Dogbane,  228 
DOGBANE  FAMILY,  227 
Dog-fennel,  308 
Dog's-tooth  violet,  75 
Dogwood,  206 

Flowering,  206 

Poison,  182 

DOGWOOD  FAMILY,  205 
Doorweed,   105 
Downy  yellow- violet,  197" 
Draba,  136 

DRACAENACEAEj    77 

Dracocephalum,  249 
Dragon-root,  65 
Dropseed,  24 
Drosera,  139 
DROSERACEAE,  139 
Drymocallis,    149 
Duchesnea,  149 
Duckweed,  66 
DUCKWEED  FAMILY,  66 
Dulichium,  39 
Dutchman  's-breeches,  130 
Dwarf -dandelion,  318 
Dwarf-ginseng,  207 
Dwarf  gray-willow,  93 
Dwarf-huckleberry,   219 

Early-blueberry,  220 
Early-crowfoot,  124 
Early  meadow-rue,  124 
Early-saxifrage,  142 


326 


INDEX. 


EBENACEAE,  223 
EBENALES,  223 
EBONY  FAMILY,  223 
Echinochloa,  14 
Echium,  243 
Eel-grass,  8 
Eglantine,  153 
Elder,  274 

Box,  185 

Common,  274 

Poison,  182 

Bed-berried,  274 

Wild,  207 
Elecampane,  302 
Eleocharis,   43 
Elephantopus,  286 
Elephant 's-foot,  286 
Eleusine,  29 
Elm,  104 

American,  104 

Eed,  104 

Slippery,  104 

White,  104 
ELM  FAMILY,  103 
ELODEACEAE,  7 
Elymus,  37 
Enchanter 's     nightshade, 

205 

English-hawthorn,  155 
English-plantain,  268 
English-violet,  197 
Epigaea,  217 
EPILOBIACEAE,  202 
Epilobium,  203 
Eragrostis,  30 
Erechtites,  309 
ERICACEAE,  216 
ERIC  ALES,  214 
Erigeron,  298 
Eriophorum,  41 
Erodium,   172 
Eruca,  135 
Erysimum,  133 
Erythronium,  75 
Eubotrys,  217 
Euonymus,  183 
Eupatorium,  286 

"EUPHORBIACEAE,    178 
iEUPHORBIALES,  177 

lEuropean-verbena,  244 
European    wtoodrstraw- 

berry,  149 
Euthamia,  289 
Evening-primrose,  203 
EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAM- 
ILY, 202 
Everlasting,  300 

FABACEAE,  160 


FAGACEAE,  97 
FAGALES,  95 
Fagopyrum,  107 
Fagus,  98 
Falcata,  169 
False-acacia,  165 
False  beech-drops,  215 
False-boneset,  289 
False-buckwheat,  108 
False  dragon-head,  249 
False-flax,  132 
False-foxglove,  262 

Downy,  263 

Smooth,   263 
False-gromwell,  242 
False-indigo,  161 
False-loosestrife,  203 
False-madder,  273 
FALSE- MERMAID  FAMILY, 

175 

False-nettle,  102 
False-pennyroyal,  246 
False-pimpernel,  222,  260 
Feather-geranium,  110 
Feather-grass,  21 
Fescue-grass,  34 
Festuca,  34 
Fetter-bush,  218 
Fever-bush,  200 
Feverfew,   309 
Feverwort,  275 
Field-cress,  132 
Field-garlic,  74 
Field-sorrel,  105 
Field-speedwell,   261 
Figwort,  258 
FIGWORT  FAMILY,  256 
Filipendula,  151 
Fimbristylis,  44 
Finger-grass,  14 
Fire-cherry,  157 
Fire-leaf,  66 
Fireweed,  203,  309 
Fissipes,  84 
Five-finger,  149 
Flag,  82 
Flax,  172 

Common,  172 

Yellow,  173 
Flax-dodder,  234 
FLAX  FAMILY,  172 
Fleabane,  298 

Daisy,  299 
Floerkea,  175 
Flowering-ash,  224 
Flowering-dogwood,  206 
Flowering-raspberry,   147 
Flowering-wintergreen, 
176 


Flower-of-an-hour,  190 
Forget-me-not,  241 
Forked-chickweed,  111 
Fowl  meadow-grass,  34 
Foxglove, 

False,  262 
Fox-grape,  188 
Foxtail,  18,  24 
Foxtail-grass,  18 
Fragaria,  149 
FRANGULACEAE,  186 
Fraxinus,  224 
Fringed-gentian,  226 
Fringed-orehis,  85 
Fringe-tree,  224 
Frog  ?s-f ruit,  244 
Frost-grape,  187 
Frost-weed,  192 
Fumaria,  130 

FUMARIACEAE,    129 

Fumitory,    130 
FUMITORY  FAMILY,  129 

Galactia,  168 
Galeorchis,  84 
Galingale,  39 
Galinsoga,  307 
Galium,  271 
GaH-of-the-earth,   314 
Gamma-grass,  12 
GAMOPETALAE,   214 
Garden-balsam,  175 
Garlic,  73 
Gaultheria,  218 
Gaura,  204 
Gaylussacia,  219 
Gemmingia,  81 
Gentian,  226 

Closed,  226 

Fringed,    226 

Horse,  275 

Soapwort,  226 
GENTIAN  ACE  AE,  225 
GENTIANALES,  225 
GERANIACEAE,  171 
GERANIALES,  171 
Geranium,  171 

Feather-leaved,   110 

Eock,  142 

Wild,  171 

GERANIUM  FAMILY,  171 
Germander,  246 
Geum,  150 
Giant-hyssop,  248 
Gifola,  300 

Gill-over-the-ground,  249 
Ginseng,  207 

Dwarf,  207 
Glaucous-willow,  93 


INDEX. 


327 


Glecoma,  248 
Gleditsia,  159 
Glycene,  169 
Gnaphalium,   301 
Goat's-rue,  164 
Golden-aster,  289 
Golden-club,   66 
Goldenrod,  290 
Golden-saxifrage,  143 
Golden-seal,  120 
Gooseberry,  145 

Smooth,  145 

GOOSEBERRY  FAMILY,  144 
Goosefoot,  109 
GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY,  109 
Goose-grass,  29,  272 
GOURD  FAMILY,  279 
Goutweed,  212 
Grape,  187 

Blue,  187 

Chicken   187 

Fox,  188 

Frost,  187 

Pigeon,  187 

Plum,  188 

Riverside,  187 

Sand,  187 

Sugar,  187 

Summer,  187 

Winter,  187 
GRAPE  FAMILY,  186 
Grape-hyacinth,  75 
GRASS  FAMILY,  9 
Grass-pink,  89 
Gratiola,  260 
Great-laurel,  217 
Great-lobelia,  282 
Great  indian-plantain,  310 
Great-ragweed,  283 
Green-amaranth,  111 
Green-brier,  79 
Green-dragon,  65 
Green-milkweed,  229 
Green-valerian,  237 
Green-violet,  198 
Gromwell,  242 

Corn,  242 

False,  242 
Grossularia,  144 
GROSSULARIACEAE,  144 
Ground-cherry,  238 
Ground-ivy,  249 
Groundnut,  169,  207 
Ground-pink,  237 
Groundsel,  310 
Groundsel-bush,  300 
Groundsel-tree,  300 
Gum,  206 

Black,  206 


Gum,  Sour,  206 

GUNNERACEAE,   205 

Gymnadenopsis,  86 
GYMNOSPERMAE,  1 

Hackberry,  104 
Hair-grass,  26,  27 
Halberd-leaved    rose-mal- 
low, 190 

HAMAMELIDACEAE,  144 
Hamamelis,  144 
Hardback,  146 
Hard-maple,  185 
Harebell,  280 
Haw,  155 

Black, 

Hawksbeard,  314 
Hawkweed,   314 
Hawthorn,  155 

English,  155 
Hazel-nut,  96 

Beaked,  96 

HAZEL-NUT  FAMILY,  96 
Heal-all,  249 
Healing-herb,  243 
HEATH  FAMILY,  216 
Hedeoma,  252 
HEDERACEAE,  206 
Hedge-bindweed,  233 
Hedge-hyssop,    260 
Hedge-mustard,  134 
Hedge-nettle,  250 
Helenium,  308 
Heleochloa,  23 
Helianthus,   304 
Heliopsis,  303 
Hemerocallis,  76 
Hemlock,  2 

Poison,  210 

Water,  211 
Hemp,  103 

Indian,  228 
HEMP  FAMILY,  102 
Henbit,  250 
Hepatica,  121 
Heracleum,   213 
Herba-impia,  300 
Hercules '-club,  207 
Hesperis,  134 
Heteranthera,  69 
Heuchera,  142 
Hickory,  94 

Shag-bark,  95 

Swamp,  95 

White-heart,  95 
Hicoria,  94 
Hieracium,  314 
High-blueberry,  220 
High-mallow,  190 


Hoarhound,  248 

Water,   254 
Hoary-pea,   164 
Hoary-verbena,  244 
Hog-peanut,  170 
Hogweed,  283 
Holly,  182 

American,  183 
HOLLY  FAMILY,  182 
Holosteum,  114 
Homalocenchrus,  19 
Honewort,  211 
Honey-locust,  159 
Honeysuckle,  216,  276 

Bush,  276 

Japanese,  276 

Swamp,  216 

Trumpet,  276 
HONEYSUCKLE     FAMILY, 

273 

Hooked-buttercup,  123 
Hop-clover, 

Low,  163 

Yellow,  163 
Hop-hornbeam,  96 
Hop,  102 
Hop-medic,  162 
Hornwort,  119    • 
HORNWORT  FAMILY,  119 
Horse-balm,  256 
Horse-brier,  79 
Horse-cane,  283 
Horse-chestnut,  184 
Horse-gentian,   275 
Horse-mint,  251,  253 
Horse-nettle,  239 
Horseradish,  133 
Horse-weed,  299,  316 
Hound 's-tongue,  241 
Houstonia,   270 
Huckleberry,  219 

Black,  219 

Dwarf,  219 

Squaw,  219 
HUCKLEBERRY      FAMILY, 

218 

Humulus,  102 
Hungarian-grass,   19 
Hydrangea,   143 
HYDRANGEACEAE,  143 
HYDRANGEA  FAMILY,  143 
Hydrastis,  120 
HYDROCHARITALES,  7 
Hydrocotyle,  208 
HYDROLEACEAE,  235 
Hydrophyllum,   235 
HYPERICACEAE,  190 
HYPERICALES,  190 
Hypericunij  191 


328 


INDEX. 


Hypochaeris,  317 
Hypopitys,  215 
Hypoxis,  80 
Hyssop,  260 

Giant,  248 

Hedge,  260 
Hystrix,  38 

Ibidium,  87 
Ilex,  182 
Ilysanthes,  260 
Impatiens,  174 
Indian-chickweed,  112 
Indian  cigar-tree,  267 
Indian  cucumber-root,  78 
Indian-currant,   276 
Indian-fig,  199 
Indian-grass,   13 
Indian-hemp,    2 28' 
Indian-mallow,  189 
Indian-physic,  147 
Indian-pipe,  215 
INDIAN-PIPE  FAMILY,  215 
Indian-plantain,  309 

Great,   310 

Pale,  310 
Indian-poke,  70 
Indian-rice,  19 
Indian-strawberry,    149 
Indian-tobacco,  282 
Indian-turnip,  65 
Indigo, 

False,  161 

Wild,  161 
Inkberry,  112 
Innocence,  271 
Inula,  301 
lonactis,  299 
lonoxalis,  173 
Ipomoea,  232,  233 
Iris,  82 

IRIS  FAMILY,  81 
Iron-oak,  100 
Ironweed,  286 
Ironwood,  96 
Isanthus,  246 
Isnardia,  202 
Isotria,  86 
Italian-clover,  163 
Italian  rye-grass,  36 

American,  188 

Coliseum,  258 

Ground,  249 

Kenilworth,  258 

Poison,  182 
IVY  FAMILY,  206 
Ivy-leaved  speedwell,  261 
IXIACEAE,  81 


Jack-in-the-pulpit,  65 
Jagged-chickweed,    114 
Jamestown-weed,   240 
Japanese-honeysuckle,  276 
Jersey-pine,  2 
Jerusalem-artichoke,  305 
Jerusalem-oak,  110 
JEWEL-WEED  FAMILY,  174 
Jimson-weed,  240 
Joe-Pye  weed,  288 
Judas-tree,  159 

JUGLANDACEAE,  94 
JUGLANDALES,  94 

Juglans,  94 

JUNCACEAE,  71 

Juneoides,  73 
Juncus,  71 
June -berry,  154 
Juniper,  3 

JUNIPERACEAE,    2 

JUNIPER  FAMILY,  2 
Juniperus,  3 

Kalmia,  217 
Karri,  260 
Kenilworth-ivy,   258 
Kentucky  blue-grass,  33 
King-nut,  95 
Kinnikinnik,  206 
Kneiffia,  204 
Knotgrass,  105 
Knotweed,  105 
Koellia,  253 
Koniga,  136 
Krigia,  318 
Kuhnia,  289 

Laciniaria,  288 

Lactuca,  315 

Ladies '-slipper,  84 

Ladies '-tobacco,  300 

Ladies '-tresses,  87 

Lady 's-thumb,  107 

Lambkill,  217 

Lamb 's-lettuce,  277 

Lamb 's-quarters,  109 

LAMIACEAE,  245 

Lamium,  249 

Lappula,  241 

Larkspur,  121 

Late  sweet-blueberry,  220 

Lathyrus,  170 

LAURACEAE,  200 

Laurel,  217 
Great,  217 
Mountain,  217 
Sheep,  217 

LAUREL  FAMILY,  200 

Laurel -magnolia,  125 


Long-spurred  violet,  198 
Leaf-cup,  302 
Leather-wood,  200 
Lechea,  193 
Lemna,  66 
LEMNACEAE,  66 
Lemon-balm,  252 
Leontodon,  317 
Leonurus,  250 
Lepidium,  132 
Leptandra,  262 
Leptilon,  299 
Lespedeza,  167 
Lettuce,  315,  316 

Blue,  316 

Prickly,   316 

White,  314 

Wild,  315 

Wood,  315 
LEUCOJACEAE,  80 
Leucothoe,  217 
Lever-wood,  96 
Ligusticum,  212 
Ligustrum,  224 
LILIACEAE,  74 
Lilium,  74 
Lily,  74 

Water,  127 
LILY  FAMILY,  74 
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY 

FAMILY,  76 
Lime-tree,  188 

LlMNANTHACEAE,   175 

Limodorum,   89 

LlNACEAE,   172 

Linaria,  258 
Linden,  188 
LINDEN  FAMILY,  188 
Linn,  188 
Linum,  172 
Lion's-foot,   314 
Liparis,  88 
Liriodendron,  125 
Lithospermum,  242 
Live-for-ever,  141 
Liver-leaf,  121 
Lizard 's-tail,  90 
LIZARD  'S-TAIL  FAMILY,  90 
Lobelia,  281 

Brook,  282 

Great,  282 
LOBELIACEAE,  281 
LOBELIA  FAMILY,  281 
Locust,  164 
Locust-tree,  165 
Lolium,  36 
Lombardy-poplar,  91 
Lonicera,  276 
Loosestrife,  202,  221 


INDEX. 


329 


Loosestrife,  False,  203 

Swamp,  202 

LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY,  201 
Lopseed,  245 
LOPSEED  FAMILY,  244 
LORANTHACEAE,  269 
Lotus,  164 
Lousewort,  264 
Love-apple,  239 
Love-vine,  234 
Low-blueberry,  220 
Low  hop-clover,  163 
Low  spear-grass,  33 
Lucerne,  162 
Ludwigia,  203 
Lungwort,  241 
Lupine,  161 
Lupinus,  161 
Lychnis,  118 
Lycium,  239 
Lycopersicon,  239 
Lycopus,  254 
Lyme-grass,  37 
Lyre-leaved  sage,  251 
Lysias,  8:5 
Lysimachia,  221 
LYTHRACEAE,  201 
Lythrum,  202 

MADDER  FAMILY,  270 
Mad-dog  scullcap,  247 
Magnolia,  125 

Laurel,  125 
MAGNOLIACEAE,  125 
MAGNOLIA  FAMILY,  125 
Mahaleb,  157 
MALACEAE,  153 
Malaxis,   88 
Male-berry,  218 
Mallow,  189 

High.  190 

Indian,  189 

Marsh,  189 

Eose,  190 

MALLOW  FAMILY,  188 
Malus,  153 
MALVACEAE,  188 
MALVALES,  188 
Mandrake,  127 
Manna-grass,  33 
Man-of-the-earth,  233 
Maple,  184 

Black,  185 

Hard,  185 

Eed,  185 

Eock,  185 

Silver,  185 

Sugar,  185 

Swamp,  185 


Maple,  White,  185 
MAPLE  FAMILY,  184 
Maple-leaved  goosefoot, 

110 

Mariscus,  45 
Marrubium,  248 
Marsh-bellflower,  280 
Marsh-cress,  133 
Marsh-grass,  29 
Marsh-mallow^  189 
Marsh-marigold, '  120 
Marsh-pennywort,  208 
Marsh-purslane,  202 
Marsh    St.    John  's-wort, 

192 

Marsh-speedwell,  262 
Marty nia,  267 
MARTYNIACEAE,  267 
Matrimony-vine,  240 
May-apple,  127 
MAY- APPLE  FAMILY,  127 
May-cherry,  154 
Mayflower,  217 
May-weed,  308 
Mazzard,  158 
Meadow-beauty,  201 
MEADOW-BEAUTY  FAMILY, 

201 

Meadow-buttercup,  123 
Meadow-fescue,  35 
Meadow-grass,  32 
Meadow-parsnip,  210,  212 
Meadow-rue,  124 

Early,  124 

Tall,  124 

Meadow-sweet,  146 
Medeola    78 
Media,  222 
Medic,  162 

Black,  162 

Hop,  162 
Medicago,  162 
Meibomia,  165 
Melampyrum,  264 
MELANTHACEAE,  69 
Melanthium,  70 
MELASTOMACEAE,  201 
Melica,  31 
Melilot,  162 

White,  162 

Yellow,  162 
Melilotus,  162 
Melissa,  252 
MENISPERMACEAE,  126 
Menispermum,   126 
Mentha,  255 
MENYANTHACEAE,  227 
Menyanthes,  227 
Mermaid-weed,  205 


Mertensia,  241 
Mesadenia,  309 
Mexican-tea,  110 
MEZEREON  FAMILY,  200 
Micrampelis,  279 
Micranthes,  142 
Mikania,  288 
Milfoil,  30& 
Milk-pea,  169 
Milk-purslane,  179 
Milkweed,  229 

Poke,  230 

Purple,  230 

Swamp,  230 

MILKWEED  FAMILY,  228 
Milkwort,  176 
MILKWORT  FAMILY,  176 
Millet,  16 
Mimulus,  260 
Mint, 

Cat,  248 

Horse,  251 

Mountain,  253 
MINT  FAMILY,  245 
Mist-flower,  288 
Mistletoe,  269 

American,  269 
MISTLETOE  FAMILY,  269 
Mitchella,  271 
Mitella,  143 
Miter-wort,  143 
Moccasin-flower,  84 
Mock-apple,  279 
Mock-orange,  144 
Mock-pennyroyal,  252 
Mocker-nut,  95 
Moehringia,  114 
Mole-plant,  180 
Mollugo,  112 
Monarda,  251 
Moneywort,  221 
Monkey-flower,  260 

MONOCOTYLEDONES,    3 

Monotropa,  215 
Monotropaceae,  215 
Moonseed,  126 
MOONSEED  FAMILY,  126 
Moose-wood,  200 
Morello-cherry,  158 

MORINACEAE,    278 

Morning-glory,  232 

Common,  233 
MORNING-GLORY   FAMILY, 

232 

Morus,  103 
Moss-pink,  237 
Mossy-cup  oak,  100 
Mossy-stonecrop,  141 
Motherwort,  250 


330 


INDEX. 


Moth-mullen,  257 

Nimble-Kate,  280 

Orchard-grass,  32 

Mountain-laurel,  217 

Ninebark,  276 

ORCHIDACEAE,  83 

Mountain-mint,  253 

Nintooa,  276 

ORCHIDALES,  83 

Mountain-rice,  22 

Nodding-cap,  87 

ORCHID  FAMILY,  83 

Mouse-ear  chickweed,  115 

Nondo,  212 

Origanum,  252 

Mouse-ear  cress,  134 

Nonesuch,  162 

Ornithogalum,  75 

Mud-plantain,  69 

Norta,  134 

OROBANCHACEAE,  265 

Muhlenbergia,  22 

Northern  prickly-ash,  175 

Orontium,  66 

Mulberry,  103 

Nothoholcus,  26 

Orpine  Family,  141 

Paper,  103 

Nut-rush,  46 

Oryzopsis,  22 

Eed,  103 

Nyctelea,  235 

Osier,  93 

White,  103 

Nymphaea,  126 

Ostrya,  96 

MULBERRY  FAMILY,  103 

NYMPHAEACEAE,  126 

Oswego-tea,  251 

Mulgedium,  316 

Nyssa,  206 

Over-cup  oak,  100 

Mullen,  257 

NYSSACEAE,  205 

OXALIDACEAE,  173 

Common,  258 

Ox-eye,  303 

Moth    257 

Oak,  98 

Ox-eye  daisy,  309 

White,  257 

Barren,  99 

Ox-tongue,  317 

Muricauda,  65 

Bear,  100 

Oxycoccus,  220 

Muscari,  75 

Black,  99 

Oxypolis,  213 

Musk-thistle,  312 

Black  scrub,  100 

Oyster-plant,  317 

Musquash-root,  211 

Bur,  100 

Mustard,  135 

Chestnut,  100 

Padus,  158 

Black,  135 

Iron,  100 

Painted-cup,  264 

Hedge,  134 

Mossy-cup,  100 

Pale-dock,  105 

Tumble,  134 

Over-cup    100 

Pale  indian-plantain,  310 

Wormseed,  135 

Pin,  99 

PALEMONIACEAE,  236 

MUSTARD  FAMILY,  130 

Post,  100 

Panax,  207 

Myosotis,  241 

Eed,  99 

Pandanales,  3 

MYRICACEAE,  93 

Scarlet,  99 

Panic-grass,  14 

MYRICALES,  93 

Scrub,  100 

Panicularia,  33 

Myrtales,  200 

Scrub  chestnut,  100 

Panicum,  14 

Myrtle,  94,  228 

Swamp  Spanish,  99 

Pansy,  198 

Myrtle-spurge,  180 

Swamp  white,  100 

Papaver,  128 

White,  100 

PAPAVERACEAE,  128 

Nabalus,  314 

Willow,  99 

PAPAVERALES,  128 

Naiad,  6 

Yellow,  100 

Papaw,  125 

NAIADACEAE,  6 

Yellow-barked,    99 

Paper-mulberry,  103 

NAIADALES,  4 

Oakesiella,  77 

Pappoose-root,  127 

Naias,  6 

Oak-leaved  goosefoot,  110 

Papyrius,  103 

NAIAS  FAMILY,  6 

Oat,  28 

Parietaria,  102 

Nannyberry,  275 

Obalaria,  226 

Parthenium,  303 

Narcissus,  80 

Oenothera,  203 

Parthenocissus,  188 

Necklace-poplar,  91 

Old-man  's  beard,  224 

Parsnip, 

Neckweed,  262 

OLE  ACE  AE,  223 

Cow,  213 

Negundo,  185 

OLEALES,  223 

Meadow,  210,  212 

Nemexia,  79 

Oligoneuron,  289 

Water,  212 

Neopieris,  218 

OLIVE  FAMILY,  223 

Wild,  213 

Nepeta,  248 

Onion,  73 

Parsonsia,  202 

Nettle,  101 

ONION  FAMILY,  73 

Partridge-berry,  271 

Dead,  249 

Onopordon,  312 

Partridge-pea,    159 

False,  102 

Onosmodium,  242 

Paspalum,  13 

Hedge,  250 

Opulaster,  146 

Passiflora,   199 

Horse,  239 

Opuntia,  199 

PASSIFLORACEAE,  199 

NETTLE  FAMILY,  101 

OPUNTIACEAE,  199 

PASSIFLORALES,  198 

Nettle-tree,  104 

OPUNTIALES,  199 

Passion-flower,   199 

New-Jersey  tea,  186 

Orache,  110 

PASSION-FLOWER  FAMILY, 

Nightshade,  239 

Orange  -grass,  192 

199 

Common,  239 

Orange-root,  120 

Pastinaca,  213 

INDEX. 


331 


Pasture  thistle,  311 
Paulownia,  259 
Pea, 

Butterfly,  169 

Hoary,  164 

Milk,  169 
PEA  FAMILY,  160 
Pea-vine,  170 
Peach,  157 

Common,  157 
Peach-leaved  dock,  105 
Peanut, 

Hog,  169 
Pear,  153 

Common,  153 

Prickly,  199 
Pearlwort,    114 
Pedicularis,  264 
Pellitory,  102 
Pencil-flower,  165 
Penny-cress,  132 
Pennyroyal,  252 

American,  252 

Bastard,  246 

False,  246 

Mock,  252 
Pennywort,  208,  226 

Marsh,  208 

Water,  208 
PENTHORACEAE,  141 
Penthorum,   142 
Pentstemon,  259 
Pepper-grass,  132 
Peppermint,  256 
Pepperidge,  206 
Peramium,  88 
Perfumed-cherry,  157 
Perilla,  256 
Periwinkle,  228 
Persicaria,    106 
Persimmon,  223 
Perularia,  86 
Petty-spurge,   180 
Petunia,  240 
Phacelia,  235 
Phalaris,  20 
Pharbitis,  233 
Phaseolus,  169 
Philadelphus,  144 
Philotria,  8 
Phleum,  24 
Phlox,  236 

Blue,  236 

PHLOX  FAMILY,  236 
Phoradendron,  269 
Phyrma,  244 
PHRYMACEAE,  244 
Phyla,  244 
Phyllanthus,  178 


Physalis,  238 
Physalodes,  237 
Phytolacca,  112 
PHYTOLACCACEAE,  112 
Pickerel-weed,  69 
PICKEREL-WEED    FAMILY, 

68 

Picris,  317 
Pigeon-berry,  112 
Pigeon-cherry,  157 
Pigeon-grape,  187 
Pigeon-grass,  18 
Pig-nut,  95 
Pigweed,  109,  111 
Pimpernel,  211,  222 

False,  222,  260 

Water,  223 

PlNACEAE,   1 
PlNALES,   1 

Pine,  1 

Jersey,  2 

Pitch,  2 

Scrub,  2 

Short -leaf,  2 

Spruce,  2 

Table-mountain,  2 

Yellow,  2 

White,  2 
PINE  FAMILY,  1 
Pine-needles,  172 
Pine-sap,  215 
Pineweed,  192 

PlNGUICULACEAE,  265 

Pink, 

Deptford,  116 

Ground,  237 

Moss,  237 

Eose,  225 

Wild,  118 
Pinus,  1 
Pin-oak,  99 
Pinweed,  193 
Pinxter-flower,   216 
PIPERALES,  90 
Pipsissewa,  215 
Pitch-pine,  2 
Pitcher-plant,  140 
Plane-tree,  145 
PLANE-TREE  FAMILY,  145 
PLANTAGINACEAE,  267 
PLANTAGINALES,  267 
Plantago,  268 
Plantain,  268 

Common,  269 

English,  268 

Poor-Eobin  's,  315 

Eobin's,  298' 
PLANTAIN  FAMILY,  267 
PLATANACEAE,  145 


Platanus,  145 

Pleurisy-root,   230 

Plum,  157 

Wild  red,  158 
Wild  yellow,  15& 

PLUM  FAMILY,  156 

Plum-grape,  188 

Plumeless-thistle,  312 

Poa,  32 

POACEAE,  9 
POALES,  8 
PODOPHYLLACEAE,    127 

Podophyllum,  127 

PODOSTEMACEAE,    141 

Podostemon,  141 
Pogonia,  86 
Poinsettia,  180 
Poison-dogwood,  182 
Poison-elder,  182 
Poison-hemlock,  210 
Poison-ivy,   182 
Poison-oak,   182 
Poison-sumaCj  182 
Poke,  112 
Poke-milkweed,  230 
POKEWEED  FAMILY,  112 
Polanisia,  139 

POLEMONALES,   231 

Polemonium,  237 
Polycodium,  219 
Polygala,  176 

Fringed,  176 
POLYGALACEAE,  176 
POLYGALALES,  176 
POLYGONACEAE,  104 
POLYGON  ALES,  104 
Polygonatum,   77 
Polygonum,  105 
Polymnia,  302 
Polymniastrum,  302 
Pondweed,  5 
PONDWEED  FAMILY^  4 
Pontederia,  69 

PONTEDERIACEAE,  68 

Poorman  's  weather-glass, 

222 

Poor-robin's  plantain,  315 
Poplar,  91 

Yellow,  126 
Poppy,  128 

Corn,    129 

Field,  129 

Garden,  129 

Opium,  129 

Prickly,  129 

Smooth-fruited,  129 
POPPY  FAMILY,  128 
Populus,  91 
Porteranthus,  146 


332 


INDEX. 


Portulaca,  113 

PORTULACACEAE,    112 

Post-oak,  100 
Potamogeton,  4 
POTATO  FAMILY,  237 
Potentilla,  149 
Poverty-grass,  21 
Prairie-willow,  93 
Prickly-ash,  175,  207 

Northern,   175 
Prickly-lettuce,  316 
Prickly-pear,  199 
Prim,  224 

PRIMROSE  FAMILY,  221 
PRIMULACEAE,  221 
PRIMULALES,   220 
Prince  's-feather,  107 
Prince  's-pine,  215 
Privet,  224 
Proboscis-flower,  267 
Proserpinaca,  205 
Prunella,  249 
Prunus,  157 
Puccoon,  242 
Purple-milkweed,  230 
Purple-willow,  93 
Purslane,  113 

Marsh,  202 

Milk,  179 

Water,  202 
Purslane  Family,  112 
Purslane-speedwell,  262 
Pussley,  113 
Putty-root,  90 
Pyrola,  214 
PYROLACEAE,  214 
Pyrus,  153 

Quamoclit,  232 
Queen-of-the-prairie,  151 
Quercitron,  99 
Quercus,  98 
Quick-grass,  37 
Quitch-grass,  37 

Eabbit-foot  clover,  163 
Radicula,  133 
Radish,  135 
Ragweed,  283,  310 

Great,  283 

RAGWEED  FAMILY,  282 
Ragwort,  310 
Ram's-horn,  267 
Ramsted,  258 
RANALES,  118 
RANUNCULACEAE,  119 
Ranunculus,  122 
Raphanus,  135 


Raspberry,  147 
Black,  147 
Flowering,  147 
Red,  147 

Rattle-box,  161 

Rattlesnake-grass,  34 

Rattlesnake-plantain,  88 

Rattlesnake-root,   514 

Rattlesnake-weed,  315 

Red-birch,  97 

Reb-bud,  159 

Red-campion,  118 

Red-cedar,  3 

Red-clover,  163 

Red-elm,  104 

Red-maple,  185 

Red-mulberry,  103 

Red-oak,  99 

Red-raspberry,  147 

Red-root,  186 

Red-top,  26 

Reed  bent-grass,  25 

Reed  canary-grass,  20 

Reed-mace,  3 

RHAMNALES,  186 

Rhamnus,  186 

Rhexia,  201 

RHINANTHACEAE,   256 

Rhododendron,  217 

Rhus,  181 

Ribes,  144 

Rice  cut-grass,  20 

Richweed,  102 

Ricinus,    178 

Ridan,  305 

Ripple -grass,  268 

River-birch,    97 

River-bulrush,  42 

Riverside-grape,  187 

River-weed,  141 

RIVER-WEED  FAMILY,  141 

Robinia,  164 

Robin  Js-plantain,  298 

Rocket,  134 

Rock-geranium,  142 

Rock-maple,  185 

Rock-rose,   192 

ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY,  192 

Roman-wormwood,  283 

Rosa,  152 

ROSACEAE,    145 
ROSALES,   140 

Rose,  152 

Corn,  118 

Cotton,  300 

Rock,   192 

Wild,  122 
ROSE  FAMILY,  145 
Rose-mallow.  190 


Rose-mallow, 

Halberd-leaved,   190 

Swamp,  190 
Rose-pink,  225 
Rosin-weed,  303 
Rotala,  201 
Rough-bedstraw,  273 
Round-leaved  orchis,  85 
Rubacer,  147 
RUBIACEAE,  270 
RUBIALES,  270 
Rubus,  147 
Rudbeckia,  304 
Rue, 

Bell,  124 

Meadow,  124 
Rue-anemone,  122 
RUE  FAMILY,  175 
Ruellia,  265 
Rum-cherry,  158 
Rumex,  105 
Rush,  71 

RUSH  FAMILY,  71 
Rush-grass,  24 
RUTACEAE,  175 
Rye-grass,  36 
Rynchospora,  46 

Sabbatia,  225 
Sabina,  3 
Sage,  251 

Lyre-leaved,  251 

Wood,  246 
Sagina,  114 
Sagittaria,  7 
St.  Andrew  Vcross,  191 
St.  JohnVwort,  191 

Marsh,  192 

Shrubby,  192 
ST.  JOHN  'S-WORT  FAMILY, 

190 

St.  Peter's- wort,  191 
SALIC  ACE  AE,  90 
SALICALES,  90 
Salix,  91 
Salsify,  317 
Salvia,  251 
Sambucus,  274 
Samolus,  222 
Sampson 's-snakeroot,  226 
SANDALWOOD  FAMILY,  269 
Sand-bar  willow,  92 
Sand-blackberry,  148 
Sand-bur,  19 
Sand-grape,  187 
Sand-grass,  12 
Sand-spur,  19 
Sand-spurry   114 
Sandwort,  114,  115 


INDEX. 


333 


Sanguinaria,  128 
Sanguisorba,  152 
Sanicle,   209 
Sanicula,  208 
SANTALACEAE,  269 
SANTALALES,  269 
SAPINDACEAE,  185 
SAPINDALES,  181 
Saponaria,  117 
Sarothra,  192 
SARRACENIACEAE,  140 
SARRACENIALES,  139 
Sarsaparilla,  207 

Bristly,  207 

Wild,  207 
Sassafras,  200 
Satureia,  252 
SAURURACEAE,  90 
Saururus,  90 
Savory,  252 

Summer,  252 
SAXIFRAGACEAE,  142 
Saxifrage,  142 

Early,  142 

Golden,  143 

Swamp,  142 

SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY,  142 
Scarlet-oak,  99 
Scarlet-strawberry,    149 
Scarlet-thorn,  156 
Schizachyrium,  12 
Scirpus,  41 
Scleria,  46 
Scoke,  112 
Scorpion-grass,  241 
Scotch-broom,  162 
Scotch-thistle,  312 
Scrophularia,  258 
Scrub  chestnut-oak,  100 
Scrub-pine,  2 
Scurvy-grass,  134 
Scutellaria,  246 
SEDACEAE,  141 
Sedge,  47 
SEDGE  FAMILY,  38 
Sedum,  141 
Seedbox    203 
Self-heal,  249 
Seneca-snakeroot,  177 
Senecio,  310 
Senna,   159 

Wild,  159 

SENNA  FAMILY,  158 
Sensitive-pea,  159 
Sensitive-plant,  159 

Wild,  159 
Sericocarpus,  292 
Service-berry,  154 
Sesame-grass,  12 


Shag-bark  hickory,  95 
Sheepberry,  275 
Sheep-laurel,  217 
Sheep-sorrel,  105 
Shell-bark,  95 
Shepherd 's-pursej  132 
Shepherd 's  weather-glass, 

222 

Sherardia,  273 
Shin-leaf,   214 
Shining-willow,  92 
Shooting-star,  222 
Short-leaf  pine,  2 
Showy-orchis,  84,  85 
Shrubby-althaea,  190 
Shrubby-bittersweet,  184 
Shrubby  St.  John's- wort, 

192 

Sicyos,  279 
Sideritis,  247 
Side-saddle-flower,    140 
Silene,  117 
Silkweed,    229 

Common,   230 
Silky-cornel,  206 
Silphium,    302 
Silver-leaved  poplar,  91 
Silver-maple,  185 

SlMAROUBACEAE,   175 

Sinapis,   135 
Sisymbrium,    133 
Sisyrinchium,  82 
Sium,  212 
Skullcap,  246 

Mad-dog,  247 
Skunk-cabbage,  66 
Sleepy-catchfly,  117 
Slippery-elm,  104 
Slough-grass,   29 
Small-flowered    crowfoot, 

123 

SMILACACEAE,  79 
Smilax,  79 
SMILAX  FAMILY,  79 
Smooth-azalea,  217 
Smooth-gooseberry,  145 
Smooth-winterberry,    183 
Smooth  yellow- violet,  197 
Snakehead,  259 
Snakeroot, 

Black,    120 

Button,  288 

Sampson's,  226 

Seneca,  177 

Virginia,  279 

White,  287 
Snapdragon,  258 
Sneezeweed,  308 
Snow-berry,  275 


SOAPBERRY  FAMILY,  185 
Soapwort,  117 
Soapwort-gentian,  226 

SOLANACEAE,  237 

Solanum,  239 
Solidago,  290 
Solomon  's-seal,  77 
Sonchus,  316 
Sorghastrum,   13 
Sorrel,  105 

Field,  105 

Sheep,   105 
Sour-cherry,  158 
Sourgrass,   174 
Sour-gum,   206 
Southern  yellow-birch,  97 
Sow-thistle,  316 
SPARGANIACEAE,  4 
Sparganium,  4 
Spartina,  28 
Spathyema,  65 
Spear-grass,   52 
Spearmint,  256 
Spearwort, 

Creeping,  123 

Water-plantain,  123 
Specularia,  281 
Speedwell,  261 

Common,  262 

Corn,  261 

Field,  261 

Ivy-leaved,    261 

Marsh,  262 

Purslane,  262 

Thyme-leaved,  262 

Water,  262 
SPERM  ATOPHYTA,  1 
Sphenopholis,  31 
Spice-bush,  200 
Spiderwort,  68 
SPIDERWORT  FAMILY,  67 
Spike-grass,  32 
Spikenard,  207 
Spike-rush,  43 
Spindle-tree,  183 
Spiraea,  146 
Spirodela,  66 
Splatter-dock,  126 
SPONDIACEAE,  181 
Spoon-wood,  217 
Sporobolus,  24 
Spotted-cowbane,  211 
Spotted-wintergreen,  215 
Spring-beauty,  113 
Spring-cress,  137 
Spruce-pine,  2 
Spurge  179 

Caper,  180 

Cypress,  180 


334 


INDEX. 


Spurge, 

Summer-grape,  187 

Flowering,  179 

Summer-savory,  252 

Myrtle,  180 

Sundew,   139 

Petty,  180 

SUNDEW  FAMILY,  139' 

SPURGE  FAMILY,  178 

Sundrops,  204 

Squaw-huckleberry,  219 

Sunflower,  305 

Squaw-root,  266 

Sunflower-tree,  224 

Squaw-  weed,  310 

Svida,  206 

Squirrel-corn,  130 

Swamp  beggar-ticks,  307 

Stachys,  250 

Swamp-blueberry,  220 

Staff  -tree,  184 

Swamp-buttercup,  124 

STAFF-TREE  FAMILY,  183 

Swamp  -hickory,  95 

Stagger-bush,  218 

Swamp-honeysuckle,  216 

Staphylea,  184 

Swamp-loosestrife,  202 

STAPHYLEACEAE,  184 

Swamp-maple,  185 

Star-cuc.umber,  280 

Swamp-milkweed,  230 

Star-flower,  221 

Swamp  rose-mallow,  190 

Star-grass,  80 

Swamp-saxifrage,  142, 

Star-of  -Bethlehem,  75 

Swamp  Spanish-oak,  99 

Star-thistle,  312 

Swamp-thistle,  311 

Starry-campion,  117 

Swamp  white-oak,  100 

Starwort,  115 

Sweet-alyssum,   136 

Steeple-bush,  146 

Sweet-bay,  125 

Steironema,  222 

Sweet-birch,  97 

Stenanthium,  70 

Sweet-blueberry,  220 

Stenophyllus,  45 

Sweetbrier,   153 

Stitchwort,  115 

Sweet-cherry,  158 

Stick-weed,  241 

Sweet-cicely,  209 

Stinging-neetle,  101 

Sweet-clover,  162 

Stipa,  21 

Sweet-fern,  93 

Stone-clover,  163 

Sweet-flag,  66 

Stonecrop,  141 

Sweet-scabious,  299 

Mossy,  141 

Sweet-scented     bedstraw. 

Stone-root,  256 

273 

Stork  's-bill,  172 

Sweet  vernal-grass,  21 

Stramonium,  240 

Sweet-violet,  197 

Strawberry,  149 

Sweet-william,  237 

American  wood,  149 

Wild,  237 

Barren,  150 

Sweet-william    catchfly, 

European  wood,  149 

117 

Indian,  149 

Sycamore,  145 

Scarlet,  149 

Symphoricarpus,  275 

Yellow,  149 

Symphytum,  242 

Strawberry-bush,  183 

Syndesmon,  121 

Strobus,  2 

Synosma,  310 

Strophostyles,  170 

Syntherisma,  13 

Sturshum,  133 

Stylipus,  150 

Table-mountain   pine,   2 

Stylosanthes,  165 

Taenidia,  211 

Sugarberry,  104 

Talinum,  113 

Sugar-grape,  187 

Tall  meadow-rue,  124 

Sugar-maple,  185 

Tall  oat-grass,  28 

Sugar-tree,  185 

Tall  red-top,  30 

Sumac,    181 

TAMACEAE,  81 

Dwarf,  182 

Tanacetum,  309 

Poison,  182 

Tansy,  309 

Smooth,  182 

Tape-grass,  8 

Staghorn,  182 

TAPE-GRASS  FAMILY,  7 

SUMAC  FAMILY,  181 

Tare,  170 

Tea,  New  Jersey,  186 

Oswego,  251 
Tear-thumb,  108 
Teasel,  278 

Wild,  278 

TEASEL  FAMILY,  278 
TETRAGONIACEAE,  112 
Teucrium,  246 
Thalesia,  266 
Thalictrum,  124 
Thaspium,  212 
Thimbleberry,  147 
Thin-grass,  26 
Thistle,  311 

Canada,  311 

Common,  312 

Cotton,  312 

Musk,  312 

Pasture,  311 

Plumeless,  312 

Scotch,  312 

Sow,  316 

Star,  312 

Swamp,  311 

Yellow,  312 
THISTLE  FAMILY,  283 
Thlaspi,  132 
Thorn, 

Cockspur,  156 

Scarlet,  156 

Washington,  156 
Thorn-apple,  240 
Thorny-amaranth,  111 
Thorough-wax,   210 
Thoroughwort,  286 
Three-seeded  mercury,  178 
Thyme,  253 

Creeping,  253 
THYMELEALES,  199 
Thyme-leaved    speedwell, 

262 

Thymus,  253 
Tickseed,  306 
Tick-trefoil,  165 
Tilia,  IBS 

TlLIACEAE,    188 
TlLIALES,  69 

Timothy,  24 
Tinker  Js-weed,  275 
Tissa,  113 
Tithymalopsis,   179 
Tithymalus,  179 
Toad-flax,  258 

Bastard,  270 

Blue    258 
Tobacco,  2 

Indian,  282 

Ladies',  300 
Toothache-tree,  175-207 


INDEX. 


335 


Toothwort,  138 

Touch-me-not,  174 

Tovara,  106 

Toxicodendron,  182 

Tracaulon,  108 

Tradescantia,  68 

Tragopogon,  317 

Trailing-arbutus,  217 

Tree-of -heaven,  176 

Trefoil,  162 

Bird's-foot,  164 
Tick,  165 

Triadenum,  192 

Trichostema,  246 

Tridens,  29 

Trientalis,  221 

TRILLIACEAE,  78 

Trillium,  78 

TRILLIUM  FAMILY,  78 

Triosteum,  275 

Triphora,  87 

Tripsacum,  11 

Trisetum,  27 

Trumpet-creeper,  267 

TRUMPET-CREEPER     FAM- 
ILY, 266 

Trumpet-flower,  267 

Trumpet-honeysuckle,  276 

Trumpet-leaf,  140 

Tsuga,  2 

Tulip-tree,  126 

Tumble-mustard,  134 

Tumble-weed,  111 

Tupelo,  206 

Turnip,  135 

Turtle-head,  259 

Twayblade,  88 

Twig-rush,  46 

Twin-berry,  271 

Two-leaved  Solomon' s- 
seal,  77 

TYPHACEAE,  3 

ULMACEAE,  103 
Ulmus,  104 
Umbrella-tree,  125 
Unicorn-plant,  267 
UNICORN-PLANT   FAMILY, 

267 

Unifolium,  77 
Uniola,  32 
Upland-boneset,  288 
Urtica,  101 
URTICACEAE,  101 
URTICALES,  100 
Urticastrum,  101 
Utricularia,  265 
Uvularia,  77 


VACCINIACEAE,  218 
Vaccinium,  219 
Vagnera,  76 
Valerian,  277 

Greek,  237 
Valeriana,  277 
VALERIAN ACEAE,  277 
VALERIANALES,  276 
VALERIAN  FAMILY,  277 
Valerianella,  277 
Validallium,  74 
Vallisneria,  8 
Velvet-grass,  27 
Velvet-leaf,  189 
Venus'  looking-glass,  281 
Veratrum,  70 
Verbascum,  257 
Verbena,  243 

Blue,  244 

European,  244 

Hoary,  244 

White,  244 
VERBENACEAE,  243 
Verbesina,  303 
Vernonia,  286 
Veronica,  261 
Vervain,  243 
VERVAIN  FAMILY,  243 
Vetch,  170 

Spring,  170 
Vetchling,  170 
Viburnum,  274 
Vicia,  170 
Vinca,  228 
Vincetoxicum,  231 
Viola,  193 

VlOLACEAE,   193 

Violet,  193 

Birdfoot,  195 

Canada,  198 

Downy  yellow,  197 

English,  197 

Green,  198 

Long-spurred,  198 

Smooth  yellow,  197 

Sweet,  197 
VIOLET  FAMILY,  193 
Violet  wood-sorrel,  173 
Viper  's-bugloss,  243 
Virginia-cowslip,  241 
Virginia-creeper,  188 
Virginia-snakeroot,  279 
VlRGINIA-STONECROP 

FAMILY,  14 
Virgin  's-bower,  124 

VlTACEAE,   186 

Vitis,  187 
Waahoo,  183 


Wahoo,  188 

Wake-robin,    78 

Waldsteinia,  150 

Wall-cress,  134 

Walnut,  94 

WALNUT  FAMILY  94 

Wampee,  7 

Wartweed,  180 

Washingtonia,  209 

Washington-thorn,  156 

Water-carpet,  143 

Water-cress,  133 

Water-hemlock,  211 

Water  hoarhound,  254 

Water-leaf,  235 

WATER-LEAF  FAMILY,  235 

Water-lily,  127 

WATER-LILY  FAMILY,  126 

WATER-MILFOIL    FAMILY, 
205 

Water-oats,  19 

Water-parsnip,  212 

Water-pennywort,  208 

Water-pepper,   107 

Water-pimpernel,  223 

Water-plantain,  7. 

WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY, 
7 

Water-plantain  spearwort, 
123 

Water-purslane,  202 

Water-shield,  126 

WATER- SHIELD     FAMILY. 
126 

Water-smartweed,  107 

Water-speedwell,  262 

Water  star-grass,  68 

Water-starwort,  181 

WATER-STARWORT     FAM- 
ILY, 181 

Water-weed,  8 

Water-willow,  202,  265 

Wax-myrtle,  94 

Waxwork,  184 

Weather-glass,  222 
Poor-man's,  222 
Shepherd's,  222 

Weeping-willow,  92 

Wheat-grass,  37 

White-campion,  118 

White-clover,  163 

White-daisy,  309 

White-elm,  104 

White-grass,  20 

White-heart  hickory,  95 

White-lettuce,  314 

White-maple,  185 

White-melilot,  162 

White-mulberry,  103 


336 


INDEX. 


White-mullen,  257 
White-oak,  100 
White-pine,  2 
White-poplar,  91 
White-snakeroot,  287 
White-thorn,  155 
White-topped  aster,  292 
White-verbena,  244 
White-walnut,  94 
White  water-crowfoot,  122 
White-willow,  92 
White-wood,  126,  188 
Whitlow-grass,  137 
WHITLOW-WORT   FAMILY, 

111 

Wicky,  217 

Wild  balsam-apple,  279 
Wild-bergamot,  252 
Wild  black-cherry,  158 
Wild  black-currant,  144 
Wild-carrot,  213 
Wild-cherry,  158 
Wild-chess,  35 
Wild-coffee,  275 
Wild-comfrey,  241 
Wild-cranesbill,  172 
Wild-elder,  207 
Wild-garlic,  74 
Wild-geranium,  171 
Wild-ginger,  278 
Wild-indigo,  161 
Wild-leek    74 
Wild-lettuce,  315 
WTild-liquorice,  272 
Wild-marjoram,  253 
Wild  oat-grass,  28 
Wild-onion,  74 
Wild-parsnip,  213 
Wild-pink,  118 
Wild  potato-vine,  233 
Wild-rasin,  275 
Wild  red-cherry,  157 
Wild  red-plum,  158 
Wild-rice,  19 
Wild-rose,   122 


Wild-rye,  37 

Wild-sarsaparilla,  207 

Wild-senna,  159 

Wild  sensitive-plant,  159 

Wild-spikenard,    76 

Wild  sweet-william,  237 

Wild-teasel,  278 

Wild  water-pepper,  107 

Wild  yam-root,  81 

Wild  yellow-plum,  158 

Willow,  91 

Black,  92 

Dwarf  gray,  93 

Glaucous,  93 

Prairie,  93 

Purple,  93 

Sand-bar,  92 

Shining,  92 

Water,  202 

Weeping,  92 

White,  92 

WILLOW  FAMILY,  90 
Willow-herb,  203 
Willow-oak,  99 
Wineberry,  148 
Winterberry,  182 

Smooth,  97 
Winter-cress,  134 
Winter-grape,  187 
Wintergreen,  214,  218 

Flowering,  176 

Spotted,  215 
WINTERGREEN    FAMILY, 

214 

Wire-grass,  21 
Witch-elm,  144 
Witch-hazel,  144 
WITCH-HAZEL     FAMILY, 

144 

Withe-rod,  275 
Wood-anemone,  121 
Wood-betony,  264 
Woodbine,  188 
Wood-grass,  13 
Wood-lettuce,  315 


Wood-nettle,  101 
Wood  reed-grass,  25 
Wood-rush,  73 
Wood-sage,  246 
Wood-sorrel,  173   - 

Violet,  173 

Yellow,  174 

WOOD-SORREL  FAMILY,  173; 
Wormseed,  110 
Wormseed-mustard,    135 

Xanthium,  283 
XYRIDACEAE,  67 
XYRIDALES,  67 
Xyris,  67 

YAM  FAMILY,  81 
Yard-grass,  29 
Yarrow,  308 
Yellow-alyssum,  136 
Yellow-barked  oak,  99 
Yellow-bedstraw,  272 
Yellow-cress,  133 
Yellow-daisy,  304 
Yellow-eyed  grass,  67 
YELLOW-EYED    GRASS 

FAMILY,  67 
Yellow-flax,  173 
Yellow  hop-clover,  163 
Yellow-melilot,  162 
Yellow-oak,  100 
Yellow-pine,  2 
Yellow  pond-lily,  126 
Yellow-poplar,  126 
Yellow-strawberry,  149 
Yellow-thistle,  312 
Yellow  wood-sorrel,  174 
Yucca,  78 
YUCCA  FAMILY,  77 

ZANNICHELLIACEAE,  4 
Zanthoxylum,  175 
Zizania,  19 
Zizia,  210 
Zosterella,  68 


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